MODULE GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Chapter 2: MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Lesson 1: Physical States of Matter

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

 Define matter
 Recognize that substances are made up of smaller particles; and
 Describe and/or make a representation of the arrangement, relative spacing, and
relative motion of the particles in each of the particles on each of the three states
of matter.

MATTER

 Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

 Matter is the substance or material of which all things are made. Matter has mass.
Matter has volume. Most things we can touch, taste or smell are matter.

Examples of Matter:

 metal is matter
 air is matter
 water is matter
 paper is made up of matter
 the earth is made up of matter
 the sun is made up of matter
 plants are made up of matter
 rocks are made up of matter
 honey is made up of matter

Examples of Not Matter:

 heat is not matter, it is energy moving from something with a higher

temperature to something with a lower temperature.
 sound is not matter, it is vibrations of molecules in the air.

What is matter made of?

 Matter is made of small particles, too small for the eye to see. Most common
matter is made of particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller particles
called subatomic particles.

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 The matter in the sun and the matter high in the air in a place called the ionosphere
is made of ions. Ions are pieces of atoms, or atoms with an extra piece.

FORMS OF MATTER

Matter exists in several different forms:

SOLID
 Solids keep their shape.
 Solid surfaces do not move a lot when pushed.
 Rocks, wood and ice are solids.

LIQUID
 Liquids take the shape of their containers.
 Liquids move easily when pushed.
 Water, lava and things to drinks are liquids.

GAS
 Gases also take the shape of their containers.
 Gases move very easily when pushed.
 Steam is a gas.

PLASMA
 Plasma is like gas, but the atoms are broken, so it has electric charge.
 The sun is made of plasma.

BOSE – EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

 A condensate is a solid where all the atoms make a super atom because of
somethong called quantum mechanisms.
 Condensates do not happen in nature, but scientist can make them in big freezers.
CHANGING STATES OF MATTER

The state of matter can be changed from one state to another. There are
several ways to change the state of matter. For example, changing the
temperature of matter can change its state. Changing the volume of matter can
change its state.

Examples of state change

 When water is made cold enough, the water will turn to ice.
 If water is put in a pot over a fire, the water will heat up. Some of the
water will turn to steam.

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Names of matter state changes

 The change from solid to liquid is called melting.

 The change from liquid to solid is called freezing.
 The change from liquid to gas is called evaporation.
 The change from gas to liquid is called condensation.
 The change from solid to gas is called sublimation.
 The change from gas to solid is called deposition.

Lesson 2: PROPERTIES OF MATTER

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

 Distinguish between physical and chemical properties and give examples;
 Distinguish between extensive and intensive properties and give examples

1. PHYSICAL CHANGE

 The properties of matter do not change at all

 Is a characteristic that can be observed and measured without changing
the identity and composition of the substance. Other examples of
physical properties aside from those already discussed in the previous
section are color, melting point, and boiling point.
Examples:
 Melting butter
 Boiling water
 Breaking a glass
 Evaporation of alcohol
 Powdering of salt

2. CHEMICAL CHANGE

 It result in the disappearance of substance and formation of new one

 Chemical property refers to the ability of a substance to undergo
changes to transform into a different substance. It describe how a
substance reacts with another substance. An example of a chemical
property is the ability of iron to form rust by combining with oxygen in
air.
Examples:
 Baking a cake

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 Dissolving antacid in water

 Rusting of a nail

EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC PROPERTY

Extrinsic Property

 is a property that depends on the amount or quantity of the material.

 also known as the "Extensive Physical Property".

Examples of the Extrinsic Property:

1. Length
2. Width
3. Area
4. Mass
5. Height
6. Thickness
7. Volume
8. Circumference
9. Weight

Intrinsic Property
 is a property that depends on the kind or quality of the material.
 also known as the " Intensive Physical Property".

Examples of Intrinsic Property:

1. Density
2. Specific heat
3. Texture
4. Malleability
5. Odor
6. Ductility
7. Taste
8. Solubility
9. Hardness
10. Magnetic properties
11. Boiling point

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Lesson 3: CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

At the end of this section, you should be able to:

 Differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures;
 Use properties of matter to identify and separate substances;
 Differentiate between elements and compounds;

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Matter can be classified in many ways, such as by color, or texture, or

even its physical state at room temperature. The following classification of
matter scheme is based first on its overall appearance, and then on whether the
particular kind of matter can be separated by physical or chemical means.

 Physical separation methods include filtering, evaporating,

distilling, decanting, crystallizing.
 Chemical separation methods include heating to decompose a
substance and replacement of one element out of a substance by
another, more active substance.

Matter
Anything with mass and
volume.
Substance Mixture
Matter with constant Matter with variable
composition composition
Element Compound Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixtures
Substance Two or more Mixtures that are made up Also called solutions.
made up of elements that are of more than one phase Mixtures that are made up
only one chemically of only one phase
type of atom combined
Examples - Examples - water, Examples - sand, soil, Examples - salt water,
gold, silver, carbon dioxide, chicken soup, pizza, pure air, metal alloys,
carbon, sodium bicarbonate, chocolate chip cookies. seltzer water.
oxygen and carbon monoxide
hydrogen

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DEFINITIONS:
 Substance - A material with a constant composition. This means that the substance
is the same no matter where it is found. NaCl, H2O, Ne, CO2, and O2 are all
substances, because their composition will be the same no matter where you find
them. All elements and all compounds are defined as substances.

 Elements - Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom. At
this time, there are 113 known elements, most of which are metals. The symbols
shown on the periodic table represent the known elements. Even atoms are made
up of smaller particles, but they are not broken down by ordinary chemical means.

 Compounds - Compounds are substances that are made up of more than one type
of atom. Water, for example, is made up of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Carbon
dioxide is made up of carbon and oxygen atoms. Table salt is made up of sodium
and chlorine. Compounds differ from mixtures in that they are chemically
combined. Unlike elements, compounds can be decomposed, or broken down by
simple chemical reactions.

 Phase - A phase is any region of a material that has its own set of properties. In a
chocolate chip cookie the dough and the chips have different properties. Therefore
they represent separate phases. Pure gold, which is an element, would only contain
one phase. Italian dressing would clearly represent several phases, while a solution
of salt water may only contain one phase.

 Homogeneous Mixtures - Any material that contains only one phase would be
considered homogeneous. Elements like hydrogen, compounds like sugar, and
solutions like salt water, are all considered homogeneous because they are uniform.
Each region of a sample is identical to all other regions of the same sample.

 Mixtures - Mixtures are made up of two or more substances that are physically
combined. The specific composition will vary from sample to sample. Some
mixtures are so well blended that they are considered homogeneous, being made
up of only one phase. Other mixtures, containing more than one phase, are called
heterogeneous.

 Solutions - Solutions are a special type of homogeneous material, because unlike

compounds, the parts of a solution are physically, not chemically, combined. When
you mix a glass of salt water, the salt does not chemically react with the water. The
two parts just mix so well that the resultant solution is said to be uniform. Ice tea,
coffee, metal alloys, and the air we breathe are some examples of
solutions. Solutions are made up of two parts: The solute, which gets dissolved,
and the solvent, which does the dissolving. In the case of salt water, salt is the
solute and water is the solvent.

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 Heterogeneous mixtures - Heterogeneous mixtures are made up of more than one

phase and they can be separated physically. The aforementioned chocolate chip
cookie, a tossed salad, sand, and a bowl of raisin bran cereal are all examples of
obvious heterogeneous mixtures.

REFERENCES:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Chemistry/Properties_of_Matter/Changes
_in_Matter#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,and%20chemical%20pro
perties%20are%20unchanged.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_Web
sites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Properties_of_Matter

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-conservation-energy-
and-
mass/#:~:text=The%20law%20of%20conservation%20of,is%20neither%20created
%20nor%20destroyed.&text=Similarly%2C%20the%20law%20of%20conservation,is
%20neither%20created%20nor%20destroyed.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_The_
Basics_of_GOB_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al.)/05%3A_Introduction_to_Chemical_Reacti
ons/5.01%3A_The_Law_of_Conservation_of_Matter