Module 1 DC Circuits

Dr. Anand S.
Professor
Centre for Nanotechnology Research

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 Module 1 DC Circuits

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 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (v) across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current (i) flowing through the resistor.

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 Resistivity

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 Resistance
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.

An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching

infinity.

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 Conductance
A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G

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 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.

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 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

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 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

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 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

Mathematically, KCL implies that

The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.

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 Kirchhoff’s voltage Law
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path(or loop) is zero.

Expressed mathematically, KVL states that

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 Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Find voltages V1 and V2

Solution

Substituting eqn. 1 in eqn. 2

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 Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical

Substituting the i in eqn. 1

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 Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Determine vo and i in the circuit shown in the figure

Solution

Substituting eqn. 2 in eqn. 1

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 Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the figure

Solution

2
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 Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical

Eqn. 1

4
Substituting v3 and v2 from eqn. 1,
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 Kirchhoff’s Law - Numerical
Substituting the Eqns. 3, 5 into Eqn. 2

Eqns. 1 to 5

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 Voltage and Current Division
Series resistors and voltage division

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 Voltage and Current Division
Parallel resistors and current division

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 Equivalent Resistance (Req)
Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig.

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 Equivalent Resistance (Rab)
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.

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 Delta – Star conversion

(1)

(2)
(5)

(3)
(6)

(4)
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 Star – Delta conversion

(8)

(9)

(10)

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 Equivalent resistance (Rab)
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.

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 Equivalent resistance (Rab)
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit shown in Fig.

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 Node voltage analysis

(1)

(2)

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 Node voltage analysis

(3)

Substituting eqn. 4 in eqn. 1 and eqn. 2 results

(5)

(4)
(6)

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 Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.

(1)

(2)

Add eqn. 1 and eqn. 2, results

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 Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.

Sub. V2 = 20 V in eqn. 1

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 Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Determine the voltages at the nodes in Fig.

(1)

(2)

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 Node voltage analysis - Numerical
Determine the voltages at the nodes in Fig.
Adding eqn. 1 and eqn. 3

(4)
Adding eqn. 2 and eqn. 3
(5)

Substituting eqn. 5 in eqn. 4

From eqn. 3

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 Node analysis with voltage sources

(1)

(2)

(3)

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 Node analysis with voltage sources
To apply KVL to the super node

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Node analysis with voltage sources - Numerical
Find node voltages

(1)

(2)

From eqn. 1 and eqn. 2

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Node analysis with voltage sources - Numerical
Find node voltages

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 Mesh analysis
 Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given circuit, while
mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.

 Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis because it is only

applicable to a circuit that is planar.

 A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing
one another; otherwise it is non-planar.

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 Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the branch currents using mesh analysis.

(1)

(2)

Substitute eqn. 2 in to eqn. 1

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 Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the current i0 using mesh analysis.

(1)

(2)

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 Mesh analysis - Numerical
Find the current i0 using mesh analysis.

(1)

(2)

(3)

In matrix form, from eqn. 1 to eqn. 3

= 11 (38 -2) + 5 (-10 – 2) -6 (5 + 19)

= 396 – 60 -144
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= 192
 Mesh analysis - Numerical

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 Mesh analysis with current sources

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 Mesh analysis with current sources
Find the current i1 and i4 using mesh analysis.

(1)

(2)

(3)

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 Mesh analysis with current sources
After the substitutions, From eqn. 1 to eqn. 4

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 Superposition Theorem

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 Superposition - Numerical
Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit in Fig.

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 Superposition - Numerical

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 Superposition - Numerical
Find io in the circuit in Fig. using superposition.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
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 Superposition - Numerical
Substituting eqn. 2 and 5 in to eqn. 3 and 4, results

(6)

(7)

(8)

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 Superposition - Numerical

(9)

(10)

(11)

Substituting eqn. 11 into eqn. 9 and 10, results

(12)

(13)

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 Superposition - Numerical

(14)

Substituting eqn. 8 and eqn. 14 into eqn. 1, results

(15)

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 Thevenin’s theorem

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 Thevenin’s theorem

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 Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown, to left the terminals a-b.

To find Vth, apply mesh analysis to the two loops

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 Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical

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 Thevenin’s theorem - Numerical
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown.

The circuit has no independent sources, so Vth = 0

(1)

(2)

Substituting eqn. (2) in eqn. (1), results

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 Maximum power transfer theorem

The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding the maximum power; a

linear circuit can deliver to a load.

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 Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.

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 Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.

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 Maximum power transfer - Numerical
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the maximum
power.

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 Reference

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