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Nanofluids: A Review on Current Scenario and Future

prospective
M. Vishnu Narayanan1, Rakesh S.G.2
1
M.Tech. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita University,
Bengaluru, India
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita University, Bengaluru, India

2
[email protected]

Abstract. The use of additives in the base fluid is one of the techniques to strengthen the heat
transfer With the amelioration in the field of nanotechnology, a new class of heat transfer
fluids has been engineered, a base fluid (host) in which nano particles (guests) are dispersed
and suspended stably. Researches have showed that these fluids exhibit higher thermal
conductivity than the base fluid. As a result, the study of nanofluids has materialized as a new
field of scientific interest and innovative application. This paper focuses on the recent
advancements in the study of nanofluids such as preparation methods, stability of nanofluids
and presents the extensive area of applications.

1. Introduction
Heat transfer enhancement is an important concern in the field of thermal engineering. Many efforts have
been taken to improve the heat transfer rate of different thermal systems. For decades, adding additives to
the Coolant was the practice for enhancin it also created the g the heat transfer. It was found that while
adding additives improved the heat transfer problem of fouling, thereby reducing the life of the
components. However, the development in the field of Nano technology enabled the discovery of new
category of Coolants namely the Nano-Coolants (Coolant with dispersed Nano particles), where a concept
of guest and host arises. The nano particles which is preferably called as guest is dispersed into the host,
which is the base fluid. It was found that there was enhancement in thermo physical properties when
compared to the base fluid and it increased as the concentration of nano particles in the base fluid
increased. Devi Reddy et al.[1] performed an experiment on automobile radiator using ethylene glycol
and water based TiO2 nanofluid as the Coolant at different concentration levels of nano particles. The
results showed that there is enhancement in heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid to an
extent of 17.77-34.12%. Das et al.[2] studied the viscous behavior of alumina-water nano fluid and
concluded that viscosity increases with increase in particle concentration. Das et al.[2] conducted
experiment using Al203-water nano fluid and CuO water nano fluid when it has been observed that nano
fluid containing smaller CuO particles showed enhancement in thermal conductivity with temperature.
The effect of particle concentration was observed more for Al203 - water nano fluids. Ju et al.[3] measured
the thermal conductivity of aqueous alumina nano particle using hot wire setup for 20nm 30nm and 45nm
upto a volume concentration of 10% and observed that there is an anomalous enhancement in thermal
conductivity. Shyam Sundar et al.[4] performed investigation using Ni-Diamond nano particles in
different proportions of ethylene glycol water mixture and water alone and concluded that the thermal
conductivity was maximum for nanoparticles dispersed in water and ethylene glycol mixture. Abdul
Hamid et al.[5] conducted an experiments using ethylene glycol-TiO2 and TiO2 - ethylene glycol(60:40).
The first nanofluid was a commercial grade and second one was prepared by dilution method and it was
found that for ethylene glycol- TiO2 the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was 28.9% and for TiO2
- ethylene glycol(60:40) mixture only reduction in viscosity was observed due to increase in temperature.
Murali krishna et al.[6] conducted an experiment using ZnO- water nanofluid prepared by sol-gel method

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and it was passed through concentric heat exchanger when it was observed that overall heat transfer
coefficient increased by 11% for a volume fraction of 0.5%. Meena et al.[7] investigated the tribological
behaviour of titanium oxide nano particle in an engine oil. It was observed that the co efficient of friction
was reduced by 86% with 0.3% concentration by weight of the oil as compared to the oil without TiO 2
nanoparticles for load of 4 kg. M.Tajik Jamal-Abadi et al.[8] measured the thermal conductivity of Cu-
water and Al-water nano fluids experimentally by thermal property analyzer. It was concluded that
thermal conductivity enhancement rise from 12 % to 26 % (for Cu-water at 2000 ppm) and 11 % to 22 %
(for Al-water at 2000 ppm). From the above result, it can be said that particle concentration is an
important parameter, as particle concentration increases thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases.
Leong et al.[9] used ethylene glycol-Cu nanofluid and it was experimented in an automobile radiator. It
was found that there was an enhancement in overall heat transfer coefficient by 3.8% for an addition of
2% of copper nano particles for a Reynolds number of 5000 and 6000. Ismat et al.[10] used CuO-PVA
nanofluid using Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Thermal
stability and weight loss of the CuO NPs were studied and experimentally it was concluded that as
temperature increases the viscosity decreases. Senthilraja et al.[11] performed an investigation on double
pipe heat exchanger using CuO-water nanofluid at volume concentration of (0.1&0.3%) at room
temperature when it was found that there was an huge increase in overall heat transfer coefficient for a
Reynolds number of 25000.Wesley Williams et al.[12] used horizontal tubes were Zirconia-water
nanofluid was allowed to flow at different flow rates and it was found that there was no abnormal increase
in heat transfer rate. Heat transfer performance of an automobile radiator was conducted by S.M.
Peyghambarzadeh et al.[13] using Fe203-water nano particles at concentrations of 0.15,0.4 and 0.65vol%
and it was found that there was an enhancement in overall heat transfer coefficient by 9% for Reynolds
number of(500-1000). Two sets of experiments were conducted by R. Aghayari et al.[14] in a double pipe
heat exchanger using iron oxide-water nanofluid where the concentration ranged from (0.12-0.2)% by
volume. It was observed that there was an increase in Nusselt number by 132.5% (Re=2500). Bhaskar et
al.[15] used silicon dioxide-water nanofluid and compared the experimental result with Hamilton and
Crosser model and it was found that the model was unable to predict the thermal conductivity of the
nanofluids. Wenhua Yu et al.[16] performed a heat transfer experiment with SiC-water nanofluid at
constant pumping power, constant velocity and constant Reynolds number((3300 13000) and observed
that there was an increase in heat transfer coefficient by (50-60)% . Xin Fang et al.[17] used silver nano
particles measured thermal conductivity from 100C -300C with an increment of 50C. Here nano paricles
of different shapes are used such as nano wires (NWs), nano fiber (NFs) and nano spheres (NSs), these
nano particles are mixed with ethylene glycol. It was found that NFs and NSs nanofluids did no show
much enhancement in thermal conductivity but presence of nano wires increased the viscosity of the
ethylene-glycol suspension. S. Iyahraj et al.[18] prepared nanofluid by dispersing polyvinyl pyrrolidone
coated silver nanoparticles in distilled water. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid was measured by
thermal analyzer. The experiment was conducted from 30⁰C - 60ºC and was observed that there was an
increase in thermal conductivity up to 69%.

2. Preparation of NanoFluids
Preparation of nanofluid is one of the major step that uses nano particles which helps to improve the
thermal conductivity of the base fluid. Dispersion of the nano particles in a uniform manner and
suspending them in the base fluid is critical in producing high quality nanofluid. Two methods are being
followed for the preparation of nanofluids - one step and two step methods. Many one step and two step
methods have been developed for the preparation of the nanofluids. These processes can be briefly
explained:

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (2018) 012084 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012084
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One Step Method: In one step method, synthesis and dispersion of nano particles occurs
simultaneously. Siva Eswara et al. [19] used sol-gel method for the preparation of alumina nanofluid.
Eastman et al.[20] used one step method which involves direct condensation of the metallic vapour into
the nano particles with a flowing low pressure liquid. Akanksha et al.[21] used direct evaporation method
or the producing a stable nanofluid. Hai-tao et al. [22] used one step method for preparation of nanofluid
by reducing CuSO4.5H2O with NaH2PO2.H2O in ethylene glycol under micro wave radiation. Lo et al.[23]
used Submerged Arc Nano particle Synthesis System (SANSS) to prepare CuO based nano particles
where it is directly dispersed into deionized water. The advantage of one step method is that
agglomerations of the particles are avoided. Diagrammatic representation of one step method is shown in

figure 1.

Reactant1

Nanofluid
Reaction solution

Reactant 2

Fig .1. Schematic of one step method [24] Fig.2. schematic of two step method [25]

Two Step Method: In this method, the nano particles are prepared as dry powder separately using
physical or chemical method then dispersed into the base fluid with the help of magnetic force agitation,
ultrasonic agitation and high-shear mixing. This method of producing nano particles tend to be cheaper,
since they are produced in large scale. However due to large surface area these particles will have a
tendency to agglomerate. So in order to attain stable suspension sonication, addition of stabilizer or
adjustment of pH may be required. Akanksha et al.[21] used two step method to prepare wherein alumina
nanoparicles were dispersed into the base fluid (water). 15gms of alumina nanoparicles were added to 10
liters of water. Micha et al. [26] prepared copper oxide nano fluid by mixing the nano powder with water
and stabilizers, sonication was performed with an ultrasonic mixture. . It can be concluded from the
literatures that by two-step method it is difficult to obtain a stable nanofluid ,this is where one-step
method has an upper hand .Diagrammatic representation of two step method is shown in figure 2.

3. Stability of Nanofluids
Sometimes the particles that have been dispersed may adhere together and can form particles of larger
size which may settle due to the effect of gravity. Stability means particles do not aggregate at a
significant rate. The rate of aggregation is determined by the frequency of the collisions and the chance of
cohesion during collision. It can be said that the theory the stability of the solution is determined by the
van der Waals attractive and electrical double layer repulsive forces as the particle approach each other
due to Brownian motion phenomenon, if the attractive forces is greater than the repulsive force the two
particles will collide and the suspension is not stable. For the nanofluid to be stable the repulsive force

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (2018) 012084 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012084
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must dominate the attractive force [27].The agglomeration of nano particles not only cause sedimentation
but it also blocks the fluid passage and decreases the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids.
Understanding about the stability is important since it has great influence on the properties of nanofluids.
Different methods have been developed to evaluate the stability of nanofluids. Li et.al[28] used a
sedimentation technique wherein copper nano suspensions were made and different dispersants were
added and was kept under observation. State of sedimentation was observed every 24hrs. The following
conclusions were made:
Use of dispersant
Use of ultrasonic Vibration
Changing the pH value of the Suspension
All the above mentioned techniques provided a stable suspension. This was mainly because the
technique improved the surface properties of the suspended particle. K singh et al.[29] studied about the
stability of silver nanofluid under room condition and found that under stationary condition it was stable
for 1 month and under the action of centrifugal force at 3000rpm it was stable for 10hrs without
sedimentation. Ho jin et al.[30] prepared gold nanofluid using pulsed laser ablation technique. It was
found that the nanofluid showed outstanding stability even after one month without using any dispersant.
This was mainly due to large negative zeta potential of gold nanoparticles in water. Sebt et al.[31]
produced colloidal solution of FePt nano particles by dispersing it into hexane and found that adding
surfactants with centrifugation increased the stability of the solution. Shaooli et al.[32] prepared CuO-
water based nanofluid using PolyVinylPyrolidone (PVP) as dispersant. Zetapotential and absorbency
were measured at different ph values and PVP concentrations. It was concluded that excellent stability
was shown at the pH value of 8. Hwang et al.[33] estimated the stability of nanofluids using UV-vis
spectrophotometer. It was concluded that the stability of the nanofluid was infuenced by the
characteristics between fluid and the suspended nano particles.

Surfactants that are added in the nanofluids are called dispersants. Since nanofluids is a two phase
system, adding Surfactants is an economical way to enhance its stability. Surfactants consist of
hydrophobic tail portion, mostly hydrocarbon chain and a hydrophilic polar head group. According to the
composition of head, Surfactants are divided into four classes: nonionic surfactants, ionic surfactants,
cationic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants. Hwang et al. used hydrophilic functional groups on nano
tubes by mechananochemical reaction. Li et al.[34] used wet mechanochemical reaction to prepare
surfactant-free nanofluid which contained singled walled and double walled CNT. Quing et al[35] used
diamond nano particles with water for better dispersion characteristics. In water the nano particles were
treated with plasma. Later it was observed that the stability of the nano fluid was increased. Johni et
al.[36] used a bead milling process to get a stable dispersion of titania nanoparticles in an organic solvent
of diethylene glycol diethylmether. Here the surface modification was done with silane coupling agent.
For increasing the stability of titania nano fluid surface modification was carried during the centrifugal
beed mill process.

4. Application of Nanofluids
As nanofluids exhibits enhanced thermo-physical properties, it’s application is limitless as a heat transfer
fluid. These enhanced properties are mainly due to the Brownian motion which gives it an advantage over
the conventional fluids used. The application is not only limited to the area of heat transfer system, but
also extended to medical arena.

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International Conference on Mechanical, Materials and Renewable Energy IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (2018) 012084 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012084
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4.1 Heat Transfer Fluid

The potential of nanofluid to improve the efficiency of an automotive is tremendous. This improvement in
efficiency can be done by decreasing the weight of the system along with thermal management. With
increasing the cooling rate of an engine, more amount of heat can be removed with same size of the
cooling system. The compactness that can be brought into the design of the radiator in turn increases the
fuel economy of an automobile. Bhogare et al. [37] reviewed the application of Alumina nano particles
with Engine oil (HP KOOLGARD) as the base fluid and concluded that there was a thermal conductivity
enhancement by 10.41% for a volume fraction of 3.5% of nano particles in the base fluid. Sandeesh et al.
[38] used MWCNT-water nano fluid to perform an investigation on automobile radiator and it was found
that there was tremendous enhancement in heat transfer. An enhancement of 350% was observed for a
volume concentration of 0.5%. Naraki et al.[39] used CuO-water nanofluid .Use of nanofluids not only
help in increasing the efficiency and economic performance of an automobile but also miniaturizes the
radiator helping it to be kept elsewhere in the automobile, which in turn helps to design it more
aerodynamically.

4.2 Solar Energy

Solar energy is one of the widely used renewable energy which has least environmental impact. Otanicer
et al.[40] investigated both numerical and experimental results of CNT, graphite and silver nanoparticles.
Comparison between the DAC and conventional solar collectors were made and found that the efficiency
was 10% higher. Tyagi et al.[41] conducted an investigation on direct absorption solar collectors (DASC)
and compared it with a flat plate collector. A mixture of aluminum and water nano particles were used
and found that the rate of absorption of radiation was nine times that of the pure water due to the
presence of nano particles. Y. He et al.[42] conducted an experiment using water-carbon nanotubes and
water-TiO2 in a vacuum tube solar collector and it was found that water-CNT nanofluid at a weight
concentration of 0.5% had better light conversion rate than the water-TiO2 nanofluid. Li et al.[43] used
three different nanofluids, MgO-water, Al203-water and ZnO-water on a tubular solar collector and it was
found that ZnO-water nanoluid with 0.2% volume concentration showed the best result. Khullar et al.[44]
theoretically investigated nanofluid based parabolic solar collector and compared it with the conventional
concentrating parabolic solar collector operated under similar condition, aluminum nano particles were
used with a concentration of 0.05% . It was found that nanofluid based parabolic solar collector had 5-
10% efficiency higher compared to conventional concentrating parabolic solar collector.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (2018) 012084 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012084
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Fig.3. Schematic of nanofluid-based concentrated

parabolic solar collector (NCPSC).[41]

4.3 Cooling of Electronic Components

Basically two approaches can be made to improve the heat transfer rate, one is to find out the optimum
geometry and another one is to improve the heat transfer rate. Nanofluids which exhibit enhanced thermal
conductivity helps to obtain higher heat transfer coefficient. Jang et al.[45] conducted a cooling
performance investigation using micro channel heat sink with diamond-water nanofluid and it was found
that the cooling performance was enhanced by 10% when compared with water based micro channel heat
sink. Use of nanofluid caused a reduction in thermal resistance and the temperature difference between
the heated micro channel wall and the coolant. Nguyen et al.[46] conducted an investigation on closed
liquid-circuit to understand the enhancement of a liquid cooling system where water, the base fluid, was
replaced by Al2O3-water nanofluids at various concentration levels and it was found that there was an
enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient by 23% for a volume concentration of 4.5%.
Considering the thermal management in personal computers has become an important aspect as the
energy dissipation rates increase tremendously, use of different heat transfer methods has become
substantial. One solution is use of heat pipes. Nanofluids employed with heat pipes showed higher
thermal performance, than the use of conventional water in heat pipes. Tsia et al.[47] used aqueous
solution of nanoparticles in heat pipe at different concentration. It was found that the thermal resistance of
heat pipe reduced when compared with DI water. Chen et al.[48] used flat heat pipe with silver nanofluid
using different particle concentration and it was concluded that decrease in thermal resistance is owing to
reduction in the boiling limit due to increase in effective liquid conductance and the effective thermal
conductivity of the wick structure in heat pipes. Shung et al.[49] used silver-water nanofluid used as a
working fluid in sintered circular heat pipe. It was observed that the temperature difference decreased
0.56-0.65 compared to DI water at an input power of 30-50 W. These results are encouraging the
researchers to develop nanofluids in this area of application.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (2018) 012084 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/377/1/012084
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5. Conclusions
The properties of nanofluids are found to be interesting and many are yet to be found out. This paper
provides an overview on the recent developments in the field of nanofluids, their preparation methods,
stability analysis, methods to maintain stable solution and their application in various engineering fields.
Even though nanofluids exhibit tremendous applications, some obstructions are still being faced. Firstly,
several experiments have been done especially in the field of Automotive Radiator. Some of them do not
hold well, which gives rise to demand for further experimental studies. Secondly, the stability of oxide
based nanofluids has been found to be more than that of the metal based nanofluids which hinders the use
of metal based nanofluids. Studies and experiments have to be done to improve the stability of metallic
based nanofluids and also to attain more stable solution for metal oxide based nanofluids. Thirdly, the use
of nanofluids will surely increase the pumping power. Research must be carried for the development of
nanofluids with low viscosity. There is no much study done on nanofluids under high temperature
application, which is because there is a chance for the surfactants to breakdown. It was found that some
nanofluids were prepared without using surfactants or changing pH, since it may change the thermos
physical properties. The major advantage with nanofluid is it’s enhanced thermal conductivity due to
which many studies has to be conducted to develop nanofluids for specific application. The cost of
production of nanofluid has become a barrier for its commercialization. Prioritizing the problems and
finding solutions accordingly will help to solve the challenges and will help nanofluids to make a
promising impact in various applications

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