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Secondary Storgae Devices Notes

The document discusses various types of secondary storage devices: - Magnetic hard disks store data magnetically on spinning platters, with mechanical arms to read and write. Capacities range from 2GB to 11GB but disks are prone to crashes from mechanical failures. - Floppy disks also use spinning magnetic platters but have much lower capacities of a few MB. - Optical disks like CDs and DVDs use lasers rather than magnetism with capacities from 640MB to 17GB but slower speeds than hard disks. - RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) uses multiple disks together to improve performance through striping or reliability through mirroring or parity schemes.

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20 views

Secondary Storgae Devices Notes

The document discusses various types of secondary storage devices: - Magnetic hard disks store data magnetically on spinning platters, with mechanical arms to read and write. Capacities range from 2GB to 11GB but disks are prone to crashes from mechanical failures. - Floppy disks also use spinning magnetic platters but have much lower capacities of a few MB. - Optical disks like CDs and DVDs use lasers rather than magnetism with capacities from 640MB to 17GB but slower speeds than hard disks. - RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) uses multiple disks together to improve performance through striping or reliability through mirroring or parity schemes.

Uploaded by

suryakirana
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization Memory Systems – Secondary Storage Devices III Sem CSE

SECONDARY STORAGE:-

Magnetic hard disks:-

• spinning platter of special material


• mechanical arm with read/write head must be close to the platter to read/write
data
• data is stored magnetically (if you'd like to keep your data it is usually
best to avoid using powerful magnets near your hard disk)
• sometimes the mechanical arm digs into platter, resulting in a very
bad crash and subsequent loss of data on part of your hard disk
• storage capacity is commonly between 2GB - 11GB

• disks are random access meaning data can be read/written anywhere on the
disk
• to read a piece of data, the mechanical arm must be repositioned over the
place in the platter where that data is stored, this is called the disk seek. 8
to 15 milliseconds is a common seek time. once the arm has been
positioned the data transfer rate varies, but commonly is between
1MB and 10MB a second

• a 5GB hard disk will cost anywhere from $300 to $1500, there are
many options and vendors
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), special hardware to improve
throughput, 100s MB per second transfer rates
• solid state hard disks, with no mechanical parts, are starting to become
commercially available, they are generally faster and more expensive

Diskette or Floppy Disk:-

• spinning platter of special material


• information stored by magnetically
• read/write head positioned by mechanical arm
• s torage capacity is at a few MBs
• random access
• seek time from 10 to 40 milliseconds and easily portable

Optical Disks

• CD-ROM - read only (books, software releases)


• WORM - write once, read many (archival storage)
• Laser encoding, not magnetic
• 30-50 ms seek times
• 640MB - 17GB storage capacity

2017-18 Dr. Yeresime Suresh BITM, Ballari


Computer Organization Memory Systems – Secondary Storage Devices III Sem CSE

• cheaper than hard disks per MB of storage capacity, but slower


• portable
• Jukebxes of optical disks are becoming popular for storing really, really large
collections of data.

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

RAID disk arrays: - In 1988, researchers at the University of California-Berkeley


proposed a storage system based on multiple disks. They called it RAID, for
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. Using multiple disks also makes it possible to
improve the reliability of the overall system. Six different configurations were
proposed. They are known as RAID levels.

RAID 0 is the basic configuration intended to enhance performance. A single large


file is stored in several separate disk units by breaking the file up into a number of
smaller pieces and storing these pieces on different disks. This is called data striping.
When the file is accessed for a read, all disks can deliver their data in parallel.

RAID 1 is intended to provide better reliability by storing identical copies of data on


two disks rather than just one. The two disks are said to be mirrors of each other.
Then, if one disk drive fails, all read and write operations are directed to its mirror
drive.

RAID 2, RAID 3, and RAID 4 levels achieve increased reliability through various
parity checking schemes without requiring a full duplication of disks. All of the
parity information is kept on one disk.

RAID 5 also makes use of a parity-based error-recovery scheme. However,


the parity information is distributed among all disks, rather than being stored
on one disk.

MAGNETIC TAPE SYSTEMS: - Magnetic tapes are suited for off-line storage of large
amounts of data. They are typically used for hard disk backup purposes and for archival
storage. Magnetic-tape recording uses the same principle as used in magnetic-disk
recording. The main difference is that the magnetic film is deposited on a very thin 0.5-
or 0.25-inch wide plastic tape. A separate read/write head is provided for each bit position
on the tape, so that all bits of a character can be read or written in parallel. One of the
character bits is used as a parity bit. Data on the tape are organized in the form of records
separated by gaps

2017-18 Dr. Yeresime Suresh BITM, Ballari

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