APPLE AIRTAG

DETECTION AND
SIMULATION

Larry Pesce
Director of Research & Development,
Principal Managing Consultant
July 2022
What are AirTags?

Apple developed “tracking” devices useful for placing with

often misplaced objects
• Keys, kids, backpacks, pets
• Battery powered, water resistant
Connects to Apple’s Find My network
• Distributed monitoring and location tracking
• No location data stored on device, triangulated through
observation by other macOS/iOS devices
Anonymous and encrypted, privacy built in*
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What is the purpose AirTags?

Useful for tracking the location of your stuff

Also useful for others to track the location
of….you.
Global coverage with iOS devices, other
systems lacking
Device Identifier rotation, short observation
period
• Tracking still possible for up to 24 hours

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Privacy Issues
"We take customer safety very
seriously and are committed to
AirTag’s privacy and security. AirTag
Affix a registered tag to victim is designed with a set of proactive
features to discourage unwanted
• Surreptitiously drop into bag, pocket tracking — a first in the industry —
that both inform users if an unknown
• Affix to underside of a vehicle AirTag might be with them, and
deter bad actors from using an
• Insert other evil action here… AirTag for nefarious purposes. If
No built-in detection availability with the Android users ever feel their safety is at risk,
they are encouraged to contact local
ecosystem law enforcement who can work with
Apple to provide any available
• “Tracker Detect” app from the Google Play Store, information about the unknown
others AirTag.” - Apple

• Not ”always on” and detection inconsistent as a result

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Privacy Case Study

Reports of Airtags used in

domestic stalking in Naugatuck,
CT

Many, many other cases reported

to LE in various scenarios

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https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/apple-airtag-used-to-stalk-woman-naugatuck-police/2709492/
AirTag Technical details

Assembled from mostly commodity components,

• nRF52832 is used for BLE and NFC
• Apple’s U1 for UWB
Enters “lost mode” 3 days away from its owner’s
device
Makes noise once every 6 hours while in lost
mode and movement is detected
BLE advertisement every 2 seconds when away
BLE connection interval of 1 second when near
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What RF technology?

BLE (Bluetooth 5.1)

• Unregistered and registered advertisements
• Local notification of presence
NFC (Near Field Communication)
• Unregistered and registered URLs
• Tap for “lost mode” access URL to locate owner
UWB (Ultra Wide Band)
• Precision Finding, distance detection
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 NFC Parameter Value Description
pid 5500 AirTag Product
ID?
b 00 Battery?
Usable by anyone with a mobile device to scan an AirTag pt 004c Precision
Tracking version?
NFC read and lead to owner ID, return of lost object fv 00100e10 Firmware
version?
Read only MIFARE Plus with URL: dg 00 Diagnostic code?

• Registered z 00 Unknown
bt XXXXXXXXXXXXXX BDADDR (hex)
https://found.apple.com/airtag?pid=5500&b=00&pt=004c&fv=00
100e10&dg=00&z=00&pi=793f8d9fccaa91c3c177f32acf47160656873 sr XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Serial Number
168d72f070cd925ce97 (alpha)
bp 0015 Bluetooth
version?
• Unregistered
pi Varies Public Identity
https://found.apple.com/airtag?pid=5500&b=00&pt=004c&fv=00
100e10&dg=00&z=00&bt=A0B1C2D3E4F5&sr=ABCDEF123456&bp=0015

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UWB

Implemented in Apple’s proprietary U1 chipset

• Channels 5 (6.5GHz) and 9 (8GHz), 500MHz wide
• BPSK modulation
• Single antenna
Used with Precision Finding for measuring distance (not
direction)
• BLE (5.1) likely used for direction
– BLE angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD)
– BLE requires multiple antennas
Little known on the UWB implementation

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BLE advertising

AirTags as BLE devices have a simplified channel

hopping mechanism
• Simplified, as opposed to Bluetooth Classic
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
• 40 overall channels, 37 for data (if needed), 3 for
advertisements
• Small 5khz wide channels, hops 1600 hops a second
Advertisements always available and continuous on all 3
advertising channels
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Unregistered AirTag
Advertisements
Specific static values for identification for unregistered (new) AirTags
33ms advertising interval

Adv Length Adv Type Company ID Payload Payload Unknown

Type Length
1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 25 bytes

0xFF 0x07
0x1E Manufacturer
0X004C New 0x19 Varies
31 bytes Apple’s BLE ID FindMy 25 bytes
specific
broadcast

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 Registered AirTag
Advertisements
Again, specific static values for AirTags registered to the FindMy network
• ECC P-224 Public key changes daily at 4AM, Counter (?) every 15 minutes
2000ms advertising interval
Some fields known; others static but unsure of actual functionality

Adv Length Adv Type Company ID Payload Payload Status ECC P-224 Upper 2 bits Counter?
Type Length Public Key ECC key
1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 23 bytes 1 byte 1 byte

0x1E 0xFF 0X004C 0x12 0x19

31 bytes Manufacturer Apple’s BLE ID FindMy 25 bytes 0x10 Varies 0-3 Random
specific broadcast

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Overall AirTag Detection

Detection is trivial with iOS with built in tools

• Makes sense given the ecosystem…
Android apps exist, but are not real time
• Apps need to be open and at least in the background
• Need to remember to start the app, affects battery
Linux detection limited at best
• No apps, but can be cobbled together with BlueZ utilities

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AirTag detection under Linux
Simple checks using hcidump and comparing the output to the following BLE beacon format
(in regex format)
^04\ 3E\ 2B\ 02\ 01\ .{26}\ 1E\ FF\ 4C\ 00\ 12\ 19
• Registered AirTag

• Unregistered AirTag ^04\ 3E\ 2B\ 02\ 01\ .{26}\ 1E\ FF\ 4C\ 00\ 07\ 19

Automate with AirTag-scan.sh

# sudo ./AirTag-scan.sh
Registered AirTag Found!
04 3E 2B 02 01 00 01 E3 9A FE E5 9E C6 1F 1E FF 4C 00 07 19
05 00 55 10 00 00 01 6C 6E 0A 91 F9 B7 20 46 36 86 DA 43 6A
A1 F8 64 B7 80 E2
Unregistered AirTag Found!
04 3E 2B 02 01 00 01 CA 53 1F 56 0C C0 1F 1E FF 4C 00 12 19
10 CA 01 C1 53 C4 0E E2 A1 84 04 45 94 4E 31 0B 3A 55 E9 F3
A7 67 B3 02 09 C9
14 ^C
 AirTag Simulation

hciconfig for up/down and LE enable, hcitool to set BD_ADDR (cmd 0x3f) and
send specific AirTag commands (cmd 0x08)
# sudo hcitool -i hci0 cmd 0x3f 0x001 0xec 0x3d 0xe2 0x92 0x52 0xd1
# sudo hcitool -i hci0 cmd 0x08 0x0008 1f 1e ff 4c 00 12 19 00 67 25 ac c7 7b 7e 7a 5c b8 b8 05 05 19
a2 f6 74 8a 5a c7 a0 0b 89 01 00
# sudo hcitool -i hci0 cmd 0x08 0x0006 d0 07 d0 07 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00
# sudo hcitool -i hci0 cmd 0x08 0x000a 01

cmd 0x08 0x0008 sets the payload

cmd 0x08 0x0006 sets the advertising interval
cmd 0x08 0x000a starts the advertisement Automate* with Airtag-create.sh
AirTag key 515292e23dec6725acc77b7e7a5cb8b8050519a2f6748a5ac7a00b89 # sudo ./AirTag-create.sh {-u,-r}
AirTag BD_ADDR d15292e23dec
AirTag payload 1eff4c001219006725acc77b7e7a5cb8b8050519a2f6748a5ac7a00b890100
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Going Further

OpenHaystack!
• FOSS implementation from seemoo-labs to add your own stuff to Apple’s Find My
network
• BBC Micro:bit, ESP32, nRF51, linux HCI
• https://github.com/seemoo-lab/openhaystack
Making actual clones with a voltage glitching attack, also from seemoo-labs
• Glitch to recover firmware and restore it to a new AirTag 800 miles away
• https://raw.githubusercontent.com/seemoo-lab/airtag/main/woot22-paper.pdf

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Wrapping up

Yay, new tools! (Look Ma, I did it!)

https://github.com/haxorthematrix/AirTag-tools
Pull requests HAPPILY accepted
• jwright approach to tool dev on this one!

Thanks!
@haxorthematrix (Twitter, IG, *all the things) Photo Credit: Joshua Wright
@joswr1ght

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