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Lect 1 Zoo1

Zoology is the branch of biology that studies animals. It involves the study of animal anatomy, physiology, evolution, reproduction, development, and interactions with each other and the environment. The key figures in the early history of zoology include Aristotle, who conducted early observations and classifications of animals, and Albertus Magnus, who compiled knowledge on animals in the 13th century. Zoology uses the scientific method, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and conclusions. It is guided by natural laws and aims to provide explanatory frameworks for animal life.

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10 views

Lect 1 Zoo1

Zoology is the branch of biology that studies animals. It involves the study of animal anatomy, physiology, evolution, reproduction, development, and interactions with each other and the environment. The key figures in the early history of zoology include Aristotle, who conducted early observations and classifications of animals, and Albertus Magnus, who compiled knowledge on animals in the 13th century. Zoology uses the scientific method, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and conclusions. It is guided by natural laws and aims to provide explanatory frameworks for animal life.

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sjoerjen
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ZOOLOGY

STUDY OF ANIMALS
The Science of Zoology
SCIENCE comes from the Latin word scientia,
meaning knowledge.
• any systematic, knowledge-based practice in order
to determine the nature or principle being studied
• a system of acquiring information utilizing
• the scientific method in order to produce an
organized body of knowledge
• a way of learning and thinking about the natural
world
• involves many principles, techniques and thinking
Characteristics of Science
1. It is guided by natural law
2. It has to be explanatory by reference to
natural law
3. It is testable against the observable world
4. Its conclusions are tentative and therefore not
necessarily the final world
5. It is falsifiable
Division of Science
A. Natural Science – study of natural
phenomena
1. Physical Science –
2. Biological Science –
3. Earth and Space Science –
B. Social Sciences – study of human
behavior and societies
C. Formal Sciences – Mathematics and
Computer Science
Division of Science
D. Applied Science – Engineering,
Medicine, and Technology
E. Environmental Sciences –
Environmental Science and Ecology
F. Interdisciplinary and Emerging Fields –
Bioinformatics, Neuroscience, and
Cognitive Science
Natural Science refers to the study of natural phenomena

Biological Science usually refers specifically to the


study of biology.

Biology is the branch of science that focuses on the study of


living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, and
interactions with each other and their environments.
ZOOLOGY
• a branch of biology that
specifically deals with
the study of animals

• their anatomy,
physiology, evolution,
reproduction, interactions
including embryology
and heredity
HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY

Aristotle
• 4th century BCE (approximately 384–322 BCE), ancient Greece.
• conducted his work and observations on animals during this time,
and his writings on the subject, including "Historia Animalium"
(History of Animals), were foundational in the development of
early biological thought.

Key contributions to zoology


1.Classification of Animals
2.Observational Approach
3.Habitat and Behavior
4.Influence on Later Naturalists
5.Concept of the Scala Naturae: the "great chain of being"
HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY

Albertus Magnus
(Saint Albert the Great)
• 13th century (1200 – 1280),
medieval period in Europe

Key contributions to zoology:


1. Compilation of Knowledge
2. Classification of Animals
3. Observations of Animal Behavior
4. Integration of Theology and Natural Philosophy
5. Influence on Future Scholars - "De Animalibus" (On Animals)
HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY

Roger Bacon
• 13th century (around 1214 to 1292).
• His most significant period of activity
and contributions to the development
of scientific thinking occurred during
the 13th century in Europe, primarily
in the Franciscan communities and
universities of the time

Contributions:
1. Promotion of Empirical Observation
2. Experimental Method
HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)


• His main contributions were in the fields
of theology and philosophy, and his
efforts to reconcile faith and reason had a
significant impact on the way scholars in
the medieval period approached the study
of nature, including zoology.
• His work laid the foundation for the
integration of religious beliefs with the
exploration of the natural world,
providing a framework within which later
naturalists and scientists would work.
Fundamental Properties of Life

• Does Life Have Defining


Properties?
• What is life?
• A condition which distinguishes
animals and plants from
inorganic objects and dead
organisms
1-13
Fundamental Properties of Life

• Does Life Have Defining Properties?


• What is life?
• No simple definition
• The history of life shows extensive and
ongoing change called evolution
• Answer must be based on the
common history of life on earth
1-14
8 General Properties of Living Systems
1.Chemical Uniqueness:
Living systems demonstrate a unique
and complex molecular organization

• Small molecules are assembled into


macromolecules:
1. Nucleic Acids
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates
4. Lipids
1-15
8 General Properties of Living Systems
• Order: Living things are highly organized, meaning
they contain specialized, coordinated parts.
• Sensitivity or response to the environment: Living
organisms respond to changes in their
environment.
• Reproduction: Living things reproduce, passing on
their genetic information to their offspring.
• Growth and development: Living things grow and
develop, often following a specific pattern of
changes. 1-16
Order: Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:
Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical
organization

• In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes:


Macromolecules
Cells- all living things are made up of
cells Organisms
Populations
Species

1-17
Sensitivity or response to the environment:
Environmental Interaction:
All animals interact with their
environments
• Ecology: The study of organismal
interaction with an environment; living
organisms react to their internal and
external environment
• All organisms respond to environmental
stimuli called irritability
1-18
1-19
Reproduction:
Living systems can reproduce
themselves
■ At each level of the biological hierarchy
living forms reproduce to generate others
like themselves:
■ Genes replicated to produce new genes.
■ Cells divide producing new cells.
■ Organisms reproduce, sexually or
asexually, to produce new organisms
■ Populations may fragment to produce new
populations
■ Species may split to produce new species

1-20
Growth and Development:
Growth refers to increase in mass or
size
All organisms pass through a
characteristic life cycle
• Development describes the
characteristic changes that an organism
undergoes from its origin to its final
adult form

1-21
1-22
8 General Properties of Living Systems
• Regulation: Living organisms regulate their internal
environment to maintain the relatively narrow
range of conditions needed for cell function.
• Homeostasis: Living organisms maintain a stable
internal environment.
• Energy processing: Living things use energy to
maintain their organization, grow, and reproduce.
• Evolution: Living things evolve over time, adapting
to their environment and changing over
generations.
1-23
7. Energy Processing: Metabolism
Living organisms maintain themselves by
acquiring nutrients from their
environments
• Metabolic processes include:
• Digestion
• Energy production (Respiration)

1-24
• Metabolism is often viewed as an
interaction of destructive
(catabolic) and constructive
(anabolic) reactions

1-25
1-26
Movement:
Living systems and their parts
show precise and controlled
movements arising from within the
system

• Living systems extract energy


from their environments
permitting the initiation of
controlled movements
1-27
• Movements at the cellular level are required
for:
Reproduction (replication of genetic
materials that are passed on from to the
next generation)
Growth
Responses to stimuli
Development in multicellular organisms
• On a larger scale:
Entire populations or species may disperse
from one geographic location to another over
time
1-28
Zoology As Part of Biology
• Characteristics of Animals:

1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-
enclosed nuclei
3. Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing
their own food and must rely on external food
sources
4. Cells lack cell walls and photosynthetic
organelles
And most can
5. Reproduce sexually
6. Move 1-29
LIFE OBEYS PHYSICAL LAWS

a. 1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS –


law of conservation of energy. Energy is neither
created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one
form to another
b. 2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS –
states that physical system tend to proceed toward s
state of greater disorder or entropy ( living cells
maintain complex molecular organization only as long
as energy fuels the organization.
Principles of Science
• The scientific method may be summarized as a series
of steps:
1. Observation
2. Identification of Problem (Question)
3. Hypothesis Formation
4. Empirical Test
● Controlled Experiment
Includes at least 2 groups
Test Group
Control Group
- Record and analyze the data
5. Conclusions/Generalizations
Accept or reject your hypothesis
5. Publications
1-31
Principles of Science
• Hypothesis:
• Potential answers to questions being asked
• Derived from prior observations of nature
or from theories based on such
observations
• Often constitute general statements
about nature that may explain a large
number of diverse observations
• If a hypothesis is very powerful in
explaining a wide variety of related
phenomena, it attains the level of a theory
1-32
LIMITATIONS:
1. Existence of God
2. Beauty Appreciation
3. Moral Issues
4. Value Judgement
REMEMBER: Science provides the
information but the act of making
judgement is not science.
TWO CATEGORIES OF ZOOLOGICAL
SCIENCES
1. Evolutionary Science – use comparative
method to reconstruct the history of life
and then use it to explain the diversity of
species
2. Experimental Science – use the
experimental method to ask how animals
perform their basic metabolic,
developmental, and reproductive function.
EXPERIMENTAL VS
COMPARATIVE METHOD
The 1st category seeks to explain the
proximate or immediate causes that underlie
the operation of the biological systems at a
particular time and place.
The 2nd category questions the ultimate
causes that have produce these systems and
their distinctive characteristics through
evolutionary times
• THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING

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