Erbil International University

Computer Science Department

2nd Term -4th Grade

Dr. Wasan Adnan Hashim

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Robotics

Robotic History

Basic Blocks of Robot

Robotic Technology

Types of Robots

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 What is a Robot…?
A reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move
material, parts, tools or specialized devices through various
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of Tasks.
-Robot Institute of America.

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WHAT IS ROBOTICS...?
Robotics is science of designing or building an
application of robots. Simply ,Robotics may be
defines as “The Study of Robots”. The aim of
robotics is to design an efficient robot.

WHY IS ROBOTICS NEEDED...?

•Speed
• Can work in hazardous/dangerous temperature
• Can do repetitive tasks
• Can do work with accuracy

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ROBOTIC HISTORY
First use of the word “Robotics”

Laws of Robotics

The first robot “Unimate”

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 First use of the word
“Robotics”
The word robot was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel
Capek(1890-1938) in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots),
published in 1920. The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people
called robots . Capek was reportedly several times a candidate for the
Nobel prize for his works .

The word "robotics", used to describe this field of study, was

coined accidentally by the Russian –born , American scientist and
science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov(1920-1992) in 1940s.
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Asimov also proposed his three "Laws of Robotics“.

First Law : A robot may not injure a human being, or, through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would
violate a higher order law

Second Law: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except
where such orders would conflict with a higher order law

Third Law : A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with a higher order law.

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Fundamentals Blocks of a Robot

ROBOT
Mechanical Control
System System

Power Supply
Signal
System
Processing
Sensors System

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 The robot control loop
Speech, Vision
Acceleration,
The robot control loop
Task planning
Temperature
Plan Classification
Position ,Distance
Learn
Touch, Force
Process data
Magnetic field ,Light
Path planning
Sound ,PositionSens
Motion planning
e
Sense Think

Act

Output information Move, Speech

Text, Visuals Wheels Legs
Arms Tracks
robotics technology
Manipulator or Rover

Sensors

Effectors

Actuators

Controllers &
Processors

Arms

Software
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 Odometer Laser range finder
PTZ

Sensors provide awareness of the environment by sensing

things.Sensors are the core of robots.It is the system that alerts
the robots
Sonar Kinect Camera

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 • Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion
of the actuators.
• The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and the
velocity of the robot’s joints, etc.

Arm

Controller & Processor

Convenient method to allow full movement in 3D
more often used in fixed robots due to power & weight
even more difficult to control

• An end effector is the device at the end of a robotic arm,

designed to interact with the environment.
• End effectors may consist of a gripper or a tool. The gripper
can be of two fingers, three fingers or even five fingers
Effector 18
 Actuators
Muscles of the Locomotion and Manipulation (servomotor, stepper motor,
pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder).

Locomotion

• Legs

• Wheels

• Other exotic means

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Types of Robots(application)

• Mobile Robots
• Stationary Robots
• Autonomous Robots

• Remote-Controlled Robo

• Educational Robots
• Virtual Robots
• Industrial Robots
• Domestic Robots
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 Mobile Robots
Mobile robots are of two types….
Rolling Robots
Rolling robots have wheels to move around. They
can quickly and easily search. However they are
only useful in flat areas.

Walking Robots

Robots on legs are usually brought in when the

terrain is rocky. Most robots have at least 4 legs;
usually they have 6 or more.

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Stationary Robots
Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a
human being. Most robots perform repeating tasks
without ever moving an inch. Most robots are
‘working’ in industry settings and are stationary .

Autonomous Robots

Autonomous robots are self supporting or in

other words self contained. In a way they rely
on their own ‘brains’.

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Remote-Control Robots
A person can guide a robot by remote control. A
person can perform difficult and usually
dangerous tasks without being at the spot where
the tasks are performed.

Virtual Robots
Virtual robots don’t exits In real life. Virtual robots are
just programs, building blocks of software inside a
computer.

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Industrial Robots –
–materials handling
–welding
–inspection
–improving productivity
–Laboratory applications

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Educational Robots
Robotic kits are used extensively in education.
Eg- Robolab,Lego and
RoboCup Soccer

Domestic Robots
2 types–they are designed to perform household
tasks and modern toys which are programmed to
do things like talking, walking and dancing, etc.

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It can be used as :-

•An automatic machine sweeper

•An automatic car for a child to play with

•A machine removing mines in a war field

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 Robotic Applications
EXPLORATION
– Space Missions
– Robots in the Antarctic
– Exploring Volcanoes
– Underwater Exploration
MEDICAL SCIENCE
– Surgical assistant
ASSEMBLY- factories Parts-
- handling
- Assembly
- Painting
- Surveillance
- Security (bomb disposal,etc)
- Home help (grass cutting, nursing) 28
Advantages..
• Going to far away planets.
• Going far down into the unknown waters and mines where humans would be
crushed
• Giving us information that humans can't get
• Working at places 24/7 without any salary and food. Plus they don't get bored
• They can perform tasks faster than humans and much more consistently and
accurately
• Most of them are automatic so they can go around by themselves without any
human interference.

Disadvantages..
• People can lose jobs in factories
• It needs a supply of power
• It needs maintenance to keep it running .
• It costs money to make or buy a robot

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 k y o u
Th a n

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