AAHL-Topic-2 Functions Paper-1 [659 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 5] SPM.1.AHL.TZ0.4

The following diagram shows the graph of y = f (x). The graph has a horizontal asymptote at y = −1 . The graph
crosses the x-axis at x = −1 and x = 1, and the y-axis at y = 2.

On the following set of axes, sketch the graph of y , clearly showing any asymptotes with their
2
= [f (x)] + 1

equations and the coordinates of any local maxima or minima.

[5]

Markscheme
no y values below 1 A1

horizontal asymptote at y = 2 with curve approaching from below as x → ±∞ A1

(±1,1) local minima A1

(0,5) local maximum A1

smooth curve and smooth stationary points A1

[5 marks]
2. [Maximum mark: 18] SPM.1.AHL.TZ0.11
(a) Express −3 + √3i in the form re , where r iθ
> 0 and −π < θ ⩽ π. [5]

Markscheme

attempt to find modulus (M1)

r = 2√ 3 (= √ 12) A1

attempt to find argument in the correct quadrant (M1)

A1
√3
θ = π + arctan (− )
3

=
5π

6
A1

5πi 5πi

−3 + √ 3i = √ 12e 6 (= 2√ 3e 6 )

[5 marks]

Let the roots of the equation z 3

= −3 + √ 3i be u, v and w.

(b) Find u, v and w expressing your answers in the form re , where r iθ

> 0 and −π .
< θ ⩽ π [5]

Markscheme

attempt to find a root using de Moivre’s theorem M1

1

A1
5πi

12 6 e 18

attempt to find further two roots by adding and subtracting 2π

3
to the argument M1
1 7πi

12 6
e
−
18
A1
1 17πi

12 6
e 18
A1

Note: Ignore labels for u, v and w at this stage.

[5 marks]

On an Argand diagram, u, v and w are represented by the points U, V and W respectively.

(c) Find the area of triangle UVW. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempting to find the total area of (congruent) triangles UOV, VOW and UOW M1

1 1

Area = 3(
1

2
) (12 6
) (12 6
)sin
2π

3
A1A1
 1 1

Note: Award A1 for (12 6

) (12 6
) and A1 for sin 2π

= (or equivalent) A1
3√ 3
(12 3
)
4

METHOD 2

2 2

UV2 =
1 1 1 1

(12 6
) + (12 6
) − 2 (12 6
) (12 6
)cos
2π

3
(or equivalent) A1

UV = √ 3 (12 6
) (or equivalent) A1

attempting to find the area of UVW using Area = 1

2
× UV × VW × sin α for example M1

1 1

Area = 1

2
(√ 3 × 12 6
) (√ 3 × 12 6
)sin
π

= 3√ 3

4
(12 3
) (or equivalent) A1

[4 marks]

(d) By considering the sum of the roots u, v and w, show that

cos
5π

18
+ cos
7π

18
+ cos
17π

18
= 0 . [4]

Markscheme

u + v + w = 0 R1
1

12 6 (cos (−
7π

18
) + i sin (−
7π

18
) + cos
5π

18
+ i sin
5π

18
+ cos
17π

18
+ i sin
17π

18
) = 0 A1

consideration of real parts M1

1
7π 5π 17π
12 6 (cos (− ) + cos + cos ) = 0
18 18 18

cos (−
7π

18
) = cos
17π

18
explicitly stated A1

cos
5π

18
+ cos
7π

18
+ cos
17π

18
= 0 AG

[4 marks]
3. [Maximum mark: 8] SPM.1.AHL.TZ0.9
The function f is defined by f (x) = e
2x
− 6e
x
+ 5, x ∈ R, x ⩽ a . The graph of y = f (x) is shown in the following
diagram.

(a) Find the largest value of a such that f has an inverse function. [3]

Markscheme

attempt to differentiate and set equal to zero M1

f
′
(x) = 2e
2x
− 6e
x
= 2e
x
(e
x
− 3) = 0 A1

minimum at x = ln 3

a = ln 3 A1

[3 marks]

(b) For this value of a, find an expression for f −1

, stating its domain.
(x) [5]

Markscheme

Note: Interchanging x and y can be done at any stage.

(M1)
x 2
y = (e − 3) − 4
e
x
− 3 = ±√ y + 4 A1

as x ,
⩽ ln 3 x = ln (3 − √ y + 4) R1

so f −1
(x) = ln (3 − √ x + 4) A1

domain of f −1
is x ,
∈ R −4 ⩽ x < 5 A1

[5 marks]
4. [Maximum mark: 21] EXN.1.AHL.TZ0.11
A function f is defined by f (x) = 2
3

x +2
, x ∈ R .

(a) Sketch the curve y = f (x), clearly indicating any asymptotes with their equations and stating the
coordinates of any points of intersection with the axes. [4]

Markscheme

* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior examiners to aid teachers in preparing for
external assessment in the new MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to formal exam
papers.

a curve symmetrical about the y-axis with correct concavity that has a local maximum point on the positive y-axis
A1

a curve clearly showing that y → 0 as x → ±∞ A1

(0,
3

2
) A1

horizontal asymptote y = 0 x ( -axis) A1

[4 marks]

The region R is bounded by the curve y = f (x) , the x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = √6 . Let A be the area of R.

(b) Show that A =

√2 π
. [4]
2

Markscheme

attempts to find ∫ 3

x 2 +2
dx (M1)

= [
3

√2
arctan
x

√2
] A1

Note: Award M1A0 for obtaining [k arctan

√2
x
] where k ≠
3

√2
.

Note: Condone the absence of or use of incorrect limits to this stage.

 =
3

√2
(arctan √ 3 − arctan 0) (M1)

π π
=
3

√2
×
3
(=
√2
) A1

√2 π
A =
2
AG

[4 marks]

The line x = k divides R into two regions of equal area.

(c) Find the value of k. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

EITHER

k
3 √2 π
∫ 2
dx =
x +2 4
0

√2 π
3
arctan
k
=
4
(M1)
√2 √2

OR

√6
3 √2 π
∫ 2
dx =
x +2 4
k

√2 π
3
(arctan √ 3 − arctan
k
) =
4
(M1)
√2 √2

k π
arctan √ 3 − arctan =
√2 6

THEN

π
arctan
√2
k
=
6
A1

π
√2
k
= tan
6
(=
√3
1
) A1

A1
√6 2
k = (= √ )
3 3

METHOD 2

k √6
3 3
∫ dx = ∫ dx
x 2 +2 x 2 +2
0 k
 3

√2
arctan
k

√2
=
√2
3
(arctan √ 3 − arctan
k

√2
) (M1)

π
arctan
k

√2
=
6
A1

π
k

√2
= tan
6
(=
1

√3
) A1

A1
√6 2
k = (= √ )
3 3

[4 marks]

Let m be the gradient of a tangent to the curve y = f (x) .

(d) Show that m = −

6x
2
. [2]
(x 2 +2)

Markscheme

attempts to find d

dx
(
3
2
x +2
) (M1)

−2
= (3)(−1)(2x)(x
2
+ 2) A1

so m = −
6x
2
AG
(x 2 +2)

[2 marks]

(e) Show that the maximum value of m is 27 2

.
32
√
3 [7]

Markscheme

attempts product rule or quotient rule differentiation M1

EITHER

−3 −2
dm

dx
= (−6x)(−2)(2x)(x
2
+ 2) + (x
2
+ 2) (−6) A1

OR
2
2 2
(x +2) (−6)−(−6x)(2)(2x)(x +2)
dm

dx
=
2 4
A1
(x +2)

Note: Award A0 if the denominator is incorrect. Subsequent marks can be awarded.

THEN

attempts to express their dm

dx
as a rational fraction with a factorized numerator M1
 2 2 2
dm 6(x +2)(3x −2) 6(3x −2)
= 4
(= 3
)
dx 2
(x +2)
2
(x +2)

attempts to solve their dm

dx
= 0 for x M1

x = ±√
2

3
A1

from the curve, the maximum value of m occurs at x = −√

2

3
R1

(the minimum value of m occurs at x = √

2

3
)

Note: Award R1 for any equivalent valid reasoning.

2
6(−√ )
3

maximum value of m is − 2
2
A1
2
((−√ ) +2)
3

leading to a maximum value of 27

32
√
2

3
AG

[7 marks]
5. [Maximum mark: 20] EXN.1.AHL.TZ0.12
(a) Use the binomial theorem to expand (cos θ + i sin θ) . Give your answer in the form a + bi where a and b
4

are expressed in terms of sin θ and cos θ. [3]

Markscheme

* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior examiners to aid teachers in preparing for
external assessment in the new MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to formal exam
papers.

uses the binomial theorem on (cos θ + i sin θ) M1

4

= 4C 0 cos
4
θ + 4C 1 cos
3
θ(i sin θ) + 4C 2 cos
2
θ(i
2
sin
2
θ) + 4C 3 cos θ(i
3
sin
3
θ) + 4C 4(i
4
sin
4
θ) A1

= (cos
4
θ − 6 cos
2
θ sin
2
θ + sin
4
θ) + i(4 cos
3
θ sin θ − 4 cos θ sin
3
θ) A1

[3 marks]

(b)
4 2

Use de Moivre’s theorem and the result from part (a) to show that cot 4θ =
cot

4 cot
θ−6 cot
3
θ−4 cot θ
θ+1
. [5]

Markscheme

(using de Moivre’s theorem with n = 4 gives) cos 4θ + i sin 4θ (A1)

equates both the real and imaginary parts of cos 4θ + i sin 4θ and
(cos
4
θ − 6 cos
2
θ sin
2
θ + sin
4
θ) + i(4 cos
3
θ sin θ − 4 cos θ sin
3
θ) M1

cos 4θ = cos
4
θ − 6 cos
2
θ sin
2
θ + sin
4
θ and sin 4θ = 4 cos
3
θ sin θ − 4 cos θ sin
3
θ

recognizes that cot 4θ =

cos 4θ

sin 4θ
(A1)

substitutes for sin 4θ and cos 4θ into cos 4θ

sin 4θ
M1
4 2 2 4
cos θ −6 cos θ sin θ+sin θ
cot 4θ = 3 3
4 cos θ sin θ−4 cos θ sin θ

divides the numerator and denominator by sin 4

θ to obtain
4 2 2 4
cos θ −6 cos θ sin θ+sin θ

A1
4
sin θ
cot 4θ = 3 3
4 cos θ sin θ−4 cos θ sin θ

4
sin θ

4 2

cot 4θ =
cot

4 cot
θ−6 cot
3
θ−4 cot θ
θ+1
AG

[5 marks]

(c) π
Use the identity from part (b) to show that the quadratic equation x 2
− 6x + 1 = 0 has roots cot 2
8
and
π
cot
2 3
8
. [5]

Markscheme
 4 2

setting cot 4θ = 0 and putting x = cot

2
θ in the numerator of cot 4θ =
cot

4 cot
θ−6 cot
3
θ−4 cot θ
θ+1
gives x 2
− 6x + 1 = 0

M1

attempts to solve cot 4θ = 0 for θ M1

π π
(A1)
3
4θ =
2
,
2
, … (4θ =
1

2
(2n + 1) π, n = 0, 1, …)

π π
A1
3
θ = ,
8 8

π π
Note: Do not award the final A1 if solutions other than θ =
8
,
3

8
are listed.

π π
finding the roots of cot 4θ corresponds to finding the roots of x where
3 2
= 0 (θ = , ) − 6x + 1 = 0
8 8

x = cot
2
θ R1

π π
so the equation x 2
− 6x + 1 = 0 as roots cot 2

8
and cot 2 3

8
AG

[5 marks]

π
(d) Hence find the exact value of cot 2 3
8
. [4]

Markscheme

attempts to solve x 2
− 6x + 1 = 0 for x M1

x = 3 ± 2√ 2 A1

π π π
since cot 2
8
> cot
2 3
8
, cot
2 3
8
has the smaller value of the two roots R1

Note: Award R1 for an alternative convincing valid reason.

π
so cot 2 3
8
= 3 -2 √ 2 A1

[4 marks]

(e) π π
Deduce a quadratic equation with integer coefficients, having roots cosec 2
8
and cosec 2 3

8
. [3]

Markscheme

let y = cosec
2
θ

uses cot 2
θ = cosec
2
θ − 1 where x = cot
2
θ (M1)
 M1
2 2
x − 6x + 1 = 0 ⇒ (y − 1) − 6(y − 1) + 1 = 0

y
2
− 8y + 8 = 0 A1

[3 marks]

6. [Maximum mark: 9] EXM.1.AHL.TZ0.5

2

Let f (x) =
2x −5x−12

x+2
, x ∈ R, x ≠ −2 .

(a) Find all the intercepts of the graph of f (x) with both the x and y axes. [4]

Markscheme

x = 0 ⇒ y = −6 intercept on the y axes is (0, −6) A1

2x
2
− 5x − 12 = 0 ⇒ (2x + 3) (x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x =
−3

2
or 4 M1

intercepts on the x axes are ( −3

2
, 0) and (4, 0) A1A1

[4 marks]

(b) Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

x = −2 A1

[1 mark]

(c) As x → ±∞ the graph of f (x) approaches an oblique straight line asymptote.

Divide 2x 2
− 5x − 12 by x + 2 to find the equation of this asymptote. [4]

Markscheme

f (x) = 2x − 9 +
6

x+2
M1A1

So equation of asymptote is y = 2x − 9 M1A1

[4 marks]
7. [Maximum mark: 8] EXM.1.AHL.TZ0.4
Let f (x) = 2
2x+6

x +6x+10
, x ∈ R.

(a) Show that f (x) has no vertical asymptotes. [3]

Markscheme

M1A1
2 2 2
x + 6x + 10 = x + 6x + 9 + 1 = (x + 3) + 1

So the denominator is never zero and thus there are no vertical asymptotes. (or use of discriminant is negative) R1

[3 marks]

(b) Find the equation of the horizontal asymptote. [2]

Markscheme

x → ±∞, f (x) → 0 so the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = 0 M1A1

[2 marks]

(c) 1

Find the exact value of ∫ , giving the answer in the form ln q,

f (x) dx q ∈ Q .
0
[3]

Markscheme

1
1
∫ 2
2x+6

x +6x+10
dx = [ln (x
2
+ 6x + 10)]
0
= ln 17 − ln 10 = ln
17

10
M1A1A1
0

[3 marks]
8. [Maximum mark: 9] EXM.1.AHL.TZ0.6
2

Let f (x) =
x −10x+5

x+1
, x ∈ R, x ≠ −1 .

(a) Find the co-ordinates of all stationary points. [4]

Markscheme

2
(2x−10)(x+1)−(x −10x+5)1
f
′
(x) = 2
M1
(x+1)

f
′
(x) = 0 ⇒ x
2
+ 2x − 15 = 0 ⇒ (x + 5) (x − 3) = 0 M1

Stationary points are (−5, − 20) and (3, − 4) A1A1

[4 marks]

(b) Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

x = −1 A1

[1 mark]

(c) With justification, state if each stationary point is a minimum, maximum or horizontal point of inflection. [4]

Markscheme

Looking at the nature table

M1A1

(−5, − 20) is a max and (3, − 4) is a min A1A1

[4 marks]
9. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.4
Find the range of possible values of k such that e 2x
+ ln k = 3e
x
has at least one real solution. [6]

Markscheme

recognition of quadratic in e x
(M1)

OR A
x 2 x 2
(e ) − 3e + ln k(= 0) − 3A + ln k(= 0)

recognizing discriminant ≥ 0 (seen anywhere) (M1)

OR 9 − 4 ln k (A1)
2
(−3) − 4(1)(ln k)

ln k ≤
9

4
(A1)

e
9/4
(seen anywhere) A1

0 < k ≤ e
9/4
A1

[6 marks]
10. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.7
Consider P (z) = 4m − mz +
36

m
z
2
− z
3
, where z ∈ C and m ∈ R
+
.

Given that z − 3i is a factor of P (z), find the roots of P (z) = 0 . [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

3i (is a root) A1

(other complex root is) −3i A1

Note: Award A1A1 for P (3i) and P (−3i) = 0 seen in their working.

Award A1 for each correct root seen in sum or product of their roots.

EITHER

attempt to find P (3i) = 0 or P (−3i) = 0 (M1)

36 2 3
4m − 3mi + (3i) − (3i) = 0
m

36
4m − 3mi − (−9) + 27i = 0
m

attempt to equate the real or imaginary parts (M1)

27 − 3m = 0 OR 9 × 36

m
= 4m

OR

attempt to equate sum of three roots to 36

m
(M1)

Note: Accept sum of three roots set to − 36

m
.

Award M0 for stating sum of roots is ± 36

m
.

36 36
3i − 3i + r = (⇒ r = )
m m

substitute their r into product of roots (M1)

(3i)(−3i)(
36

m
) = 4m OR (z 2
+ 9)(
36

m
− z)

9 ×
36

m
= 4m OR 4m

9
=
36

OR

attempt to equate product of three roots to 4m (M1)

Note: Accept product of three roots set to −4m.

Award M0 for stating product of roots is ±4m.

4m
(3i)(−3i) × r = 4m(⇒ r = )
9

substitute their r into sum of roots (M1)

3i − 3i +
4m

9
=
36

m
OR (z 2
+ 9)(
4m

9
− z)

4m 36
=
9 m

THEN

m = 9 (A1)

third root is 4 A1

METHOD 2

3i (is a root) A1

(other complex root is) −3i A1

recognition that the other factor is (z + 3i) and attempt to write P (z) as product of three linear factors or as product of
a quadratic and a linear factor (M1)

P (z) = (z − 3i)(z + 3i)(r − z) OR (z − 3i)(z + 3i) = z

2
+ 9 ⇒ P (z) = (z
2
+ 9)(
4m

9
− z)

Note: Accept any attempt at long division of P (z) by z 2

+ 9 .

Award M0 for stating other factor is (z + 3i) or obtaining z 2

+ 9 with no further working.

Attempt to compare their coefficients (M1)

−9 = −m OR 4m

9
=
36

m = 9 (A1)

third root is 4 A1

Note: Award a maximum of A0A0(M1)(M1)(A1)A1 for a final answer P (z) = (z − 3i)(z + 3i)(4 − z) seen or stating all
three correct factors with no evidence of roots throughout their working.

[6 marks]
11. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.5
The function f is defined by f (x) = sin qx, where q > 0. The following diagram shows part of the graph of f for
0 ≤ x ≤ 4m, where x is in radians. There are x-intercepts at x = 0, 2m and 4m.

(a) Find an expression for m in terms of q. [2]

Markscheme

recognition that period is 4m OR substitution of a point on f (except the origin) (M1)

4m =
2π

q
OR 1 = sin qm

m =
π
2q
A1

[2 marks]

The function g is defined by g(x) , for 0 .

2qx
= 3 sin ≤ x ≤ 6m
3

(b) On the axes above, sketch the graph of g. [4]

Markscheme

horizontal scale factor is 3

2
(seen anywhere) (A1)

Note: This (A1) may be earned by seeing a period of 6m, half period of 3m or the correct x-coordinate of the
maximum/minimum point.
A1A1A1

Note:
Curve must be an approximate sinusoidal shape (sine or cosine).
Only in this case, award the following:
A1 for correct amplitude.
A1 for correct domain.
A1 for correct max and min points and correct x-intercepts.

[4 marks]
12. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.1
The function f is defined by f (x) =
7x+7

2x−4
for x ,
∈ R x ≠ 2 .

(a) Find the zero of f (x). [2]

Markscheme

recognizing f (x) = 0 (M1)

x = −1 A1

[2 marks]

(b) For the graph of y = f (x) , write down the equation of

(b.i) the vertical asymptote; [1]

Markscheme

x = 2 (must be an equation with x) A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) the horizontal asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

y =
7

2
(must be an equation with y) A1

[1 mark]

(c) Find f −1
(x) , the inverse function of f (x). [3]

Markscheme

EITHER

interchanging x and y (M1)

2xy − 4x = 7y + 7

correct working with y terms on the same side: 2xy − 7y = 4x + 7 (A1)

OR
2yx − 4y = 7x + 7

correct working with x terms on the same side: 2yx − 7x = 4y + 7 (A1)

interchanging x and y OR making x the subject (M1)

4y+7
x =
2y−7

THEN

f
−1
(x) =
4x+7

2x−7
(or equivalent) (x ≠
7

2
) A1

[3 marks]
13. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.8
Part of the graph of a function, f , is shown in the following diagram. The graph of y = f (x) has a y-intercept at (0, 3), an x-

intercept at (a, 0) and a horizontal asymptote y = −2.

Consider the function g(x) = |f (|x|)| .

(a) On the following grid, sketch the graph of y = g(x) , labelling any axis intercepts and giving the equation
of the asymptote.

[4]

Markscheme

attempt to reflect f in the x OR y axis (M1)

 A1A1A1

Note: For a curve with an approximately correct shaped right-hand branch, award:

A1 for correct asymptotic behaviour at y = 2 (either side)

A1 for correctly reflected RHS of the graph in the y-axis with smooth maximum at (0, 3).

A1 for labelled x-intercept at (−a, 0) and labelled asymptote at y = 2 with sharp points (cusps) at the x-intercepts.

[4 marks]

(b) Find the possible values of k such that (g(x))

2
= k has exactly two solutions.

[3]

Markscheme

k = 0 A1

4 ≤ k < 9 A2

Note: If final answer incorrect, award A1 for critical values 4 and 9 seen anywhere.

Exception to FT:
Award a maximum of A0A2FT if their graph from (a) is not symmetric about the y-axis.

[3 marks]
−
1
⎛ ⎞ →
14.

⎛
2t
[Maximum mark: 21]

not to scale
1 2

The direction vector of L is

(a) Show that 4t

Markscheme

2t + 1 × 0 + 0 × (3 + t)

one correct magnitude √1

2 2
4t = √ 2(4t + 9 + 6t + t )

2
4t = √ 10t + 12t + 18

[4 marks]

(b) Find the value of t.

Markscheme
1

⎜⎟
Two lines, L and L , intersect at point P. Point A(2t, 8, 3) , where t

The acute angle between the two lines is

⎝ ⎠

2
0
1

= √ 10t + 12t + 18

+ 1
, and PA

(= 2t)

OR

AG
2
+ 0

2
=
π

2
.

(seen anywhere)
=

, √(2t)

correct substitution of their magnitudes and scalar product

2t = √ 2 × √ (2t)
2
+ (3 + t)
2
× cos
π

3
OR
⎝
3 + t

cos

2t
⎠
0 .

+ (3 + t)

√ 2(5t 2 +6t+9)
π

3
=
(A1)

M1

2t
> 0

(A1)

√ 2×√ 5t 2 +6t+9

(or equivalent) A1
23M.1.AHL.TZ1.12
, lies on L . This is shown in the following diagram.
2

[4]

[4]
−

−
(c)

→
→
correct quadratic equation

16t

PA

√3

x =
2

METHOD 2

=
1

√2
= 10t

(t + 1)(t − 3)

t = 3

Markscheme

METHOD 1

⎝ ⎠
0
2
= √6 + 6

√ 72

√ 216

shortest distance is

1
2
2

A1
+ 12t + 18

valid attempt to solve their quadratic set =

×
OR

(A1)

(= √ 54, 3√ 6)

⎛ ⎞

0
⎝ ⎠
6
,

Note: Award A0 if additional answer(s) given.

[4 marks]
6t

12±√ (−12) −4×6×(−18)

(= √ 72, 6√ 2)

√ 216

recognition that the distance required is

1
⎛ ⎞
6
2

12
A1

(= √ 54, 3√ 6)

(A1)
∣
− 12t − 18 = 0

Hence or otherwise, find the shortest distance from A to L .

recognizing shortest distance from A is perpendicular to L

OR sin
π
=
x

PA
0
,

OR (t − 1)

(seen anywhere)

v+PA

|v|
A1
t

(M1)
2
− 2t − 3 = 0

(M1)
− 4

1
1

(A1)
(A1)

(M1)
[4]
−

−
−

−
−
−
−
−
−
→

→
→

→ →
−→

→
→

1
⎛ ⎞ →⎛ ⎛
∣⎜ ⎟ ∣
=

PA
1

√2

√2

2
⎛

⎝
−6

−6

⎝ ⎠
0
6

(= 3√ 2)

2
= √6 + 6
⎞

shortest distance is √54 (=

METHOD 3

Note: The value of

d = √ PA − b = √ (√ 72) − (3√ 2)
2
2
2
⎝ ⎠
6

OR

shortest distance is √54 (=

METHOD 4
(A1)

Let B be a general point on L

attempt to find vector AB OR

0
⎞
1
⎛ ⎞
6
⎛ ⎞ →
1
⎛ ⎞⎞

AB = OB − OA = OP + λ
3√ 6)

recognition that the base of the triangle is

=
1

√2
1
⎛ ⎞

1 ⋅
6
⎛ ⎞

(= √ 72, 6√ 2)

PA
2
= √6 + 6

3√ 6)

AB

1
2

⎝ ⎠
0
A1

A1

(λ, 8 + λ,

− OA
v⋅PA

|v|

(seen anywhere)

− 3)

⎝
=
(M1)

(A1)

(A1)

may be seen as part of the working of their shortest distance,

such that AB is perpendicular to L

(the shortest distance from B to L )

⎝
8

−3
⎠
+ λ

⎝ ⎠
0
1
1

− 8

⎝ ⎠
3
(M1)
1

= AP + λ 1

⎝ ⎠⎠
0
(λ ∈ R)
−
−

−
→
→
AB =

→
⎛
−6

0
⎞

+ λ

2
1
⎛ ⎞

2
→

AB = √ (λ − 6) + λ + (−6)

AB = √ 2(λ − 3) + 54 λ = 3
2

⎜⎟ ∣
OR

OR

⎝
2

THEN
2
(= √ 2λ − 12λ + 72)

EITHER

dλ
( AB

−6 + λ

−6
⎞
2
AB = √ (λ − 6) + (8 + λ − 8) + (−3 − 3)

⎝
−6
⎠

⎠
⋅

shortest distance is √54 (=

[4 marks]
2

A plane, Π , contains L and L .

(d)

Markscheme
⎛

⎝
1

0
⎝ ⎠

1
0

Find a normal vector to Π .

OR

) = 0 ⇒ 4λ − 12 = 0 ⇒ λ = 3

1
to obtain A1
A1

= 0 ⇒ −6 + λ + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 3

2
3√ 6) A1

attempt to find the vector product of two direction vectors

1
⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠
0

n =
1

⎝
×

−1
1

−1

⎠
6
⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠
6
0

(or any scalar multiple of this) (accept n =< 1,

A1

(M1)

− 1, − 1 >
A1

or equivalent) A1
[2]
−
−→

⎜⎟
Note: Award A0 for a final answer given in coordinate form.

[2 marks]

The base of a right cone lies in Π centred at A such that L is a tangent to its base. The volume of the cone is 90π√3 cubic
units.

(e)

Markscheme

→
1

h = 5√ 3

μ|n| = 5√ 3

μ = ±5

OR

n̂

5√ 3 ×

THEN
=
Find the two possible positions of the vertex of the cone.

substituting their x into volume formula and equating

√3
2

π(3√ 6) h = 90√ 3π

(seen anywhere)

(accept μ

√3
−1
⎠
−1

⎝
OR √μ

−1

−1
⎠
⎞

1
= 5

⎞
= h

attempt to find cone’s height vector h × n̂

(A1)
+ (−μ)

) (A1)
A1

recognition that the position vector of vertex is given by OA + μn OR OA + h × n̂

6
⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠
3

EITHER
8 + μ

recognition that μ|n|

⎛

⎝
1

−1

−1
⎠
⎞

OR (6 + μ, 8 − μ, 3 − μ)

(where μ is a parameter)

2
+ (−μ)
2
= 5√ 3

(M1)
OR
1

(M1)

3μ
(M1)

2
= 75 (⇒ √ 3μ = 5√ 3)
(M1)
[7]
=

⎜⎟ ∣
6
⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠
3
8 ± 5
⎛

⎝
1

−1

−1
⎞ ⎛

⎠ ⎝
=
⎛

⎝
6

vertex = (11, 3, −2) and (1, 13, 8) (accept position vectors)

Note: Award a maximum of (M0)A0(M1)(M1)(A1)A1A1FT for

−
(
→
39

[7 marks]
,
17

4
,−
3

4
) and ( 9

4
,
47

4
,
27

4
⎞

)
±
⎛

⎝
5

−5

−5
⎠⎠
⎞⎞

obtained using x = PA
A1A1

from part (c).

15. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.4
The following diagram shows part of the graph of y =
x
2
x +2
for x ≥ 0 .

The shaded region R is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line x = c.

The area of R is ln 3.

Find the value of c. [6]

Markscheme

c
x
A = ∫ 2
dx
x +2
0

EITHER

attempts to integrate by inspection or substitution using u = x

2
+ 2 or u = x
2
(M1)

Note: If candidate simply states u = x

2
+ 2 or u = x
2
, but does not attempt to integrate, do not award the (M1).

Note: If candidate does not explicitly state the u-substitution, award the (M1) only for expressions of the form k ln u or
k ln(u + 2).

2 2
c +2 c c
[
1

2
ln u]
2
OR [
1

2
ln (u + 2)]
0
OR [
1

2
ln (x
2
+ 2)]
0
A1

Note: Limits may be seen in the substitution step.

OR

attempts to integrate by inspection (M1)

Note: Award the (M1) only for expressions of the form k ln (x 2

+ 2) .
 c
[
1

2
ln (x
2
+ 2)]
0
A1

Note: Limits may be seen in the substitution step.

THEN

correctly substitutes their limits into their integrated expression (M1)

2
(ln (c
2
+ 2) − ln 2) (= ln 3) OR 1

2
ln (c
2
+ 2) −
1

2
ln 2 (= ln 3)

correctly applies at least one log law to their expression (M1)

2 2
1

2
ln(
c +2

2
) (= ln 3) OR 2
ln √ c + 2 − ln √ 2 (= ln 3) OR ln(
c +2

2
) = ln 9

2 2

OR ln (c
2
+ 2) − ln 2 − ln 9 OR ln √
c +2

2
(= ln 3) OR ln √
c +2

√2
(= ln 3)

Note: Condone the absence of ln 3 up to this stage.

2 2
c +2

2
= 9 OR √
c +2

2
= 3 A1

2
c = 16

c = 4 A1

Note: Award A0 for c = ±4 as a final answer.

[6 marks]
16. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.5
The functions f and g are defined for x ∈ R by

f (x) = ax + b , where a, b ∈ Z

g(x) = x
2
+ x + 3 .

Find the two possible functions f such that (g ∘ f )(x) = 4x

2
− 14x + 15 .

[7]

Markscheme

attempts to form (g ∘ f )(x) (M1)

OR
2 2
[f (x)] + f (x) + 3 (ax + b) + ax + b + 3

2
a x
2
+ 2abx + b
2
+ ax + b + 3(= 4x
2
− 14x + 15) (A1)

equates their corresponding terms to form at least one equation (M1)

2
a x
2
= 4x
2
OR a
2
= 4 OR 2abx + ax = −14x OR 2ab + a = −14 OR b
2
+ b + 3 = 15

a = ±2 (seen anywhere) A1

attempt to use 2ab + a = −14 to pair the correct values (seen anywhere) (M1)

f (x) = 2x − 4 (accept a = 2 with b = −4 ), f (x) = −2x + 3 (accept a = −2 with b = 3 ) A1A1

[7 marks]
17. [Maximum mark: 14] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.10
A circle with equation x 2
+ y
2
= 9 has centre (0, 0) and radius 3.

A triangle, PQR, is inscribed in the circle with its vertices at P(−3, 0), Q(x, y) and R(x, − y), where Q and R are
variable points in the first and fourth quadrants respectively. This is shown in the following diagram.

(a) For point Q, show that y = √9 − x

2
. [1]

Markscheme

y
2
= 9 − x
2
OR y = ±√ 9 − x
2
A1

(since y )
> 0 ⇒ y = √9 − x
2
AG

[1 mark]

(b) Hence, find an expression for A, the area of triangle PQR, in terms of x. [3]

Markscheme

b = 2y (= 2√ 9 − x )
2
or h = x + 3 (A1)

attempts to substitute their base expression and height expression into A =

1

2
bh (M1)

2
2(x+3)√ 9−x
2
A = √ 9 − x (x + 3) (or equivalent) (= 2
2 2
= x√ 9 − x + 3√ 9 − x ) A1

[3 marks]

(c)
2

Show that dA

dx
=
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
. [4]

Markscheme
 METHOD 1

attempts to use the product rule to find dA

dx
(M1)

attempts to use the chain rule to find d

dx
√9 − x 2 (M1)
1
− 2

(
dA

dx
=)√ 9 − x
2
+ (3 + x)(
1

2
)(9 − x )
2 2 2
(−2x)(= √ 9 − x −
x +3x

√ 9−x 2
) A1

2 2
2 2 9−x −(x +3x)
(
dA

dx
=)
9−x

√ 9−x 2
−
x +3x

√ 9−x 2
(=
√ 9−x 2
) A1

2
dA

dx
=
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
AG

METHOD 2

dA dA dy
= ×
dx dy dx

attempts to find where A and where y (M1)

dA dy 2 2
= y(x + 3) = 9 − x
dy dx

and (or equivalent) A1

dA dx dy x
= y + x + 3 = −
dy dy dx y

substitutes their and their into (M1)

dA dy dA dA dy
= ×
dy dx dx dy dx

(or equivalent)
dA y x
= (y(− ) + x + 3)(− )
dx x y

2 2

=
9−x −x −3x

√ 9−x 2
(or equivalent) A1

2
dA

dx
=
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
AG

[4 marks]

(d) Hence or otherwise, find the y-coordinate of R such that A is a maximum. [6]

Markscheme

2
dA
dx
= 0 (
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
= 0) (M1)

attempts to solve 9 − 3x − 2x 2
= 0 (or equivalent) (M1)

2
3±√ (−3) −4(−2)(9)

−(2x − 3)(x + 3)(= 0) OR x =

2(−2)
(or equivalent) (A1)

x =
3

2
A1

Note: Award the above A1 if x = −3 is also given.

substitutes their value of x into either y = √9 − x

2
or y = −√ 9 − x
2
Note: Do not award the above (M1) if x ≤ 0 . (M1)

3 2
y = −√ 9 − ( )
2

A1
√ 27 3√ 3 27
= − (= − , = −√ , = −√ 6. 75)
2 2 4

[6 marks]
18. [Maximum mark: 5] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.2
A function f is defined by f (x) = 1 −
1

x−2
, where x ,
∈ R x ≠ 2 .

(a) The graph of y = f (x) has a vertical asymptote and a horizontal asymptote.

Write down the equation of

(a.ii) the horizontal asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

y = 1 A1

[1 mark]

(a.i) the vertical asymptote; [1]

Markscheme

x = 2 A1

[1 mark]

(b) Find the coordinates of the point where the graph of y = f (x) intersects

(b.i) the y-axis; [1]

Markscheme

(0,
3
2
) A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) the x-axis. [1]

Markscheme

(3, 0) A1

[1 mark]

(c) On the following set of axes, sketch the graph of y = f (x), showing all the features found in parts (a) and
(b).
 [1]

Markscheme

two correct branches with correct asymptotic behaviour and intercepts clearly shown A1
[1 mark]
19. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i .

(a) [3]
2π

By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that u = 2e

i
3
.

Markscheme

METHOD 1

|u| = √ (−1)
2
+ (√ 3) (= √ 1 + 3) A1

= 2 AG

reference angle = π

3
OR arg u = π − tan
−1
(√ 3) OR arg u = π + tan
−1
(−√ 3) M1

= π −
π

3
A1

Note: Award the above M1A1 for a labelled diagram that convincingly shows that arg u =
2π
3
.

2π

=
2π

3
and so u = 2e
i
3
. AG

METHOD 2

reference angle = π

3
OR arg u = π − tan
−1
(√ 3) OR arg u = π + tan
−1
(−√ 3) M1

= π −
π
3
A1

Note: Award the above M1A1 for a labelled diagram that convincingly shows that arg u =
2π

3
.

=
2π

3
AG

2π 2π
r(cos + i sin ) = −1 + √ 3i
3 3

OR r A1
−1 −1 √3 √3
r = 2π
= 1
= 2π
=
√3
cos − sin
3 2 3
2

2π

= 2 and so u = 2e
i
3
AG

[3 marks]

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that u is a real number. n
[3]
 Markscheme

u
n
∈ R ⇒
2nπ

3
= kπ (k ∈ Z) (M1)(A1)

π π
Note: Award M1 for noting that sin from u .
2nπ n n 2n 2n
= 0 = 2 (cos + i sin )
3 3 3

Award (A1) for a multiple of 3 considered.

n = 3 A1

[3 marks]

(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]

Markscheme

substitutes their value (must be a multiple of 3) for n into u n

(M1)

3 3
u = 2 cos 2π

= 8 A1

[2 marks]

(c) Consider the equation z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C .

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , find the other roots. [5]

Markscheme

−1 − √ 3i is a root (by the conjugate root theorem) A1

2π

Note: Accept 2e −i
3
.

let z = c be the real root

EITHER

uses sum of roots (equated to ±5) (M1)

 ((−1 + √ 3i) + (−1 − √ 3i) + c) = −5 (A1)

−2 + c = −5 (A1)

OR

uses product of roots (equated to ±12) (M1)

(−1 + √ 3i)(−1 − √ 3i)c = −12 (A1)

4c = −12 (A1)

OR

(z − (−1 + √ 3i))(z − (−1 + √ 3i)) = z

2
+ 2z + 4 (A1)

compares coefficients eg (M1)

2 3 2
(z − c)(z + 2z + 4) = z + 5z + 10z + 12

4c = −12 (A1)

THEN

c = −3 (and so z = −3 is a root) A1

[5 marks]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise, find the roots of the equation
1 + 5w + 10w + 12w = 0, where w ∈ C. [4]
2 3

Markscheme

METHOD 1

compares z 3
+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 and 1 + 5w + 10w 2
+ 12w
3
= 0

z =
1

w
⇒ w =
1

z
A2

w = −
1

3
,
1
(=
−1±√ 3i

4
) A1A1
−1±√ 3i

METHOD 2

attempts to factorize into a product of a linear factor and a quadratic factor (M1)

1 + 5w + 10w
2
+ 12w
3
= (3w + 1)(4w
2
+ 2w + 1) A1
 w = −
1

3
,
1
(=
−1±√ 3i

4
) A1A1
−1±√ 3i

[4 marks]

(d) Consider the equation z 2

= 2z
*
, where z ,
∈ C z ≠ 0 .

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the equation. [5]

Markscheme

A1
2
(a + bi) = 2(a − bi)

attempts to expand and equate real and imaginary parts: M1

2 2
a − b = 2abi = 2a − 2bi

a
2
− b
2
= 2a and 2ab = −2b

attempts to find the value of a or b M1

2b(a + 1) = 0

b = 0 ⇒ a
2
= 2a ⇒ a = 2 (real root) A1

a = −1 ⇒ 1 − b
2
= −2 ⇒ b = ±√ 3 (complex roots −1 ± √3i) A1

[5 marks]
 20. [Maximum mark: 9] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.9
−
−→ →
The following diagram shows parallelogram OABC with OA ,
= a OC = c and |c| = 2|a| , where |a| ≠ 0 .

−
−→ →
The angle between OA and OC is θ, where 0 < θ < π .

−
−
−
−→ → → →
Point M is on [AB] such that AM = k AB , where 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 and OM ∙ MC = 0

−
−→ → (a)
Express OM and MC in terms of a and c. [2]

Markscheme

−→
OM = a + kc A1

−→
MC = (1 − k)c − a A1

[2 marks]

(b) Hence, use a vector method to show that |a|

2
.
(1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0 [3]

Markscheme

−
−→ →
attempts to expand their dot product OM ∙ MC = (a + kc) ∙ ((1 − k)c − a) M1

(or equivalent)
2 2
= (1 − 2k)(a ∙ c) − |a| + k(1 − k)|c|

uses |c| M1
2
= 2|a| and a ∙ c = 2|a| cos θ

2 2 2
= 2(1 − 2k)|a| co sθ − |a| + 4k(1 − k)|a|

A1
2 2 2
= 2(1 − 2k)|a| cos θ − (1 − 2k) |a|

AG
2
|a| (1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0

[3 marks]
(c) Find the range of values for θ such that there are two possible positions for M. [4]

Markscheme

attempts to solve |a| for k (M1)

2
(1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0

or k
1 1 2
k = = − cos θ (|a| > 0)
2 2

Note: Award (M1) for their ‘k = ’ or their ‘cos θ = ’. For example, cos θ =
1−2k

2
or equivalent.

as 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 0 ≤ , 1

2
− cos θ ≤ 1

−
1

2
≤ cos θ ≤
1

2
A1

3
≤ θ ≤
2π

3
,θ ≠
π

2
A1A1

(θ =
π

2
corresponds to only one possible position for M when k =
1

2
)

[4 marks]
21. [Maximum mark: 17] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
(a) By using an appropriate substitution, show that ∫ cos √xdx = 2√x sin √x + 2 cos √x + C . [6]

Markscheme

let t = √x M1

t
2
= x ⇒ 2t dt = dx A1

so ∫ cos √xdx = 2 ∫ t cos t dt A1

attempts integration by parts (M1)

u = 2t , ,
d v = cos t dt du = 2 dt v = sin t ,

2 ∫ t cos t dt = 2t sin t − 2 ∫ sin t dt (A1)

= 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C A1

substitution of t = √x ⇒ ∫ cos √xdx = 2√x sin √x + 2 cos √x + C AG

[6 marks]

The following diagram shows part of the curve y = cos √x for x ≥ 0 .

The curve intersects the x-axis at x , x , x , x ….

1 2 3 4

2 2

The nth x-intercept of the curve, x , is given by x , where n .

(2n−1) π +
n n = ∈ Z
4

(b) Write down a similar expression for x n+1 . [1]

Markscheme

2 2
(2(n+1)−1) π 2 2
(2n+1) π
x n+1 =
4
(=
4
) A1

[1 mark]

The regions bounded by the curve and the x-axis are denoted by R , R , R , … , as shown on the above diagram.
1 2 3
(c)

(d)
=

= 2

∣∣Calculate the area of region R .

Give your answer in the form knπ, where k

Markscheme

area of R is

= 2 (−1)

= 2 (−1)

= 2 (−1)

= 4nπ

modulus.

[7 marks]
n

2
x n+1

n (2n+1)π

n (2n+1)π

n 4nπ

A1
2
∫
xn

[2√ x sin √ x + 2 cos √ x]

2
2
cos √ x dx

Note: Modulus may be seen at a later stage.

Note: Condone +C at this stage.

(2n+1)π
× sin
(2n+1)π

− ((−1)

+ (−1)
n

(M1)

(2n+1)

(2n−1)

+ cos
4
2

n+1 (2n−1)π

n (2n−1)π

2
π

(2n+1)π

2
2

attempts to substitute their limits into their integrated expression

A1

Note: Award a maximum of (M1)A1M1A1A1A0A0 for only attempting to calculate

A1

− (
∈ Z

2
+

(2n−1)π

(or equivalent)
.

× sin
(2n−1)π

A1
2

Hence, show that the areas of the regions bounded by the curve and the x-axis, R , R , R , … , form an
arithmetic sequence.

Markscheme

EITHER

attempts to find (d

(d =)4(n + 1)π − 4nπ

=)R n+1 − R n M1
(M1)

+ cos
(2n−1)π

x n+1

xn
∫
2
)

cos √x dx

1 2
A1

, and not applying the

3
[7]

[3]
= 4π A1

Note: Award M0 for consideration of special cases for example R and R . Accept d
3 2 .
= kπ

which is a constant (common difference is 4π) R1

OR

an arithmetic sequence is of the form u n = dn + c (u n = dn + u 1 − d) M1

attempts to compare u n = dn + c (u n = dn + u 1 − d) and R n = 4nπ M1

d = 4π and c = 0 (u 1 − d = 0) A1

Note: Accept d = kπ .

THEN

so the areas of the regions form an arithmetic sequence AG

[3 marks]
22. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.8
The functions f and g are defined by

,
f (x) = cos x 0 ≤ x ≤
π

,
g(x) = tan x 0 ≤ x <
π

2
.

The curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) intersect at a point P whose x-coordinate is k, where 0 < k <
π

2
.

(a) Show that cos 2

k = sin k . [1]

Markscheme

cos k =
sin k

cos k
A1

cos
2
k = sin k AG

[1 mark]

(b) Hence, show that the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at P and the tangent to the curve y = g(x) at P
intersect at right angles. [3]

Markscheme

f ′(k) = − sin k and g′(k) = sec

2
k A1

Note: Award A1 for f ′(x) = − sin x and g′(x) = sec

2
x .

EITHER

f ′(k)g′(k) = −
sin k

cos
2
k
M1

cos
2
k = sin k ⇒ f ′(k)g′(k)(= −
sin k

sin k
) = −1 R1

OR

g′(k) =
1

cos
2
k
M1

cos
2
k = sin k ⇒ g′(k) =
1

sin k
= −
1

f ′(k)
R1

Note: Accept showing that f ′(k) = −

1

g′(k)
.

Note: Allow ’backwards methods’ such as starting with f ′(k) = −

1

g′(k)
leading to cos 2
k = sin k .

THEN
 ⇒ the two tangents intersect at right angles at P AG

Note: To obtain the final R1, all of the previous marks must have been awarded.

[3 marks]

(c) Find the value of sin k. Give your answer in the form a+√ b
, where a, c ∈ Z and b ∈ Z
+
. [3]
c

Markscheme

1 − sin
2
k = sin k (from part (a)) A1

2
sin k + sin k − 1 = 0

attempts to solve for sin k (M1)

−1±√ 1 2 −4(1)(−1)
sin k =
2

−1+√ 5
(for 0 < k <
π

2
, sin k )
> 0 ⇒ sin k =
2
A1

(a ,
= −1 b = 5 c = 2 , )

Note: Award A0 if more than one solution is given

[3 marks]
23. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.8
The functions f and g are defined by

,
f (x) = cos x 0 ≤ x ≤
π

,
g(x) = tan x 0 ≤ x <
π

2
.

The curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) intersect at a point P whose x-coordinate is k, where 0 < k <
π

2
.

(a) Show that cos 2

k = sin k . [1]

Markscheme

cos k =
sin k

cos k
A1

cos
2
k = sin k AG

[1 mark]

(b) Hence, show that the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at P and the tangent to the curve y = g(x) at P
intersect at right angles. [3]

Markscheme

f ′(k) = − sin k and g′(k) = sec

2
k A1

Note: Award A1 for f ′(x) = − sin x and g′(x) = sec

2
x .

EITHER

f ′(k)g′(k) = −
sin k

cos
2
k
M1

cos
2
k = sin k ⇒ f ′(k)g′(k)(= −
sin k

sin k
) = −1 R1

OR

g′(k) =
1

cos
2
k
M1

cos
2
k = sin k ⇒ g′(k) =
1

sin k
= −
1

f ′(k)
R1

Note: Accept showing that f ′(k) = −

1

g′(k)
.

Note: Allow ’backwards methods’ such as starting with f ′(k) = −

1

g′(k)
leading to cos 2
k = sin k .

THEN
 ⇒ the two tangents intersect at right angles at P AG

Note: To obtain the final R1, all of the previous marks must have been awarded.

[3 marks]

(c) Find the value of sin k. Give your answer in the form a+√ b
, where a, c ∈ Z and b ∈ Z
+
. [3]
c

Markscheme

1 − sin
2
k = sin k (from part (a)) A1

2
sin k + sin k − 1 = 0

attempts to solve for sin k (M1)

−1±√ 1 2 −4(1)(−1)
sin k =
2

−1+√ 5
(for 0 < k <
π

2
, sin k )
> 0 ⇒ sin k =
2
A1

(a ,
= −1 b = 5 c = 2 , )

Note: Award A0 if more than one solution is given

[3 marks]
24. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i .

(a) [3]
2π

By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that u = 2e

i
3
.

Markscheme

METHOD 1

|u| = √ (−1)
2
+ (√ 3) (= √ 1 + 3) A1

= 2 AG

reference angle = π

3
OR arg u = π − tan
−1
(√ 3) OR arg u = π + tan
−1
(−√ 3) M1

= π −
π

3
A1

Note: Award the above M1A1 for a labelled diagram that convincingly shows that arg u =
2π
3
.

2π

=
2π

3
and so u = 2e
i
3
. AG

METHOD 2

reference angle = π

3
OR arg u = π − tan
−1
(√ 3) OR arg u = π + tan
−1
(−√ 3) M1

= π −
π
3
A1

Note: Award the above M1A1 for a labelled diagram that convincingly shows that arg u =
2π

3
.

=
2π

3
AG

2π 2π
r(cos + i sin ) = −1 + √ 3i
3 3

OR r A1
−1 −1 √3 √3
r = 2π
= 1
= 2π
=
√3
cos − sin
3 2 3
2

2π

= 2 and so u = 2e
i
3
AG

[3 marks]

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that u is a real number. n
[3]
 Markscheme

u
n
∈ R ⇒
2nπ

3
= kπ (k ∈ Z) (M1)(A1)

π π
Note: Award M1 for noting that sin from u .
2nπ n n 2n 2n
= 0 = 2 (cos + i sin )
3 3 3

Award (A1) for a multiple of 3 considered.

n = 3 A1

[3 marks]

(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]

Markscheme

substitutes their value (must be a multiple of 3) for n into u n

(M1)

3 3
u = 2 cos 2π

= 8 A1

[2 marks]

(c) Consider the equation z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C .

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , find the other roots. [5]

Markscheme

−1 − √ 3i is a root (by the conjugate root theorem) A1

2π

Note: Accept 2e −i
3
.

let z = c be the real root

EITHER

uses sum of roots (equated to ±5) (M1)

 ((−1 + √ 3i) + (−1 − √ 3i) + c) = −5 (A1)

−2 + c = −5 (A1)

OR

uses product of roots (equated to ±12) (M1)

(−1 + √ 3i)(−1 − √ 3i)c = −12 (A1)

4c = −12 (A1)

OR

(z − (−1 + √ 3i))(z − (−1 + √ 3i)) = z

2
+ 2z + 4 (A1)

compares coefficients eg (M1)

2 3 2
(z − c)(z + 2z + 4) = z + 5z + 10z + 12

4c = −12 (A1)

THEN

c = −3 (and so z = −3 is a root) A1

[5 marks]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise, find the roots of the equation
1 + 5w + 10w + 12w = 0, where w ∈ C. [4]
2 3

Markscheme

METHOD 1

compares z 3
+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 and 1 + 5w + 10w 2
+ 12w
3
= 0

z =
1

w
⇒ w =
1

z
A2

w = −
1

3
,
1
(=
−1±√ 3i

4
) A1A1
−1±√ 3i

METHOD 2

attempts to factorize into a product of a linear factor and a quadratic factor (M1)

1 + 5w + 10w
2
+ 12w
3
= (3w + 1)(4w
2
+ 2w + 1) A1
 w = −
1

3
,
1
(=
−1±√ 3i

4
) A1A1
−1±√ 3i

[4 marks]

(d) Consider the equation z 2

= 2z
*
, where z ,
∈ C z ≠ 0 .

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the equation. [5]

Markscheme

A1
2
(a + bi) = 2(a − bi)

attempts to expand and equate real and imaginary parts: M1

2 2
a − b = 2abi = 2a − 2bi

a
2
− b
2
= 2a and 2ab = −2b

attempts to find the value of a or b M1

2b(a + 1) = 0

b = 0 ⇒ a
2
= 2a ⇒ a = 2 (real root) A1

a = −1 ⇒ 1 − b
2
= −2 ⇒ b = ±√ 3 (complex roots −1 ± √3i) A1

[5 marks]
 25. [Maximum mark: 9] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.9
−
−→ →
The following diagram shows parallelogram OABC with OA ,
= a OC = c and |c| = 2|a| , where |a| ≠ 0 .

−
−→ →
The angle between OA and OC is θ, where 0 < θ < π .

−
−
−
−→ → → →
Point M is on [AB] such that AM = k AB , where 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 and OM ∙ MC = 0

−
−→ → (a)
Express OM and MC in terms of a and c. [2]

Markscheme

−→
OM = a + kc A1

−→
MC = (1 − k)c − a A1

[2 marks]

(b) Hence, use a vector method to show that |a|

2
.
(1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0 [3]

Markscheme

−
−→ →
attempts to expand their dot product OM ∙ MC = (a + kc) ∙ ((1 − k)c − a) M1

(or equivalent)
2 2
= (1 − 2k)(a ∙ c) − |a| + k(1 − k)|c|

uses |c| M1
2
= 2|a| and a ∙ c = 2|a| cos θ

2 2 2
= 2(1 − 2k)|a| co sθ − |a| + 4k(1 − k)|a|

A1
2 2 2
= 2(1 − 2k)|a| cos θ − (1 − 2k) |a|

AG
2
|a| (1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0

[3 marks]
(c) Find the range of values for θ such that there are two possible positions for M. [4]

Markscheme

attempts to solve |a| for k (M1)

2
(1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0

or k
1 1 2
k = = − cos θ (|a| > 0)
2 2

Note: Award (M1) for their ‘k = ’ or their ‘cos θ = ’. For example, cos θ =
1−2k

2
or equivalent.

as 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 0 ≤ , 1

2
− cos θ ≤ 1

−
1

2
≤ cos θ ≤
1

2
A1

3
≤ θ ≤
2π

3
,θ ≠
π

2
A1A1

(θ =
π

2
corresponds to only one possible position for M when k =
1

2
)

[4 marks]
26. [Maximum mark: 14] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.10
A circle with equation x 2
+ y
2
= 9 has centre (0, 0) and radius 3.

A triangle, PQR, is inscribed in the circle with its vertices at P(−3, 0), Q(x, y) and R(x, − y), where Q and R are
variable points in the first and fourth quadrants respectively. This is shown in the following diagram.

(a) For point Q, show that y = √9 − x

2
. [1]

Markscheme

y
2
= 9 − x
2
OR y = ±√ 9 − x
2
A1

(since y )
> 0 ⇒ y = √9 − x
2
AG

[1 mark]

(b) Hence, find an expression for A, the area of triangle PQR, in terms of x. [3]

Markscheme

b = 2y (= 2√ 9 − x )
2
or h = x + 3 (A1)

attempts to substitute their base expression and height expression into A =

1

2
bh (M1)

2
2(x+3)√ 9−x
2
A = √ 9 − x (x + 3) (or equivalent) (= 2
2 2
= x√ 9 − x + 3√ 9 − x ) A1

[3 marks]

(c)
2

Show that dA

dx
=
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
. [4]

Markscheme
 METHOD 1

attempts to use the product rule to find dA

dx
(M1)

attempts to use the chain rule to find d

dx
√9 − x 2 (M1)
1
− 2

(
dA

dx
=)√ 9 − x
2
+ (3 + x)(
1

2
)(9 − x )
2 2 2
(−2x)(= √ 9 − x −
x +3x

√ 9−x 2
) A1

2 2
2 2 9−x −(x +3x)
(
dA

dx
=)
9−x

√ 9−x 2
−
x +3x

√ 9−x 2
(=
√ 9−x 2
) A1

2
dA

dx
=
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
AG

METHOD 2

dA dA dy
= ×
dx dy dx

attempts to find where A and where y (M1)

dA dy 2 2
= y(x + 3) = 9 − x
dy dx

and (or equivalent) A1

dA dx dy x
= y + x + 3 = −
dy dy dx y

substitutes their and their into (M1)

dA dy dA dA dy
= ×
dy dx dx dy dx

(or equivalent)
dA y x
= (y(− ) + x + 3)(− )
dx x y

2 2

=
9−x −x −3x

√ 9−x 2
(or equivalent) A1

2
dA

dx
=
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
AG

[4 marks]

(d) Hence or otherwise, find the y-coordinate of R such that A is a maximum. [6]

Markscheme

2
dA
dx
= 0 (
9−3x−2x

√ 9−x 2
= 0) (M1)

attempts to solve 9 − 3x − 2x 2
= 0 (or equivalent) (M1)

2
3±√ (−3) −4(−2)(9)

−(2x − 3)(x + 3)(= 0) OR x =

2(−2)
(or equivalent) (A1)

x =
3

2
A1

Note: Award the above A1 if x = −3 is also given.

substitutes their value of x into either y = √9 − x

2
or y = −√ 9 − x
2
Note: Do not award the above (M1) if x ≤ 0 . (M1)

3 2
y = −√ 9 − ( )
2

A1
√ 27 3√ 3 27
= − (= − , = −√ , = −√ 6. 75)
2 2 4

[6 marks]
27. [Maximum mark: 17] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
(a) By using an appropriate substitution, show that ∫ cos √xdx = 2√x sin √x + 2 cos √x + C . [6]

Markscheme

let t = √x M1

t
2
= x ⇒ 2t dt = dx A1

so ∫ cos √xdx = 2 ∫ t cos t dt A1

attempts integration by parts (M1)

u = 2t , ,
d v = cos t dt du = 2 dt v = sin t ,

2 ∫ t cos t dt = 2t sin t − 2 ∫ sin t dt (A1)

= 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C A1

substitution of t = √x ⇒ ∫ cos √xdx = 2√x sin √x + 2 cos √x + C AG

[6 marks]

The following diagram shows part of the curve y = cos √x for x ≥ 0 .

The curve intersects the x-axis at x , x , x , x ….

1 2 3 4

2 2

The nth x-intercept of the curve, x , is given by x , where n .

(2n−1) π +
n n = ∈ Z
4

(b) Write down a similar expression for x n+1 . [1]

Markscheme

2 2
(2(n+1)−1) π 2 2
(2n+1) π
x n+1 =
4
(=
4
) A1

[1 mark]

The regions bounded by the curve and the x-axis are denoted by R , R , R , … , as shown on the above diagram.
1 2 3
(c)

(d)
=

= 2

∣∣Calculate the area of region R .

Give your answer in the form knπ, where k

Markscheme

area of R is

= 2 (−1)

= 2 (−1)

= 2 (−1)

= 4nπ

modulus.

[7 marks]
n

2
x n+1

n (2n+1)π

n (2n+1)π

n 4nπ

A1
2
∫
xn

[2√ x sin √ x + 2 cos √ x]

2
2
cos √ x dx

Note: Modulus may be seen at a later stage.

Note: Condone +C at this stage.

(2n+1)π
× sin
(2n+1)π

− ((−1)

+ (−1)
n

(M1)

(2n+1)

(2n−1)

+ cos
4
2

n+1 (2n−1)π

n (2n−1)π

2
π

(2n+1)π

2
2

attempts to substitute their limits into their integrated expression

A1

Note: Award a maximum of (M1)A1M1A1A1A0A0 for only attempting to calculate

A1

− (
∈ Z

2
+

(2n−1)π

(or equivalent)
.

× sin
(2n−1)π

A1
2

Hence, show that the areas of the regions bounded by the curve and the x-axis, R , R , R , … , form an
arithmetic sequence.

Markscheme

EITHER

attempts to find (d

(d =)4(n + 1)π − 4nπ

=)R n+1 − R n M1
(M1)

+ cos
(2n−1)π

x n+1

xn
∫
2
)

cos √x dx

1 2
A1

, and not applying the

3
[7]

[3]
= 4π A1

Note: Award M0 for consideration of special cases for example R and R . Accept d
3 2 .
= kπ

which is a constant (common difference is 4π) R1

OR

an arithmetic sequence is of the form u n = dn + c (u n = dn + u 1 − d) M1

attempts to compare u n = dn + c (u n = dn + u 1 − d) and R n = 4nπ M1

d = 4π and c = 0 (u 1 − d = 0) A1

Note: Accept d = kπ .

THEN

so the areas of the regions form an arithmetic sequence AG

[3 marks]
28. [Maximum mark: 5] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.2
A function f is defined by f (x) = 1 −
1

x−2
, where x ,
∈ R x ≠ 2 .

(a) The graph of y = f (x) has a vertical asymptote and a horizontal asymptote.

Write down the equation of

(a.ii) the horizontal asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

y = 1 A1

[1 mark]

(a.i) the vertical asymptote; [1]

Markscheme

x = 2 A1

[1 mark]

(b) Find the coordinates of the point where the graph of y = f (x) intersects

(b.i) the y-axis; [1]

Markscheme

(0,
3
2
) A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) the x-axis. [1]

Markscheme

(3, 0) A1

[1 mark]

(c) On the following set of axes, sketch the graph of y = f (x), showing all the features found in parts (a) and
(b).
 [1]

Markscheme

two correct branches with correct asymptotic behaviour and intercepts clearly shown A1
[1 mark]
29. [Maximum mark: 5] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.8
Let f (x) = cos(x − k), where 0 ≤ x ≤ a and a, k ∈ R
+
.

π
(a) Consider the case where k = .
2

By sketching a suitable graph, or otherwise, find the largest value of a for which the inverse function f −1

exists. [2]

Markscheme

π
a =
2
A2

Note: For sinusoidal graph through the origin seen with incorrect a, or use of horizontal line test with incorrect a, award
A1A0

[2 marks]

(b) Find the largest value of a for which the inverse function f −1
exists in the case where k = π. [1]

Markscheme

a = π A1

[1 mark]

(c) Find the largest value of a for which the inverse function f −1
exists in the case where π < k < 2 π. Give
your answer in terms of k.

[2]

Markscheme

sketch showing sinusoidal shape decreasing as it crosses the y-axis

(below or above the origin) (A1)

a = k − π A1
[2 marks]
30. [Maximum mark: 7] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.5
Consider the equation z 4
+ pz
3
+ 54z
2
− 108z + 80 = 0 where z ∈ C and p .
∈ R

Three of the roots of the equation are 3 + i, α and α , where α

2
∈ R .

(a) By considering the product of all the roots of the equation, find the value of α. [4]

Markscheme

product of roots = 80 (A1)

3 − i is a root (A1)

attempt to set up an equation involving the product of their four roots and ±80 (M1)

3 3
(3 + i)(3 − i)α = 80 ⇒ 10α = 80

α = 2 A1

[4 marks]

(b) Find the value of p. [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

sum of roots = −p (A1)

−p = 3 + i + 3 − i + 2 + 4 (M1)

Note: Accept p = 3 + i + 3 − i + 2 + 4 for (M1)

p = −12 A1

METHOD 2

(z − (3 + i))(z − (3 − i))(z − 2)(z − 4) (M1)

((z − 3) − i)((z − 3) + i)(z − 2)(z − 4) (A1)

2 2 4 3
(z − 6z + 10)(z − 6z + 8) = z − 12z + …

p = −12 A1

[3 marks]
31. [Maximum mark: 16] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.11
Consider a three-digit code abc, where each of a, b and c is assigned one of the values 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Find the total number of possible codes

(a.i) assuming that each value can be repeated (for example, 121 or 444). [2]

Markscheme

5
3
(A1)

= 125 A1

[2 marks]

(a.ii) assuming that no value is repeated. [2]

Markscheme

5
P
3
= 5 × 4 × 3 (A1)

= 60 A1

[2 marks]

Let P (x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c , where each of a, b and c is assigned one of the values 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Assume that no value
is repeated.

Consider the case where P (x) has a factor of (x 2

+ 3x + 2) .

(b.i) Find an expression for b in terms of a. [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

x
2
+ 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) (A1)

correct use of factor theorem for at least one of their factors (M1)

P (−1) = 0 or P (−2) = 0

attempt to find two equations in a, b and c (M1)

3 2
(−1) + a(−1) + b(−1) + c = 0(⇒ −1 + a − b + c = 0)

3 2
(−2) + a(−2) + b(−2) + c = 0

−8 + 4a − 2b + c = 0 and −1 + a − b + c = 0 A1
attempt to combine their two equations in −8 + 4a − 2b + c = 0 to eliminate c (M1)

b = 3a − 7 A1

Note: Award at most A1M1M1A0M1A0 for b = −3a − 7 from P (1) = P (2) = 0

METHOD 2

P (x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c = (x
2
+ 3x + 2)(x + d) (M1)

= x
3
+ (3 + d)x
2
+ (2 + 3d)x + 2d (A1)

attempt to compare coefficients of x and x 2

(M1)

a = 3 + d and b = 2 + 3d A1

attempt to eliminate d (M1)

⇒ b = 3a − 7 A1

METHOD 3

attempt to divide x 3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c by x 2
+ 3x + 2 M1
3 2 (−3a+b+7)x+(c−2a+6)
x +ax +bx+c
2
x +3x+2
= (x + a − 3) + 2
x +3x+2
A1A1A1

Note: Award A1 for x + a − 3, A1 for (−3a + b + 7)x and A1 for c − 2a + 6

recognition that, if (x 2
+ 3x + 2) is a factor of P (x), then −3a + b + 7 = 0 (M1)

leading to b = 3a − 7 A1

METHOD 4

x
2
+ 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) (A1)

attempt to use Vieta’s formulae for a cubic with roots −1, − 2 and "p" (M1)

(−1) + (−2) + p = −a(⇒ p = 3 − a) A1

(−1)(−2) + (−1)p + (−2)p = b A1

Attempt to eliminate "p" (M1)

2 − (3 − a) − 2(3 − a) = b

b = 3a − 7 A1

Note: Award at most A1M1A0A0M1A0 for b = −3a − 7 from roots 1, 2 and "p"
 [6 marks]

(b.ii) Hence show that the only way to assign the values is a = 4, b = 5 and c = 2 . [2]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

a = 1, 2, 5 lead to invalid values for b R1

a = 3, b = 2 ⇒ c = 0 so not possible R1

so a = 4, b = 5, c = 2 is the only solution AG

METHOD 2

c = 2a − 6 R1

correctly argues a = 4 is the only possibility R1

so a = 4, b = 5, c = 2 is the only solution AG

[2 marks]

(b.iii) Express P (x) as a product of linear factors. [1]

Markscheme

3 2 2
x + 4x + 5x + 2 = (x + 3x + 2)(x + 1)

= (x + 2)(x + 1)(x + 1) A1

[1 mark]

(b.iv) Hence or otherwise, sketch the graph of y = P (x) , clearly showing the coordinates of any intercepts with
the axes. [3]

Markscheme
positive cubic shape with y-intercept at (0, 2) A1

x-intercept at (−2, 0) and local maximum point anywhere between x = −2 and x = −1 A1

local minimum point at (−1, 0) A1

Note: Accept answers from an approach based on calculus.

[3 marks]
32. [Maximum mark: 20] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.10
The function f is defined by f (x) = cos
2
x − 3 sin
2
x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π.

(a) Find the roots of the equation f (x) = 0 . [5]

Markscheme

2 2
cos x − 3 sin x = 0

valid attempt to reduce equation to one involving one trigonometric function (M1)
2
sin

cos
2
x

x
=
1

3
OR 1 − sin
2
x − 3 sin
2
x = 0 OR cos
2
x − 3(1 − cos
2
x) = 0 OR cos 2x − 1 + cos 2x = 0

correct equation (A1)

tan
2
x =
1

3
OR cos
2
x =
3

4
OR sin
2
x =
1

4
OR cos 2x =
1

π π
OR OR OR (A1)
1 √3 1 5
tan x = ± cos x = ± sin x = (±) 2x = (, )
√3 2 2 3 3

π π
A1A1
5
x = , x =
6 6

π
Note: Award M1A1A0A1A0 for candidates who omit the ± (for tan or cos) and give only x =
6
.
Award M1A1A0A0A0 for candidates who omit the ± (for tan or cos) and give only x = 30° .

Award M1A1A1A1A0 for candidates who give both answers in degrees.

Award M1A1A1A1A0 for candidates who give both correct answers in radians, but who include additional solutions
outside the domain.

Award a maximum of M1A0A0A1A1 for correct answers with no working.

[5 marks]

(b.i) Find f ′(x). [2]

Markscheme

attempt to use the chain rule (may be evidenced by at least one cos x sin x term) (M1)

f ′(x) = −2 cos x sin x − 6 sin x cos x(= −8 sin x cos x = −4 sin 2x) A1

[2 marks]

(b.ii) Hence find the coordinates of the points on the graph of y = f (x) where f ′(x) = 0 . [5]

Markscheme

valid attempt to solve their f ′(x) = 0 (M1)

 At least 2 correct x-coordinates (may be seen in coordinates) (A1)

π
x = 0, x =
2
, x = π

Note: Accept additional correct solutions outside the domain.

Award A0 if any additional incorrect solutions are given.

correct coordinates (may be seen in graph for part (c)) A1A1A1

π
(0, 1), π, 1),
( (
2
, − 3)

Note: Award a maximum of M1A1A1A1A0 if any additional solutions are given.

Note: If candidates do not find at least two correct x-coordinates, it is possible to award the appropriate final marks for
their correct coordinates, such as M1A0A0A1A0.

[5 marks]

(c) Sketch the graph of y = |f (x)|, clearly showing the coordinates of any points where f ′(x) = 0 and any
points where the graph meets the coordinate axes. [4]

Markscheme

attempt to reflect the negative part of the graph of f in the x-axis M1

endpoints have coordinates (0, 1), (π, 1) A1

π
smooth maximum at ( 2
, 3) A1

π π
sharp points ( cusps ) at x-intercepts A1
5
,
6 6
 [4 marks]

(d) Hence or otherwise, solve the inequality |f (x)| > 1 . [4]

Markscheme

considers points of intersection of y = |f (x)| and y = 1 on graph or algebraically (M1)

−(cos
2
x − 3 sin
2
x) = 1 or −(1 − 4 sin
2
x) = 1 or −(4 cos
2
x − 3) = 1 or −(2 cos 2x − 1) = 1

tan
2
x = 1 or sin
2
x =
1

2
or cos
2
x =
1

2
or cos 2x = 0 (A1)

π π
(A1)
3
x = ,
4 4

For |f (x)| > 1

π π
A1
3
< x <
4 4

[4 marks]
33. [Maximum mark: 16] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.11
Consider a three-digit code abc, where each of a, b and c is assigned one of the values 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Find the total number of possible codes

(a.i) assuming that each value can be repeated (for example, 121 or 444). [2]

Markscheme

5
3
(A1)

= 125 A1

[2 marks]

(a.ii) assuming that no value is repeated. [2]

Markscheme

5
P
3
= 5 × 4 × 3 (A1)

= 60 A1

[2 marks]

Let P (x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c , where each of a, b and c is assigned one of the values 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Assume that no value
is repeated.

Consider the case where P (x) has a factor of (x 2

+ 3x + 2) .

(b.i) Find an expression for b in terms of a. [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

x
2
+ 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) (A1)

correct use of factor theorem for at least one of their factors (M1)

P (−1) = 0 or P (−2) = 0

attempt to find two equations in a, b and c (M1)

3 2
(−1) + a(−1) + b(−1) + c = 0(⇒ −1 + a − b + c = 0)

3 2
(−2) + a(−2) + b(−2) + c = 0

−8 + 4a − 2b + c = 0 and −1 + a − b + c = 0 A1
attempt to combine their two equations in −8 + 4a − 2b + c = 0 to eliminate c (M1)

b = 3a − 7 A1

Note: Award at most A1M1M1A0M1A0 for b = −3a − 7 from P (1) = P (2) = 0

METHOD 2

P (x) = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c = (x
2
+ 3x + 2)(x + d) (M1)

= x
3
+ (3 + d)x
2
+ (2 + 3d)x + 2d (A1)

attempt to compare coefficients of x and x 2

(M1)

a = 3 + d and b = 2 + 3d A1

attempt to eliminate d (M1)

⇒ b = 3a − 7 A1

METHOD 3

attempt to divide x 3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c by x 2
+ 3x + 2 M1
3 2 (−3a+b+7)x+(c−2a+6)
x +ax +bx+c
2
x +3x+2
= (x + a − 3) + 2
x +3x+2
A1A1A1

Note: Award A1 for x + a − 3, A1 for (−3a + b + 7)x and A1 for c − 2a + 6

recognition that, if (x 2
+ 3x + 2) is a factor of P (x), then −3a + b + 7 = 0 (M1)

leading to b = 3a − 7 A1

METHOD 4

x
2
+ 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) (A1)

attempt to use Vieta’s formulae for a cubic with roots −1, − 2 and "p" (M1)

(−1) + (−2) + p = −a(⇒ p = 3 − a) A1

(−1)(−2) + (−1)p + (−2)p = b A1

Attempt to eliminate "p" (M1)

2 − (3 − a) − 2(3 − a) = b

b = 3a − 7 A1

Note: Award at most A1M1A0A0M1A0 for b = −3a − 7 from roots 1, 2 and "p"
 [6 marks]

(b.ii) Hence show that the only way to assign the values is a = 4, b = 5 and c = 2 . [2]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

a = 1, 2, 5 lead to invalid values for b R1

a = 3, b = 2 ⇒ c = 0 so not possible R1

so a = 4, b = 5, c = 2 is the only solution AG

METHOD 2

c = 2a − 6 R1

correctly argues a = 4 is the only possibility R1

so a = 4, b = 5, c = 2 is the only solution AG

[2 marks]

(b.iii) Express P (x) as a product of linear factors. [1]

Markscheme

3 2 2
x + 4x + 5x + 2 = (x + 3x + 2)(x + 1)

= (x + 2)(x + 1)(x + 1) A1

[1 mark]

(b.iv) Hence or otherwise, sketch the graph of y = P (x) , clearly showing the coordinates of any intercepts with
the axes. [3]

Markscheme
positive cubic shape with y-intercept at (0, 2) A1

x-intercept at (−2, 0) and local maximum point anywhere between x = −2 and x = −1 A1

local minimum point at (−1, 0) A1

Note: Accept answers from an approach based on calculus.

[3 marks]
34. [Maximum mark: 18] 22M.1.AHL.TZ1.10
Consider the series ln x + p ln x + 1

3
ln x + … , where x ∈ R, x > 1 and p ∈ R, p ≠ 0 .

Consider the case where the series is geometric.

(a.i) Show that p = ±

√3
1
. [2]

Markscheme

EITHER

attempt to use a ratio from consecutive terms M1

1
ln x
OR OR
p ln x 3 1 2 1
= ln x = (ln x)r p ln x = ln x( )
ln x p ln x 3 3p

Note: Candidates may use ln x 1

+ ln x
p
+ ln x 3 + … and consider the powers of x in geometric sequence
1

Award M1 for .
p 3
=
1 p

OR

r = p and r
2
=
1

3
M1

THEN

p
2
=
1

3
OR r = ±
√3
1
A1

p = ±
√3
1
AG

Note: Award M0A0 for r 2

=
1

3
or p 2
=
1

3
with no other working seen.

[2 marks]

(a.ii) Hence or otherwise, show that the series is convergent. [1]

Markscheme

EITHER

since, |p| =
√3
1
and √3
1
< 1 R1

OR

since, |p| =
√3
1
and −1 < p < 1 R1
 THEN

⇒ the geometric series converges. AG

Note: Accept r instead of p.

Award R0 if both values of p not considered.

[1 mark]

(a.iii) Given that p > 0 and S ∞ = 3 + √3 , find the value of x. [3]

Markscheme

1−
ln x
1
(= 3 + √ 3) (A1)
√3

OR A1
3 √3
ln x = 3 − + √3 − ln x = 3 − √ 3 + √ 3 − 1 (⇒ ln x = 2)
√3 √3

x = e
2
A1

[3 marks]

Now consider the case where the series is arithmetic with common difference d.

(b.i) Show that p =

2

3
. [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

attempt to find a difference from consecutive terms or from u 2 M1

correct equation A1

p ln x − ln x =
1

3
ln x − p ln x OR 1

3
ln x = ln x + 2(p ln x − ln x)

Note: Candidates may use ln x 1

+ ln x
p
+ ln x 3
+ … and consider the powers of x in arithmetic sequence.

Award M1A1 for p − 1 =

1

3
− p

2p ln x =
4

3
ln x (⇒ 2p =
4

3
) A1

p =
2

3
AG
 METHOD 2

attempt to use arithmetic mean u M1

u 1 +u 3
2 =
2

1
ln x+ ln x
p ln x =
2
3
A1

2p ln x =
4

3
ln x (⇒ 2p =
4

3
) A1

p =
2
3
AG

METHOD 3

attempt to find difference using u 3 M1

1 1
ln x = ln x + 2d (⇒ d = − ln x)
3 3

u 2 = ln x +
1

2
(
1

3
ln x − ln x) OR p ln x − ln x = −
1

3
ln x A1

p ln x =
2

3
ln x A1

p =
2

3
AG

[3 marks]

(b.ii) Write down d in the form k ln x, where k ∈ Q . [1]

Markscheme

d = −
1

3
ln x A1

[1 mark]

(b.iii) The sum of the first n terms of the series is ln( 1

x
3
) .

Find the value of n. [8]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

n 1
Sn = ⌊2 ln x + (n − 1) × (− ln x)⌋
2 3

attempt to substitute into S and equate to ln( n x3

1
) (M1)

n 1 1
⌊2 ln x + (n − 1) × (− ln x)⌋ = ln( 3
)
2 3 x

ln(
1

x
3 ) = − ln x (= ln x
3 −3
) (A1)
= −3 ln x (A1)

correct working with S (seen anywhere) n (A1)

n(n−1)
n

2
⌊2 ln x −
n

3
ln x +
1

3
ln x⌋ OR n ln x −
6
ln x OR n

2
(ln x + (
4−n

3
) ln x)

correct equation without ln x A1

n(n−1)
n

2
(
7

3
−
n

3
) = −3 OR n −
6
= −3 or equivalent

Note: Award as above if the series 1 + p + 1

3
+ … is considered leading to n

2
(
7

3
−
n

3
) = −3 .

attempt to form a quadratic = 0 (M1)

2
n − 7n − 18 = 0

attempt to solve their quadratic (M1)

(n − 9)(n + 2) = 0

n = 9 A1

METHOD 2

ln(
1

x3
) = − ln x (= ln x
3 −3
) (A1)

= −3 ln x (A1)

listing the first 7 terms of the sequence (A1)

2 1 1 2
ln x + ln x + ln x + 0 − ln x − ln x − ln x + …
3 3 3 3

recognizing first 7 terms sum to 0 M1

th
8 term is − 4

3
ln x (A1)

9
th term is − 5
ln x (A1)
3

sum of 8th and 9th term = −3 ln x (A1)

n = 9 A1

[8 marks]
35.

f (x) = ⎨

area =

OR

∫
a

=
⎪
[Maximum mark: 6]
A continuous random variable X has the probability density function

Given that c

Markscheme

2
1
2

(b−a)(c−a)

(b−a)(c−a)
≥

let m be the median

EITHER
2

(b−a)(c−a)

(b−a)(b−c)

a+b

(m − a) ×
2
(x − a),

(b − x),

0,

The following diagram shows the graph of y

attempts to find the area of the required triangle

base is (m − a)

and height is 2

(b−a)(c−a)

(x − a) d x

[
1

2
(A1)

(x − a) ]
(m − a)

2
2

(b−a)(c−a)

attempts to integrate the correct function

a
a ≤ x ≤ c

c < x ≤ b

otherwise

OR
(m − a) (=

2
.

(b−a)(c−a)

Note: Award A1 for correct integration and A1 for correct limits.

= f (x)

[
M1

2
2
for a

, find an expression for the median of X in terms of a,

M1

(m−a)

(b−a)(c−a)

− ax]
2
≤ x ≤ b

a
)
.

A1

A1A1
b and c.
22M.1.AHL.TZ2.8

[6]
THEN
m

sets up (their) ∫ 2

(b−a)(c−a)
(x − a) d x or area = 1

2
M1
a

Note: Award M0A0A0M1A0A0 if candidates conclude that m > c and set up their area or sum of integrals = 1

2
.

2
(m−a) 1
=
(b−a)(c−a) 2

(A1)
(b−a)(c−a)
m = a ± √
2

(b−a)(c−a)
as m > a , rejects m = a − √
2

(b−a)(c−a)
so m = a + √
2
A1

[6 marks]
36. [Maximum mark: 8] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.3
A function f is defined by f (x) =
2x−1

x+1
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1 .

The graph of y = f (x) has a vertical asymptote and a horizontal asymptote.

(a.i) Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

x = −1 A1

[1 mark]

(a.ii) Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

y = 2 A1

[1 mark]

(b) On the set of axes below, sketch the graph of y .

= f (x)

On your sketch, clearly indicate the asymptotes and the position of any points of intersection with the axes.

[3]

Markscheme
 rational function shape with two branches in opposite quadrants, with two correctly positioned asymptotes and
asymptotic behaviour shown A1

axes intercepts clearly shown at x =

1

2
and y = −1 A1A1

[3 marks]

(c) Hence, solve the inequality 0 <

2x−1

x+1
< 2 . [1]

Markscheme

x >
1

2
A1

Note: Accept correct alternative correct notation, such as ( 1

2
, ∞) and ] 1

2
, ∞[ .

[1 mark]

(d) Solve the inequality 0 <

2|x|−1
< 2 . [2]
|x|+1

Markscheme
EITHER

2|x|−1
attempts to sketch y =
|x|+1
(M1)

OR

attempts to solve 2|x| − 1 = 0 (M1)

Note: Award the (M1) if x =

1

2
and x = −
1

2
are identified.

THEN

x < −
1

2
or x >
1

2
A1

Note: Accept the use of a comma. Condone the use of ‘and’. Accept correct alternative notation.

[2 marks]
37. [Maximum mark: 20] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
A function f is defined by f (x) = 2
x −2x−3
1
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 3 .

(a) Sketch the curve y = f (x), clearly indicating any asymptotes with their equations. State the coordinates of
any local maximum or minimum points and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. [6]

Markscheme

y -intercept (0, − 1

3
) A1

Note: Accept an indication of − 1

3
on the y-axis.

vertical asymptotes x = −1 and x = 3 A1

horizontal asymptote y = 0 A1

uses a valid method to find the x-coordinate of the local maximum point (M1)

Note: For example, uses the axis of symmetry or attempts to solve f ′(x) = 0 .

local maximum point (1, − 1

4
) A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for a local maximum point at x = 1 and coordinates not given.

three correct branches with correct asymptotic behaviour and the key features in approximately correct relative
positions to each other A1
 [6 marks]

A function g is defined by g(x) = 2

x −2x−3
1
, where x ∈ R, x > 3 .

The inverse of g is g −1
.

(b.i) Show that g −1

(x) = 1 +
√ 4x 2 +x
. [6]
x

Markscheme

x = 2
1

y −2y−3
M1

Note: Award M1 for interchanging x and y (this can be done at a later stage).

EITHER

attempts to complete the square M1

y
2
− 2y − 3 = (y − 1)
2
− 4 A1

1
x = 2
(y−1) −4

A1
2 1 2 1
(y − 1) − 4 = ((y − 1) = 4 + )
x x

1 4x+1
y − 1 = ±√ 4 + (= ±√ )
x x

OR

attempts to solve xy 2
− 2xy − 3x − 1 = 0 for y M1

2
−(−2x)±√ (−2x) +4x(3x+1)
y =
2x
A1

Note: Award A1 even if − (in ±) is missing

=
2x±√ 16x 2 +4x

2x
A1

THEN

√ 4x 2 +x
= 1 ±
x
A1

and hence y is rejected R1

√ 4x 2 +x
y > 3 = 1 −
x
 Note: Award R1 for concluding that the expression for y must have the ‘+’ sign.
The R1 may be awarded earlier for using the condition x > 3.

√ 4x 2 +x
y = 1 +
x

AG
−1 √ 4x 2 +x
g (x) = 1 +
x

[6 marks]

(b.ii) State the domain of g −1

. [1]

Markscheme

domain of g −1
is x > 0 A1

[1 mark]

A function h is defined by h(x) = arctan

x

2
, where x ∈ R.

π
(c) Given that (h ∘ g)(a) = , find the value of a.
4

Give your answer in the form p + , where p, . [7]

q +
√r q, r ∈ Z
2

Markscheme

attempts to find (h ∘ g)(a) (M1)

(A1)
g(a) 1
(h ∘ g)(a) = arctan( ) ((h ∘ g)(a) = arctan( ))
2 2(a 2 −2a−3)

g(a) π 1 π
arctan( )= (arctan( 2 )= )
2 4 2(a −2a−3) 4

attempts to solve for g(a) M1

1
⇒ g(a) = 2 ( = 2)
(a 2 −2a−3)

EITHER

⇒ a = g
−1
(2) A1

attempts to find their g −1

(2) M1

2
√ 4(2) +2

a = 1 +
2
A1
Note: Award all available marks to this stage if x is used instead of a.

OR

⇒ 2a
2
− 4a − 7 = 0 A1

attempts to solve their quadratic equation M1

2
−(−4)±√ (−4) +4(2)(7)
a =
4
(=
4±√ 72

4
) A1

Note: Award all available marks to this stage if x is used instead of a.

THEN

a = 1 +
3
2
√2 (as a > 3 ) A1

(p = 1, q = 3, r = 2)

Note: Award A1 for a = 1 +

1

2
√ 18 (p = 1, q = 1, r = 18)

[7 marks]
38. [Maximum mark: 8] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.6
A function f is defined by f (x) = x√ 1 − x
2
where −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

The graph of y = f (x) is shown below.

(a) Show that f is an odd function. [2]

Markscheme

attempts to replace x with −x M1

2
f (−x) = −x√ 1 − (−x)

A1
2
= −x√ 1 − (−x) (= −f (x))

Note: Award M1A1 for an attempt to calculate both f (−x) and −f (−x) independently, showing that they are equal.
Note: Award M1A0 for a graphical approach including evidence that either the graph is invariant after rotation by 180°
about the origin or the graph is invariant after a reflection in the y-axis and then in the x-axis (or vice versa).

so f is an odd function AG

[2 marks]

(b) The range of f is a ≤ y ≤ b , where a, b ∈ R.

Find the value of a and the value of b. [6]

Markscheme

attempts both product rule and chain rule differentiation to find f ′(x) M1
1 1
− 2

f ′(x) = x ×
1

2
× (−2x) × (1 − x )
2 2 2
+ (1 − x )
2 2
× 1 (= √ 1 − x −
x

√ 1−x 2
) A1

2
1−2x
=
√ 1−x 2
sets their f ′(x) = 0 M1

⇒ x = ±
1

√2
A1

attempts to find at least one of f (± 1

√2
) (M1)

Note: Award M1 for an attempt to evaluate f (x) at least at one of their f ′(x) = 0 roots.

a = −
1

2
and b =
1

2
A1

Note: Award A1 for − 1

2
≤ y ≤
1

2
.

[6 marks]
39. [Maximum mark: 8] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.3
A function f is defined by f (x) =
2x−1

x+1
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1 .

The graph of y = f (x) has a vertical asymptote and a horizontal asymptote.

(a.i) Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

x = −1 A1

[1 mark]

(a.ii) Write down the equation of the horizontal asymptote. [1]

Markscheme

y = 2 A1

[1 mark]

(b) On the set of axes below, sketch the graph of y .

= f (x)

On your sketch, clearly indicate the asymptotes and the position of any points of intersection with the axes.

[3]

Markscheme
 rational function shape with two branches in opposite quadrants, with two correctly positioned asymptotes and
asymptotic behaviour shown A1

axes intercepts clearly shown at x =

1

2
and y = −1 A1A1

[3 marks]

(c) Hence, solve the inequality 0 <

2x−1

x+1
< 2 . [1]

Markscheme

x >
1

2
A1

Note: Accept correct alternative correct notation, such as ( 1

2
, ∞) and ] 1

2
, ∞[ .

[1 mark]

(d) Solve the inequality 0 <

2|x|−1
< 2 . [2]
|x|+1

Markscheme
EITHER

2|x|−1
attempts to sketch y =
|x|+1
(M1)

OR

attempts to solve 2|x| − 1 = 0 (M1)

Note: Award the (M1) if x =

1

2
and x = −
1

2
are identified.

THEN

x < −
1

2
or x >
1

2
A1

Note: Accept the use of a comma. Condone the use of ‘and’. Accept correct alternative notation.

[2 marks]
40. [Maximum mark: 18] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
In the following Argand diagram, the points Z , O and Z are the vertices of triangle Z
1 2 1 OZ 2 described anticlockwise.

The point Z represents the complex number z

1 1 = r1 e
iα
, where r 1 > 0 . The point Z represents the complex number
2

z2 = r2 e
iθ
, where r 2 > 0 .

Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real axis such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and
0 < α − θ < π .

(a) Show that z 1 z2

∗
= r1 r2 e
i(α−θ)
where z 2
∗
is the complex conjugate of z . 2 [2]

Markscheme

z2
∗
= r2 e
-iθ
(A1)

z1 z2
∗
= r1 e
iα
r2 e
-iθ
A1

z1 z2
∗
= r1 r2 e
i(α−θ)
AG

Note: Accept working in modulus-argument form

[2 marks]

(b) Given that Re(z 1 z2

∗
) = 0 , show that Z 1 OZ 2 is a right-angled triangle. [2]

Markscheme

∗
Re(z 1 z 2 ) = r 1 r 2 cos(α − θ) (= 0) A1

α − θ = arcos 0 (r 1 , r 2 > 0)

π
α − θ =
2
(as 0 < α − θ < π) A1

so Z 1 OZ 2 is a right-angled triangle AG

[2 marks]
In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z 1 OZ 2 is an equilateral triangle.

(c.i) Express z in terms of z . 1 2 [2]

Markscheme

EITHER
π
(since r ) (M1)
z1 r1 i(α−θ) i
(= e ) = e 3
1 = r2
z2 r2

OR
π π
i(θ+ )
z1 = r2 e
3
(= r 2 e
iθ
e
i
3 ) (M1)

THEN
π
z1 = z2 e
i
3
A1

π π
Note: Accept working in either modulus-argument form to obtain z 1 = z 2 (cos
3
+ i sin
3
) or in Cartesian form to

obtain z .
1 √3
1 = z2 ( + i)
2 2

[2 marks]

(c.ii) Hence show that z 1

2
+ z2
2
= z1 z2 . [4]

Markscheme

π
substitutes z 1 = z2 e
i
3 into z 1
2
+ z2
2
M1

π
2 2 π
z1
2
+ z2
2
= z2 e
2 i
3 + z2
2
(= z 2 (e
2 i
3 + 1)) A1

EITHER
π
2 π
e
i
3
+ 1 = e
i
3
A1

OR
π
2
√3
2 i 2 1
z 2 (e 3 + 1) = z 2 (− + i + 1)
2 2

A1
2 1 √3
= z2 ( + i)
2 2
 THEN
π
2 2 2 i
z1 + z2 = z2 e 3

π π
= z 2 (z 2 e
i
3 ) and z2 e
i
3 = z1 A1

so z 1
2
+ z2
2
= z1 z2 AG

Note: For candidates who work on the LHS and RHS separately to show equality, award M1A1 for
2 π 2π π π
2 π
z1
2
+ z2
2
= z2 e
2 i
3 + z2
2 2
(= z 2 (e
i
3 + 1)) , A1 for z 1 z2
2
= z2 e
i
3 and A1 for e i
3 + 1 = e
i
3 . Accept working in
either modulus-argument form or in Cartesian form.

[4 marks]

Let z and z be the distinct roots of the equation z

1 2
2
+ az + b = 0 where z ∈ C and a, .
b ∈ R

(d) Use the result from part (c)(ii) to show that a 2

− 3b = 0 . [5]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

z 1 + z 2 = −a and z1 z2 = b (A1)

a
2
= z1
2
+ z2
2
+ 2z 1 z 2 A1

a
2
= 2z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 (= 3z 1 z 2 ) A1

substitutes b = z1 z2 into their expression M1

a
2
= 2b + b OR a
2
= 3b A1

Note: If z 1 + z 2 = −a is not clearly recognized, award maximum (A0)A1A1M1A0.

so a 2
− 3b = 0 AG

METHOD 2

z 1 + z 2 = −a and z1 z2 = b (A1)

(z 1 + z 2 )
2
= z1
2
+ z2
2
+ 2z 1 z 2 A1

A1
2
(z 1 + z 2 ) = 2z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 (= 3z 1 z 2 )

substitutes b = z1 z2 and z 1 + z 2 = −a into their expression M1

a
2
= 2b + b OR a
2
= 3b A1
 Note: If z 1 + z 2 = −a is not clearly recognized, award maximum (A0)A1A1M1A0.

so a 2
− 3b = 0 AG

[5 marks]

(e) Consider the equation z 2

+ az + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C and a .
∈ R

Given that 0 < α − θ < π, deduce that only one equilateral triangle Z 1 OZ 2 can be formed from the point
O and the roots of this equation. [3]

Markscheme

2
a − 3 × 12 = 0

a = ±6 (⇒ z
2
± 6z + 12 = 0) A1

for a = −6 :

π
and which does not satisfy 0 R1
5
z 1 = 3 + √ 3i, z 2 = 3 − √ 3i α − θ = − < α − θ < π
3

for a = 6 :

π
z 1 = −3 − √ 3i, z 2 = −3 + √ 3i and α − θ =
3
A1

so (for 0 < α − θ < π ), only one equilateral triangle can be formed from point O and the two roots of this equation
AG

[3 marks]
41. [Maximum mark: 5] 21N.1.AHL.TZ0.3
Solve the equation log 3
√x =
1

2 log 2 3
+ log (4x )
3
3
, where x > 0 . [5]

Markscheme

attempt to use change the base (M1)

log 3 2 3
log 3 √x = + log 3 (4x )
2

attempt to use the power rule (M1)

3
log 3 √x = log 3 √ 2 + log 3 (4x )

attempt to use product or quotient rule for logs, ln a + ln b = ln ab (M1)

3
log 3 √x = log 3 (4√ 2x )

Note: The M marks are for attempting to use the relevant log rule and may be applied in any order and at any time
during the attempt seen.

3
√ x = 4√ 2x

6
x = 32x

x
5
=
1

32
(A1)

x =
1

2
A1

[5 marks]
42. [Maximum mark: 9] 21N.1.AHL.TZ0.2
The function f is defined by f (x) =
2x+4

3−x
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ 3 .

Write down the equation of

(a.i) the vertical asymptote of the graph of f . [1]

Markscheme

x = 3 A1

[1 mark]

(a.ii) the horizontal asymptote of the graph of f . [1]

Markscheme

y = −2 A1

[1 mark]

Find the coordinates where the graph of f crosses

(b.i) the x-axis. [1]

Markscheme

(−2, 0) (accept x = −2 ) A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) the y-axis. [1]

Markscheme

(0,
4

3
) (accept y =
4

3
and f (0) =
4

3
) A1

[1 mark]

(c) Sketch the graph of f on the axes below.

 [1]

Markscheme

A1

Note: Award A1 for completely correct shape: two branches in correct quadrants with asymptotic behaviour.

[1 mark]

(d) The function g is defined by g(x) =

ax+4

3−x
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ 3 and a ∈ R.
 Given that g(x) = g
−1
(x) , determine the value of a. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

ax+4
(g(x) =)y =
3−x

attempt to find x in terms of y (M1)

OR exchange x and y and attempt to find y in terms of x

3y − xy = ax + 4 A1

ax + xy = 3y − 4

x(a + y) = 3y − 4

3y−4
x =
y+a

g
−1
(x) =
3x−4

x+a
A1

Note: Condone use of y =

−1
g(x) ≡ g (x)

ax+4 3x−4
≡
3−x x+a

⇒ a = −3 A1

METHOD 2

ax+4
g(x) =
3−x

attempt to find an expression for g(g(x)) and equate to x (M1)

ax+4
a( )+4
gg(x) =
3−(
3−x

ax+4
)
= x A1
3−x

a(ax+4)+4(3−x)
= x
(9−3x)−(ax+4)

a(ax+4)+4(3−x)
= x
5−(3+a)x

a(ax + 4) + 4(3 − x) = x(5 − (3 + a)x) A1

equating coefficients of x (or similar) 2

a = −3 A1

[4 marks]
43. [Maximum mark: 7] 21N.1.AHL.TZ0.7
The equation 3px + 2px + 1 2
= p has two real, distinct roots.

(a) Find the possible values for p. [5]

Markscheme

attempt to use discriminant b 2

− 4ac(> 0) M1

2
(2p) − 4(3p)(1 − p)(> 0)

16p
2
− 12p(> 0) (A1)

p(4p − 3)(> 0)

attempt to find critical values (p = 0, p =

3

4
) M1

recognition that discriminant > 0 (M1)

p < 0 or p >
3

4
A1

Note: Condone ‘or’ replaced with ‘and’, a comma, or no separator

[5 marks]

(b) Consider the case when p = 4 . The roots of the equation can be expressed in the form x =
a±√ 13
, where
6

a ∈ Z . Find the value of a. [2]

Markscheme

2
p = 4 ⇒ 12x + 8x − 3 = 0

2
−b±√ b −4ac
valid attempt to use x =
2a
(or equivalent) M1

−8±√ 208
x =
24

−2±√ 13
x =
6

a = −2 A1

[2 marks]
44. [Maximum mark: 5] 21M.1.AHL.TZ2.7
The cubic equation x 3
− kx
2
+ 3k = 0 where k > 0 has roots α, β and α + β.

[5]
2

Given that αβ = −
k

4
, find the value of k.

Markscheme

α + β + α + β = k (A1)

k
α + β =
2

αβ(α + β) = −3k (A1)

2 3

(−
k

4
)(
k

2
) = −3k (−
k

8
= −3k) M1

attempting to solve − k

8
+ 3k = 0 (or equivalent) for k (M1)

k = 2√ 6 (= √ 24)(k > 0) A1

Note: Award A0 for k = ±2√ 6 (±√ 24) .

[5 marks]
45. [Maximum mark: 19] 21M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
π π π
The following diagram shows the graph of y for x , with asymptotes at y and y .
3
= arctan(2x + 1) + ∈ R = − =
4 4 4

(a) Describe a sequence of transformations that transforms the graph of y = arctan x to the graph of
π
y = arctan(2x + 1) +
4
for x .
∈ R [3]

Markscheme

EITHER
horizontal stretch/scaling with scale factor 1

Note: Do not allow ‘shrink’ or ‘compression’

followed by a horizontal translation/shift 1

2
units to the left A2

Note: Do not allow ‘move’

OR

horizontal translation/shift 1 unit to the left

followed by horizontal stretch/scaling with scale factor 1

2
A2

THEN

0
π
vertical translation/shift up by 4
(or translation through ( π ) A1
4

(may be seen anywhere)

[3 marks]
(b) Show that arctan p + arctan q
p+q
where p, and pq .
≡ arctan(
1−pq
) q > 0 < 1
[4]

Markscheme

let α = arctan p and β = arctan q M1

p = tan α and q = tan β (A1)

tan(α + β) =
p+q

1−pq
A1

A1
p+q
α + β = arctan( )
1−pq

so arctan p + arctan q where p, and pq . AG

p+q
≡ arctan( ) q > 0 < 1
1−pq

[4 marks]

π
(c) Verify that arctan (2x + 1) = arctan (
x+1
x
)+
4
for x ∈ R, x > 0 . [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

π
4
= arctan 1 (or equivalent) A1
x
+1
arctan(
x

x+1
) + arctan 1 = arctan(
1−
x+1
x
(1)
) A1
x+1

x+x+1

= arctan(
x+1

x+1−x
) A1
x+1

= arctan(2x + 1) AG

METHOD 2

π
tan
4
= 1 (or equivalent) A1

π
Consider arctan(2x + 1) − arctan( x

x+1
) =
4

x
tan(arctan(2x + 1) − arctan( ))
x+1

x
2x+1−
= arctan(
x+1

x(2x+1)
) A1
1+
x+1

A1
(2x+1)(x+1)−x
= arctan( )
x+1+x(2x+1)

= arctan 1 AG

METHOD 3
 x π
tan (arctan(2x + 1))= tan (arctan( )+ )
x+1 4

π
tan
4
= 1 (or equivalent) A1

LHS = 2x + 1 A1
x
+1
RHS =
x+1

1−
x (= 2x + 1) A1
x+1

[3 marks]

(d) Using mathematical induction and the result from part (b), prove that
n

Σ arctan(
1
) = arctan(
n
)
2
2r n+1
r=1

for n ∈ Z
+
. [9]

Markscheme

let P(n) be the proposition that Σ arctan(

1

2r 2
) = arctan(
n

n+1
) for n ∈ Z
+

r=1

consider P(1)

when n = 1, Σ arctan(
1

2r 2
) = arctan(
1

2
) = RHS and so P(1) is true R1
r=1

assume P(k) is true, ie. Σ arctan(

2r
1
2 ) = arctan(
k+1
k
) (k ∈ Z
+
) M1
r=1

Note: Award M0 for statements such as “let n = k”.

Note: Subsequent marks after this M1 are independent of this mark and can be awarded.

consider P(k + 1):

k+1 k

Σ arctan(
1

2r
2 ) = Σ arctan(
2r
1
2 ) + arctan(
1
2 ) (M1)
r=1 r=1 2(k+1)

= arctan(
k

k+1
) + arctan(
1
2
) A1
2(k+1)

k 1
+
k+1 2

M1
2(k+1)

= arctan( )
k 1
1−( )( )
k+1 2
2(k+1)

2
(k+1)(2k +2k+1)
= arctan( 3
) A1
2(k+1) −k

Note: Award A1 for correct numerator, with (k + 1) factored. Denominator does not need to be simplified

2
(k+1)(2k +2k+1)
= arctan( 3
2k +6k +5k+2
2
) A1
Note: Award A1 for denominator correctly expanded. Numerator does not need to be simplified. These two A marks may
be awarded in any order

2
(k+1)(2k +2k+1)
= arctan(
(k+2)(2k 2 +2k+1)
) = arctan(
k+1

k+2
) A1

Note: The word ‘arctan’ must be present to be able to award the last three A marks

P(k + 1) is true whenever P(k) is true and P(1) is true, so

P(n) is true for for n ∈ Z

+
R1

Note: Award the final R1 mark provided at least four of the previous marks have been awarded.
Note: To award the final R1, the truth of P(k) must be mentioned. ‘P(k) implies P(k + 1)’ is insufficient to award the
mark.

[9 marks]
46. [Maximum mark: 20] 20N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_10
Consider the function f (x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d , where x ∈ R and a, .
b, c, d ∈ R

(a.i) Write down an expression for f ′(x). [1]

Markscheme

f ′(x) = 3ax
2
+ 2bx + c A1

[1 mark]

(a.ii) Hence, given that f −1

does not exist, show that b 2
− 3ac > 0 . [3]

Markscheme

since f −1
does not exist, there must be two turning points R1

(⇒ f ′(x) = 0 has more than one solution)

using the discriminant Δ > 0 M1

4b
2
− 12ac > 0 A1

b
2
− 3ac > 0 AG

[4 marks]

Consider the function g(x) =

1

2
x
3
− 3x
2
+ 6x − 8 , where x ∈ R .

(b.i) Show that g −1

exists. [2]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

b
2
− 3ac = (−3)
2
− 3 ×
1

2
× 6 M1

= 9 − 9

= 0 A1

hence g −1
exists AG

METHOD 2

g′(x) =
3

2
x
2
− 6x + 6 M1

2 3
Δ = (−6) − 4 × × 6
2
 Δ = 36 − 36 = 0 ⇒ there is (only) one point with gradient of 0 and this must be a point of inflexion (since g(x) is a
cubic.) R1

hence g −1
exists AG

[2 marks]

(b.ii) g(x) can be written in the form p(x − 2) 3

+ q , where p, .
q ∈ R

Find the value of p and the value of q. [3]

Markscheme

p =
1

2
A1

(x − 2)
3
= x
3
− 6x
2
+ 12x − 8 (M1)

1 3 2 1 3 2
(x − 6x + 12x − 8) = x − 3x + 6x − 4
2 2

A1
1 3
g(x) = (x − 2) − 4 ⇒ q = −4
2

[3 marks]

(b.iii) Hence find g −1

(x) . [3]

Markscheme

(M1)
1 3
x = (y − 2) − 4
2

Note: Interchanging x and y can be done at any stage.

2(x + 4) = (y − 2)
3
(M1)

3
√ 2(x + 4) = y − 2

3
y = √ 2(x + 4) + 2

g
−1 3
(x) = √ 2(x + 4) + 2 A1

Note: g −1
(x) = … must be seen for the final A mark.

[3 marks]

The graph of y = g(x) may be obtained by transforming the graph of y = x

3
using a sequence of three transformations.

(c) State each of the transformations in the order in which they are applied. [3]
 Markscheme

2
translation through ( ) , A1
0

Note: This can be seen anywhere.

EITHER
0
a stretch scale factor 1

2
parallel to the y-axis then a translation through ( ) A2
−4

OR
0
a translation through ( ) then a stretch scale factor 1

2
parallel to the y-axis A2
−8

Note: Accept ‘shift’ for translation, but do not accept ‘move’. Accept ‘scaling’ for ‘stretch’.

[3 marks]

(d) Sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and y = g

−1
(x) on the same set of axes, indicating the points where each
graph crosses the coordinate axes. [5]

Markscheme

A1A1A1M1A1

Note: Award A1 for correct ‘shape’ of g (allow non-stationary point of inflexion)

Award A1 for each correct intercept of g
Award M1 for attempt to reflect their graph in y , A1 for completely correct g
= x
−1
including intercepts

[5 marks]
47. [Maximum mark: 15] 20N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_12
Consider the function defined by f (x) =
kx−5

x−k
, where x ∈ R \ {k} and k 2
≠ 5 .

(a) State the equation of the vertical asymptote on the graph of y = f (x) . [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

x = k A1

[1 mark]

(b) State the equation of the horizontal asymptote on the graph of y = f (x) . [1]

Markscheme

y = k A1

[1 mark]

(c) Use an algebraic method to determine whether f is a self-inverse function. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
kx−5
k( )−5
(f ∘ f )(x) =
(
x−k

kx−5
)−k
M1
x−k

A1
k(kx−5)−5(x−k)
=
kx−5−k(x−k)

2
k x−5k−5x+5k
=
kx−5−kx+k 2

=
k x−5x

k −5
2
A1
2
x(k −5)
=
k 2 −5

= x

(f ∘ f )(x) = x , (hence f is self-inverse) R1

Note: The statement f (f (x)) = x could be seen anywhere in the candidate’s working to award R1.

METHOD 2

kx−5
f (x) =
x−k
 M1
ky−5
x =
y−k

Note: Interchanging x and y can be done at any stage.

x(y − k) = ky − 5 A1

xy − xk = ky − 5

xy − ky = xk − 5

y(x − k) = kx − 5 A1

y = f
−1
(x) =
kx−5

x−k
(hence f is self-inverse) R1

[4 marks]

Consider the case where k = 3 .

(d) Sketch the graph of y = f (x), stating clearly the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any
points of intersections with the coordinate axes. [3]

Markscheme

attempt to draw both branches of a rectangular hyperbola M1

x = 3 and y = 3 A1
 (0,
5

3
) and ( 5

3
, 0) A1

[3 marks]

(e) The region bounded by the x-axis, the curve y = f (x), and the lines x = 5 and x = 7 is rotated through
2π about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated, giving your answer in the form π(a + b ln 2)

, where a, b ∈ Z. [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

2
(M1)
7
volume = π∫ 5
(
3x−5

x−3
) dx

EITHER

attempt to express in the form p + M1

3x−5 q

x−3 x−3

3x−5

x−3
= 3 +
x−3
4
A1

OR

2
attempt to expand ( or (3x − 5) and divide out M1
3x−5 2
)
x−3

2
(
3x−5

x−3
) = 9 +
24x−56
2
A1
(x−3)

THEN

2
(
3x−5

x−3
) = 9 +
x−3
24
+
16
2
A1
(x−3)

volume = π ∫ (9 + 24

x−3
+
16
2
) dx
(x−3)
5

7
= π[9x + 24 ln (x − 3) − x−3
16
] A1
5

= π⌊(63 + 24 ln 4 − 4) − (45 + 24 ln 2 − 8)⌋

= π(22 + 24 ln 2) A1

METHOD 2

7 2
volume = π∫ 5
(
3x−5

x−3
) dx (M1)

substituting u = x − 3 ⇒
du

dx
= 1 A1

3x − 5 = 3(u + 3) − 5 = 3u + 4

2
M1
4
volume = π∫ 2
(
3u+4

u
) du

4
= π∫ 2
9 +
16

u2
+
24

u
du A1

4
= π[9u − 16

u
+ 24 ln u]
2
A1
Note: Ignore absence of or incorrect limits seen up to this point.

= π(22 + 24 ln 2) A1

[6 marks]
48. [Maximum mark: 19] 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_10
Consider f (x) =
2x−4
2
x −1
, − 1 < x < 1 .

(a.i) Find f ′
(x) . [2]

Markscheme

attempt to use quotient rule (or equivalent) (M1)

2
(x −1)(2)−(2x−4)(2x)
f
′
(x) =
2 2
A1
(x −1)

2
−2x +8x−2
= 2
(x 2 −1)

[2 marks]

(a.ii) Show that, if f ′

(x) = 0 , then x = 2 − √3 . [3]

Markscheme

′
f (x) = 0

simplifying numerator (may be seen in part (i)) (M1)

⇒ x
2
− 4x + 1 = 0 or equivalent quadratic equation A1

EITHER

use of quadratic formula

⇒ x =
4±√ 12

2
A1

OR

use of completing the square

(x − 2)
2
= 3 A1

THEN

x = 2 − √3 (since 2 + √3 is outside the domain) AG

Note: Do not condone verification that x = 2 − √3 ⇒ f

′
(x) = 0 .

Do not award the final A1 as follow through from part (i).

 [3 marks]

For the graph of y = f (x) ,

(b.i) find the coordinates of the y-intercept. [1]

Markscheme

(0, 4) A1

[1 mark]

(b.ii) show that there are no x-intercepts. [2]

Markscheme

2x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 A1

outside the domain R1

[2 marks]

(b.iii) sketch the graph, showing clearly any asymptotic behaviour. [2]

Markscheme

A1A1

award A1 for concave up curve over correct domain with one minimum point in the first quadrant
award A1 for approaching x = ±1 asymptotically

[2 marks]

(c) Show that 3

x+1
−
x−1
1
=
2x−4
2
x −1
. [2]
 Markscheme

valid attempt to combine fractions (using common denominator) M1

3(x−1)−(x+1)

(x+1)(x−1)
A1

3x−3−x−1
= 2
x −1

=
2x−4
2
x −1
AG

[2 marks]

(d) The area enclosed by the graph of y = f (x) and the line y = 4 can be expressed as ln v. Find the value of
v. [7]

Markscheme

f (x) = 4 ⇒ 2x − 4 = 4x
2
− 4 M1

(x = 0 or) x =
1

2
A1

area under the curve is ∫ 2

0
f (x)dx M1
1

2 3 1
= ∫ − dx
0 x+1 x−1

Note: Ignore absence of, or incorrect limits up to this point.

= [3 ln |x + 1| − ln |x − 1|]
2

0
A1

3 1
= 3 ln − ln (−0)
2 2

= ln
27

4
A1
1 1 1

area is 2 − ∫ 0
2
f (x)dx or ∫
0
2
4 dx − ∫
2

0
f (x)dx M1

27
= 2 − ln
4

= ln
4e

27
A1

2
4e
(⇒ v = )
27

[7 marks]
49. [Maximum mark: 5] 19M.1.AHL.TZ2.H_3
Consider the function f (x) = x
4
− 6x
2
− 2x + 4 x ∈ R , .

The graph of f is translated two units to the left to form the function g (x).

Express g (x) in the form ax 4

+ bx
3
+ cx
2
+ dx + e where a, b, c, d, e ∈ Z . [5]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

M1
4 2
g (x) = f (x + 2) (= (x + 2) − 6(x + 2) − 2 (x + 2) + 4)

attempt to expand (x + 2) M1
4

(x + 2)
4
= x
4 3 2
+ 4 (2x ) + 6 (2 x ) + 4 (2 x) + 2
2 3 4
(A1)

= x
4
+ 8x
3
+ 24x
2
+ 32x + 16 A1

4 3 2 2
g (x) = x + 8x + 24x + 32x + 16 − 6 (x + 4x + 4) − 2x − 4 + 4

= x
4
+ 8x
3
+ 18x
2
+ 6x − 8 A1

Note: For correct expansion of f (x − 2) = x

4
− 8x
3
+ 18x
2
− 10x award max M0M1(A1)A0A1.

[5 marks]
50. [Maximum mark: 5] 19M.1.AHL.TZ2.H_5
(a) Sketch the graph of y =
x−4

2x−5
, stating the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of any points
of intersection with the axes.

[5]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.
correct shape: two branches in correct quadrants with asymptotic behaviour A1

crosses at (4, 0) and (0, 4

5
) A1A1

asymptotes at x =
5

2
and y =
1

2
A1A1

[5 marks]
51. [Maximum mark: 10] 19M.1.AHL.TZ2.H_11
Consider the functions f and g defined by f (x) ,
= ln |x| x ∈ R \ {0}, and g (x) ,
= ln |x + k| x ∈ R \ {−k}, where k ∈ R
, k > 2.

(a) Describe the transformation by which f (x) is transformed to g (x). [1]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

translation k units to the left (or equivalent) A1

[1 mark]

(b) State the range of g. [1]

Markscheme

range is (g (x) ∈)R A1

[1 mark]

(c) Sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g (x) on the same axes, clearly stating the points of intersection
with any axes. [6]

Markscheme

correct shape of y = f (x) A1

their f (x) translated k units to left (possibly shown by x = −k marked on x-axis) A1

asymptote included and marked as x = −k A1

f (x) intersects x-axis at x ,

= −1 x = 1 A1

g (x) intersects x-axis at x ,

= −k − 1 x = −k + 1 A1
 g (x)

x = −

P (− k

2
intersects y-axis at y

Markscheme

at P ln (x + k) = ln (−x)

attempt to solve x + k

[2 marks]
,
k

2
⇒ y = ln (

ln
k

2
)
k

(or P (−
= −x

2
,
(or y

ln

∣
= ln k

Note: Do not penalise candidates if their graphs “cross” as x

Note: Do not award FT marks from the candidate’s part (a) to part (c).

[6 marks]

The graphs of f and g intersect at the point P .

(d) Find the coordinates of P.

2
= ln

) )
A1

(or equivalent)

2
) A1
(M1)
→ ±∞ .

[2]
52. [Maximum mark: 7] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_8
Consider the equation z 4
+ az
3
+ bz
2
+ cz + d = 0 , where a, b, c, d ∈ R and z .
∈ C

Two of the roots of the equation are log26 and i√3 and the sum of all the roots is 3 + log23.

Show that 6a + d + 12 = 0. [7]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

−i√ 3 is a root (A1)

3 + log 2 3 − log 2 6 (= 3 + log 2

1

2
= 3 − 1 = 2) is a root (A1)

sum of roots: −a = 3 + log 2 3 ⇒ a = −3 − log 2 3 M1

Note: Award M1 for use of −a is equal to the sum of the roots, do not award if minus is missing.

Note: If expanding the factored form of the equation, award M1 for equating a to the coefficient of z . 3

product of roots: (−1) M1

4
d = 2 (log 2 6) (i√ 3) (−i√ 3)

= 6 log 6
2
A1

Note: Award M1A0 for d = −6 log 6

2

6a + d + 12 = −18 − 6 log 3 + 6 log 6 + 12

2 2

EITHER

= −6 + 6 log 2 = 0
2
M1A1AG

Note: M1 is for a correct use of one of the log laws.

OR

= −6 − 6 log 3 + 6 log 3 + 6 log 2 = 0

2 2 2
M1A1AG

Note: M1 is for a correct use of one of the log laws.

[7 marks]
53. [Maximum mark: 7] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_3
Consider the function g (x) = 4 cos x + 1 , a ⩽ x ⩽
π

2
where a <
π

2
.

(a) For a = − , sketch the graph of y

π

2
= g (x) . Indicate clearly the maximum and minimum values of the
function. [3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

concave down and symmetrical over correct domain A1

indication of maximum and minimum values of the function (correct range) A1A1

[3 marks]

(b) Write down the least value of a such that g has an inverse. [1]

Markscheme

a =0 A1

Note: Award A1 for a = 0 only if consistent with their graph.

[1 mark]

(c.i) For the value of a found in part (b), write down the domain of g −1
. [1]

Markscheme

1 ⩽ x ⩽ 5 A1

Note: Allow FT from their graph.

 [1 mark]

(c.ii) For the value of a found in part (b), find an expression for g −1
.
(x) [2]

Markscheme

y = 4 cos x + 1

x = 4 cos y + 1

x−1

4
= cos y (M1)

x−1
⇒ y = arccos ( )
4

⇒ g
−1
(x) = arccos (
x−1

4
) A1

[2 marks]

54. [Maximum mark: 5] 18M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_1

Let f(x) = x4 + px3 + qx + 5 where p, q are constants.

The remainder when f(x) is divided by (x + 1) is 7, and the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x − 2) is 1. Find the value
of p and the value of q. [5]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

attempt to substitute x = −1 or x = 2 or to divide polynomials (M1)

1 − p − q + 5 = 7, 16 + 8p + 2q + 5 = 1 or equivalent A1A1

attempt to solve their two equations M1

p = −3, q = 2 A1

[5 marks]
55. [Maximum mark: 6] 18M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_5
Solve (ln x) . [6]
2 2
− (ln 2) (ln x) < 2(ln 2)

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

2 2
(ln x) − (ln 2) (ln x) − 2(ln 2) (= 0)

EITHER

2 2
ln 2±√ (ln 2) +8(ln 2)
ln x =
2
M1

=
ln 2±3 ln 2

2
A1

OR

(ln x − 2 ln 2) (ln x + 2 ln 2) (= 0) M1A1

THEN

ln x = 2 ln 2 or −ln 2 A1

⇒ x = 4 or x =
1

2
(M1)A1

Note: (M1) is for an appropriate use of a log law in either case, dependent on the previous M1 being awarded, A1 for
both correct answers.

solution is 1

2
< x < 4 A1

[6 marks]
56. [Maximum mark: 17] 18M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_9
5

Let f (x) =
2−3x

2x
3
, x ∈ R, x ≠ 0 .

(a) The graph of y = f (x) has a local maximum at A. Find the coordinates of A. [5]

Markscheme

attempt to differentiate (M1)

f
′
(x) = −3x
−4
− 3x A1

Note: Award M1 for using quotient or product rule award A1 if correct derivative seen even in unsimplified form, for
4 3 2 5
−15x ×2x −6x (2−3x )
example f ′
(x) = 2
.
(2x 3 )

−
3

x4
− 3x = 0 M1

⇒ x
5
= −1 ⇒ x = −1 A1

A (−1, −
5

2
) A1

[5 marks]

(b.i) Show that there is exactly one point of inflexion, B, on the graph of y = f (x) . [5]

Markscheme

f
′′
(x) = 0 M1

f
′′
(x) = 12x
−5
− 3 (= 0) A1

Note: Award A1 for correct derivative seen even if not simplified.

A1
5
⇒ x = √ 4 (= 2 5 )

hence (at most) one point of inflexion R1

Note: This mark is independent of the two A1 marks above. If they have shown or stated their equation has only one
solution this mark can be awarded.

changes sign at x R1
′′ 5

f (x) = √ 4 (= 2 5
)

so exactly one point of inflexion

[5 marks]

(b.ii) The coordinates of B can be expressed in the form B(2 a

, b × 2
−3a
) where a, b∈ Q . Find the value of a and
the value of b. [3]

Markscheme

2
2
A1
5
x = √4 = 2 5 (⇒ a = )
5
 2 2 6

f (2 5 ) =
2−3×2
6
= −5 × 2
−
5 (⇒ b = −5) (M1)A1
2×2 5

Note: Award M1 for the substitution of their value for x into f (x).

[3 marks]

(c) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) showing clearly the position of the points A and B. [4]

Markscheme

A1A1A1A1

A1 for shape for x < 0

A1 for shape for x > 0
A1 for maximum at A
A1 for POI at B.

Note: Only award last two A1s if A and B are placed in the correct quadrants, allowing for follow through.

[4 marks]

57. [Maximum mark: 2] 18M.1.AHL.TZ2.H_10

The function f is defined by f (x) =
ax+b

cx+d
, for x ∈ R, x ≠ −
d

c
.

The function g is defined by g (x) =

2x−3

x−2
, x ∈ R, x ≠ 2

(b.i) Express g (x) in the form A + B

x−2
where A, B are constants. [2]

Markscheme

g (x) = 2 +
1

x−2
A1A1

[2 marks]
58. [Maximum mark: 3] 18M.1.AHL.TZ2.H_2
(a) Sketch the graphs of y =
x

2
+ 1 and y = |x − 2| on the following axes.

[3]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

straight line graph with correct axis intercepts A1

modulus graph: V shape in upper half plane A1

modulus graph having correct vertex and y-intercept A1

[3 marks]
59. [Maximum mark: 4] 17N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_6
(a) Sketch the graph of y = 1−3x

x−2
, showing clearly any asymptotes and stating the coordinates of any points
of intersection with the axes.

[4]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

correct vertical asymptote A1

shape including correct horizontal asymptote A1

(
1

3
, 0) A1

(0, −
1

2
) A1
 Note: Accept x =
1

3
and y = −
1

2
marked on the axes.

[4 marks]

60. [Maximum mark: 6] 17N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_3

Consider the polynomial q(x) = 3x
3
− 11x
2
+ kx + 8 .

(a) Given that q(x) has a factor (x − 4), find the value of k. [3]

Markscheme

q(4) = 0 (M1)

192 − 176 + 4k + 8 = 0 (24 + 4k = 0) A1

k = −6 A1

[3 marks]

(b) Hence or otherwise, factorize q(x) as a product of linear factors. [3]

Markscheme

3 2 2
3x − 11x − 6x + 8 = (x − 4)(3x + px − 2)

equate coefficients of x : (M1) 2

−12 + p = −11

p = 1

(x − 4)(3x
2
+ x − 2) (A1)

(x − 4)(3x − 2)(x + 1) A1

Note: Allow part (b) marks if any of this work is seen in part (a).

Note: Allow equivalent methods (eg, synthetic division) for the M marks in each part.

[3 marks]
61. [Maximum mark: 21] 17N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_11
Consider the function f n (x) = (cos 2x)(cos 4x) … (cos 2
n
x), n ∈ Z
+
.

(a) Determine whether f is an odd or even function, justifying your answer.

n [2]

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor differences in marking or structure.

even function A1

since cos kx = cos(−kx) and f n (x) is a product of even functions R1

OR

even function A1

since (cos 2x)(cos 4x) … = (cos(−2x)) (cos(−4x)) … R1

Note: Do not award A0R1.

[2 marks]

(b) By using mathematical induction, prove that

[8]
n+1

f n (x) =
sin 2

2 n sin 2x
x
, x ≠
mπ

2
where m ∈ Z .

Markscheme

consider the case n = 1

sin 4x

2 sin 2x
=
2 sin 2x cos 2x

2 sin 2x
= cos 2x M1

hence true for n = 1 R1

k+1

assume true for n = k , ie, (cos 2x)(cos 4x) … (cos 2 k

x) =
sin 2

2 k sin 2x
x
M1

Note: Do not award M1 for “let n = k ” or “assume n = k ” or equivalent.

consider n = k + 1 :

f k+1 (x) = f k (x)(cos 2

k+1
x) (M1)

A1
k+1
sin 2 x k+1
= k
cos 2 x
2 sin 2x

k+1 k+1

=
2 sin 2 x cos 2

2 k+1 sin 2x
x
A1
k+2

=
2
sin 2
k+1
sin 2x
x
A1
 so n = 1 true and n = k true ⇒ n = k + 1 true. Hence true for all n ∈ Z
+
R1

Note: To obtain the final R1, all the previous M marks must have been awarded.

[8 marks]

(c) Hence or otherwise, find an expression for the derivative of f n (x) with respect to x. [3]

Markscheme

′ ′

attempt to use f ′
=
vu −uv

v2
(or correct product rule) M1
n n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
(2 sin 2x)(2 cos 2 x)−(sin 2 x)(2 cos 2x)
f
′
n
(x) = 2
A1A1
(2 n sin 2x)

Note: Award A1 for correct numerator and A1 for correct denominator.

[3 marks]

(d) Show that, for n > 1 , the equation of the tangent to the curve y = f n (x) at x =
π

4
is 4x − 2y − π = 0 . [8]

Markscheme

n π n+1 n+1 π n+1 π n+1 π

(2 sin )(2 cos 2 )−(sin 2 )(2 cos )
f
′
n
(
π

4
) =
2 4

π 2
4 2
(M1)(A1)
(2 n sin )
2

n n+1 n+1 π
(2 )(2 cos 2 )
f
′
n
(
π

4
) = 2
4
(A1)
(2 n )

= 2 cos 2
n+1 π
4
(= 2 cos 2
n−1
π) A1

f
′
n
(
π

4
) = 2 A1

fn (
π

4
) = 0 A1

Note: This A mark is independent from the previous marks.

y = 2 (x −
π

4
) M1A1

4x − 2y − π = 0 AG

[8 marks]
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024