SELECTION OF PARAMETERS IN THE DESIGN OF A NAVAL FIRE CONTROL RADAR

Bengt-Olof As, Einar Tilfors

Bofors Electronics AB (formerly Phil ips Elektronikindustrier AB)
S-175 88 Jarfalla, Sweden

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
The paper describes the rationale and trade-off For the past 2 decades, the 9LV 200 Mkl and Mk2
considerations involved in the definition of a new Tracking Radar - Fire Control Director, Fig. 1, has
generation of high performance tracking radar. The been very successful in a number of applications on
radar is the primary sensor for control of Surface-to- board ships of various sizes, from 150 tons and
Air Missiles, Anti-Aircraft or Dual Purpose Guns, and upwards. The tracking radar was designed for control
Close-in-Weapons and is designed for all sizes of of dual purpose and/or anti-aircraft guns against air
ships from 150 tons and up. and surface targets and in that role it has proven
very accurate and reliable. The director was
Operational requirements are out1 ined broadly and originally fitted with a TV-camera, which was later
optimization investigations accounted for on a number supplemented by a Thermal Imaging IR-camera and a
of parameters: Laser Rangefinder in order to extend the operational
envelope, e.g. against low-flying targets, in
- Wavelength particular sea-skimming missiles, to enable passive,
- Type of transmitter and waveforms round-the-clock operation, and to enhance the ECCM
- Pulse compression principle capability.
- Receiver and signal processing
- Antenna The development of the successor, the 9LV Mk3
Director, Fig. 2, is now completed and deliveries made
Finally, data are given for the completed t o Scandinavian customers: Corvettes in Sweden and the
standard design. "Standard Flex 300" in Denmark.
The text to follow will briefly account for the
rationale and trade-off considerations involved in the
definition of this new generation of shipboard
tracking radar for fire control of a multitude of
weapons.

Fig. 1. The 9LV 200 Mk2 Director Fig. 2. The 9LV Mk3 Director
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CH2882-9/90/0000-0022$1.OO 0 (1990 IEEE) IEEE INTERNATIONAL RADAR CONFERENCE
OPERATIONAL REOUIREMENTS DIRECTOR SIZE
Broadly speaking, t h e o p e r a t i o n a l requirements, Since t h e Mkl and Mk2 v e r s i o n s o f t h e 9LV 200
a g a i n s t which a t r a c k i n g r a d a r should be designed can D i r e c t o r - T r a c k i n g Radar had proven t h e i r value, i t
be d i v i d e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : seemed a p p r o p r i a t e t o c o n t i n u e along t h e same path.
T h i s f i x e d t h e antenna s i z e t o 1 m diameter w i t h a
- Platforms, i . e . t y p e and s i z e o f ships c a b i n e t behind t h e antenna housing a l l RF-parts o f t h e
- Weapons t o be c o n t r o l l e d radar, i . e . t r a n s m i t t e r and r e c e i v e r .
- Environment: Targets, jamming e t c .
- Sources o f t a r g e t d e s i g n a t i o n d a t a Furthermore, t h e same types o f EO-sensors should
be p r o v i d e d f o r , a l b e i t i n upgraded s t a t e o f t h e a r t
PLATFORMS versions. The environmental requirements continued t o
be severe, small Fast A t t a c k C r a f t , which means
The requirement was i n t h i s r e s p e c t s e t by r e t a i n i n g t h e v i b r a t i o n and shock i s o l a t i o n mount, and
t r a d i t i o n ; minimum s i z e o f s h i p o f some 150 tons. t h e h y d r a u l i c motors, (Ref. 1). These motors have
Since a t r a c k i n g r a d a r i s an above-deck u n i t , t h i s shown an e x t r a o r d i n a r y r e l i a b i l i t y , more than 1
p u t s a l i m i t on s i z e and weight. m i l l i o n o p e r a t i n g hours w i t h o u t a s i n g l e f a i l u r e .
WEAPONS SELECTION OF RADAR WAVELENGTH
The f o l l o w i n g weapons were taken i n t o account With t h e antenna s i z e g i v e n by t o t a l s i z e ,
during t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f the radar: s e l e c t i o n o f t h e o p e r a t i n g wavelength i s a t y p i c a l
o p t i m i z a t i o n procedure.
- Medium range s u r f a c e - t o - a i r m i s s i l e s , such as
Sea Sparrow, Sea Wolf and C r o t a l e Navale. A " l o n g " wavelength means:
- One o r more A n t i - A i r c r a f t o r Dual Purpose Guns o f up - A wide beam, f a c i l i t a t i n g f a s t a c q u i s i t i o n
t o 5 i n c h c a l i b r e a g a i n s t a i r and s u r f a c e t a r g e t s . - Less i n f l u e n c e from weather, i . e . r a i n
- B e t t e r Doppler and MTI performance
- Close-In-Weapons, e.g. GE Sea Vulcan 30. - Power g e n e r a t i o n e a s i e r
The p r i m a r y i n f l u e n c e o f t h e weapons a r e A " s h o r t " wavelength g i v e s :
requirements on range and accuracy, t h e l a t t e r
i n c l u d i n g o f f - b o r e s i g h t measurements f o r l o w angle - A narrow beam, which means b e t t e r r e s o l u t i o n and
t r a c k i n g , c o n t r o l o f command-to-line-of-sight accuracy
m i s s i l e s , p r o j e c t i l e s p o t t i n g , and f a l l - o f - s h o t - Wider a b s o l u t e RF-bandwidth, depending on
observations. a v a i l a b i l i t y o f components
ENVIRONMENT A comprehensive s t u d y was made p r i o r t o t h e f i n a l
s e l e c t i o n o f r a d a r wavelength and EO-sensor s e l e c t i o n .
Targets s p e c i f i e d were: A i r c r a f t , m i s s i l e s , b o t h The study assumed a medium-calibre gun and encompassed
sea-skimming and h i g h - d i v i n g , and small t o medium s i z e r a d a r f r e q u e n c i e s from X-band through Ku- and Ka- t o
ships. ECCM had t o be v e r y good i n o r d e r t o cope w i t h W-band, 94 GHz, and i n c l u d e d s i m u l a t i o n s o f t h e
t h e t h r e a t o f t h e y e a r 2000 and beyond. p r o b a b i l i t y t o s u r v i v e an a t t a c k by two sea-skimmers
a r r i v i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y from two d i r e c t i o n s up t o 90'
TARGET DESIGNATION apart.

A mu1t i t u d e o f sources o f t a r g e t d e s i g n a t i o n had The outcome o f t h i s study c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t

t o be taken i n t o account. Depending on t h e source, t h e a s i n g l e r a d a r frequency from X t o Ka would n o t be
" q u a l i t y " o f t a r g e t d e s i g n a t i o n d a t a can be w i d e l y s u f f i c i e n t . A combination o f one powerful sensor f o r
d i f f e r e n t , r a n g i n g from h i g h l y accurate d a t a from a f a s t l o c k - o n and an accurate t r a c k i n g sensor
30-radar t o v e r y crude, e.g. coarse b e a r i n g o n l y from e s s e n t i a l l y immune t o m u l t i p a t h was r e q u i r e d . Adding a
an ESM equipment. W-band, 94 GHz, r a d a r would be q u i t e valuable.
However, a t t h e t i m e t h e design had t o be frozen, W-
A c q u i s i t i o n a f t e r t a r g e t d e s i g n a t i o n from a 2 - 0 band was n o t considered t o be mature enough,
or 3-0 surveillance radar i s a straightforward e s p e c i a l l y when t a k i n g t h e environment i n t o account,
procedure, e s p e c i a l l y i f t h a t r a d a r has a l r e a d y and anyhow expensive. Furthermore, i t would n o t
t r a c k e d t h e incoming t a r g e t f o r some time. The completely s o l v e t h e sea-skimmer problem.
d i f f i c u l t case i s when t a r g e t range i s n o t a v a i l a b l e
as would be t h e case i f t h e source i s an o p t i c a l The f i n a l s e l e c t i o n t h e r e f o r e became:
t a r g e t d e s i g n a t o r or an ESM-equipment. Then a wide
range i n t e r v a l , e.g. 1-10 km, has t o be covered Ku-band t 8-12 pm I R
instantaneously.
Ku-band was s e l e c t e d as t h e p r o p e r balance
( I t may deserve mentioning t h a t i f t h e between " l o n g " and " s h o r t " as o u t 1 i n e d above and a l s o
d e s i g n a t i o n d a t a i n angle has a c e r t a i n accuracy, e.g. because o f r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e components, e.g. r o b u s t ,
expressed as a 1 U-value, t h e scan-to-acquire p a t t e r n v e r y wideband, TWT's f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t e r .
has t o cover t - 2 0 , i . e . a t o t a l o f 4u degrees, i n
o r d e r t o g i v e t h e proper p r o b a b i l i t y o f a c q u i r i n g t h e The Ku-band g i v e s r a p i d a c q u i s i t i o n and h i g h
target. ) accuracy t r a c k i n g o f a l l t a r g e t s , except t h e sea-
skimmers, where t h e I R takes over t h e t r a c k i n g i n
angle a f t e r a c q u i s i t i o n and l o c k - o n by radar. The
s e n s i t i v e 8-12 pm IR-sensor g i v e s s u f f i c i e n t range,
except i n dense f o g c o n d i t i o n s ( v i s i b i l i t y < 1 km),
and i s immune t o m u l t i p a t h . T r a c k i n g i n range, where
m u l t i p a t h i n f l u e n c e i s n e g l i g i b l e , i s by r a d a r .

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IEEE INTERNATIONAL RADAR CONFERENCE
SELECTION OF TRANSMITTER The n e x t step i n t h e design i s thus t o determine
PRF's and pulsewidths. The PRF i s s e t by t h e d e s i r e d
Having f i x e d t h e antenna s i z e and t h e wavelength, unambiguous, o r instrumented, range and t h e d e s i r e of
t h e n e x t s t e p i n t h e design was t o determine a h i g h PRF i n o r d e r t o g i v e best p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y
t r a n s m i t t e r t y p e and o u t p u t power. Some resolution.
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e t r a n s m i t t e r were e a s i l y decided
upon: Coherent and f l e x i b l e waveform and as wide RF- Therefore a "basic" PRF o f 8-12 kHz was decided
bandwidth as p r a c t i c a l i n o r d e r t o f u l l y e x p l o i t t h e upon. T h i s g i v e s an instrumented range o f approx. 1-10
b e n e f i t s o f Frequency A g i l i t y . Furthermore, t h e power km, t h e lower l i m i t being determined by t h e ensuing
a m p l i f i e r should be an e x i s t i n g t y p e and a v a i l a b l e pulsewidth. T h i s range i n t e r v a l i s v e r y a p p r o p r i a t e
from more than one s u p p l i e r . f o r f i r e c o n t r o l o f a n t i - a i r c r a f t guns.

I n i t i a l calculations o f required transmitter For coverage o u t s i d e 10 km, a PRF between 3 and 5

power i n d i c a t e d t h e need f o r about 50 W o f average kHz was selected, and a pulsewidth t o g i v e f u l l
power. T h i s f i g u r e was a l s o c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e average power. The r e s u l t i n g instrumented range i s
experience from t h e Mk2 v e r s i o n w i t h i t s approx. 45 W. approx. 30 km, i . e . o u t t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n range l i m i t
against an a i r c r a f t i n d i c a t e d above.
T h i s f i g u r e was taken as a lower l i m i t , which
r u l e d o u t s o l i d s t a t e , and l e a v i n g TWT as t h e most The two t r a n s m i t t e d pulsewidths are both
v i a b l e candidate. An extensive, worldwide search f o r compressed i n t h e r e c e i v e r t o a w i d t h compatible w i t h
s u i t a b l e TWT's was s t a r t e d . t a r g e t dimensions and expected separation i n range
between two c l o s e l y spaced t a r g e t s . The s h o r t pulse,
The search r e s u l t e d i n r e c o g n i z i n g two r a t h e r however, means a b l i n d range o u t t o approx. 1 km,
d i s t i n c t classes o f a v a i l a b l e tubes: which i s t o o l o n g f o r some f i r e c o n t r o l purposes;
s h o r t range combat o f m i s s i l e s by close-in-weapons.
- Very wideband h e l i x types w i t h 40-60 W average Therefore an uncoded pulsewidth o f 0.2 ps i s
power, modest o p e r a t i n g voltages, and conduction t r a n s m i t t e d i n a t h i r d o p e r a t i o n a l mode, which g i v e s a
cool ing . range down t o l e s s than 300 m. The PRF i n t h i s case i s
a l s o 8-12 kHz, which does n o t g i v e f u l l average power,
- Coupled-cavity types o f 300-500 W w i t h modest b u t s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o s are anyhow h i g h a t s h o r t
bandwidth, h i g h voltages and r e q u i r i n g l i q u i d range, and t h e performance w i l l n o t be degraded.
cool ing .
The t h r e e t r a n s m i t t e r modes are i l l u s t r a t e d i n
The choice t h e r e f o r e was q u i t e easy; t h e h e l i x Fig. 3.
type. T h i s t y p e a l s o more than f u l f i l l e d t h e
requirement o f more than one manufacturer. Almost Interval for staggering
i d e n t i c a l tubes a r e a v a i l a b l e from a t o t a l o f 8 or j It t e r i n g
s u p p l i e r s i n both Europe and t h e U.S. Listening t i m e

The s u p p l i e r f i n a l l y chosen was AEG-Telefunken,

who had a tube i n production, which was NATO-qualified 3-5 us
f o r use i n t h e Tornado f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t . I n a d d i t i o n , 8- I 2 kHZ
AEG-Telefunken has an e s t a b l i s h e d experience o f l o n g -
l i f e TWT's used i n s a t e l l i t e s , which i s a p p l i e d t o t h e 8-12 LIS
b e n e f i t o f conventional tubes also. 3-5 kHZ

The s e l e c t e d tube had t h e f o l l o w i n g data: I I

1 : : I 15
I Range
b( k m )
- 8-18 GHz bandwidth 0 1 2 10
- 1.25 kW minimum peak power, 4 % d u t y c y c l e r e s u l t i n g Duty f a c t o r = 4%
i n 50 W average power
- Beam v o l t a g e approx. 11 kV, depressed c o l l e c t o r
- Conduction cooled t o a heat s i n k
T h i s tube was optimized through minor Fig. 3. T r a n s m i t t e r waveforms and instrumented
m o d i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e frequency band o f i n t e r e s t : ranges
15.5-17.5 GHz, and has g i v e n v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y
performance i n t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n .
The 50 W average power and t h e 1 m antenna g i v e a
range o f more than 30 km against a 3 m' a i r c r a f t PULSE COMPRESSION
t a r g e t and approx. 15 km against a 0.1 m' m i s s i l e .
Two techniques f o r p u l s e compression are
WAVEFORMS a v a i l a b l e : analog o r d i g i t a l . The d i g i t a l technique
g i v e s a good f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f
The 4 % d u t y c y c l e o f t h e selected TWT pulsewidths and compression r a t i o s , b u t l e s s
immediately determines t h e need f o r p u l s e compression s a t i s f a c t o r y time, o r range, sidelobes. The sidelobes
i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n good range r e s o l u t i o n and f u l l can be reduced t o an acceptable l e v e l by d i g i t a l
average power. A h i g h - o r medium-prf waveform as used f i l t e r i n g , see e.g. (Ref. 2), b u t t h e end r e s u l t i s
i n a i r b o r n e r a d a r s i s d i f f i c u l t t o apply i n a surface- q u i t e s e n s i t i v e t o doppler s h i f t , i . e . r a d i a l t a r g e t
based a p p l i c a t i o n when instantaneous coverage over t h e speed, (Ref. 3 ) . T h i s can be compensated f o r when t h e
whole instrumented range i s r e q u i r e d as discussed i n r a d i a l speed i s known, b u t o n l y f o r one t a r g e t speed
t h e "TARGET DESIGNATION" s e c t i o n above. a t a time.

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IEEE INTERNATIONAL RADAR CONFERENCE
 The s e n s i t i v i t y t o d o p p l e r i s , furthermore, n o t frequency, w h i l e t h e o t h e r one i s p r o v i d i n g a pure
only confined t o increased range sidelobes, b u t a l s o o u t p u t used i n t h e radar, c f . Fig. 4. S w i t c h i n g
t o l o s s o f signal a t h i g h d o p p l e r frequencies. Target between t h e two s y n t h e s i z e r s can be made v e r y f a s t . As
speeds are not always known on beforehand and t a r g e t s spectral p u r i t y close t o c a r r i e r i s only required i n
of d i f f e r e n t speeds, e.g. t h e incoming h o s t i l e m i s s i l e M T I and Pulse Doppler modes, a t l e a s t 4 p u l s e
and the outgoing own p r o j e c t i l e s , are t o be t r a c k e d a t r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l s are a v a i l a b l e f o r t u n i n g t h e n e x t
the same time. For these reasons, d i g i t a l p u l s e synthesizer.
compression was r u l e d out.
I n analog p u l s e compression, t h e frequency i s
changed d u r i n g t h e p u l s e by some k i n d o f l i n e a r o r
n o n - l i n e a r c h i r p . This t y p e o f p u l s e compression i s Indirect
i n h e r e n t l y d o p p l e r i n s e n s i t i v e , and a waveform w i t h Next Present
acceptable t i m e s i d e l o b e s over the r e q u i r e d range o f
t a r g e t d o p p l e r frequencies can e a s i l y be designed. Th;
p u l s e compression i s n o r m a l l y implemented by "devices
f reauencv --. frequency
c

a t I F frequency, and f l e x i b i l i t y i n s e l e c t i o n o f
pulsewidths i s t h e r e f o r e s a c r i f i c e d . Indirect
synthesizer
I n t h e s o l u t i o n selected, p u l s e compression takes I 1
p l a c e i n the I F r e c e i v e r chain by means o f SAW
f i l t e r s . A m p l i f i c a t i o n i s d i s t r i b u t e d around t h e SAW
f i l t e r s i n such a way t h a t s i d e l o b e i n c r e a s e and
c a p t u r i n g e f f e c t s are avoided. Such a scheme would F i g . 4 . P r i n c i p l e o f frequency g e n e r a t i o n
o b v i o u s l y n o t be p o s s i b l e , i f t h e p u l s e compression
takes p l a c e a f t e r A/D conversion, n o r m a l l y t h e
b o t t l e n e c k f o r dynamic range. ADAPTIVE SELECTION OF RADAR MODES

RECEIVER AND SIGNAL PROCESSING The m u l t i t u d e o f t r a n s m i t t e r and s i g n a l

processing modes c a l l f o r automatic s e l e c t i o n o f t h e
P u l s e - t o - p u l s e frequency a g i l i t y o p e r a t i o n g i v e s optimum mode. T h i s has been implemented and takes i n t o
the b e s t p o s s i b l e g l i n t r e d u c t i o n and ECCM account: Range t o the t a r g e t , c l u t t e r environment,
performance. However, i n MTI o r Pulse Doppler such as s t r o n g o r weak and bi-modal o r not, and t h e
o p e r a t i o n , more than one p u l s e on each frequency i s ECM s i t u a t i o n .
needed, and t o g e t a good v e l o c i t y response w i t h
s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h ambiguous speed, they have t o be The r a d a r adapts i t s e l f t o t h e above
t r a n s m i t t e d i n batches, d i r e c t l y a f t e r one another. environmental f a c t o r s by s e l e c t i n g t h e proper PRF, the
number o f p u l s e s on each frequency and which
I n "MTI" mode, 4 pulses are t r a n s m i t t e d per frequencies t o use o r avoid.
frequency. With 8-12 kHz PRF, t h i s means s t a y i n g a t
each frequency f o r l e s s than h a l f a m i l l i s e c o n d . The ANTENNA
MTI f i l t e r i s a h i g h pass FIR f i l t e r w i t h 4 taps, a
conventional, s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d design. Low s i d e l o b e l e v e l s are important a l s o i n a
t r a c k i n g r a d a r f o r a number o f reasons. One i s low
I n "Pulse Doppler" mode, 32 pulses are a l t i t u d e performance and another i s ECCM.
t r a n s m i t t e d on each frequency. The signal processing
i s i n t h i s case performed as an FFT, e n a b l i n g It i s r e l a t i v e l y easy t o achieve good sidelobes
suppression o f c l u t t e r o f two o r more d i f f e r e n t r a d i a l i n t h e sum channel w i t h a simple feed, n a t u r a l l y w i t h
v e l o c i t i e s , e.g. sea and r a i n o r c h a f f c l u t t e r the usual t r a d e - o f f between g a i n and sidelobes.
s i d u l t a n e o u s l y i n t h e same range c e l l , bi-modal However, t h e s i d e l o b e s i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e channels are
c lutter. o f t e n even more i m p o r t a n t . Even a small amount o f
jamming power from a s t a n d - o f f o r e s c o r t jammer
The t r a n s m i t p a t t e r n s described above p u t very e n t e r i n g a d i f f e r e n c e channel w i l l cause a t r a c k i n g
special requirements on frequency g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e e r r o r t h a t can s e r i o u s l y degrade t h e performance o f
radar: the f i r e c o n t r o l system.

- l a r g e number o f frequencies ( g l i n t r e d u c t i o n ) and The s o l u t i o n s e l e c t e d i s t o use a multimode feed,

l a r g e RF bandwidth (ECCM) by means o f which good sidelobes can be obtained i n
- h i g h s p e c t r a l p u r i t y , both c l o s e t o c a r r i e r ( f o r M T I both sum and d i f f e r e n c e channels.
performance) as w e l l as f a r from c a r r i e r ( r e c e i v e r
sensitivity) An antenna w i t h such a feed has been developed as
- f a s t s w i t c h i n g between frequencies p a r t o f t h e o v e r a l l design e f f o r t , (Ref. 4 ) . Fig. 5
shows t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e feed, (Ref. 5 ) , and a l s o a
Since many frequencies are r e q u i r e d , frequency photo o f t h e f i n a l design. R a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s f o r t h e
synthesis i s p r e f e r r e d r a t h e r than a number o f f i x e d whole antenna, w i t h a diameter o f 1 m, see a l s o Fig.
frequency o s c i l l a t o r s . I n d i r e c t frequency s y n t h e s i s 2 , are shown i n Fig. 6. The p a t t e r n s shown are
(phase l o c k l o o p ) i s n o r m a l l y chosen where h i g h averaged over t h e whole RF-band o f 15 X.
spectral p u r i t y i s r e q u i r e d . Switching speeds f a s t e r
than some tens o f microseconds can n o r m a l l y n o t be R a d i a t i o n a t X-band f o r i l l u m i n a t i o n o f a t a r g e t by
obtained, whereas d i r e c t synthesis can g i v e s w i t c h i n g CW-power, used f o r guidance o f e.g. Sea Sparrow, i s
speeds below t h e microsecond. achieved by p l a c i n g a feed horn i n t h e f o c a l p o i n t o f
the main r e f l e c t o r o u t s i d e t h e o r i g i n a l antenna. The
A f t e r d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e requirements, i t sub-reflector i s transparent t o v e r t i c a l polarization
was found t h a t a combination o f two i n d i r e c t and the main r e f l e c t o r b u i l t w i t h a frequency
s y n t h e s i z e r s proved t o be t h e most c o s t - e f f e c t i v e selective surface t h a t w i l l not t w i s t the polarization
s o l u t i o n . Then one s y n t h e s i z e r i s tuned t o i t s next a t X-band.

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 H-PLANE
MODERS

E-P L AN
DI VlDERS
ET
Fig. 5. The multimode feed. Left: Principle. Right: A manufactured feed

H-pl ane sum and difference patterns E-plane sum and difference patterns
Fig. 6. Measured radiation patterns for the complete monopulse antenna

DATA OF FINAL PRODUCT

Transmitter Antenna
Type Grid-pulsed he1 ix TWT Type Cassegrai multimod feed
Frequency range 15.5-17.5 GHz Diameter l m
Number of frequencies >lo0 Beamwidth 1.4 deg
Peak power 1.5 kW Gain 41 dB
Pul sewidths/PRF's 8-12 /is, 3-5 kHZ Polarization Vertical
3-5 IS, 8-12 kHZ Sidelobe ratio, C and A
0.2 IS, 8-12 kHz 1st >25 dB
Others >40 dB rms
Tr;nsmit patterns: Crosspol arization >25 dB
Pul :e Doppler" 3 2 pulse batches
"MTI 4 pulse batches
"Frequency Agility" Pulse-to-pulse FA
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Receiver ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Type 3-channel amp1 itude The Cassegrain r e f l e c t o r system o f t h e antenna has

monopulse, analog been devel oped i n c o o p e r a t i on w i t h AB Nobel p l a s t ,
p u l s e compression Ljungby, Sweden.
Noise f i g u r e 10 dB
Range sidelobes -35 dB
REFERENCES
Siqnal Processinq
1. C. Ekenberg, P. Strom, 6-0. A s , "High accuracy
"Pul se Doppler" 3 2 - p o i n t FFT i n 40 range H y d r a u l i c Motors f o r Radar Antennas", I E E E
c e l l s , 16 v e l o c i t y c e l l s , Mechanical Engineering i n Radar Symposium,
2-D s l i d i n g window d e t e c t o r A r l i n g t o n VA 1977, pp. 177-181.

"MTI" 4-pulse FIR i n 400 range 2. M.N. Cohen, P.E. Cohen, " N e a r - p e r f e c t Biphase
c e l l s , s l i d i n g window Codes and,,Optimum F i l t e r i n g o f t h e i r
detector Sidelobes , 18th European Microwave Conference,
Stockholm Sweden 1988.
"FA" S i n g l e p o l e low pass f i l t e r
i n 400 range c e l l s , s l i d i n g 3. D.K. Barton, "Modern Radar System A n a l y s i s " ,
window d e t e c t o r A r t e c h House 1988, p.228.

M T I Improvement . i c t o r , >30 dB 4. U. L i d v a l l , M. Persson, G. Larsson, "Broadband

i n "PD" and "MTI" modes Multimode Feed f o r Monopulse T r a c k i n g Antenna",
18th European Microwave Conference, Stockholm
Accuracv Sweden 1988, pp. 500-505.

Range 4 m (lo) 5. S.W. Drabowitch, "Multimode Antennas",

Angle 0.5 mrad ( l u ) Microwave Journal, Jan. 1966, pp. 41-51.

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