2022 6th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS) | 21-22 April 2022 | Karunya Institute of Technology

and Sciences, Coimbatore, India.

A Review on Green Hydrogen: Future of Green

Hydrogen in India
Reddi Vivek Vardhan1, R. Mahalakshmi2, Anand R3, Ashutosh Mohanty4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 3,
[email protected]
2022 6th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS) | 978-1-6654-8094-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICDCS54290.2022.9780805

Abstract— In India, around 100 million tonnes of hydrogen is fuel leaks while also reducing the usage of carbon-chained
produced annually. The majority of it comes from steam fuels. Clean energy sources, for example, have a far smaller
methane reforming and coal. Although both require a lot of carbon footprint than other fossil fuels. Switching to clean
energy to generate, they are very clean and sustainable energy or renewable energy sources to generate power can
methods. In the rapidly approaching twenty-first century, assist the earth by slowing or halting climate change. [3]
hydrogen and electricity derived from renewable technologies
will undoubtedly serve as clean, inexhaustible energy II. THE ROLE OF GREEN HYDROGEN
carriers. In the current scenario, the urgency of reducing
Green hydrogen is gaining traction in the energy markets
greenhouse gas emissions has increased, prompting many
right now. Hydrogen might be a viable option for meeting the
countries to take steps to decarbonize their economies. The
widespread use of hydrogen would greatly reduce air
international forums' carbon neutrality targets. As a result of
pollution and improve energy security. It is estimated that the 2015 Paris Agreement, which set a global target of
India's energy demand will grow at a faster pace than that of limiting global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius,
any other country. As a result, it is the time to concentrate on hydrogen might become a crucial component of the future
alternative and effective methods of meeting the expanding energy mix.
need. The focus of this article is on Green Hydrogen, Hydrogen is a renewable and adaptable energy source. It is
Hydrogen Economy, Climate Change, and Hydrogen's both sustainable and unique in that it does not generate
Potential in India. greenhouse gases directly and can be utilised in a wide range
Keywords— Green Hydrogen, Greenhouse emission, Storage, of applications, from transportation to industry, electricity,
Productions of green hydrogen. and construction. Green hydrogen is created by electrolysis of
water, with power generated from renewable sources (water,
I. INTRODUCTION air), and has the potential to emit nearly no greenhouse gases.
During the previous five decades, human activities, Green hydrogen, which may be used to replace carbon-rich
particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, released vast fuels, might be critical in the transition to a low-carbon
volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into economy. [5, 6]
the atmosphere, trapping more heat in the lower atmosphere With its numerous advantages, scientists have begun to
and having a considerable influence on world temperature. consider hydrogen as a prospective significant player in the
The overwhelming reliance on fossil fuels causes a slew of energy market, capable of increasing energy security and
issues, many of which threaten national security. Combustion addressing air pollution challenges. Hydrogen economies have
of fossil fuels, notably coal, gas, and oil, is a major source of a long-term impact on the geopolitical landscape, changing
air pollution, putting people's health and the environment in energy geopolitics. The necessity to decarbonize energy
jeopardy. The burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, systems has triggered a global transformation. The basic
which is the most major component of greenhouse gases. The concept underlying the phrase "hydrogen economy" is the
world's atmosphere has warmed by 0.85 degrees Celsius in the storage and transmission of energy in the form of liquid or
last 130 years, according to a new UN report. It has gotten gaseous hydrogen.
gradually warmer than any previous decade in human history This may also be used as a heat source and in hydrogen
during the last three decades. The severe repercussions of cars. [9] When hydrogen is combined with oxygen in a fuel
global climate change include extreme temperatures, natural cell, electricity is produced, which reduces pollutants
catastrophes, and unpredictable rainfall patterns, illness significantly.
patterns, and immigration. Climate change has an impact on Carbon capturing and storage is a method that captures and
about 3 billion people on the planet. Clean Energy is the only stores CO2 before it is released into the atmosphere. This
way to solve this problem. [1,2] technology is particularly viable since it can capture over 90%
Clean and renewable energy is critical to the modern of CO2 produced into the atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel
industrial society's operation. Clean energy is now critically combustion in power plants. [6] Rising costs, a lack of a clean
important for the world's carbon-rich economy to grow hydrogen value chain, and international hydrogen standards
sustainably. Clean energy enables us to achieve long-term are just a few of the roadblocks. Rising costs, a lack of a clean
growth, reduces carbon emissions, and conserves natural hydrogen value chain, and international hydrogen standards
resources. It provides reliable electricity and a wide range of are just a few of the roadblocks. [7, 10]
fuels, improving energy security and minimising the risk of

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III. NECESSITY OF GREEN HYDROGEN

Although energy efficiency, renewable control, and
coordinated charge can reduce outflows from power
generation and a portion of transportation, the final 15% or so
of the economy, which includes flying, shipping, long-
distance trucking, and concrete and steel fabrication, is
difficult to decarbonize due to the high vitality density fuel
required. Green hydrogen may be able to satisfy these
demands while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

A. Global Greenhouse emissions

Over the previous decade, global greenhouse gas emissions
have climbed at a pace of 1.5% each year. Without land use,
global emissions increased at a pace of 2.0% per year in 2018,
equating to around 51.8 Giga tonnes of CO2 equivalent
(GtCO2eq).

Fig. 2. Global Greenhouse emissions by gas

In 2019, India's CO2 emissions per capita were 1.9 tonnes.

India's CO2 emissions per capita grew dramatically between
1970 and 2019, rising from 0.42 to 1.9 tonnes per capita at an
annual rate that peaked at 10.08 percent in 2009 before falling
to 0.51 percent in 2019. The whole analysis of the
aforementioned is shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Fig. 1. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2018

Global emissions are rising mostly as a result of increased

fossil CO2 consumption, followed by methane (CH4) and
nitric oxide (NOx) (N2O). CO2 from fossil fuels accounts for
72% of world emissions, whereas methane accounts for 19%.
N2O (6%) and F-gases are the other greenhouse gases (3%).
Fig.1 shows the percentage proportion of various gases.
Fig. 3. Fossil CO2 emissions by sector [13]
B. Global Greenhouse emissions in India
India accounted for roughly 7.2% of world greenhouse gas
emissions and 6.9% of global CO2 emissions in 2018. Total
greenhouse gas emissions were 70% CO2 and 30% non-CO2,
mostly methane, with 23.5 percent CH4, 5.7 percent N2O, and
0.9 percent F-gas emissions. Fig.2 depicts the percentage
share.

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• Electrolysers have a short lifespan (less than 5

years).
B. Steam Reforming
Methane, biomass-derived liquids, and biogas may all be
converted to hydrogen via steam reforming. A proven
technique and simple input gasoline transportation with
conversion on-site or at refuelling sites are among the benefits.
Extra carbon capture devices must be in place if methane or
natural gas is used to keep net emissions to a minimal.
• Because biomass-derived liquids have far larger
molecular sizes than fossil fuels, the reforming
process is highly complex.
Fig. 4. CO2 emissions in India • The total efficiency of the process is poor
(currently around 40 percent).
• The reformer should be able to adapt to a variety
IV. TYPES OF GREEN HYDROGEN
of biogas or biofuel compositions, flow rates,
There are different types of Hydrogen. Different types and heat sources.
mainly are Green, blue, yellow, turquoise, grey—all motive is C. Fermentation
similar only thing that matters is the way of production and Bacteria convert sugar-rich biomass material to produce
level of greenhouse gases. Fig.5. shows the types of green hydrogen, either by direct hydrogen fermentation or microbial
hydrogen. electrolysis cells (MECs). The difficulties include:
• The biogas reactor's overall efficiency is low.
• Fermentation yields and rates are modest, and it
has yet to be demonstrated that MEC systems can
be scaled up while maintaining production rates
and system efficiency. [4, 5, 8]
Alternative water splitting technologies include high-
temperature water splitting, photo biological water splitting,
photo electrochemical water splitting, low-temperature
hydrogen generation by replication of photosynthesis, and
extraction of hydrogen by-product from chemical
Fig. 5. Tree diagram describing types of green hydrogen companies.Fig.6 represents the steps involved in the
production of green hydrogen along with explanation at
1) Yellow- Electrolysis of water but nuclear electricity is different steps.
used, low greenhouse gases.
2) Blue- By steam reforming (Methane) with carbon
capturing and storage, low greenhouse gases.
3) Turquoise- Pyrolysis with carbon black as a by-product,
low greenhouse gases.
4) Grey- By steam reforming only, but without carbon
capturing and storage, greenhouse gases emissions are
more.

V. PRODUCTION OF GREEN HYDROGEN

Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced solely from
renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind, or from
low-carbon processes. Green hydrogen emits far less carbon
than dim hydrogen, which is produced by steam altering of
natural gas and makes up the majority of the display.
A. Electrolysis
This process uses electricity to split water into hydrogen
and water. By calorific value, this procedure is around 60-
80% efficient. The following are some of the difficulties
associated with electrolysis:
• Greater energy efficiency is required.
• Additional compressors on-site are necessary.
Fig. 6. Production of green hydrogen

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VI. STORAGE OF GREEN HYDROGEN the amount and distance of green hydrogen to be transported.
Solids, liquids, and surface-based materials are all being [14]
explored for material-based hydrogen storage. On-site storage ● During liquefaction, the main drawback is the high
is utilised in production plants and end-use applications, consumption of power which is equal to energy of 30 to
whereas bulk storage is employed in global hydrogen storage 40% of green hydrogen transported without additional
for large amounts of storage (e.g. in salt caverns, abandoned losses.
mines, etc.). Terminals such as ports, refuelling stations, and ● During the transformation into ammonia also it
the numerous vehicles that are used along the route, such as consumes more energy during its synthesis and cracking
ships, Lorries, and vehicles that utilise hydrogen for but compared it has more efficiency.
propulsion, all store hydrogen throughout the supply chain. Fig.7. depicts the transport to end use of green hydrogen.
The most popular methods for storing hydrogen are
compression, cooling, or a combination of the two. Gaseous
hydrogen is frequently held at high pressure in containers
constructed of steel, glass fibre, carbon fibre, and polymers,
among other materials. Depending on the material used, there
are presently four main types of containers, each with various
weights, pressures, and costs. Another option is liquid
hydrogen, although it requires a substantial amount of energy.
Liquid H2 has a tendency to boil when held in containers or
tanks. [11]
However, as explained below, there are several issues with
hydrogen storage.
1. The low specific gravity of compressed
hydrogen storage necessitates a high energy need.
2. Temperature and pressure requirements for storing
hydrogen in solid form.
3. Design considerations, legal issues, societal concerns,
and a high price.
4. Chemical reactions and the limited durability
of storage materials (fibre, metals, polymers, etc.)
Fig. 7. Transportation to end use of Hydrogen
pose a danger.
5. Bulk storage in geographic locations may pollute A. Main forms of hydrogen transportation
hydrogen, necessitating further purification before Ammonia has high density per volume than liquid
use. hydrogen and can be stored and transported at low pressures
Other improvements in hydrogen storage include the ability or in cryogenic tanks at low temperatures. The can be
to minimise the storage pressure of gaseous hydrogen using a considered as one of the main benefit of existing
range of adsorbent materials and the ability to Nano size transportation facilities, synthesis methods. But there are few
different materials with the purpose of regulating hydrogen drawbacks like cracking of ammonia. One more form of
binding strength while avoiding high temperatures and transportation which can be considered is Liquid Organic
pressures. Hydrogen carriers (LOHC). LOHC are cheap, can be carried
in bulk and easy to manage. At high temperatures and
VII. TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF
pressures, hydrogen is often saturated with other compounds
GREEN HYDROGEN
in an exothermic reaction. It is then released by an
When it comes to green hydrogen, one of the biggest issues endothermic dehydrogenation process at high temperatures
is transportation. There are two main approaches. and air pressure. Pipeline is the cheapest mode of transport for
1. Converting green hydrogen to liquid hydrogen the bulk quantities. The compressed hydrogen gas
2. Transporting it via liquid organic hydrogen carriers transportation via pipeline is cost effective. [12, 13]
(LOHC).
3. Transportation by natural gas mixing VIII. CHALLENGES IN PRODUCING GREEN
Because hydrogen has a low volumetric density and HYDROGEN
relatively high energy content, it is lighter to transport and From its availability to its distribution, the hydrogen
takes up more space than alternative fossil fuels. It can be economy is a wide and strict notion. The effective deployment
compressed, liquefied, or incorporated in energy carriers such of a green hydrogen economy will need a significant amount
as ammonia, methanol, or LOHC's to overcome these of work. In comparison to fossil fuel-based production,
properties at the cost of significant energy losses (almost hydrogen generation from renewable sources is not cost-
20%). The hydrogen form for transportation is determined by effective or efficient. Hybrid automobiles combine the
benefits of both conventional and fuel cell vehicles, and their

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popularity is set to rise in the near future. These new findings scenario. The current hydrogen infrastructure is insufficient to
will have a major influence on the global energy business, encourage a wider use of fuel cell automobiles. Hydrogen
posing a substantial challenge to the global supply chain. Fuel refuelling stations will play a critical role in future
cells, electrolysers, and refuelling equipment are still not mass advancements. [15, 16]
produced, which contributes greatly to their cost. The absence Controlling pollution and ensuring energy security are
of hydrogen infrastructure, such as filling stations and other critical issues for India's developing economy. In this situation,
hydrogen-related infrastructure slows down hydrogen hydrogen's enormous promise is unlikely to gain traction in
adoption. India. India is considering renewable energy sources including
The creation of hydrogen storage facilities and distribution solar, wind, and hydropower, but hydrogen isn't on the list.
networks is the primary problem connected with the hydrogen The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Indian Oil
economy. The purity of hydrogen generated for fuel cell Corporation (IOCL), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
applications is also a big issue in the current situation. (BHEL), and Tata-
Furthermore, because of its low volumetric energy density, Motors are among the Indian companies researching on
managing hydrogen is complex and costly. Safety and hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
financial security are other key concerns that must be This on-going research will help India overcome challenges
addressed as new, superior technologies are implemented. A like as fuel cell acceptance, policy, and standard formulation,
key difficulty that needed to be overcome was government among others. [20]. Green hydrogen may be produced using
restrictions for the safety and shipping of huge amounts of the country's renewable energy generation capacity,
green hydrogen. [20] maximising the benefits of the energy transition. In the future,
India's heavy transport sector will grow considerably. Fuel
A. Obstacles to a Clean Economy's Implementation cell electric vehicles offer zero CO2 emissions, a long range,
Every year, some 120 million tonnes of hydrogen are and rapid refuelling periods, making them viable alternatives
created across the world, with 70 million tonnes of pure to diesel trucks in India's heavy transport industry. Increased
hydrogen and the rest being a combination of gases. use of green hydrogen produced locally has the potential to
According to figures from the World Energy Organization, reduce India's dependency on petroleum imports significantly.
this data accounts for around 4% of worldwide final energy Green Hydrogen's recent advances may pave the road for it to
and non-energy use. Currently, the chemical, metallurgical, play a vital role in the future energy sector. [17, 18, 19]
and transportation sectors use the most hydrogen, with There are various benefits of utilising green hydrogen as a
smelling salts union accounting for around 55% of global fuel in India. Few are mentioned below,
hydrogen generation, refineries for 25%, and methanol 1. Energy Security and Reduced Petroleum Imports
production accounting for approximately 10%. Although the 2. Transportation sector decarbonisation,
global annual need for hydrogen has surged in recent decades, 3. Renewables and Hydrogen production integration
99% of it is still supplied by fossil fuels. [26] 4. Addresses Climate Change Issues
Fig.8 shows how the Green hydrogen technology is
IX. OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIA IN GREEN HYDROGEN designed for a smooth functioning.
ECONOMY
Every year, some 120 million tonnes of hydrogen are
created across the world, with 70 million tonnes of pure
hydrogen and the rest being a combination of gases.
According to figures from the World Energy Organization,
this data accounts for around 4% of worldwide final energy
and non-energy use. Currently, the chemical, metallurgical,
and transportation sectors use the most hydrogen, with
smelling salts union accounting for around 55 percent of
global hydrogen generation, refineries for 25%, and methanol
production accounting for approximately 10%. Although the
global annual need for hydrogen has surged in recent decades,
99 percent of it is still supplied by fossil fuels. In comparison
to other nations, India has a low cost of energy generated by
solar photovoltaic systems, and this generated power will be
important in scaling up green hydrogen production in the
future. Another topic that has to be addressed is electrolyser
water use. To make 1 kilogramme of hydrogen, electrolysers
use around 9 litres of water. Seawater electrolysis may be
useful in this case, but it will require additional development
and investigation. India, being a country with one of the
world's longest coastlines, has a lot of potential in this Fig. 8. Architecture of the Green Hydrogen Technology

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X. ADVANCEMENTS OF GREEN HYDROGEN economy decarbonizes a process that cannot be postponed.

Hydrogen's qualities and availability make it a superior Green hydrogen might undergo significant developments and
future fuel, earning it the moniker "HYDROGEN AS A play a key role in the near future due to its zero carbon
FUTURE FUEL". Hydrogen is a non-toxic, clean energy- emissions when utilised in fuel cells, as well as it’s storable,
dense fuel that may be used in both internal combustion adaptable, transportable, and sustainable nature.
engines and fuel cells. [20]
XI. GREEN HYDROGEN AFFORDABILITY IN INDIA
Green hydrogen is a significant source of energy and a key This 'green' approach to creating hydrogen is sweet for
component of the transition to 100 percent renewable energy. supportability. But it drives up costs, which may clearly
The increased use of green hydrogen in the transportation obstruct India's arrange to incline up the generation of green
sector has necessitated the development of cost-effective hydrogen. Include to that, as it were a modest bunch of Indian
extraction methods, as well as the sharing of renewable companies fabricate electrolysers, which are utilized to
resources rendered for the production of Hydrogen, in order to produce green hydrogen.
meet a significant portion of the transportation sector's energy Now, agreeing to The Vitality and Assets Established
demand. Sustainable development plans are being created (TERI), the taken a toll of green hydrogen generation is 55-56
largely to promote a more environmentally friendly way of per kg. At this rate, it isn't simple for businesses like steel,
living, and as a result, all potential sources of environmental fertilizer and long-range shipping to embrace this fuel. For
pollution are being traced back to their source. The that, we require green hydrogen costs to come down to at
transportation sector has been highlighted as having a greater slightest $2 per kg. Dependence chairman Mukesh Ambani
influence on the quantity of CO2 released into the atmosphere. has proposed that India ought to point to bring down costs to
Road travel is projected to be responsible for 11 percent of SI per kg. But this decrease in costs will not be conceivable
CO2 emissions in India. Vehicle emissions may pollute the air unless we begin fabricating electrolysers on a much bigger
and create a variety of health problems, including respiratory scale in India. [25]
problems, skin disorders, and cancer. As pollution levels grow, Concurring to a later report in Commerce Standard, the
hazardous gases and particles are released in large quantities. government seem bring a Production Linked Motivation (PLI)
As a result, a superior alternative fuel that is both emission- plot for fabricating electrolysers for creating green hydrogen.
free and readily available in the local market is needed. In On the other hand, it does appear that in certain regions, the
India's automobile industry, green hydrogen is critical. [20, 21] Middle is moderate to urge off the pieces in spite of Prime
Green hydrogen usage obligations are anticipated to be Minister emphasizing the green hydrogen' commitment in his
made mandatory in the fertiliser and petroleum refining Autonomy Day discourse this year. The central government is
industries, and the MNRE's 'National Hydrogen Energy however to come out with a approach, in spite of having
Mission' will provide further information on this need. These propelled the National Hydrogen Mission final year.
obligations may be very similar to the current renewable Setting up more fabricating offices, innate generation of
vitality purchasing commitments, which oblige power critical components such as electrolysers, and generation
distribution firms to acquire a minimum amount of renewable connected motivations such as the plans being rolled out by
vitality to reduce reliance on electricity supplied from the government for various segments, will be the foremost
conventional sources. imperative steps that Indian industry and policymakers got to
The green fuel vertical of Indian Railways the Indian take to assist bring down costs per unit of green hydrogen
Railways Organisation of Alternative Fuels (IROAF) has put yield [23 24 25].
up proposals for the development of hydrogen fuel cell-based
XII. CONCLUSION
trains on the Indian Railways network. In India, this business
is expected to expand the notion of hydrogen versatility. Clean hydrogen has been portrayed as the celestial chalice
IROAF initially invited offers for an 89-kilometer section of of decarbonisation on several occasions. The urgent need to
Northern Railway between Sonipat and Jind. Two diesel– find alternatives to fossil fuels has aided hydrogen's portrayal
electric multiple units (DEMU) rakes will be converted as part as a promising arrangement capable of breaking the
of the project. Two cross-breed locomotives will be converted dominance of fossil fuels and alleviating the shortcomings of
on the basis of hydrogen fuel cell control research, with no renewable vitality sources in recent years. However, as this
reduction in driving comfort. "Advanced Chemistry Cell working paper shows, the hydrogen economy is still a long
(ACC) Batteries and the National Hydrogen Mission are two way off from being a reality. Green hydrogen breakthroughs
key initiatives of the Indian government to accomplish the and enterprises have grown significantly over the last decade,
Paris Climate Agreement 2015's objectives for reducing GHG but there are still a slew of unanswered questions, including
emissions and the 'Mission Net Zero Carbon Outflow technological hurdles and geopolitical implications.
Railway' by 2030," Indian Railroads stated in a statement. [22] Green hydrogen, with near-zero carbon outflows, is the
Industries and hydrogen have a long history together. Since most cost-effective solution in the long run. As a result,
the dawn of global industrialization, this gas has been utilised governments should continue to focus their long-term
to power automobiles, aeroplanes, and spacecraft. Green hydrogen strategy on renewable hydrogen. In any event, too
hydrogen will gain increasing significance as the world low-carbon hydrogen might be adopted in the short to medium

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