Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332

International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances and Applications – PerCAA 2019

Performance Analysis of SM-MIMO System Employing Binary

PSK and M’ary PSK Techniques Over Different Fading Channels
Vikash Sachan1, Ravi Shankar2, Indrajeet Kumar3, Ritesh Kumar Mishra4
1,2,3,4
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering NIT Patna, Patna-800005, India

Abstract

This paper provides a brief insight into the performance analysis of spatially modulated (STBC-SM) MIMO system employing
Binary PSK and M’ary PSK techniques over Rician, Nakagami-m and Rayleigh fading channels. The performance analysis is
also extended to    ,    , k   channels. The end to end PEP (pairwise error probability) and Symbol error rate (SER) are
analyzed for different fading scenarios. Simulations are performed for 2-PSK,4-PSK and 8-PSK modulation schemes. Result of
simulation show that the SER performance of SM-MIMO system degrades for higher order modulation schemes. However SM-
MIMO system requires reduced hardware with less decoding complexity than massive MIMO due to single RF chain. Hence
SM-MIMO system can be used in conjuction with the cooperative communication for improving the SER performance of higher
order modulation schemes in future generation networks.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2019 The Authors.
Peer-review Published byofElsevier
under responsibility Ltd. committee of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances
the scientific
This is an open access article
and Applications – PerCAA 2019.under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Keywords: MIMO; spatial modulation;    ;    ; k   channels; 2-PSK; 4-PSK; 8-PSK; STBC

1. Introduction

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system has been used extensively because of rapid traffic growth in
telecommunication. MIMO systems can significantly improve the performance of telecommunication systems.
MIMO systems have been used extensively to provide high data rate as compared to SISO (single input single
output) systems [2],[4],[6].

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing Advances
and Applications – PerCAA 2019.
10.1016/j.procs.2019.05.010
324 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332
2 Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

diversity is one of the promising technique used in wireless networks as it gives diversity gain (DG) without
having the requirement to fix antennas at the destination and source. A multiple relay cooperates to increase signal
strength. Source and destination are hidden from each other, so there is no direct link [1], [5],[7].
The spatial diversity Due to multipath propagation, signals at the receiver having different attenuation and delay
are added. So there is fluctuation in the power at the receiver. If the power of the signal is below a certain threshold
value, then there will be deep fade in the signal and link will fail. To avoid deep fading in the signal, MIMO system
is used [3].
Cooperative technique uses multiple antenna as in MIMO, Which has already been proven that it will effectively
enhance network capacity. To overcome these problems of increasing the number of antenna the cooperative
communication is very useful in enhancing the signal strength without increasing the number antenna at the source
and destination [10].
Two branch diversity scheme suggested by Alamouti. One or more members of antennas are used for Space time
block code (STBC) . In spatial modulation only one antenna is being energetic at a instant and then antenna will
carry the signal increasing the spectral efficiency using antenna index. Joint detection scheme is being proposed for
increasing the performance of SM MIMO System. SM systems could be united with the STBC system to get two
way benefit of enhanced spectral efficiency and improved performance. STBC-SM system gives us enhanced bit
error rate performance than SM system [16], [17].
The popularity of SM-MIMO systems have been done due to their reduced hardware and detection complexity.
Spatially Modulated (SM) system improves spectral efficiency by operating only a subset of transmitting antenna
and antenna indices are used as a part of information bits. SM-MIMO system in which only transmitting antennas
out of transmitting antennas are activated in each transmission interval, when communicating with the receive
antennas [8] -[14].
There are two parameters to classify the channel conditions, those are coherence bandwidth and coherence time.
Coherence time is dependent on Doppler shift and delay spread of the multipath component. When the distribution
of amplitude is modeled properly, it is easy to get the statistical properties of SNR. The relation of SNR and
amplitude are in similar fashion like amplitude and power. There are some commonly known fading distributions,
those are rician fading, rayleigh fading and Nakagami-m fading. Nakagami-m fading is the generalized fading
distribution. Some special cases of generalized fading distribution are    , k   and    [15].

2. System Model of Spatial Modulation

In spatial modulation(SM), the information bits are not transmitted at the same time from multiple antennas at the
source. The SM reduces the system complexity, inter antenna interference and transmit antenna synchronization. In
SM, all the bit are not physically transmitted. Only some part of bit sequence is mapped to the antenna indices and
antenna analogous to the mapped index transmits the signal bits mapped to the signal constellation. System model
corresponds to spatial modulation given in the figure.
1 1
1
Antenna Antenna
Index Index
Input SM
Estimator
Mapper

Antenna 2 2 Symbol
Modulated
Select and Rx
Symbol Demodulator
Symbol Transmit
Modulator Nt Nr
rr
SM De-
Mapper

Fig. 1.System Model of Spatial modulation MIMO System Received Data

 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332 325
Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

3. Alamouti Space time block code:

The Alamouti code is a space time block code. It does not need CSI or knowledge of channel coefficients at
transmitter, hence is very useful from a practical point of view [16].
Consider 1 2 MISO system, let x1 , x2 denote the symbols transmitted from the transmit antenna T1,T2
respectively during 1st time instant.
 x1  (1)
y1  1 2    w1
 x2 
Let  x2* , x1*
be transmitted from the transmit antenna T1, T2 respectively during the 2nd time instant.
 x* 
y2  2 1   1*   w2 (2)
  x2 
 
Now combining these two gives the net system model for Alamouti code.
 y1   1 2   x1   w1 
 *     (3)
  x2   w2 
* *
 y2   2  1

By examining the 1st and 2nd column of the channel matrix, we can see that the 1st and 2nd column of the channel
matrix of the Alamouti code is orthogonal. So this is called as an orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC).

4. Fading Channel models:

4.1 Rayleigh fading:

In Rayleigh fading,only the non-line of sight parts present in the received signal. The PDF of the fading amplitude
is given by the following formula [3],
2
2 x x (4)
p X ( x)
 e , x0
p

Where p  E X   2
is denoted as fading power.
When the amplitude is Rayleigh distributed, the instantaneous SNR is given by,

1
p ( )
 e ,  0 (5)

4.2 Rician fading:
In rician fading, it is suits the LOS (line of sight) scenario. So the PDF of fading amplitude is given by the following
formula [18],
(1 K ) x 2
2(1  K )  K   K (1  K ) 
p X ( x) xe p
I 0  2 x  , x  0 (6)
p  p 
Where, K is the fading parameter of the rice distribution and it is the ratio of leading components of the total power
of the scattering component.
When the amplitude is rician distributed, the instantaneous SNR is given by,
(1 K )
(1  K ) K   K (1  K ) 
p ( ) e 
I 0  2  ,  0 (7)
   
Where K varies from 0 (no fading) to  (Rayleigh fading).

4.3 Nakagami-m fading:

Nakagami-m fading distribution is mostly used in non-line of sight environment. Due to simplicity, that is
326 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332
4 Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

commonly used to model fading scenario. That fading model is generalized fading model [5].
The PDF of amplitude of Nakagami-m distribution is given by,
 mx2
2mm x 2 m 1 
p X ( x) e , x0 (8)
p m 1(m)
EX2
2
1 (9)
m , m

E X  EX 2 2
 2
When m is the fading parameter (Shape parameter).
The PDF of SNR is given as,
 m
mm m 1
p ( ) e 
,  0 (10)
  m (m)
4.4    fading:
The PDF of amplitude of received    fading is given as [18],
 
 

 1    x 
p X ( x) 2 e p 
, a
  0,   0, x  0 (11)
2(  ) p
E ( X  )2
 , 0 (12)
E ( X   E ( X ) )

The PDF of received SNR could be given as,

 
   1  x 2
   
p ( ) 2 e  
,   0,   0,   0
 (13)
2(  ) 2

4.5    fading:
The PDF of amplitude of received    fading is given as [18],
1
 2  hx2
4  2
h 2

p  2 Hx 2 
p X ( x) 1 1
x e I 1  , x  0 (14)
(  ) H

2
p

2

2  p 
The PDF of received SNR could be given as,
1
 2  h
2  2
h 
1
 2 H  
p ( ) 1 1
 2
e 
I 1  ,   0 (15)
(  ) H

2


2

2   
4.6 k   fading:
The PDF of amplitude of received k   fading is given as [18],
 1
 (1 k ) x 2
2 (1  k ) 2

  k (1  k ) 
p X ( x) x e p
I  1  2 x , x  0 (16)
 1  1
 p 
k 2
ek p 2

The PDF of received SNR could be given as,

 1
 1   (1 k ) 
 (1  k ) 2  k (1  k ) 
p ( )  2
e 
I  1  2  ,   0 (17)
 1  1  
k 2 k
e  2  
 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332 327
Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

1 1  2k
 (18)
V ( ) (1  k ) 2

5. SER performance analysis of SM-MIMO system:

In the given section, we examine the parameters of the SM-MIMO system for different fading scenarios. symbol
error rate (SER) performance is analytically evaluated over generalized fading channels. To validate the analytical
results, we have performed the simulations. In SM-MIMO system, the constellation points are in the spatial domain,
which are mapped to the transmitting antenna. That constellation point in the spatial domain is added to signal
constellation. So the distance of the received noisy signal is minimized jointly to signal constellation and spatial
constellation. For the received symbol, there are decision criteria of minimization [12].
vˆ, xtˆ  arg min || r  hv xt ||2

v,q
(19)

arg min || hv xt ||2 2 Re{hvH rxt* },

v ,t

where xSM  u  is transmitted symbol and xSM  u  is the detected symbol xSM  v  . Probability of occurrence of
 
such event is called as pairwise error probability and denoted as P xSM  u   xSM  v  . In other terms, it could be
denoted as,
P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ, xtˆ ))
 P(|| r  hvˆ xtˆ ||2 || r  hv xt ||2 )
P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ, xtˆ ))  P(|| hvˆ xtˆ ||2 2 Re{hvˆH rxt* } (20)
2 H *
|| hv xt || 2 Re{h rx }) v t

Where v̂ and xtˆ denote the estimated antenna index and symbols detected at the receiver respectively. When
antenna index v is taken, then the transmitted symbol xt is transmitted from the transmitter. In SM-MIMO system,
if number of transmitting antennas and modulation schemes are N t and M-ary respectively, then the total number of
pairs formed is  MNt  1! .
Hence the overall probability of the received symbol is obtained by applying the amalgamation bound on the
pairwise error probability.
Pe   P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ, xtˆ )) (21)
j ,t
This SER is a function of pairwise error probability.
The PEP for joint detection of the SM-MIMO system over Nakagami-m fading channel could be given as

P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ, xtˆ )) P(|| r  hvˆ xtˆ ||2 || r  hv xt ||2 ) (22)

So the pairwise error probability is being written as,

P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ, xtˆ )) P(|| r  hvˆ xtˆ ||F || r  hv xt ||F ) (23)

P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ

, xtˆ )) P(|| hv xt  n  hvˆ xtˆ ||F || hv xt  n  hv xt ||F ) (24)

P( xSM (v, xt )  xSM (vˆ, xtˆ

)) P(|| hv xt  hvˆ xtˆ )  n ||F || n ||F ) (25)
This reduces the PEP expression to,
 (h x  h x ) 
ˆ ˆ
P( x (v , x )  x (vˆ, x ))  P  v t v t   || n || (26)
SM t SM tˆ  2  F
 F 
 
 ||( hv xt  hvˆ x ˆ )||2 
P( x ( v, x )  x (vˆ, x ))  Q  t F (27)
SM t SM tˆ 
 2 
 
328 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332
6 Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

1  2 2
Q( x )   e d ,
2 x

6. Simulation Results:

Simulation result shows the performance comparison of the SM-MIMO, Alamouti STBC-MIMO & Alamouti
STBC-SM system over Rayleigh fading channel as shown in fig 2. In this given case , SM-MIMO and alamouti
STBC-SM merge with each other and Alamouti STBC-SM gives the better SER. Simulations are performed for 105
symbols of the system with Nt  2 antennas at transmitting end and N r  2 antennas at destination.
In fig.2, the performance comparison of SM-MIMO, Alamouti STBC-MIMO & Alamouti STBC-SM system
employing 4-PSK techniques over Rayleigh fading channel is shown,.

Fig.2.Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO,Alamouti STBC-MIMO & Alamouti STBC-SM system using rayleigh channel for 4-PSK
Simulation results show the performance comparison of SM-MIMO system over different fading channels.
Simulations are performed for 105 symbols of the SM-MIMO system with a transmitting antenna Nt  4 and the
destination antennas N r  4 .

In fig.3, the performance comparison of a SM-MIMO system employing 2-PSK,4-PSK and 8-PSK techniques over
Rayleigh fading channel is shown,
 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332 329
Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

Fig.3.Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO system using rayleigh channel for 2-PSK,4-PSK and 8-PSK
Fig.4 shows the performance comparison of a SM-MIMO system employing 2-PSK,4-PSK, 8-PSK techniques over
Rician fading channel is shown.

Fig.4 Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO system using rician fading channel for 2-PSK,4-PSK,8-PSK

In fig.5, the performance comparison of a SM-MIMO system employing 2-PSK,4-PSK, 8-PSK techniques over the
Nakagami-m fading channel is shown,.

Fig.5. Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO system using Nakagami-m channel for 2-PSK,4-PSK,8-PSK
330 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332
8 Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

In fig.6. the performance comparison of a SM-MIMO system employing 2-PSK,4-PSK, 8-PSK techniques over
   fading channel is shown.

Fig.6. Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO system using    fading channel for 2-PSK,4-PSK,8-PSK

Fig. 7. shows the performance comparison of a SM-MIMO system employing 2-PSK,4-PSK, 8-PSK techniques
over    fading channel.

Fig.7. Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO system using    fading channel for 2-PSK,4-PSK,8-PSK
 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332 331
Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9

Fig. 8. shows the performance comparison of SM-MIMO system employing 2-PSK,4-PSK, 8-PSK techniques over
k   fading channel.

Fig.8. Comparision of SER curves for SM-MIMO system using    fading channel for 2-PSK,4-PSK,8-PSK

Conclusion

In this paper, we analyze the performance of a SM-MIMO system employing M’ary PSK techniques over
Nakagami-m, Rician and Rayleigh fading channels.. The end to end PEP (pairwise error probability) and Symbol
error rate (SER) are analyzed for different fading scenarios. Simulations are performed for 2-PSK,4-PSK and 8-PSK
modulation schemes. Result of the simulation shows that the SER performance of the SM-MIMO system degrades
for higher order modulation schemes. Simulation result also shows that SM-MIMO system in conjunction with
alamouti scheme improves the SER performance. Moreover the SM-MIMO system requires reduced hardware with
less decoding complexity than massive MIMO due to the single RF chain. Hence the SM-MIMO system can be
used in conjunction with the cooperative communication for improving the SER performance of higher order
modulation schemes as well.

References

[1] Liu, KJ Ray. Cooperative communications and networking. Cambridge university press, 2009.
[2] J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, L. Szczecinski and A. Ceron, “Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless
Commun., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 3692-3703, Jul. 2009.
[3] Y. M. Khattabi and M. M. Matalgah, "Performance Analysis of Multiple-Relay AF Cooperative Systems Over Rayleigh Time-Selective
Fading Channels With Imperfect Channel Estimation," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 427-434, Jan. 2016.
[4] Chen, He, Ju Liu, Chao Zhai, and Yuxi Liu. "Performance of incremental-selective decode-and-forward relaying cooperative communications
over Rayleigh fading channels." In Wireless Communications & Signal Processing, 2009. WCSP 2009. International Conference on, pp. 1-5.
IEEE, 2009.
[5] Sachan Vikash, Ravi Shankar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra, "Selective Decode-Forward Cooperative Communication over Nakagami-m Fading
Channel with Channel Estimation Error." Journal of Telecommunication Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC) 9.2-6 (2017): 85-90.
[6] R.Y. Mesleh, H. Haas, S. Sinanovic, C. Ahn and S. Yun, “Spatial modulation,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2228-2241, Jul.
2008.
332 Vikash Sachan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 152 (2019) 323–332
10 Vikash Sachan, Ravi Shankar, Indrajeet Kumar, Ritesh Kumar Mishra/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

[7] J. N. Laneman, D. N. C. Tse and G. W. Wornell, “Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior,”
IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062-3080, Dec. 2004.
[8] N. Serafimovski, S. Sinanovic, M. Di Renzo, H. Haas, “Dual-hop spatial modulation (Dh-SM),” IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., Spring, Yokohoma,
Japan, 2011.
[9] A. Mohammadi, F.M. Ghannouchi, “Single RF front-end MIMO transceivers”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 49, Issue12, pp. 104-
109, December 2011.
[10] J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, and L. Szczecinski, “Space modulation: Optimal detection and performance analysis,” IEEE Commun. Lett.,, vol.
12, no. 8, pp. 545–547, Aug. 2008.
[11] M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, and P. M. Grant, “Spatial modulation for multiple antenna wireless systems: A survey,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.
49, no. 12, pp. 182–191, Jan. 2011.
[12] M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura, and L. Hanzo, “Spatial modulation for generalized MIMO: Challenges, opportunities, and
implementation,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 56–103, Jan. 2014.
[13] P. Yang, M. D. Renzo, Y. Xiao, S. Li, and L. Hanzo, “Design guidelines for spatial modulation,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 17, no.
1, pp. 6–26, Jan.–Mar. 2015.
[14] P. Yang et al., “Single-carrier SM-MIMO: A promising design for broadband large-scale antenna systems,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts.,
vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1687–1716, Jul.–Sep. 2016.
[15] M. Di Renzo and H. Haas, “Bit error probability of SM-MIMO over generalized fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 3,
pp. 1124–1144, Mar. 2012.
[16] S. Alamouti, “A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.
16, no. 8, pp. 1451–1458, 1998.
[17] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. Calderbank, “Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1456–1467, 1999.
[18] M.S Alaouni and M.K. Simon, Digital Communications over Fading channels, 2 nd edition. John & Willey,2005.