EXPERIMENT -1

1. Study Of Various Network Protocols Used In IOT.

AIM: To study Of Various Network Protocols Used In IOT.

IoT communication protocols are modes of communication that protect and ensure optimum security to
the data being exchanged between connected devices.

The IoT devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet Protocol) network. However,
devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect locally. In these cases, there’s a
difference in power, range, and memory used. Connection through IP networks are comparatively
complex, requires increased memory and power from the IoT devices while the range is not a problem.
On the other hand, non-IP networks demand comparatively less power and memory but have a range
limitation.

IoT protocols and standards can be broadly classified into two separate categories.

1. IoT Network Protocols

IoT network protocols are used to connect devices over the network. These are the set of communication
protocols typically used over the Internet. Using IoT network protocols, end-to-end data communication
within the scope of the network is allowed. Following are the various IoT Network protocols:

• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

HyperText Transfer Protocol is the best example of IoT network protocol. This protocol has formed the
foundation of data communication over the web. It is the most common protocol that is used for IoT
devices when there is a lot of data to be published. However, the HTTP protocol is not preferred because
of its cost, battery-life, energy saving, and more constraints.

Additive manufacturing/3D printing is one of the use cases of the HTTP protocol. It enables computers to
connect 3D printers in the network and print three-dimensional objects and pre-determined process
prototypes.

• LoRaWan (Long Range Wide Area Network)

It is a long-range low power protocol that provides signal detection below the noise level. LoRaWan
connects battery operated things wirelessly to the Internet in either private or global networks. This
communication protocol is mainly used by smart cities, where there are millions of devices that function
with less power and memory.

Smart street lighting is the practical use case of LoRaWan IoT protocol. The street lights can be
connected to a LoRa gateway using this protocol. The gateway, in turn, connects to the cloud application
that controls the intensity of light bulbs automatically based on the ambient lighting, which helps in
reducing the power consumption during day-times.

• Bluetooth

Bluetooth is one of the most widely used protocols for short-range communication. It is a standard IoT
protocol for wireless data transmission. This communication protocol is secure and perfect for short-
range, low-power, low-cost, and wireless transmission between electronic devices. BLE (Bluetooth Low
Energy) is a low-energy version of Bluetooth protocol that reduces the power consumption and plays an
important role in connecting IoT devices.

Bluetooth protocol is mostly used in smart wearables, smartphones, and other mobile devices, where
small fragments of data can be exchanged without high power and memory. Offering ease of usage,
Bluetooth tops the list of IoT device connectivity protocols.

• ZigBee

ZigBee is an IoT protocol that allows smart objects to work together. It is commonly used in home
automation. More famous for industrial settings, ZigBee is used with apps that support low-rate data
transfer between short distances.

Street lighting and electric meters in urban areas, which provides low power consumption, use the ZigBee
communication protocol. It is also used with security systems and in smart homes.

2. IoT Data Protocols

IoT data protocols are used to connect low power IoT devices. These protocols provide point-to-point
communication with the hardware at the user side without any Internet connection. Connectivity in IoT
data protocols is through a wired or a cellular network. Some of the IoT data protocols are:

• Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

One of the most preferred protocols for IoT devices, MQTT collects data from various electronic devices
and supports remote device monitoring. It is a subscribe/publish protocol that runs over Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP), which means it supports event-driven message exchange through wireless
networks.

MQTT is mainly used in devices which are economical and requires less power and memory. For
instance, fire detectors, car sensors, smart watches, and apps for text-based messaging.

• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

CoAP is an internet-utility protocol for restricted gadgets. Using this protocol, the client can send a
request to the server and the server can send back the response to the client in HTTP. For light-weight
implementation, it makes use of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and reduces space usage. The protocol
uses binary data format EXL (Efficient XML Interchanges).

CoAP protocol is used mainly in automation, mobiles, and microcontrollers. The protocol sends a request
to the application endpoints such as appliances at homes and sends back the response of services and
resources in the application.

• Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

AMQP is a software layer protocol for message-oriented middleware environment that provides routing
and queuing. It is used for reliable point-to-point connection and supports the seamless and secure
exchange of data between the connected devices and the cloud. AMQP consists of three separate
components namely Exchange, Message Queue, and Binding. All these three components ensure a secure
and successful exchange and storage of messages. It also helps in establishing the relationship of one
message with the other.

AMQP protocol is mainly used in the banking industry. Whenever a message is sent by a server, the
protocol tracks the message until each message is delivered to the intended users/destinations without
failure.

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication Protocol

It is an open industry protocol built to provide remote application management of IoT devices. M2M
communication protocols are cost-effective and use public networks. It creates an environment where two
machines communicate and exchange data. This protocol supports the self-monitoring of machines and
allows the systems to adapt according to the changing environment.

M2M communication protocols are used for smart homes, automated vehicle authentication, vending
machines, and ATM machines.

• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

The XMPP is uniquely designed. It uses a push mechanism to exchange messages in real-time. XMPP is
flexible and can integrate with the changes seamlessly. Developed using open XML (Extensible Markup
Language), XMPP works as a presence indicator showing the availability status of the servers or devices
transmitting or receiving messages.

Other than the instant messaging apps such as Google Talk and WhatsApp, XMPP is also used in online
gaming, news websites, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).

RESULT: The network protocols used in IOT have been studied.