A Guide to Citing, Referencing

and Avoiding Plagiarism (APA 7th)

Copyright © University of Exeter Business School 2020

Version 3.0 (September 2020)
Author: Alison Truelove [email protected]

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Contents
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is citing and referencing?

1.2 Plagiarism explained
1.3 Referencing styles
1.4 Bibliographic/Referencing software
1.5 Turnitin

2 CITATIONS

2.1 Definition of a citation

2.2 When and how to include a citation
2.2.1 Quoting
2.2.2 Paraphrasing and summarising
2.2.3 Ideas and data
2.2.4 Graphical information
2.3 General citation rules

3 REFERENCE LISTS

3.1 Definition of a reference

3.2 General reference list rules
3.3 Common abbreviations in a reference list

4 TYPES OF AUTHORS

4.1 Single author

4.2 Two authors
4.3 Three to seven authors
4.4 More than seven authors
4.5 Authors with the same surname
4.6 Corporate authors
4.7 Unknown authors
4.8 Two or more works by the same author

5 REFERENCING ONLINE SOURCES

6 TYPES OF SOURCES (WITH EXAMPLES)

6.1 Audiovisual Media

6.1.1 Film and DVD
6.1.2 Music (commercial audio recordings)
6.1.3 Podcast / Webcast / Archived radio or television programme
6.1.4 Television programme (not in a series)
6.1.5 Television programme (single episode in a series)
6.1.6 Static images (online or printed)
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6.1.7 YouTube video

6.2 Articles
6.2.1 Journal or periodical articles (online with DOI)
6.2.2 Journal or periodical articles (online without DOI)
6.2.3 Journal or periodical articles (print)
6.2.4 Newspaper or magazine articles (online)
6.2.5 Newspaper or magazine articles (print)

6.3 Books
6.3.1 Books (single or multiple author)
6.3.2 Books (edited)
6.3.3 Chapters and contributions in books
6.3.4 Books in a series
6.3.5 E-books and PDFs

6.4 Course Material

6.4.1 Case studies
6.4.2 Course material (online)

6.5 Online-Only Sources

6.5.1 Blogs
6.5.2 Databases and datasets
6.5.3 Twitter and Facebook posts
6.5.4 Web pages
6.5.5 Wiki entries

6.6 Parliamentary Publications

6.6.1 Acts of Parliament
6.6.2 Parliamentary debates (Hansard)
6.6.3 Parliamentary reports
6.6.4 Sessional (Command, Green and White) Papers

6.7 Reports and Official Publications

6.7.1 Annual reports
6.7.2 British Standards and International Standards
6.7.3 Nongovernmental organisation reports
6.7.4 Working papers

6.8 Theses and Dissertations

6.8.1 Thesis or dissertation (available online)
6.8.2 Thesis or dissertation (unpublished)

7 FURTHER READING

APPENDIX: A TO Z LIST OF EXAMPLE REFERENCES

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS CITING AND REFERENCING?

Academic writing requires you to acknowledge the sources of all of your information, ideas
and arguments. This may be a skill that you are acquiring for the first time. British students
may not yet be familiar with the conventions of referencing, and international students may
need to adjust their approach to meet different expectations in the U.K.

Citing and referencing are ways of directing your reader to the material you’ve used in
writing your assignment or report. In the referencing style explained in this guide, a citation
appears in the text of your work as a short-hand way of referring to the full reference, which
appears at the end of your work in an alphabetical Reference List.

Good citing and referencing skills are important because they:

• Make it possible for your tutor to locate the source of your information, ideas and
arguments, and to check evidence quickly and easily

• Allow you to demonstrate the breadth and depth of your research on a topic, giving
credibility and authority to your work

• Make it easy for readers to differentiate your own ideas from those of others

• Help you to avoid accusations of plagiarism (the unacknowledged use of other people’s
work)

• Help you to gain higher marks for your work

Above all, good referencing skills allow you to show respect for the work of others and give
your own work integrity.

This Guide introduces you to the basics of citing and referencing the types of sources you
are likely to encounter during your undergraduate studies in the Business School. There is a
list of further reading at the end to help you to extend your knowledge, and to locate the
conventions of citing more obscure sources.

If you have any queries about referencing, please consult your tutor or subject librarian.

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1.2 PLAGIARISM EXPLAINED

Plagiarism is defined by the University of Exeter as ‘the act of representing work or ideas as
one’s own without appropriate acknowledgement or referencing’.

The University’s regulations define four main types:

i. Direct copying of text from a book, article, fellow students’ essay, hand-out, thesis, web
page or other source without proper acknowledgement.
ii. Claiming individual ideas derived from a book, article, etc., as one’s own, and
incorporating them into one’s work without acknowledging the source of these ideas.
This includes paraphrasing a source, or altering the material taken from the source so
it appears to be one’s own work.
iii. Overly depending on the work of one or more others without proper acknowledgement
of the source, by constructing an essay, project, etc. by extracting large sections of text
from another source, and merely linking these together with a few of one’s own
sentences.
iv. The re-submission or re-use of the student’s own work in another assignment whether
this was submitted at the University of Exeter or any other academic institution
worldwide.

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional; both are categorised as Academic Misconduct

and carry severe penalties. At the lowest level, ‘inadequate referencing or paraphrasing’ or
‘a very minor amount of unattributed copying based on misunderstanding’ is regarded as
‘Poor Academic Practice’ and can lead to receiving a formal warning and/or being awarded
a mark of zero for the assignment. More serious cases of plagiarism can lead to permanent
exclusion from the University.

Together with good intentions and honesty, mastering the skills of citing and referencing
allows you to avoid accusations of plagiarism, and to have confidence in the integrity of your
work.

1.3 REFERENCING STYLES

Many different styles of referencing exist. There are two main types: one uses short, in-text
citations (usually of author and date) with full references at the end of your work, and the
other uses numbers in the text that refer to footnotes or endnotes and has a bibliography at
the end.

Each system has its merits and each discipline chooses or develops its own referencing
system according to its specific needs. Humanities subjects often use the footnote or
endnote systems, for example.

Most of the sources you will encounter in the course of your studies in the Business School
use what is often called the Author-Date system, or the Harvard Method of referencing.
There are many versions of this style; this guide is based on the APA (7th edition) reference
and citation system. Although originally developed for use in the discipline of psychology, it

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 is fast becoming the favoured referencing style in business schools worldwide. Unless you
are advised otherwise, you should always follow APA referencing conventions in your work
within the Business School.

For further guidance on the APA style of referencing you can consult the full Publication
Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020a), or explore the APA style website
(www.apastyle.org). This includes free tutorials and learning resources. Many universities
produce online guides to the APA style; some of the most useful of these appear in the
Further Reading section of this Guide.

1.4 BIBLIOGRAPHIC/REFERENCING SOFTWARE

One advantage of using the APA style of referencing is that it is well supported by software
that is available to you at the University of Exeter. Microsoft Word allows you to select ‘APA
Seventh Edition’ as a style when inserting a reference, for example.

Students can also download Endnote for their personal computers, and there is a web
version and Microsoft Word plugin that you can use from any computer. You do not need to
use Endnote or any other referencing software to fulfil the requirement to reference your
work successfully. Simply following the rules in this guide will suffice, but you may find
Endnote useful to build your own ‘library’ of references; time spent early on in your degree
mastering its use may save you time later.

When using referencing software you should still take the time to check carefully all of your
citations and references, and to edit them manually if necessary.

1.5 TURNITIN

Turnitin is used at the University of Exeter as one of the methods to check for instances of
plagiarism in students’ work. It works by comparing an assignment with text available online
(i.e. accessible and archived webpages, digitised resources including books and journals,
etc.) and in databases that consist of all previously submitted work. It produces an originality
report that reveals which parts of your assignment closely match any other texts.

As well as being useful for tutors to see check whether you have properly referenced your
work, and to spot any potential instances of plagiarism, you may also be able to use Turnitin
to check the originality of your draft work. It can help you to avoid unintentional plagiarism,
therefore, but where available should not be relied upon as your only guide.

Please note that the percentage you see in a similarity report from Turnitin is NOT an
indicator of the extent of plagiarism in an assignment. There is also NO acceptable
percentage of plagiarism in your assignment. The percentage only indicates the amount of
text in your assignment that matches sources in the Turnitin system – if you have referenced
your work correctly, even a high percentage of similarity may be acceptable, but it is unlikely
to lead to a good mark as may show an over-reliance on quotations.

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2 CITATIONS
2.1 DEFINITION OF A CITATION

A citation is a brief reference to a source that directs the reader to a full reference at the end
of your work. It is sometimes called an ‘in-text’ citation or reference, as it appears within the
text of your essay, in parentheses (sometimes called brackets).

In-text citations must include these details about your source:

• Author’s surname (or for sources with no named author, name of organisation, or in
certain cases the first few words of the title)
• Year of Publication
• Page number(s) (not required if referring to a whole work)

Formats for in-text citations of different types of sources follow in Section 6 of this Guide, but
it is also important to understand something about the practice of when and how to cite.

2.2 WHEN AND HOW TO INCLUDE A CITATION

Citations must be used in your work whenever you need to acknowledge your debt to
another person’s work. Instances can be categorised into four main areas:

• Quoting
• Paraphrasing and summarising
• Drawing on the ideas or data of another person
• Graphical information

All of these require a citation as specified in Section 2.1 except for graphical information,
which, as you’ll see in Section 2.2.4, is a special case within the APA style of referencing
and requires a full in-text reference.

2.2.1 Quoting

Sometimes you will want to use a direct quotation (i.e. the exact words) from one of your
sources. You should only do this when the text you quote is:

• succinct,
• directly relevant to the content of your paragraph, and
• uniquely expressive of the viewpoint of its author.

In general, unless there is good reason not to, it is better to paraphrase or summarise a
point made by an author, as it can demonstrate that you have understood the source (and
therefore may gain you higher marks).

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Direct quotations of less than two lines should be enclosed in double quotation marks
within your text, with the citation in parentheses afterwards (but before the full-stop). You
should refer to guidance in Section 6 of this Guide for how to deal with different types of
sources, but the general format is: (Author’s surname, date, page(s)). This is sometimes
called ‘information prominent’ referencing.

Examples:
Single author: (Bloggs, 2013, p. 21)
Two authors: (Bloggs & Jones, 2013, p. 21)
Three or more authors: (Bloggs et al., 2013, p. 21)
Range of pages: (Bloggs, 2013, pp. 21-22)

You may also name the author within your sentence, and in which case you need only put
the date of the source in parentheses straight after their name, with a page reference at the
end of the quote: Author’s surname (date)… (page(s)). This is sometimes called ‘author
prominent’ referencing. Note that when referring to multiple authors outside of parentheses
(i.e. as part of your sentence) you should use ‘and’ rather than an ampersand (&).

Examples:
Bloggs (2013) comments that “…” (p. 21).
Bloggs and Jones (2013) comment that “…” (p. 21).
Bloggs et al. (2013) comment that “…” (p. 21).

If a quotation is longer than two lines it should be separated from the rest of the paragraph
by one empty line above and below, and it should be indented at the left and right margin. It
does not require quotation marks, but should include a citation, as with shorter quotes.

You may also edit a quote in the following ways:

• Use ellipsis (…) to omit parts of the quotation

• Insert your own words in square brackets [ ]
• Use [sic] to draw attention to an error or spelling mistake in a quote
• Use italics to emphasise something particularly relevant in a quotation

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2.2.2 Paraphrasing and summarising

Being able to paraphrase well is a skill that takes some practice. It is much more than
changing a couple of words, or rearranging the word order, of someone else’s text. Done
well, it allows your tutor to see that you have read and understood a source and may gain
you marks. Done poorly, and with inadequate citation, it can leave you open to accusations
of plagiarism.

Every time you use or draw upon information, ideas or arguments in another person’s work,
you need to include acknowledgement of that source in a citation. You do this in the same
way as for direct quotations, but you need to be even more careful to identify which parts
require citations as you will not have quotation marks or indentation to help you.
The best way to ensure proper acknowledgement of your sources is to take very careful
notes from the earliest stages of researching for your assignments. Always write down the
key elements for a citation when you make notes, linking each piece of information or idea to
its source. Never try to pass off someone else’s ideas, arguments or opinions as your own,
or fail to include citations that identify the source of information in your assignment. It is
better to over-reference than under-reference.

It is also very important to direct your reader to the specific location within a source that
you are drawing upon, so page numbers are very important. The only time page numbers
are not required is when you are referring to (or summarising) the content of the whole of a
book, article or other source. Not including page references means that your tutor cannot
easily check the integrity of your work, and hence can lead to penalties.

You can find more guidance on how to paraphrase and summarise in the Business School’s
guides to essay and report writing, as well as in the university’s Study Zone Digital.

2.2.3 Ideas and data

Regardless of whether you directly quote, paraphrase or summarise the work of someone
else, all ideas and data that you take from a source in the writing of an assignment must be
properly acknowledged. For example, in an essay you might write about a concept that
you’ve learnt about in a particular source, but without directly quoting or mentioning the
author’s name in your text. In such a case, it is still important that at the end of your
sentence or paragraph you include an in-text citation. Likewise, if you use a set of data in
your research on a topic and either use it to demonstrate knowledge, build arguments, or
draw conclusions, you must acknowledge your use of the data even if you don’t replicate it
as a graphic in your assignment.

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2.2.4 Graphical information

For the purposes of citation, each chart, table, graph, statistic, image or other object in your
text should be treated in the same way as a direct quotation. In other words, it requires a
citation that allows your reader to locate the source of your information. This applies even if
you have created a new table, graph, etc. from data in another person’s work.

Unlike other in-text citations, under each graphic you need to provide a full reference for
your source. A corresponding reference should appear at the end of your assignment. Note
that the format for the references that appear below graphics is different from those in the
Reference List. Citations should appear immediately after the table, figure, etc. in the forms
shown below:

From an article:

Figure X. [Descriptive note about contents]. Adapted [or Reprinted] from “Title of Article,” by
Author initial(s), surname, year, Journal Title, Volume(issue), page number(s).

Example:
Figure 1: Long run effects of an increase in the money amount. Reprinted from “Agent-
based macroeconomics: A baseline model,” by M. Lengnick, Journal of Economic Behaviour
& Organisation, 86(February 2013), 102-120. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.021

From a book:

Figure X. [Descriptive note about contents]. Adapted [or Reprinted] from Title of book (page
number(s)), by Author initial(s), surname, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example:
Figure 2: Major manifestations and consequences of global environmental degradation.
Reprinted from Globalisation: A very short introduction (p. 87), by M. B. Steger, 2003,
Oxford University Press.

From a website:

Figure X: [Descriptive note about contents]. Adapted [or Reprinted] from [URL].

Example:
Figure 3: Report on the BP oil spill. Reprinted from http://visual.ly/bp-oil-spill

For more detailed information about tables and figures you can consult the APA’s
Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020).

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2.3 GENERAL CITATION RULES

Exact forms of citations for different types of sources appear in Section 6 of this Guide. You
should also note these general rules for in-text citations:

• When your citation appears at the end of a sentence, place it before the full-stop, i.e.

• Multiple authors should be separated with ‘and’ in your text but ‘&’ in the citation. Use ‘et
al.’ in all second and subsequent citations of a source with more than two authors.

• Multiple sources should be separated by semi-colons and ordered alphabetically in

parentheses.

• When mentioning sources in the text of your assignment, capitalise all main words in
titles of books and reports; titles of articles and other documents are put in quotation
marks. Note that this differs from the style of corresponding entries in a Reference List.

• For sources without page numbers, refer to chapters, sections and paragraphs (if
numbered). These will usually be online sources, or e-books.

• Don’t group your citations at the end of each paragraph; aim to cite precisely and
immediately next to the text that requires a citation.

• When an author cites a different author or text, refer to the cited author in your text but
cite the secondary source (i.e. the one you have read) prefaced by the phrase ‘as cited
in’. For example: In his article on imports, Bloggs argued that ‘…’ (as cited in Jones,
2012, p. 32). You should try to avoid the use of indirect citations; it is always better to
locate, read and cite the original whenever possible.

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3 REFERENCE LISTS
3.1 DEFINITION OF A REFERENCE

A reference provides the full information necessary to locate a source cited in the main body
of your assignment.

3.2 GENERAL REFERENCE LIST RULES

• Every source cited needs its own entry in the Reference List, which appears at the end of
your assignment (but before any appendices). Don’t include sources read but not cited in
your work (these would be included in a bibliography; your tutor will let you know if a
bibliography is required instead of - or as well as - a reference list).

• A reference list must be alphabetised by the last name of the first author of each source.
If there is no author, you should use the name of the publishing organisation (or
‘corporate author’) in the author position. In the absence of an author or publishing
organisation use the first few words of the title.

• Multiple sources by the same author should be listed in chronological order (earliest to
most recent).

• In titles (and subtitles) of books, chapters, articles or web pages capitalise only the first
letter of the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
Capitalise all major words in journal titles.

• Italicise titles of books and journals. Do not italicise, underline or put quotation marks
around the titles of journal articles, or essays in edited collections.

• The first line of each source should be left-aligned, with subsequent lines of the entry
indented. To do this in Microsoft Word, before starting to type the Reference List (or
afterwards by selecting the whole List), open the Paragraph dialogue box, and select
‘hanging’ under ‘special’ in the indentation section.

3.3 COMMON ABBREVIATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST

• ed. / Rev. ed. edition / revised edition

• Ed. / Eds. editor / editors
• n.d. no date
• No. number
• p. / pp. page / pages
• Pt. part
• Suppl. supplement
• Vol. or Vols. volume or volumes

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4 TYPES OF AUTHORS
Certain rules apply to how your references record different types and numbers of authors.
These rules apply regardless of the type of reference. In Section 6 of this Guide the format
descriptions show how to reference single-author sources of each type. You will need to
refer to the following rules, and the examples that follow the format descriptions, to correctly
reference alternative numbers or types of authors.

4.1 Single author

Author surname, initial(s).

4.2 Two authors

Author1 surname, initial(s), & Author2 surname, initial(s).
[Note: use an ampersand (&) rather than ‘and’ in all citations and references, but
when referring to more than one author in the text of your assignment, use ‘and’.]

4.3 Three to twenty authors

Author1 surname, initial(s), Author2 surname, initial(s), [etc], & Final Author surname,
initial(s).

4.4 More than twenty authors

As above but replace seventh (and other intermediate) authors with three ellipsis
points (…) before providing the final author’s name.

4.5 Authors with the same surname

If your reference list includes sources by two or more primary authors with the same
surname, include the authors’ initials in all in-text citations.

4.6 Corporate authors

Organisation name replaces author name at start of reference.

4.7 Unknown authors

Use a shortened version of the title in the place of a name.

4.8 Two or more works by the same author

List all sources separately (including author name each time) and order them by year
of publication (earliest first). If two or more works by the same author were published
in the same year, assign letter suffixes to the year (i.e. 2013a, 2013b, etc). Use these
letter suffixes in your citations to differentiate the sources from each other.

E.g. (Bloggs, 2013a; Bloggs, 2013b)

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5 REFERENCING ONLINE SOURCES
The most reliable way to locate an online source is to use its Digital Object Identifier (DOI),
if it has one. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that provides a permanent link to a
document’s location on the internet. You can often find the DOI on the title page of a journal
article.

For those documents that have one, a DOI is preferable to a web address (also known as a
Uniform Resource Locator – URL) as once assigned it – and the document it refers to –
never changes. For this reason you do not need to include a retrieval date in any reference
that includes a DOI.

However, one advantage of online publishing is that continual updating and editing can take
place, and for such instances you will need to use a URL to identify the source. In these
cases it is important to include a retrieval date in your reference. APA style does not require
a retrieval date for every reference to an online source, but you are advised to include one
for any source that is not in a fixed, non-editable format.

CrossRef.org is a useful website that allows you to check whether a source has its own
DOI, and also has a tool for locating a source online when you have a DOI. You can also
turn a DOI into a URL by appending the DOI to http://dx.doi.org/

You should take great care when typing DOI strings into your references – one wrong
alphanumeric character will prevent your reader from easily locating your reference!

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6 TYPES OF SOURCES (WITH EXAMPLES)
[For the latest guidance you may wish to consult APA’s Reference Examples here:
https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/reference-examples]

6.1 AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA

6.1.1 Film and DVD

FORMAT
Director surname, initial(s) (Director). (year). Title [Film/DVD]. Country of Origin: Studio.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). An inconvenient truth: A global warning [DVD].
Hollywood: Paramount.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Guggenheim, 2006)

6.1.2 Music (commercial audio recordings)

FORMAT
Performer surname, initial(s)./Group name. (year of release). Name of recording. On Name
of album [if any]. Record Company.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Stereophonics. (2011). Indian summer. On Graffiti on the train. EMI.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Stereophonics, 2011, track 3)

6.1.3 Podcast / Webcast / Archived Radio or Television programme

FORMAT
Producer/Director/Writer surname, initial(s). (Producer/Director/Writer). (year, month and
day of broadcast). Title of item [Podcast / Webcast]. [URL]

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Grissell, L. (Producer) (2013, July 23). The long view with Jonathan Freedland: Tax
avoidance [Podcast]. http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/longview

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Grissell, 2013)

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6.1.4 Static images (online or printed)

NOTE: The following applies to static images not published as part of another work (i.e.
original works of art). For all other graphical information (e.g. charts, tables, graphs,
statistics, images or other objects) the reference should be the source in which they appear.

FORMAT
Creator surname, initial(s). (date created). Title of object. [URL or full reference for printed
source]

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Evans, W. (1963). Two construction workers.
http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=108285

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Evans, 1963)

6.1.5 Television programme (not in a series)

NOTE: You may replace Producer with Director, Writer or Production Company.

FORMAT
Producer surname, initial(s). (Producer). (year). Title of programme [Television programme].
Production Company.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

McAulay, G. (Producer). (2010). The box that changed Britain [Television programme]. BBC.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (McAulay, 2010)

6.1.6 Television programme (single episode in a series)

NOTE: You may replace Producer with Director, Writer or Production Company.

FORMAT
Producer surname, initial(s) (Producer). (year). Title of episode [Television series episode].
In Producer initial(s), Surname (Producer), Title of series. Production Company.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television
series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive Producer). House. Fox Broadcasting.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Egan & Alexander, 2005)

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6.1.7 YouTube video

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s) or Author screen name. (year, month and day of video post).
[Video]. YouTube. [URL]

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Preece, D. (2011, September 12). The Case Method – Harvard Business School [Video].
YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wudRjl1TQoI

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Preece, 2013)

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6.2 ARTICLES

6.2.1 Journal or periodical articles (online with DOI)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue
number), page number(s). [doi]

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Delahaye, A., Booth, C., Clark, P., Procter, S., & Rowlinson, M. (2009). The genre of
corporate history. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 22(1), 27-48.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810910933898

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Delahaye et al., 2009, p. 28)

6.2.2 Journal or periodical articles (online without DOI)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue
number), page number(s)[if any]. [URL]

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Madsen, C. (2012). Technology adoption and adaptation in Canada’s west coast shipyards,
1918-1950. Business and Economic History On-Line, 10, 1-56.
http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHonline/2012/madsen.pdf

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Madsen, 2012, p. 43)

6.2.3 Journal or periodical articles (print)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(issue
number or if none month of publication), page number(s).

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Newton, L., & Carnevali, F. (2010). Researching consumer durables in the nineteenth
century: The case of the piano. Business Archives: Sources and History, 101(November),
17-29.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Newton & Carnevali, 2010, p. 19)

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6.2.4 Newspaper or magazine articles (online)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year, month and day of publication). Title of article. Title of
Newspaper/Magazine. URL

If no author:
Title of article. (year, month and day of publication). Title of Newspaper/Magazine. Retrieved
from [URL].

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Inman, P. (2013, July 24). Manufacturers see first rise in new orders for a year. The
Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Inman, 2013, para. 3)

6.2.5 Newspaper or magazine articles (print)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year, month and day of publication). Title of article. Section [if
relevant]. Title of Newspaper/Magazine, page number(s).

If no author:
Title of article. (year, month and day of publication). Title of Newspaper/Magazine, page
number(s).

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Govan, F. (2013, July 20). Spanish acquisitions. The Daily Telegraph: Property Suppl., 1-2.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Govan, 2013, p. 1)

19
6.3 BOOKS

6.3.1 Books (single or multiple author)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of book (ed. [if any]). Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Krugman, P. R. & Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2012). International economics: Theory &
policy (9th ed.). Pearson Education.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Krugman et al., 2012, p. 23)

6.3.2 Books (edited)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (Ed.(s)). (year of publication). Title of book (ed. [if any]). Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Hausman, D. M. (Ed.). (2007). The philosophy of economics: An anthology (3rd ed.).
Cambridge University Press.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Hausman, 2007, p. 30)

6.3.3 Chapters and contributions in books

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of chapter/contribution. In Editor
initial(s), Editor surname (Ed.(s.)), Title of Book (ed. [if any]) (page number(s)). Publisher,
page number(s).

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Spaargaren, G. (2004). Sustainable consumption: a theoretical and environmental policy
perspective. In D. Southerton, H. Chappells and B. Vliet (Eds.), Sustainable consumption:
the implications of changing infrastructures of provision (pp. 15-31). Edward Elgar.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Spaargaren, 2004, p. 24)

20
6.3.4 Books in a series

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of book. Series Title, volume [if any].
(ed. [if any]). Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Sampson, H. (2013). International seafarers and transnationalism in the twenty-first century.
New Ethnographies. Manchester University Press.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Sampson, 2013, p. 21)

6.3.5 E-books and PDFs

If the e-book or PDF has a DOI include this after the reference, but otherwise the format is
the same as for a print version. If the e-book is simply republishing in electronic format an
older printed book, include ‘(original work published [date])’ at the end of the reference, and
cite as in this example: (Smith, 1912/2014).

21
6.4 COURSE MATERIAL

NOTE: Only cite course material in its own right if it contains original analysis. If it reprints or
quotes from other sources, read and cite those sources directly. If you wish to cite
information gained during a lecture or other class that has not been published anywhere,
this is regarded as ‘non-recoverable material’ and technically within the APA referencing
style is seen as 'personal communication'. It should therefore be acknowledged with a
descriptive in-text citation that includes the lecturer's name, date of the lecture, and a title or
description of the lecture. In these cases an entry in the reference list is not required. The in-
text citation can be embedded in the text of the essay - 'In her lecture on accounting on
January 23, 2014, Joanne Abraham described ...' - or within parentheses after the text (J.
Abraham, Lecture: January 23, 2014).

6.4.1 Case Studies

NOTE: The following format should be used only if a case study has been published
separately (as is the case for all Harvard Business School Case Studies, for instance). If
published as part of another book, journal, online archive, etc., you should reference the
case study as if it were a book chapter, journal article, web page, etc.

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of publication). Title of case. (Case Study No.). Place of
publication: Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Young, A. (1998). Gerber Products Company: Investing in the new Poland. (Case 793-069).
Harvard Business Publishing.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Young, 1998, p. 3)

6.4.2 Course material (online)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year of production). Title of material. [Type of resource]. Name of
university/college.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Balch,K. (2013). BEA1010 Business finance for accountants: Lecture 1a [PowerPoint
slides]. University of Exeter.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Balch, 2013, slide 4)

22
6.5 ONLINE-ONLY SOURCES

Follow the general advice in Section 5 of this Guide. Remember you only need to include a
retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. Wikis). If you are
accessing materials online, in most instances these will fall into one of the categories above:
please work out what the source is (journal or newspaper article, company report, ebook,
etc) and reference them appropriately, using a DOI or URL. If they do not fall into one of the
above categories, some examples are provided below, or consult APA’s Reference
Examples here: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/reference-examples.

6.5.1 Blogs

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year, month and day of publication). Title of entry. URL

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Davies, G. (2013, July 28). Summer(s) time at the Fed. http://blogs.ft.com/gavyndavies/

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Davies, 2013, para. 1)

6.5.2 Database resources and Datasets

NOTE: Many different types of data are available via online databases (articles, opinion
pieces, graphics, statistics, and financial data, for example). You should identify the type of
source in square brackets after its title.

FORMAT
Author/Company name. (year of publication). Title of data. [Datagraphic / Dataset].
Database Name.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Euromonitor. (2012). The iPad maintains slim lead over Android in 2013 [Datagraphic].
Passport GMID.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Euromonitor, 2012)

23
6.5.3 Twitter, Instagram, or TikTok posts

See https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/twitter-
references for more detail and examples of other social media.

FORMAT
Author name [Twitter handle]. (year, month and day of publication). First twenty words of
Twitter/Facebook post. [if relevant Image/Video/Thumbnail attached]. URL

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Greenpeace. [@Greenpeace]. (2020, September 19). Despite global lockdowns for
#Covid19, the #ClimateCrisis continues to grow. We need swift emergency action on
climate. [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/greenpeace/status/1307273403540426759?s=21

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Greenpeace, 2020)

6.5.4 Web pages

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s)/Organisation. (year of last update or copyright date). Title of
Webpage. [if source is designed to be updated, include Retrieved month and day, year,
from] UR

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

KPMG. (2013). Business implications of cloud. http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/topics/cloud-
computing/Pages/default.aspx

IN-TEXT CITATION: (KPMG, 2013, para. 2)

6.5.5 Wiki Entries

FORMAT
Entry title. (n.d.). In Name of Wiki. Retrieved (month, day and year) from URL

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Tulip mania. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved July 17, 2013 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation

IN-TEXT CITATION: (“Tulip mania,” n.d., para. 2)

24
6.6 PARLIAMENTARY PUBLICATIONS

NOTE: Parliamentary publications take many forms and are referenced differently according
to when and where they were published. The examples that follow are intended as a guide to
the most commonly used parliamentary sources. If the formats given cannot easily be
adapted to suit your needs, consult your tutor.

6.6.1 Acts of Parliament

FORMAT
Act Name [date], chapter number. URL

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Companies Act 2006, ch. 36.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/pdfs/ukpga_20060046_en.pdf

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Companies Act 2006, ch. 36)

6.6.2 Parliamentary debates (Hansard)

FORMAT
Hansard Abbreviation for the House (i.e. HL or HC) Deb vol (for volume) col/s (for column/s)
(day, month and year).

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Hansard HC Deb vol 424 cols 8-10 (19 July 2004)

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Hansard 19 July 2004 cols 8-10)

6.6.3 Parliamentary reports

FORMAT
Committee name, Title of report (HL or HC (session) series number and part). URL or
Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Energy and Climate Change Committee, Energy and climate change - fifth report: Energy
prices, profits and poverty (HC (2012-13) 108-I). TSO.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Energy and Climate Change Committee, 2012-13, paras. 43-46)

25
6.6.4 Sessional (Command) papers

FORMAT
Name of Government Department. (year of publication). Title of paper (Command Paper
[No.]). URL or Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. (2011). Higher education: Students at the
heart of the system (Command Paper 8122). http://www.official-
documents.gov.uk/document/cm81/8122/8122.asp

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011, p. 43)

26
6.7 REPORTS AND OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

6.7.1 Annual Reports

FORMAT
Company name. (date). Annual report. URL

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Microsoft Corp. (2012). Annual report. http://www.microsoft.com/annualreports

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Microsoft Corp., 2012, p. 10)

6.7.2 British Standards and International Standards

FORMAT
Publishing organisation. (year of publication). Title of publication. Publisher (unless the same
as author/publishing organisation).

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

British Standards Institution. (2010). BS ISO 690:2010: Information and documentation.
Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (British Standards Institute [BSI], 2010, p. 2) then subsequent citations
(BSI, 2010, p. 24)

6.7.3 Nongovernmental organisation reports

FORMAT
Publishing organisation. (year of publication). Title of publication. (Document Number [if
any]). URL or Publisher.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

World Health Organisation (WHO). (2013). World health statistics 2013.
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2013

IN-TEXT CITATION: (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2013, part 1, p. 12) then
subsequent citations (WHO, 2013, part 2, p. 1)

27
6.7.4 Working papers

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year and month of publication). Title of working paper ([Name of
Organisation] Working Paper No.). URL

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Masset, P. & Weisskopf, J.-P. (2010, March). Raise your glass: wine investment and the
financial crisis (American Association of Wine Economists Working Paper No. 90484).
http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ags:aawewp:90484

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Masset & Weisskopf, 2010, p. 2)

28
6.8 THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

6.8.1 Thesis or dissertation (available online)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year). Title of thesis or dissertation (Doctoral dissertation /
master’s thesis, name of awarding institution). Name of database. (Accession No., Order
No. or ID)

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Stoja, E. (2006). Testing for corporate capital structure targeting in the UK at the market,
industry and firm level [Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter]. EThOS (Persistent ID:
uk.bl.ethos.430572)

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Stoja, 2006, p. 54)

6.8.2 Thesis or dissertation (unpublished)

FORMAT
Author surname, initial(s). (year). Title of thesis or dissertation [Unpublished doctoral
dissertation / master’s thesis]. Name of Institution.

REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:

Schwartz, S.P. (2003). Cornish migration to Latin America: A global and transnational
perspective [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Exeter.

IN-TEXT CITATION: (Schwartz, 2003, p. 33)

29
7 FURTHER READING

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Quick reference guide.

https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf

American Psychological Association. (2020c). APA style blog. http://blog.apastyle.org/

American Psychological Association. (2020d). Twitter account. Retrieved from

http://twitter.com/APA_Style

British Standards Institute. (2010). BS ISO 690:2010. Information and documentation -

Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. Geneva:
ISO.

30
 A to Z list of example references and
citations in the APA (6th ed.) style
IMPORTANT: You should familiarise yourself with our full Business School Guide to Citing, Referencing
and Avoiding Plagiarism (APA 7th) before consulting this shorter A to Z list of example references.

The APA (7th ed.) style is a version of the Harvard method of referencing. Short citations (usually identifying
the author and date of your source) appear in the text of your work. These direct the reader to full references
in a list at the end. You need to include a citation every time you quote, paraphrase, summarise, or
otherwise draw upon the work or ideas of another person. Careful referencing will allow your reader to
distinguish between your own ideas and those of others, and to identify and check the sources used in your
work. It will also help you to avoid any accusations of plagiarism. Always include page number(s) in
citations to identify the exact location of the text you are referring to, unless you are drawing attention to the
whole book, article, etc. For online sources, include the DOI if there is one; if not, use the URL (and a
retrieval date for any source likely to change over time).

• Act of Parliament • Book (single or multiple author)

Reference list entry: Reference list entry:

Companies Act 2006, ch. 36. Retrieved from Krugman, P. R. & Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M. J.
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/pdfs/ (2012). International economics: Theory & policy
ukpga_20060046_en.pdf (9th ed.). Pearson Education.
In-text citation: (Companies Act 2006, ch. 36) In-text citation: (Krugman, Obstfeld, & Melitz,
2012, p. 23)

• Annual report
• Book in a series
Reference list entry:
Microsoft Corp. (2012). Annual report. Reference list entry:
http://www.microsoft.com/annualreports Sampson, H. (2013). International seafarers and
In-text citation: (Microsoft Corp., 2012, p. 10) transnationalism in the twenty-first century. New
Ethnographies. Manchester University Press.
In-text citation: (Sampson, 2013, p. 21)
• Blog

Reference list entry: • British Standards and International

Davies, G. (2013, 28 July). Summer(s) time at the Standards
Fed. http://blogs.ft.com/gavyndavies/
In-text citation: (Davies, 2013, para. 1) Reference list entry:
British Standards Institute. (2010). BS ISO
690:2010: Information and documentation.
• Book (edited) Guidelines for bibliographic references and
citations to information resources.
Reference list entry: In-text citation: (British Standards Institute [BSI],
Hausman, D. M. (Ed.). (2007). The philosophy of 2010, p. 2) then subsequent citations (BSI, 2010,
economics: An anthology (3rd ed.). Cambridge p. 24)
University Press.
In-text citation: (Hausman, 2007, p. 30)

31
• Case Studies • Film and DVD

Reference list entry: Reference list entry:

Young, A. (1998). Gerber Products Company: Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). An
Investing in the new Poland. (Case 793-069). inconvenient truth: A global warning [DVD].
Harvard Business Publishing. Hollywood: Paramount.
In-text citation: (Young, 1998, p. 3) In-text citation: (Guggenheim, 2006)

• Chapter or contribution in book • Journal or periodical article (online with DOI)

Reference list entry: Reference list entry:

Spaargaren, G. (2004). Sustainable consumption: Delahaye, A., Booth, C., Clark, P., Procter, S., &
a theoretical and environmental policy Rowlinson, M. (2009). The genre of corporate
perspective. In D. Southerton, H. Chappells and history. Journal of Organizational Change
B. Vliet (Eds.), Sustainable consumption: the Management, 22(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/
implications of changing infrastructures of 10.1108/09534810910933898
provision (pp. 15-31). Edward Elgar. In-text citation: (Delahaye et al., 2009, p. 28)
In-text citation: (Spaargaren, 2004, p. 24)

• Journal or periodical article (online without

• Course material (online) DOI)

Reference list entry: Reference list entry:

Balch, K. (2013). BEA1010 Business finance for Madsen, C. (2012). Technology Adoption and
accountants: Lecture 1a [PowerPoint slides]. Adaptation in Canada’s West Coast Shipyards,
University of Exeter. 1918-1950. Business and Economic History On-
In-text citation: (Balch, 2013, slide 4) Line, 10, 1-56.
http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHonline/201
2/madsen.pdf
• Database resource or dataset In-text citation: (Madsen, 2012, p. 43)

Reference list entry:

Euromonitor. (2012). The iPad maintains slim lead • Journal or periodical article (print)
over Android in 2013 [Datagraphic]. Passport
GMID. Reference list entry:
In-text citation: (Euromonitor, 2012) Newton, L., & Carnevali, F. (2010). Researching
consumer durables in the nineteenth century: The
case of the piano. Business Archives: Sources
• E-book or PDF and History, 101(November), 17-29.
In-text citation: (Newton & Carnevali, 2010, p.
If the e-book or PDF has a DOI include this after 19)
the reference, but otherwise the format is the
same as for a print version. If the e-book is simply
republishing in electronic format an older printed
book, include ‘(original work published [date])’ at
the end of the reference, and cite as in this
example: (Smith, 1912/2014).

32
• Music (commercial audio recordings) • Parliamentary report

Reference list entry: Reference list entry:

Stereophonics. (2011). Indian summer. On Graffiti Energy and Climate Change Committee,
on the Train. EMI. Energy and climate change - fifth report: Energy
In-text citation: (Stereophonics, 2011, track 3) prices, profits and poverty (HC (2012-13) 108-I).
TSO.
In-text citation: (Energy and Climate Change
• Newspaper or magazine article (online) Committee, 2012-13, paras. 43-46)

Reference list entry:

Inman, P. (2013, July 24). Manufacturers see first • Podcast / Webcast / Archived Radio or
rise in new orders for a year. The Guardian. Television programme
http://www.guardian.co.uk
In-text citation: (Inman, 2013, para. 3) Reference list entry:
Grissell, L. (Producer) (2013, July 23). The Long
View with Jonathan Freedland: Tax avoidance
• Newspaper or magazine article (print) [Podcast].
http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/longview
Reference list entry: In-text citation: (Grissell, 2013)
Govan, F. (2013, July 20). Spanish acquisitions.
The Daily Telegraph: Property Suppl., pp. 1-2.
In-text citation: (Govan, 2013, p. 1) • Sessional (Command) paper

Reference list entry:

• Nongovernmental organisation report Department of Business, Innovation and Skills.
(2011). Higher education: Students at the heart of
the system (Command Paper 8122).
Reference list entry: http://www.official-
World Health Organisation (WHO). (2013). World documents.gov.uk/document/cm81/8122/8122.asp
health statistics 2013. In-text citation: (Department of Business,
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_ Innovation and Skills, 2011, p. 43)
statistics/2013
In-text citation: (World Health Organisation
[WHO], 2013, part 1, p. 12) then subsequent • Static images (online or printed)
citations (WHO, 2013, part 2, p. 1)
Reference list entry:
Evans, W. (1963). Two construction workers.
• Parliamentary debate (Hansard) http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetail
s?artobj=108285
Reference list entry: In-text citation: (Evans, 1963)
Hansard HC Deb vol 424 cols 8-10 (19 July 2004)
In-text citation: (Hansard 19 July 2004 cols 8-10)
• Television programme (not in a series)

Reference list entry:

McAulay, G. (Producer). (2010). The box that
changed Britain [Television programme]. BBC.
In-text citation: (McAulay, 2010)

33
• Television programme (single episode in • Wiki Entry
series)
Reference list entry:
Reference list entry: Tulip mania. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved July
Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). 17, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation
(2005). Failure to communicate [Television series In-text citation: (“Tulip mania,” n.d., para. 2)
episode]. In D. Shore (Executive Producer).
House. Fox Broadcasting.
In-text citation: (Egan & Alexander, 2005) • Working paper

Reference list entry:

• Thesis or dissertation (available online) Masset, P. & Weisskopf, J.-P. (2010, March).
Raise your glass: wine investment and the
Reference list entry: financial crisis (American Association of Wine
Stoja, E. (2006). Testing for corporate capital Economists Working Paper No. 90484).
structure targeting in the UK at the market, http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ags:
industry and firm level [Doctoral dissertation, aawewp:90484
University of Exeter]. EThOS (Persistent ID: In-text citation: (Masset & Weisskopf, 2010, p. 2)
uk.bl.ethos.430572)
In-text citation: (Stoja, 2006, p. 54)
• YouTube video

• Thesis or dissertation (unpublished) Reference list entry:

Preece, D. (2011, September 12). The Case
Reference list entry: Method – Harvard Business School [Video].
Schwartz, S.P. (2003). Cornish migration to Latin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wudRjl1TQoI
America: A global and transnational perspective In-text citation: (Preece, 2013)
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of
Exeter.
In-text citation: (Schwartz, 2003, p. 33)

• Twitter, Instagram, or TikTok post

Reference list entry:

Greenpeace. [@Greenpeace]. (2020, September
19). Despite global lockdowns for #Covid19, the
#ClimateCrisis continues to grow. We need swift
emergency action on climate. [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/greenpeace/status/1307273403
540426759?s=21
In-text citation: (Greenpeace, 2020)

• Web page

Reference list entry:

KPMG. (2013). Business implications of cloud. Copyright © University of Exeter Business School
http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/topics/cloud- 2020
computing/Pages/default.aspx Version 3.0 (September 2020)
Author: Alison Truelove [email protected]
In-text citation: (KPMG, 2013, para. 2)

34
If you notice any errors in this document, please email [email protected].