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Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Tuesday 10 October 2023
Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper
reference WCH11/01
Chemistry  

International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level

UNIT 1: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to
Organic Chemistry

You must have: Total Marks

Scientific calculator, ruler

Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
If pencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 80.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
•• Try to answer every question.
Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

P75070A
©2023 Pearson Education Ltd.
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SECTION A

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

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You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.

For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 An atom of 27 3+
13Al forms the ion, Al .
What are the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in this ion?

protons electrons neutrons

A 13 13 14

B 10 13 14

C 14 10 13

D 13 10 14

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 What is the shape of a p orbital and the maximum number of electrons it can hold?

shape maximum number of electrons

A 2

B 6

C 2

D 6

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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3 The formula of calcium carbide is CaC2 .

(a) What is the formula of the carbide ion?

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(1)
–
A C 2

B C2+

C C22–

D C22+

(b) Excess calcium carbide and 10 g of water react to form the

hydrocarbon ethyne, C2H2 .

CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

What is the mass of ethyne that forms, assuming a yield of 100 %?

[Mr values: H2O = 18.0 C2H2 = 26.0]
(1)
A 7.22 g

B 14.4 g

C 23.4 g

D 28.9 g
(Total for Question 3 = 2 marks)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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4 Which diagram best represents the electron density map of sodium chloride?

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A

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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5 What types of bonding are present in the compound ammonium chloride, NH4Cl?
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Ionic Covalent Dative covalent

A   
B   
C   
D   

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 The electronic configurations of the atoms of four elements are shown.

What is the electronic configuration of the atom of element which has the lowest
first ionisation energy?

A 1s22s22p63s2
B 1s22s22p63s23p1

C 1s22s22p63s23p2

D 1s22s22p63s23p3
(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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7 A direct electrical current was passed through a green solution of

copper(II) chromate(VI) in the apparatus shown.

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Negative electrode Positive electrode

Copper(II) chromate(VI)
solution

Which colours would be seen at each electrode after several minutes?

Negative electrode Positive electrode

A blue green

B green blue

C blue yellow

D yellow blue

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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8 In which region of a mass spectrometer are particles ionised?

P
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Q
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+
R

recorder

amplifier

A region P

B region Q

C region R

D region S
(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 A sample of the element chlorine, Cl2, was analysed in a mass spectrometer.

Chlorine has two isotopes.
What is the total number of peaks, due to ions with a single positive charge, which
could be seen in the mass spectrum?

A two

B four

C five

D six
(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

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10 Propene, CH3CH CH2 , reacts with hydrogen chloride, HCl , to form halogenoalkanes.

(a) Which of these steps is most likely to occur in the reaction?

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H H H (1)

A H C C C+
: Cl–
H H H

H H H

B H C C C+
: Cl–
H H H

: Cl–
H H
+
C H C C C H

H H H

: Cl–
H H
+
D H C C C H

H H H

(b) The reaction of propene with hydrogen chloride is an example of

(1)
A free radical substitution

B free radical addition

C electrophilic substitution

D electrophilic addition
(Total for Question 10 = 2 marks)

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11 Ethene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII). A student makes

four statements about the reaction.
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• the organic product can show geometric isomerism

• the type of reaction that takes place is oxidation
• the bond angles around each carbon atom are greater in the product than
in ethene
• the acidified potassium manganate(VII) decolourises in the reaction
How many of these statements are correct?

A one

B two

C three

D four
(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

12 Concentrations in mixtures can be given in units of parts per million (ppm).

(a) A sample of a gaseous mixture contains 2.19 % carbon dioxide by mass.

What is the concentration of carbon dioxide in parts per million (ppm) by mass in
this sample?
(1)
6
A 2.19 × 10
B 2.19 × 104

C 2.19 × 10–4

D 2.19 × 10–6

(b) A solution of lead nitrate has a concentration of 15 ppm by mass.

What is the mass of lead nitrate in 400 g of this solution?
(1)
–3
A 6.00 × 10 g

B 6.00 × 10–6 g

C 6.00 × 10–3 kg

D 6.00 × 100 kg
(Total for Question 12 = 2 marks)

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13 Which solution contains chloride ions with a concentration of 0.0500 mol dm–3?
[Ar values: Ca = 40.1 Cl = 35.5 Na = 23.0]

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Solute Mass of solute / g Volume of solution / cm3

A calcium chloride 1.39 250

B calcium chloride 1.39 500

C sodium chloride 1.46 250

D sodium chloride 1.46 1000

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

14 The formula of phosgene is COCl2 .

What is the total number of atoms in 9.9 g of phosgene?
[Avogadro constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 Mr value: COCl2 = 99.0]

A 1.51 × 1022

B 6.02 × 1022

C 1.81 × 1023

D 2.41 × 1023
(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

15 What is the number of structural isomers with the molecular formula C5H12?

A six

B five

C four

D three
(Total for Question 15 = 1 mark)

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16 A cyclic hydrocarbon has the structure shown.

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How many pi (π) and sigma (σ) bonds are present in the molecule?

pi (π) bonds sigma (σ) bonds

A 2 11
B 2 5
C 4 3
D 4 10
(Total for Question 16 = 1 mark)

17 A technician is asked to store four reagent bottles safely. The only information about
each substance is the hazard label on the bottle.

W X Y Z

Based on the hazard labels alone, which two bottles should never be stored together?

A W and Z

B Y and Z

C W and X

D Y and X
(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

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SECTION B

Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

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18 This question is about the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table.
(a) The first ionisation energies of some elements in Period 2 are shown.

Element Li Be B C N O F Ne

First ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 520 900 801 1086 1402 1681 2081

(i) Explain the general trend in first ionisation energy across Period 2.
(2)

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(ii) Predict a value for the first ionisation energy of oxygen.

Justify your answer.
(3)

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(b) The second ionisation energy of lithium, Li, is 7298 kJ mol–1.

(i) Write the equation for the second ionisation energy of lithium.
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Include state symbols.

(2)

(ii) Explain the large difference between the first and second ionisation energies
of lithium.
(2)

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(c) Beryllium reacts with chlorine to form beryllium chloride.

In the gas phase, beryllium chloride exists both as a simple molecule, BeCl2 , and

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as a dimer, Be2Cl4 .
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of the molecule, BeCl2.
(1)

(ii) Explain the shape and bond angle in the molecule BeCl2 .
(4)
Shape

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Bond angle

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Explanation

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(iii) Draw a diagram to show how two beryllium chloride molecules bond
together to form the dimer, Be2Cl4 , stating the type of bond involved.
(2)
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Type of bond

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(Total for Question 18 = 16 marks)

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19 Many cars use fuels containing ethanol as well as hydrocarbons. The E numbers of
these fuels show the percentage by volume of ethanol in the fuel. For example, an
E5 fuel contains 5% ethanol and 95% hydrocarbons by volume.

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(a) A brand of E10 fuel contains 92.2% hydrocarbons and 7.80% ethanol by mass.
The energy density is the amount of energy released per kg of a fuel burned.
The energy densities of the two components of this brand of fuel are shown.

energy density of hydrocarbons = 46.5 MJ kg–1

energy density of ethanol = 29.7 MJ kg–1
(i) Calculate the mean energy density of this E10 fuel in MJ kg–1.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(2)

(ii) The density of the E10 fuel is 0.729 g cm–3.

Calculate the mass of 1500 cm3 of the fuel.

(1)

(iii) Calculate the energy released when 1500 cm3 of the E10 fuel is burned in
excess oxygen, using your answers from (a)(i) and (a)(ii).
[If you did not calculate a value for the mean energy density of the E10 fuel in
(a)(i), use a value of 38.1 MJ kg–1. This is not the correct value.]
(1)

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(b) Many countries are gradually replacing E5 fuels with E10 fuels.
Explain how this change might result in a more sustainable fuel.
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(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The straight-chain alkane hexane can be reformed to give a range of products.
It was suggested that one such reaction may produce a cyclic hydrocarbon and
hydrogen gas as the only products.
The cyclic hydrocarbon contains a ring of five carbon atoms.
(i) Write the equation for this reaction using molecular formulae.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(ii) Draw the structure of the cyclic hydrocarbon formed in this reaction.
(1)

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(d) Hexane will react with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to form a
number of products.

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(i) Describe the role of the ultraviolet light in the initiation step of this reaction.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The alkane dodecane, C12H26 , is formed in this reaction.

Write equations for the propagation step and for the termination step for the
formation of this product.
Use molecular formulae in your equations.
(2)
Propagation step

Termination step

(Total for Question 19 = 13 marks)

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20 This question is about alkenes.

(a) A straight-chain alkene, X, has the structure shown.
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(i) Draw the skeletal formulae of the four structural isomers of X that are alkenes.
Do not include geometric isomers.
(4)

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(ii) Explain why X can exist as geometric isomers.

(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Another compound, Y, has the structure shown.

Cl

Cl

(i) Give the IUPAC name for Y.

(1)

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(ii) A student stated that

‘Compound Y has polar bonds so it is a polar molecule’.
Comment on this statement.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Bisabolenes are a group of compounds found in plants and fungi.

Bisabolene molecules contain several carbon–carbon double bonds.
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5.51 g of α-bisabolene reacted with 1873 cm3 of hydrogen gas, H2 .

The reaction occurred at a temperature of 150 °C and a pressure of 152 000 Pa.
[Mr value: α-bisabolene = 204.0]

(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of α-bisabolene in 5.51 g.

(1)

(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of hydrogen gas that reacted with α-bisabolene.
Use the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT.
[R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1 ]
(3)

(iii) Deduce the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in a molecule of

α-bisabolene, using your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii).
(1)

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(d) The repeat unit of the polymer polyisoprene is shown.

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polyisoprene

(i) Draw the skeletal formula of the monomer of polyisoprene.

(1)

(ii) A sample of polyisoprene has a relative molecular mass of 50 250.

Calculate the number of repeat units in the sample.
(2)

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(e) Incinerators used to dispose of polymer waste have a system to remove

waste gases.
Suggest why these systems contain solid calcium hydroxide and why it is
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finely powdered.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 20 = 20 marks)

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21 This question is about minerals containing metallic elements.

(a) The green mineral zaratite contains basic nickel(II) carbonate, Ni3CO3(OH)4 • 4H2O.

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Basic nickel(II) carbonate can be formed by the reaction of nickel(II) sulfate with
sodium carbonate under alkaline conditions, as shown.

3NiSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) + 4NaOH(aq) + 4H2O(l ) → Ni3CO3(OH)4 • 4H2O(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)

[Ar values: H = 1.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 Na = 23.0 S = 32.1 Ni = 58.7]

(i) Calculate the relative formula mass of basic nickel(II) carbonate,

Ni3CO3(OH)4 • 4H2O.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the atom economy by mass for the formation of

basic nickel(II) carbonate by the reaction shown.
(2)

(iii) Give the reason why use of the term ‘relative molecular mass’ is not
appropriate in (a)(i).
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Chemists often simplify full chemical equations into ionic equations by removing
spectator ions.
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(i) Give the electronic configuration of the nickel ion present in

nickel(II) compounds.
(1)

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(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of basic nickel(II) carbonate from
nickel(II) sulfate.
State symbols are not required.

3NiSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) + 4NaOH(aq) + 4H2O(l ) → Ni3CO3(OH)4 • 4H2O(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)

(1)

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(c) Another basic carbonate found in minerals contains the metal element X and is
formed by the reaction shown.

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2XSO4 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O → X2CO3(OH)2 + 2Na2SO4 + CO2

1.995 g of XSO4 is reacted with excess Na2CO3 forming 150.0 cm3 of carbon dioxide
gas, CO2 , at room temperature and pressure, r.t.p.
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 ]

(i) Calculate the relative formula mass of XSO4 , using these data.
(4)

(ii) Deduce the identity of X, using your answer to (c)(i).

(1)

(Total for Question 21 = 11 marks)

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

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