Peer Liquids Lquids can One into a gy} OW because their Glass. Particles can move over each other. When water is poured Ne ps Articles oy THE particles 8 Of wat PED on : Movin The Animation sho VING Over each other as the water takes the shape of the glass Shows how th his works ter Hove over each othar and into the comers of the glass: Gases SES CaN Flow by ec er is connected tow conn tn Paticles can move inal dirsctions. When a Bunsen bumme' 0 particles of 8.988 tap and turned on, natural gas flows through the rubber tubing. The sles of ny atural gas are free to move anywhere inside the tubing, and pressure forces them t through the tubing into the Bunsen burner. Parti icle model - Arrangement and movement ie ids, liquids The table summarizes the arrangement and movement of the particles seigets ee that ¥ and gases. It also shows simple diagrams of the arrangement of he ae should be able to draw and recognize. ‘Soild ‘Close tagather Regular pattern vibrate onthe spot | [Sore pecneae ee round you? F Name two solid, liquid and gas ences Le : rangs i 2. Briefly explain how particles are 2" a. Solid p. Liquid ¢. Gases? _ gs @Our water supply Most tap water comes from rivers and reservoirs. Water from these sources is ne completely pure, especially river water 'tmay contain (bacteria, dissolved substances and solid substances). To make water safe to drink we use waterworks. Stages of water-works * common fiter * sedimentation tank + fine fiter * chlorine is added Waste water and sewage works All sorts of things get mixed with tap water. the mixture goes down the drain, and is called ‘sewage. it is piped underground to sewage works, where the water in itis cleaned up and fed back to the river. Below is a diagram of the plant.Chapter 3 Review Questions: 1. Explain the difference between a. an element and a compound b. a compound and a mixture Say what the signs of a chemical change are? 3. Explain why; a. Atoms of Group 0 elements do not form bonds? b. Atoms of other elements do form bonds? Explain the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? Draw a diagram to show how an ionic bond forms between atoms of sodium and chlorine? Explain what a molecule is? Say that non-metal atoms form covalent bonds with each other (except for the noble gas atoms)draw diagrams to show the covalent bonding in: a. Hydrogen chlorine water? b. Methane hydrogen chloride? 8. Give three ways in which ionic and molecular compounds differ in their properties, and explain these differences? 9. Show how ionic bonds form between atoms of other metals and non-metals? 10. Describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds, 11.Draw diagrams to show the covalent bonding in nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, methanol, carbon dioxide, and ethene? 12. Explain how the structure and bonding in metals enables them to be malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity? 13. Describe the structure of silicon dioxide? 14.Explain why silicon dioxide and diamond have similar properties? 15.Give examples of uses for silicon dioxide?Chapter Two 19, Define proton number and nucleon number? 20.Sketch cl the structure of an atom, showing the nucleus and electron shells state the order in which electrons fill the electron shells? 21.Ni lame the first 20 elements of the Periodic Table, in order of proton number, and give their symbols? 22.Sk« Sketch the electron distribution for any of the first 20 elements of the Periodic Table, when you are given the proton number? 23. Define the term valence electron? 24,State the connection between the number of valence electrons and the number in the Periodic Table? 25. tate the connection between the number of electron shells and the period num in the Periodic Table? 26.Work out the electron distribution for an element, given its period and group group ber numbers? 27.Say how many outer-shell electrons there are in the atoms of Group 0 elements? 28. Explain why the Group 0 elements are un-reactive? 29. Point out where the metals and non-metals are, in the Periodic Table? 30. give at least five key differences between metals and non-metals 31.Name and give the symbols for the common metals and non-metals (including metals from the transition block of the Periodic Table)For each of the six elements aluminium (Al),boron (B), nitrogen (N), oxygen (0), phosphorus (P),and sulfur (S), write down: i. which period of the Periodic Table it belongs to ii. its group number in the Periodic Table iii its proton number iv the number of electrons in its atoms Vits electronic configuration vi the number of outer electrons in its atoms electrons. What is the missing . The outer electrons are also called the s word? (7 letters!) the above elements would you expect to have similar properties? Why?atoms increase, For example, if you filled five ball 99, YoU would find: the heaviness The transition metals ‘ons with the same volume temperature and let them OF density of gases increase from helium to xenon. general properties: They are hard and dense, with high melting points. They are not very reactive. ‘They form colored compounds (group1&2 form white compound). They have variable valence. That means their atoms can combine in different ratios with atoms of other elements for example: iron forms iron (Il) chloride, FeClz and iron (Ill) chloride, FeCls.Many are used in making alloys, Hydrogen Hydrogen stands on its own in the periodic table, this is because ithas one outer electron like the group1, but unlike them itis a gas, and it usually react like a nonmetal Artificial elements Not all elements occur naturally. At least 15 are artificial, created by scientists during nuclear reactions. Most of these are in the bottom block of the periodic table. Trends across a period look at the elements from 3 of the periodic tableSome different atoms The first twenty elem m logether t lements: there are 105 elements all together the small sls nae meee with only 1 proton each. Helium atoms han ve protons each and so on. The first twenty ele ve according to the number of protons they have. Of these, hi — 2 protons each, ments, arranged in OF yydrogen has lithium der all Auminiam i 3 Number | Number ‘Number ‘Number of Element Symbol of of of protonstneutrons to protons | electrons | neutrons | (mags number) Hydrogen W 7 7 7 7 = = Helium He 2 p 2 4 Lithium Li 3 3 4 a Beryllium Be 4 4 5 9 +— Boron B 5 5 6 w 2 Carbon ¢ 6 6 : : S| | 7 14 Nitrogen N 7 x Eee | 8 16 oxygen ° 8 é [pee a 1 aealorte 19 Fluorine Ei [ee poo se 10 10 20 Neon [scat [eae 1 Bi 23 ipa Oars 11 2 Sodium ae ee | | __-+ tog | 72 12 12 ‘Magnesium 9 one | | ———5_| ats een |e zt (ee