19EE302-ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY PRACTICE

SAFETY RULES

1. SAFETY is of extreme importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, practice with enough care and
attention in handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory.
(Electricity is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages.
(Otherwise, any such contact may subject you to electrical shock).

4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally
contact a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you
will be protected from electrical shock)
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens
to be a rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains.
(When you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may
touch a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock)
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor.(Wet parts of
the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit.(Otherwise you
will be touching the live parts in the circuit)
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit
strictly as per the approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs
and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such
defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect YOU and your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up
and approved by the staff member.

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15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally
touch two points at different potentials with your two hands)
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up,
resistor heating up etc.), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the
staff member.
18. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the
power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
19. While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the brake-
drums:
i. Avoid the brake-drum from getting too hot by putting just enough water

into the brake -drum at intervals; use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available
in the laboratory ) to pour the water.(When the drum gets too hot, it will burn out the
braking belts)

ii. Do not stand in front of the brake-drum when the supply to the load-test

circuit is switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in the brake -drum will splash out on
you)

iii. After completing the load-test, suck out the water in the brake-

drum using the plastic bottle with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a
sponge which is available in the laboratory.(The water, if allowed to remain in
the brake-drum, will corrode it)

20. Determine the correct rating of the fuse/s to be connected in the circuit after
understanding correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no -load test or full-
load test, the maximum current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that fuse-
rating.(While an over-rated fuse will damage the equipment and other instruments like
ammeters and watt- meters in case of over load, an under-rated fuse may not allow one even
to start the experiment)
21. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit overshoots, as
the starting current is around 5 times t he full load rating of the motor. Moving coil ammeters
being very delicate may get damaged due to high starting current. A switch has been provided
on such meters to disconnect the moving coil of the meter during starting. This switch should

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be closed after the motor attains full speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of
wattmeters are not so delicate and hence these can stand short time overload due to high
starting current. No such switch is therefore provided on these meters. Moving iron meters
are cheaper and more rugged compared to moving coil meters. Moving iron meters can
be used for both AC and DC measurement. Moving coil instruments are however more
sensitive and more accurate as compared to their moving iron counterparts and these can
be use d for DC measurements only. Good features of moving coil instruments are not of
much consequence for you as other sources of errors in the experiments are many times more
than
those caused by these meters.

22. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following
ways:
i. Keeping unnecessary material like books, Lab records, unused
meters etc. causing meters to fall down the table.

ii. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making

connections or while talking or listening somebody.

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19EE302 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATORS

2 LOAD TEST OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

3 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

5 SWINBURN`S TEST

6 LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

7 LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

8 CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE

9 CHARACTERISTIC OF BJT AMPLIFIER

10
SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER (SCR APPLICATION)

11 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

LIST OF CYCLE

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CYCLE-1

1 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATORS

2 LOAD TEST OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

3 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

5 SWINBURN`S TEST

6 LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

CYCLE-2

7 LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

8 CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE

9 CHARACTERISTIC OF BJT AMPLIFIER

10 SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER (SCR

APPLICATION)

11 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

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INDEX

S.No. Page
Date Experiments Marks sign
No.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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OPEN CIRCUIT & LOAD TEST ON DC GENERATOR

Name Plate Details

Exp No: Date:

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OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND LOAD TEST ON

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM

To conduct the open circuit test and the load test on a given separately excited dc
generator and draw the characteristic curves.

FUSE RATING

125% of rated current (full load current)

APPRATUS REQUIRED

NAME OF THE
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter MC (0-2A) 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-20A) 2
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300V) 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 1180ohm,0.6A 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 1180ohm,0.6A 1
6 Tachometer Digital - 1
7 Resistive Load Variable - 1

PRECAUTION

• The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

• The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
• At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition

FORMULA:

1. Eg = VL + IaRa Volts

Where Eg –Generated emf (V)

VL-Load Voltage (V)
Ia – armature current (A)
Ra – Armature resistance in ohms
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS TEST OF DC SHUNT GENRATOR

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FIELD CURRENT If GENERATED VOLTAGE (Eg)

S.NO (A) (Volts)

LOADTEST ONDC SHUNT GENERATOR

Armature Resistance Ra ___________ohm

FIELD LOAD LOAD

I a= I L Eg=VL+ IaRa
CURRENT CURRENT VOLTAGE
If IL VL
S.NO (A)
(A) (A) (Volts) (Volts)

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PROCEDURE

Open circuit test

• Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

• The Prime Mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to run
at rated speed when the Generator is disconnected from the load by DPST switch.
• By varying the Generator field rheostat gradually, the Open Circuit Voltage (Eo)
and corresponding Field Current (If) are tabulated upto 150 % of Rated Voltage of
Generator.
• The motor is switched off by using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats to
initial position.

Load test

• Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

• The Prime Mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to run
at rated speed when the Generator is disconnected from the load by DPST switch..
• By varying the Generator field rheostat gradually, the Rated Voltage (Eg) is obtained.
• The Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are observed at no load condition.
• The Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are observed for different loads up to the rated
current by closing the DPST switch..
• After tabulating all the readings the load is brought to initial position.
• The motor is switched off using the DPIC switch after bringing all the rheostats to initial
position.

GRAPH

The graph drawn as

• Open Circuit Voltage Vs Field Current
• Load Voltage Vs Load Current

MODEL CALCULATION

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MODEL GRAPH

OC TEST LOAD TEST

TO FIND Ra:

TABULATION: TO FIND Ra:

S.No. Voltage (volts) Current (Amps) Ra= Va/Ia (ohms)

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RESULT:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details:

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19EE302- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Exp No: Date:

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM

To conduct the load test on a given dc shunt motor and draw its performance curves.

FUSE RATING
125% of rated current (full load current)

APPRATUS REQUIRED

NAME OF THE
S. NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter MC (0-20A) 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300V) 1
3 Rheostat Wire wound 1180 /0.6A & 1
4 Tachometer Digital 250/2A 1
-

PRECAUTION

• The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

• At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition.
• The motor should be run in anticlockwise direction.

FORMULAE

1 . Torque T = (S1~S2) × r × 9.81 in N-m.

Where, r- Radius of the Break drum in m.
S1,S2- Spring balance reading in Kg.
2. Input power = VL × IL in Watts.
Where VL – Load Voltage in Volts.
IL- Load current in Amps.
3. Output power = 2πNT/60 in Watts.
Where N- Speed of the armature in rpm.
T- Torque in N-m.
4. Percentage of Efficiency = (Output power/Input power) × 100

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TABULATION FOR LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Radius of the brake drum =

Load Speed Spring balance Efficienc

Load Output
Curre Voltag of the reading Torque Input
nt Power y (η)
S.N e (VL) motor (T) Power
o (IL) (N) S1 S2 S1~S2
Amps Volts rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts Watts %

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE

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• Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

• Using the three-point starter the motor is started to run at the rated speed by adjusting the
field rheostat if necessary.
• The meter readings are noted at no load condition.
• By using the Break drum with spring balance arrangement the motor is loaded and the
corresponding readings are noted up to the rated current.
• After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually.
• The motor is switched off by using the DPIC switch.

GRAPH
The graphs are drawn as
• Output power Vs Efficiency
• Output power Vs Armature current
• Output power Vs Torque
• Output power Vs Speed
• Torque Vs Speed
• Torque Vs Armature current
• Speed Vs Armature current

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT

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LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details:

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19EE302- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Exp No: Date:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To determine the performance characteristics of the given single-phase induction motor by direct
loading method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO ITEMS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 1
2 Ammeter MI (0-10A 1
3 Single element wattmeter UPF 300V,10A 1
4 1Ø Auto transformer - 230V/(0-270)V 1
5 Tachometer Analog 1
6 DPST Switch 1

PRECAUTION:

1. At the time of starting, the motor should be in the no load condition.

2. Initially switch is in open position and the autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Torque = 9.81*R*(S1-S2) N-m

R – Radius of the brake drum including belt thickness.(m)
F1, F2 – spring balance readings in kg.
2. Output Power = 2πNT/60 W
T – Torque in N-m
N – Speed in rpm.
3. Power Factor = Input Power / 3 VL* IL Watt
4. % Efficiency = (Output/Input)* 100 %
5. % Slip = [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100%

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TABULATION:
MF: ____________

Line L i ne Speed Spring balance Torque Output Input

Curre Voltage (N) reading η Slip PF
(T) Power Power
S. nt (VL)
No (IL) S1 S2 S1~S2
Amps Volts rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Watts Watts % %

MODEL GRAPH:

A) Mechanical Characteristics: B) Electrical Characteristics:

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PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as shown in circuit diagram.

2. The 3Ф ac supply is switched ON to the motor using the starter.
3. Under this load condition, one set of readings of the ammeter (I L), voltmeter (VL), wattmeter (W),
spring balance and the speed (N) of motor are noted down.
4. Now the mechanical load on motor is increased in regular steps in such a way that the current drawn
by the motor increases in steps of 1A.
5. At each step of loading, the entire meter readings are noted down in the tabular column.
6. This procedure is continued until the current drawn by the motor equals 120% of its rated value.
7. After the experiment is completed, the main supply is switched OFF.
8. After completing the experiment, Torque, Output Power, Power Factor, % Slip and % efficiency are
calculated by using the given formulae.
9. Using the obtained data, the plot of % efficiency Vs Output power, .% Slip vs Output power,
Speed vs Output power, power factor vs Output power, Line current vs Output power and
Slip vs torque

MODEL CALCULATION:

Result:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

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Exp No: Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON A
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

To conduct the open circuit test and short circuit test on a single-phase transformer and hence
predetermine the efficiency and regulation. And also to draw the equivalent circuit referred to H.V side
and to plot performance characteristics: (i)%η vs Output Power(ii) % Regulation vs Power factor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range & Type Quantity

1 Single Phase Transformer 220/110 V 1 No.
2 1Ф Autotransformer 230/(0-270) V 1 No.
3 Voltmeter AC (0-300 V), MI, (0-30 V), MI 1 each
4 Ammeter AC (0-10 A),MI, (0-2 A),MI 1 each
(300V,10A,LPF),
5 Wattmeter (150V,10A,UPF) 1 each

6 DPST Switch - 1 No.

7 Connecting wires & Fuse - As Required

PRECAUTION: (Not to be included in the Record)

1. Remove the fuse carriers and start wiring as per the circuit diagram
2. Keep the autotransformer in its minimum position at the time of starting
3. Fuse calculations: (i) For O.C test -- fuse rating -- 20% of rated current of L.V side
(ii) For S.C test -- fuse ratings -- 120% of rated current of H.V side
4. Replace the fuse carrier with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit connections are checked by the
Staff-in-charge

FORMULAE USED:

I. To Obtain the Equivalent Circuit Parameters w.r.t H.V Side:

1. From the O.C test the constant loss (Iron loss) is noted Wc = Wo = ________ Watt.
2. From the S.C test the full load copper loss is noted WF.L = Wsc = _______ watt.

For a transformer, the equivalent circuit parameters can be determined either with respect to H.V
side or with respect to L.V side. If the parameters are estimated on the H.V side the resulting equivalent
circuit is called H.V side equivalent circuit of the transformer. From the O.C test Ro and Xo are calculated
using the following expressions,

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TABULATION:

VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

TEST
(V) (A) (W)
O.C. TEST
(On L.V side) VO = IO= WO=
S.C. TEST
(On H.V side) VSC = ISC = WSC=

TABULATION:

TO PREDETERMINE THE EFFICIENCY:

% OF OUTPUT COPPER TOTAL INPUT

EFFICIENCY
LOAD POWER LOSS LOSS POWER
X (W) (W) (W) (W) (%)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

TO PREDETERMINE THE % REGULATION:

POWER FACTOR % Reg. for lagging P.F % Reg. for leading P.F

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

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V0 V0
R0 ( L.V ) =  X 0 ( L.V ) =  Where,Iw = I0 Coso , Im = I0 Sino
Iw Im
W 
0= Cos −1  0 
 V0 I 0 
Since these values are calculated with respect to L.V side (because O.C test is conducted on the L.V
side), the equivalent values of `Ro' and `Xo' as referred to H.V side are determined as
R 0(L.V) X 0(L.V)
R0 ( H .V ) = 2
 X 0 ( H .V ) = 
K K2
Where K = (secondary voltage) / (primary voltage)
K=115/230 for a step down operation; K = 230/115 for a step up operation.
Since we are assuming a step down operation K= 115/230 = 0.5.
Wsc Vsc
RT ( H .V ) = 2  , Z T ( H .V ) =  X T ( HV ) = Z 2 T(HV) - R 2 T(HV) 
I sc I sc
RT(H.V) and XT(H.V) are the total equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer as referred to
the H.V side whose values are calculated from the S.C test.
Now the H.V side equivalent circuit is drawn and the parameters values are mentioned in the circuit.

II. TO PREDETERMINE THE EFFICIENCY:

The percentage efficiency is then predetermined for different load conditions for a specified load
power factor using the expression,
Output power = x*KVA*cos*1000 Watt
Copper loss = x2 *WSC Watt
Total loss = Core loss (Wo) + Copper loss watt
Input power = Output Power + Total loss

% Efficiency = (Output Power/Input Power) x 100 %

Where `x' is the fraction of the full load which is 0.25 for 25% load, 0.5 for 50% load, 0.75 for 75% load,
1.0 for full load and 1.25 for 125% load and cos is the load p.f (assumed as 0.8 lag).
The efficiency values so calculated are entered in the tabular column as shown below.

III. TO PREDETERMINE THE PERCENTAGE REGULATION:

I H .V (R T(HV) Cos  X T(HV) Sin )

% Regulation = *100 , Where ‘+’ for lagging power factor, ‘-‘for leading
VHV
power factor, IH.V = Rated current on H.V side, VH.V = Rated voltage on H.V side

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MODEL GRAPHS:

REGULATION CURVE: EFFICIENCY CURVE:

%
η

Output power (w)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO HV SIDE:

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PROCEDURE:

O.C TEST:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the H.V winding open and the autotransformer in its minimum position, the main supply
is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage (115V) is applied to the
L.V winding of the transformer.
4. Under this condition the ammeter (Io), Voltmeter (Vo) and Wattmeter (Wo) readings are noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to its minimum
position and then the main supply is switched OFF.
6. After completing the experiment, constant loss, efficiency and regulations are calculated.
7. Using the data, Plot of % Regulation Vs Power Factor is drawn in the graph sheets.

S.C TEST:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Short circuiting the L.V winding and keeping the autotransformer in its minimum position, the main
supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the auto transformer, the rated current I HV is circulated through
KVA rating x1000
the H.V winding, (Note: I H .V = )
VH.V
4. Under this condition, the ammeter (Isc), the voltmeter (Vsc) and the Wattmeter (Wsc) readings are
noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is brought back to its minimum position
and main supply is switched OFF.
6. After completing the experiment, copper loss, output power, efficiency and regulations are
calculated.
7. Using the data, Plot of % Efficiency vs Output Power and regulation graph(%reg vs pf) is drawn in
the separate graph sheets.

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MODEL CALCULATION:

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RESULT:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SWINBURNES TESTON DC MACHINE

Name Plate Details:

Exp No: Date:

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SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM:

To predetermine the efficiency of a given dc shunt machine when working as a motor as well as
generator by Swinburne’s test and also draw the characteristic curves.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE

APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
.
1 Ammeter MC (0-2A) 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-10A) 1
3 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 250 ,2A 1
5 Tachometer Digital 1

PRECAUTION:
• The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
• The motor should be at no load condition through out the experiment.
• The motor should be run in anticlockwise direction
FORMULAE:

1. Armature resistance (Ra) = 1.6 * RDC in

Ohms. Where,
RDC – Resistance of the Armature coil, when it is energized by DC supply.
2. Constant loss (W CO ) = (V Io-Iao2Ra) in
Watts.. Where V = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Io = No Load Current in Amps
Iao = No Load Armature Current. in Amps
3. Armature Current (Ia) = (IL ± If ) in
Amps. Where, + is used for Generator,
- is used for Motor.
4. Copper loss (W CU ) = Ia2Ra in Watts.
5. Total loss = Constant loss + Copper loss in Watts
6. Input power for motor / Output power for generator = V IL in
Watts Where, IL is Load current in Amps

TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE CONSTANT LOSS (WCO)

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Terminal No load Field No load Constant

S.No. Voltage Current Current Armature Loss
(V) (Io) (If) Current V Io-Iao2Ra
(Ia0)
Volts Amps Amps Amps Watts

RESULTANT TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCY (RUNNING AS MOTOR)

Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated Current (Ir) =

Constant loss (WC) = Field Current (If) =

Armatur Armature
Load e Output
Cu Loss Total Input Power Efficiency
Fraction Current Current Loss Power
IL= 2 Wo =Wi-
of Ia= IL- WCu=Ia WTotal Wi=VLIL = Wo/ Wi
S.No. Load X×Ir Ra WTotal
If
(X)
Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts Watts %

1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1

7. Output power for motor = Input power + losses

8. Input power for Generator = Output power – losses
9. Percentage of Efficiency = (Output power/Input power) × 100

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FOR MOTOR:

Ia=IL-If

FOR GENERATOR:

Ia=IL+IF

PROCEDURE:

• Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

• By using the three point starter the motor is started to run at the rated speed.
• The meter readings are noted at no load condition.
• The motor is switched off using the DPIC switch.
• After that the Armature resistive test is conducted as per the circuit diagram and the
voltage and current are noted for various resistive loads.
• After the observation of readings the load is released gradually.

GRAPH:

The graph drawn between Load current Vs Efficiency

MODEL CALCULATION:

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RUNNING AS GENERATOR

Armature Resistance (Ra)= Rated Current (Ir)=

Constant loss (WC)= Field Current (If)=

Load Armature Armatur Total Output

Fractio Current Current e Cu Loss Power Input Power Efficiency
S.No. n of IL= X×Ir I a= I L+ I f Loss W Total Wo =VLI L Wi = Wo /
Load
(X) W Cu=Ia2R =Wo+W Total Wi
Amps Amps a
Watts Watts Watts Watts %
1 1/4

2 1/2

3 3/4

4 1

MODEL GRAPH

Generator
Efficiency

Motor

Output Power (W o) in Watts

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RESULT:

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LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Exp No: Date:

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct the direct load test on a given 3-phase induction motor and plot the performance
characteristics of the machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range & Type Quantity

1 3 Ф Induction Motor - 1 No.
415 V /(0 – 470 V),
2 3 Ф Autotransformer 1 No.
12.4 KVA
3 Voltmeter AC (0-600 V), MI 1 No.
4 Ammeter AC (0-10 A), MI 1 No.
600 V, 10 A , UPF
5 Wattmeter 1 No.
( Double Element)
6 Tachometer, TPST Switch - 1 each
7 Connecting wires & fuse - As Required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Remove the fuse carrier before starting wiring

2. Fuse rating calculation: Since this is load test, the required fuse rating is only 120% of the
rated current of the motor
3. Before switching on the supply ensure the motor in on no load condition and the
autotransformer is in the minimum position.
4. Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit connections are
checked by the staff in charge.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Torque = 9.81*R*(S1~S2 ) N-m

R – Radius of the brake drum including belt thickness. (m)
F1, F2 – spring balance readings in kg.

2. Output Power = 2πNT/60 Watts

T – Torque in N-m
N – Speed in rpm.
3. Power Factor = Input Power / 3 VL* IL Watt
4. % Efficiency = (Output/Input)* 100 %
5. % Slip = [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100%

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TABULATION:

Spring
Input balance Output
Line Line Speed Torque
S. power reading power %Sli
voltage current P.F %
No. p
VL (V) IL (A) (rpm) S1 S2 S1~S2 (Nm)
(W) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg)
(W)

MODEL GRAPH:

6. Output Power = 2πNT/60 W

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T – Torque in N-m
N – Speed in rpm.
7. Power Factor = Input Power / 3 VL* IL Watt
8. % Efficiency = (Output/Input)* 100 %
9. % Slip = [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100%

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as shown in circuit diagram.

2. The 3Ф ac supply is switched ON to the motor using the starter.
3. Under this load condition, one set of readings of the ammeter (I L), voltmeter (VL),
wattmeter (W), spring balance and the speed (N) of motor are noted down.
4. Now the mechanical load on motor is increased in regular steps in such a way that the
current drawn by the motor increases in steps of 1A.
5. At each step of loading, the entire meter readings are noted down in the tabular column.
6. This procedure is continued until the current drawn by the motor equals 120% of its rated
value.
7. After the experiment is completed, the main supply is switched OFF.
8. After completing the experiment, Torque, Output Power, Power Factor, % Slip and %
efficiency are calculated by using the given formulae.
9. Using the obtained data, the plot of % efficiency Vs Output power, .% Slip vs Output
power,
Speed vs Output power, power factor vs Output power, Line current vs Output power and
Slip vs torque.

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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FORWARD- BIAS (PN Junction Diode)

IN 4001 (0-10 m A) M.C

2.2K
A K + A -

(0-10V)M.C

+ V -
+ (0-30V)

RPS

TABULATION:

Source Voltage in Volts Forward Voltage in Forward Current in

S.NO
(VS) Volts (Vf) Amps (If)

Exp No: Date:

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19EE302- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE

AIM:

To determine the VI- characteristics of PN junction diode for both forward and reverse bias.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 PN junction diode IN 4007 -- 1

2 Resistor 2.2KΩ Carbon film 1

3 Voltmeter (0-1V) MC 1

4 Ammeter (0-10A) MC 1

5 Voltmeter (0-30V) MC 1

6 Regulated Power Supply (0-30V,2A) Single 1

7 Bread board - - 1

8 Patch cards - - 10

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The meters should be connected with proper range and polarities.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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REVERSE- BIAS (PN Junction Diode)

2.2K IN 4001 (0-1 m A) M.C

K A + A -

(0-10V)M.C

+ V -
+ (0-30) V

RPS

TABULATION:

S.NO Source Voltage in Reverse Voltage in Volts Reverse Current in

Volts (VS) (VR) Amps (IR)

PROCEDURE :

Forward Bias

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

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2) Check for polarity of regulated power supply.

3) Adjust regulated power supply to zero volt position and switch ON power supply.
4) Now vary power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 0.5v
in voltmeter, which is used to measure voltage across PN junction diode.
5) Note down the corresponding ammeter reading which gives us forward current.
6) Repeat step (4) until maximum rating of the diode is reached.
7) Plot the graph Vf against If.
Reverse Bias

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Check for polarity of regulated power supply.
3) Adjust regulated power supply to zero volt position and switch ON power supply.
4) Now vary power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 0.5v
in
5) Voltmeter which is used to measure voltage across PN junction diode.
6) Note down the corresponding ammeter reading which gives us forward current.
7) Repeat step (4) until maximum rating of the diode is reached.
8) Plot the graph VR against IR.

MODEL GRAPH:

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44 DEPARTMENT Of EEE-ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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RESULT:

45 DEPARTMENT Of EEE-ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

19EE302- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

46 DEPARTMENT Of EEE-ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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Exp.No: Date:

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLEDCONVERTER

AIM:

To study the operation and performance of single-phase fully controlled converter and
simulate operation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.NO Equipment Range Quantity

Single Phase fully controlled
1 1
converter kit

2 Load Resistor 1

3 CRO 1

4 Patch cords As required

THEORY:

❖ The controlled rectifier are basically AC to DC converter

❖ The power transferred to load is controlled by controlling the triggering angle of SCR
❖ The triggering angle of SCR α is controlled by the control circuit
❖ The input of the controlled rectifier is normally AC supply
❖ The controlled rectifier can be single phase depending upon the load power measurement

FORMULA USED:

Output voltage Vo= Vm/π (1+Cos α)

Firing angle in Degrees = α

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MODEL WAVEFORM:

TABULATION:

S.No Input Time Period O/P Voltage Time Period Firing Firing
voltage in ms(t) in Volts in ms Angle(α) Angle
in Volts in ms

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SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONVERTER:

o The above circuit diagram shows the single phase fully controlled bridge
o It contains four SCR`s namely T1, T2, T3 & T4.
o The conduction of all these SCR`s are controlled, hence it is called fully
controlled converter.
o The triggering circuit are firing circuit
o The firing circuit should produce the triggering pulse
o The triggering pulses generally by the control circuit having very small power.
Hence, phase amplifier measures the power.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram connect the resistive load across
load terminals.
2. Firing angle was varied by varying the ramp signal in UJT.
3. By varying the firing angle, we can get variable Dc output voltage waveform are
observed using CRO

RESULT:

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19EE302- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Fig. 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

Fig.2

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VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

AIM

To verify the Kirchhoff’s current and Voltage law with the theoretical calculation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Resistor 220 - 3

2 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1

3 Ammeter (0-30)mA MC 2

4 Regulated power supply (0-30)V - 1

5 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 2

6 Bread board - 1

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

STATEMENT

Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of all the current meeting at a junction
point is always equal to zero.

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

STATEMENT

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that in any network, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops
across the circuit elements of any closed path (loop or mesh) is equal to the algebraic sum of emf
in the path.

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TABULATION

1. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Input Voltage I1 I2 I3 I1=I2+I3

S.No. (Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

2. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

Input Voltage V1 V2 V=V1+V2

S.No.
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) Volts

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PROCEDURE:

1. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1).

2. Switch ON the Regulated Power Supply (RPS) and set the input voltage to a particular
value say 5V.
3. Record the readings of three ammeters namely I1, I2, I3 with proper sign by taking
current entering the node as positive and leaving the node as negative in the tabulation
(1).
4. Add I2 and I3 and verify whether the added value is equal to I1.
5. Increase the input voltage setting in steps of 5V up to a maximum of 25V.
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 by incrementing the input voltage setting in terms of 5V.

2. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2).

2. Switch ON the Regulated Power Supply (RPS) and set the input voltage to a particular
value say 5V.
3. Record the readings of two voltmeters namely V1, V2 and RPS voltage in the tabulation
(2).
4. Add V1 and V2 and verify whether the added value is equal to V.
5. Increase the input voltage setting in steps of 5V up to a maximum of 25V.
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 by incrementing the input voltage setting in terms of 5V.

RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s current law and voltage law were verified with theoretical calculation.

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54 DEPARTMENT Of EEE-ERODE SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE