VELAMMAL IIT ACADEMY

MATHEMATICS :: 03-12-2023 :: 12TH CLASS

Synopsis ::
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The trigonometric functions are many to one functions. To make the functions invertible their
domain and co-domain are to be restricted in order to convert them into bijective functions.
The inverse trigonometric functions are defined in such bijective domain, co-domain
combinations.
To Reduce a Trigonometric function into a Bijective Function
Let the function f : R →  −1, 1 defined by f ( x ) = sin x . Since sin x is not bijective function,

hence f ( x ) = sin x does not have inverse. Now, by restricting the domain of 'f ' , the given

function can be made bijective which gives the inverse of the given function.
  
Let A =  − ,  and B =  −1, 1
 2 2
Now define f : A → B by f ( x ) = sin x for every x  A . 'f ' is bijection in this domain, hence

f −1 : B → A exists. Here f −1 ( x ) is denoted by s in−1 ( x ) .

  
For y  B , there exists a unique value of x in  − ,  such y = sin x is denoted by sin−1 y .
 2 2
  
The domain of s in−1 ( x ) function is  −1, 1 and the range is  − ,  .
 2 2
Similarly, by restricting the domains of trigonometric functions cosine, tangent, cotangent,
 −  
secant and cosecant to 0,  ,  ,  , can be made bijective functions and hence inverses can
 2 2
be introduced for these functions.

General and Principal Values of Inverse Circular functions Notation and Meaning

From the properties of the function a = sin x , for −1  a  1 there are infinitely many angles x
which satisfy the equation sin x = a . This infinite number of angles is symbolically denoted by
Sin−1 a , that is, we use capital S to denote this infinite set of values of the angles. There is one

 −  
value among these values, which lies in the interval  ,  . The value is sometimes called
 2 2
the Principal value of the angle and is denoted by sin−1 x (note that we use small s here); sin−1 x
2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 −  
is the angle whose sine is equal to a and which lies in the interval  ,  . In compact form,
 2 2
we may write this definition as follows:
− 
   and Sin−1 a = n  + ( −1)  . Where  = sin−1 a
n
 = sin−1 a if sin  = a and ii)
2 2
Similarly, the definitions of the other inverse Trigonometrical functions can be given. We given
below as follows:
   
 sin−1 a  Sin−1 a = n  + ( −1)  where −
n
1. i) − ii) 
2 2 2 2
2. i) 0  cos−1 a   ii) Cos−1 a = 2n    where 0    
   
3. i) −  tan−1 a  ii) Tan−1 a = n  +  where − 
2 2 2 2
4. i) 0  cot−1 a   ii) Cot−1a = n  +  where 0     .

DEFINITION, DOMAIN, RANGE AND GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. sin−1 x :

  
i) The function sin :  − ,  →  −1, 1 is a bijective function. The inverse
 2 2
  
function sin−1 :  −1, 1 → − ,  defined by sin−1 x =   sin  = x for every
 2 2
x   −1, 1 , is called the ‘inverse sine function’ or the ‘arc sine function’.

ii) Domain is  −1, 1

  
iii) Range is  − , 
 2 2
iv) Graph: The graph of the function y = sin−1 x, x   −1, 1 is symmetric to the

  
graph of the function y = sin x , x   − ,  about the line y = x .
 2 2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3

2. cos −1 x :
i) The function cos : 0,  →  −1, 1 is a bijective function. The inverse function

c os −1 :  −1, 1 → 0,  defined by cos−1 x =   cos  = x for every x   −1, 1 ,

is called the ‘inverse cosine function’ or the ‘arc cosine function’.

ii) Domain is [-1, 1]
iii) Range is 0,

iv) For the function cos −1 x , the domain of dedfinition is the closed interval  −1, 1

and the set of its values is the closed interval 0, 

y = cos −1 x, x   −1, 1 is symmetric to the graph of the function

y = cos x, x  0,  about the line y = x .

3. tan−1 x :

  
i) The function tan :  − ,  → ( −,  ) is a bijective function. The inverse
 2 2
  
function t an−1 : ( −,  ) →  − ,  defined by t an−1 x =   tan  = x for every
 2 2
x  ( −,  ) , is called the ‘inverse tangenet function’ or the ‘arc tangent

function’.
ii) Domain is R
  
iii) Range is  − , 
 2 2
iv) The domain of definition of the function tan−1 x is the whole set R of real

  
numbers and set of its values is the open interval  − ,  . The graph of
 2 2
y = tan−1 x, x  R is symmetric to the graph of the function

  
y = tan x, x   − ,  about the line y = x
 2 2
4 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

4. cot −1 x :
i) The function cot : ( 0,  ) → ( −,  ) is a bijective function. The inverse
function cot −1 : ( −,  ) → ( 0,  ) defined by cot −1 x =   cot  = x for every
x  ( −,  ) is called the ‘inverse cotangent function’, of the ‘arc cotangent
function’.
ii) Domain is R
iii) Range is ( 0,  )

iv) The domain of definition of the function cot −1 x is the whole set of R of real
numbers and the open interval ( 0,  ) the set of its values. The graph of
y = cot−1 x, x  R is symmetric to the graph of the function
y = cot x, x  ( 0,  ) about the line y = x .

5. sec −1 x :
    
i) The function sec : 0,    ,  → ( −, − 1  1,  ) is a bijective function.
 2  2 
    
The inverse function 0,    ,  defined by s ec−1 x =   sec  = x for every
 2  2 
x  ( −, − 1  1,  ) is called the ‘inverse secant function’ or the ‘arc secant
function’.
ii) Domain is R – (–1, 1)

iii) Range is [0, ] −  
2
iv)
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 5

6. cos ec −1x :
    
i) The function cos ec :  − , 0    0,  → ( −, − 1  1,  ) is a bijective
 2   2
    
function. The inverse function c os ec −1 : ( −, − 1  1,  ) →  − , 0    0, 
 2   2
defined by Cos ec =   cos ec = x for every x  ( −, − 1  1,  ) is called
−1

the ‘inverse cosecant function’ or the ‘arc cosecant function’.

ii) Domain is R – (-1, 1)
  
iii) Range is  − ,  - {0}
 2 2
iv)

7. Function Domain Range

 −  
sin−1 x or arc sin x [-1, 1]  2 , 2
 
cos −1 x or arc cos x [-1, 1] 0, 
 −  
tan−1 x or arc tan x R  , 
 2 2
 −  
cos ec −1x or arc cosec x (−, −1]  [1, )  2 , 2  − {0}
 

sec −1 x or arc sec x (−, −1]  [1, ) [0, ] −  
2
−1
cot x or arc cot x R (0,  )
8. i) sin−1 x, tan−1 x, sec −1 x are increasing functions
ii) cos −1 x, cot −1 x, cos ec −1x are decreasing functions in their principal domains
and ranges
6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Property – 1
i) If x > 0, then

x 1 − x2 1 1
sin−1 x = cos −1 1 − x 2 = tan−1 = cot −1 = sec −1 = cos ec −1
1 − x2 x 1 − x2 x

ii) If x > 0, then

1 − x2 x 1 1
cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x 2 = tan−1 = cot −1 = sec −1 = cos ec −1
x 1 − x2 x 1 − x2

iii) If x > 0, then

x 1 1 1 + x2
tan−1 x = sin −1 = cos −1 = cot −1 = sec −1 1 + x 2 = cos ec −1
1 + x2 1 + x2 x x

Property – 2
i) sin (sin−1 x ) = x,  x   −1, 1

ii) cos ( cos −1 x ) = x,  x   −1, 1

iii) tan ( tan−1 x ) = x,  x  R

 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 7

iv) cos ec ( cos ec −1x ) = x,  x  ( −, − 1  1,  )

v) sec (sec −1 x ) = x,  x  ( −, − 1  1,  )

vi) cot ( cot −1 x ) = x,  x  R

Explanation:
If f : A → B is a bijection, then f −1 : B → A exists such that f −1 ( y ) = f ( f −1 ( y ) ) = y for all y  B .

Clearly, all these results are direct consequences of this property.

  
Let    − ,  and x   −1, 1 such that sin  = x . Then,  = sin−1 x .
 2 2
 x = sin  = sin (sin−1 x )
Hence, sin (sin−1 ) = x for all x   −1, 1 .

Graph of iv. y = cos ec−1(cos ec x) = x , |x| 1,|y| 1

Property – 3
i) sin−1(−x) = − sin−1 x,  x  [−1,1]

ii) cos−1(−x) =  − cos−1 x,  x  [−1,1]

iii) tan−1(−x) = − tan−1 x, x R

iv) cosec−1(−x) = − cosec−1x,  x  (−, −1]  [1, )

v) sec−1(−x) =  − sec−1x,  x  (−, −1]  [1, )

vi) cot−1(−x) =  − cot−1 x,  x R

Explanation:
8 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
i) Let sin−1 ( −x ) =  then − x = sin  and

     
   − ,  , x = − sin  = sin ( − ) and −   − , 
 2 2  2 2
Hence sin−1 x = − = − sin−1 ( − x )

 sin−1 ( − x ) = − sin−1 x

ii) Let cos −1 ( − x ) =  . Then − x = cos  and   0,  x = − cos −1 = cos (  −  ) and

 −   0,  .

Hence cos −1 x =  −  =  − cos −1 ( −x )

 cos −1 ( −x ) =  − cos −1 x

Similarly, we can prove other results.

Property – 4 (VVIMP)
1. sin−1 ( sin  ) :

  −3  
− −  , if    ,− 
  2 2
   
 , if    − , 
  2 2
   3 
i) sin−1 ( sin  ) =  −  , if    , 
 2 2 
  3 5  
−2 +  , if    , 
 2 2
  5 7 
3 −  , if    ,  and so on
 2 2

  
ii) Graph of y = sin−1(sin x), x  R, y   − , 
 2 2

iii) Periodic function with period 2.

2. cos −1 ( cos  ) :
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 9

2 +  , if    −2, − 

− , if    −, 0

i) cos −1 ( cos  ) =  , if   0, 

2 −  , if    , 2
−2 +  , if   2, 3 and so on

ii) Graph of y = cos−1(cos x), x  R, y  [0, ]

iii) Periodic function with period 2.

3. tan−1 ( tan  ) :

  3 
 +  , if    − ,− 
  2 2
   
 , if    − , 
  2 2
i) tan ( tan  ) = 
−1

 −    3 
, if    , 
 2 2 

 − 2  3 5  
 , if    ,  and so on
2 2

     
ii) Graph of y = tan−1(tan x) = x, x  R − (2n − 1) n  I , y   − , 
 2   2 2

iii) periodic function with period .

4. cot −1 ( cot  ) :
10 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 , if   ( 0,  )

 −  , if   ( , 2 )
i) cot ( cot  ) = 
−1

 − 2 , if   ( 2, 3 )
  − 3 , if   ( 3, 4 ) and so on


ii) Graph of y = cot−1(cot x) , x  R − n  , y  (0, )

iii) periodic function with period .

5. sec −1 (sec  ) :

 
 , if   0,  −  
 2
  3 
2 −  , if    , 2 −  
 2
i) sec ( sec  ) = 
−1

 − 2  5 
, if   2, 3 −  
 2

 4 −   7 
 , if   3, 4 −   and so on
2

       
ii) Graph of y = sec(sec−1 x) , x  R − (2n − 1) n  I , y  0,    , 
 2   2  2 

iii) periodic function with period 2.

6. cos ec −1 ( cos ec ) :
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 11

   
 , if    − ,  − 0
  2 2
   3 
 −  , if    ,  − 
 2 2 
i) cos ec ( cos ec ) = 
−1

 − 2  3 5 
, if    , − 2 
 2 2 

3 −   5 7 
, if    , − 3  and so on
 2 2 

 −    
ii) Graph of y = cosec(cosec−1x) , x  R − n,n  I , y   ,0    0, 
 2   2

iii) Periodic function with period 2.

Property – 5
1
i) sin−1 x = cos ec −1 ,  x  [−1,1] − 0
x
1
ii) cos ec−1x = sin−1 ,  x  (−, −1]  [1, )
x
1
iii) cos −1 x = s ec −1 ,  x  [−1,1] − 0
x
1
iv) s ec −1x = cos −1 ,  x  (−, −1]  [1, )
x
 1
cot −1 , x0
−1  x
v) tan x = 
− + cot −1 1 , x0

 x
−
cot x, 1
x 0
−1  1  
vi) tan   =  1
 x  − + cot −1   , x0
 x
Explanation of v.
Case I
 
When x  0 in this case,    0, 
 2
12 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1 1
cot −1 x =   x = cot   = tan    = tan−1  
x x
1
tan−1   = cot −1 x , for all x  0 .
x
Case II
 
When x  0 , In this case,    ,    x = cot   0
2 
    
Now,      −   −   0   −    − , 0 
2 2  2 
1
 cot−1 x =   x = cot   = − tan (  −  )  tan (  − ) = − tan 
x
1 1    
 = tan (  −  )   −  = tan−1     −    − 2 , 0 
x x   
1
 tan−1   = − + 
x
1
 tan−1   = − + cot −1 x , if x  0
x
−1  1 
cot −1 x , for x  0
Hence, tan   =  −1
 x  − + cot x , for x  0
Property – 6

i) sin−1 x + cos −1 x = , ( −1  x  1)
2

ii) tan−1 x + cot −1 x = , x R
2

iii) sec−1 x + cos ec −1x = , x  −1 or x  1 .
2
Method – I
Let sin−1 x =  and cos−1 x =  so that

 
−    and 0     .
2 2
 3
Hence, −  + .
2 2
Now sin (  +  ) = sin  cos  sin  ,

= x2 + 1 − x2 1 − x2 = x2 + 1 − x2 = 1
 3 
But there is only one angle between − and whose sine is 1, namely . Hence
2 2 2

sin−1 x + cos −1 x = .
2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 13

Method – II

We have to prove sin−1 x = − cos −1 x .
2
 
But sin  − cos −1 x  = cos cos −1 x = x … (1)
2 
  
And since 0  cos−1 x   , we have −  − cos −1 x  .
2 2 2

Hence (1) implies that − cos −1 x = sin−1 x .
2
Property – 7
 −1  x + y 
tan  , if xy  1
  1 − xy 
  x+y 
i) tan−1x + tan−1 y =  + tan−1  , if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1 − xy 
  
− + tan−1  x + y  , if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1 − xy 

 −1  x − y 
tan  , if xy  −1
  1 + xy 
  x−y 
ii) tan−1x − tan−1 y =  + tan−1  , if x  0, y  0 and xy  −1
  1 + xy 
  
− + tan−1  x − y  , if x  0, y  0 and xy  −1
  1 + xy 



sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ,


if − 1  x, y  1, xy  0 and x 2 + y 2  1
 or
−1 −1

iii) sin x + sin y =  if xy  0 and x + y 2  1, −1  x, y  1
2

 
 −1
 − sin x 1 − y + y 1 − x if 0  x, y  1 and x 2 + y 2  1
2 2


 
− − sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 , if − 1  x, y  0 and x 2 + y 2  1




sin−1 x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 ,

 if − 1  x, y  1, xy  0 and x 2 + y 2  1
 or

iv) sin−1x − sin−1 y =  if xy  0 and x + y 2  1
2

 
 −1
 − sin x 1 − y − y 1 − x , if 0  x  1, −1  y  0 and x 2 + y 2  1
2 2



− − sin−1 x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 ,
  if − 1  x  0,0  y  1 and x 2 + y 2  1
14 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

v)

cos −1 x + cos −1 y = 
(
cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2
) if |x|,|y| 1, x + y  0

(
2 − cos −1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2
 ) if |x|,|y| 1, x + y  0

vi) −1 
cos x − cos y =  −1
(
cos −1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2
) if |x|,|y| 1, x  y

(
− cos −1 xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2
 ) if |x|,|y| 1, x  y

Proof of 7.i
Let tan−1 x =  and tan−1 y = 
 x = tan   y = tan 

 
Where ,    0,  and 0   +   
 2
Now under the condition xy  1
tan  tan   1  tan   cot 

 
or tan   tan  −  
2 
 
 −   (  + ) 
2 2

Now let 0   +  
2
x+y  tan  + tan  
tan−1 = tan−1  
1 − xy  1 − tan  tan  

= tan−1 ( tan (  + ) )

 
=  +   as 0   +   
 2
 
= tan−1 x + tan−1 y similarly when xy  1 , we have  (  + )    −   +  −   0
2 2
x+y
 tan−1 = tan−1 tan (  +  )
1 − xy

( ( ))
= tan−1 tan  +  −  =  +  − 
Hence
x+y
tan−1 x + tan−1 y =  + tan−1
1 − xy
Case I
Suppose x  0, y  0
 ( −x )  0, ( − y )  0 , ( − x )( − y )  1
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 15

 −x − y 
tan−1 ( − x ) + tan−1 ( − y ) = tan−1  
 1 − xy 

 x+y 
 − ( tan−1 x + tan− y ) = − tan−1  
 1 − xy 
 x+y 
 tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1  
 1 − xy 
Case II
Suppose x  0 , y  0 , xy  1

 ( −x )  0 , ( − y )  0 , xy  1

 x+y 
 − tan−1 x + tan−1 y  =  − tan−1  
 1 − xy 
 x+y 
 tan−1 x + tan−1 y = − + tan−1  
 1 − xy 
Proof of 7.iii
Let sin−1 x =   x = sin 
sin−1 y =   y = sin 
   
−    and −   
2 2 2 2
 −  +   … (1)

Now cos  = 1 − x 2 , cos  = 1 − y 2

 x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x2  0

sin (  +  ) = sin  cos  + cos  sin 

= x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x2

cos (  +  ) = cos  cos  − sin  sin 

= xy − 1 − y 2 1 − x 2

Case I
Given that x2 + y2  1  x2  1 − y2

 sin2   1 − sin2   sin2   cos2 

 − cos   sin   cos 

   
 − −    −  −   + 
2 2 2 2
 sin (  +  ) = x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2
16 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(
  +  = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 )
(
 sin−1 x + sin−1 y = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 )
Case II
 
For x, y  0, 1, ,   0, 
 2
 0  +   … (1)

Given that x2 + y2  1

 x2  1 − y2  sin2   cos2 

  
 sin   sin  −      − 
2  2
 
 +     +    from equation (1)
2 2

 0   − (  + ) 
2
 sin (  − (  + ) ) = sin (  + )

(
  − (  +  ) = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 )
 sin−1 x + sin−1 y

(
=  − sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 )
Case III
For x, y   −1, 0

  
, ,   − , 0
 2 
 −  +  0 … (2)

Given that x2 + y2  1

 
 +  −  −    +   − from equation (2)
2 2

 −  − − (  +  )  0
2
 sin ( − − (  + ) ) = sin (  + )

(
 −  − (  + ) = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 )
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 17

(
 sin−1 x + sin−1 y = − − sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 )
Proof of 7.v
Let  = cos−1 x and  = cos−1 y , then

x = cos  and y = cos  and ,   0,  and sin  = 1 − x 2 and sin  = 1 − y 2

Now cos (  +  ) = xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2

Case I
When x + y  0  cos +  cos   0

 cos   − cos   cos   cos (  −  )

    −  (since cosx is decreasing function over 0,  )

 0   +     cos (  +  ) is invertible.

Therefore, cos (  +  ) = xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2

(
  +  = cos−1 xy − 1 − x2 1 − y2 )
(
 cos−1 x + cos−1 y = cos−1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 )
Case II
When x + y  0  cos  + cos   0

 cos   − cos   cos   cos (  −  )

    −  (since cosx is decreasing function over 0,  )

 2   +     cos ( 2 − (  +  ) ) is invertible.

Therefore, cos ( 2 − (  +  ) ) = xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y2

(
  +  = 2 − cos−1 xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 )
Property – 8
 −1
− − sin 2x 1 − x

2
( ) −1
if − 1  x 
2

i) −1 

(
2sin x = sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 ) if
−1
2
x
1
2
 −1
 − sin 2x 1 − x

(2
) if
1
2
 x 1

2 − cos −1(2x 2 − 1) if − 1  x  0

ii) 2cos −1 x = 
−1 2
cos (2x − 1) if 0  x  1
18 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 −1 2x
− + tan 1 − x 2 if x  −1

 − if x = −1
2

 2x
iii) 2tan−1 x = tan−1 if − 1  x  1
 1 − x2

 if x = 1
2
 −1 2x
 + tan if x  1
 1 − x2

 −1  2x 
− − sin   if x  −1
  1 + x2 
  2x 
iv) 2tan−1 x = sin−1   if − 1  x  1
  1 + x2 
 −1  2x 
 − sin   if x  1
  1 + x2 

 −1  1 − x 
2
− cos  2 
if −   x  0
  1 + x 
v) 2tan−1 x = 
−1  1 − x 
2

cos  if 0  x  
  1 + x 2 
  

 −1 3 −1
− − sin (3x − 4x ) if − 1  x 
2

 −1 1
vi) −1
3sin x = sin−1(3x − 4x 3 ) if x
 2 2
 −1 3 1
 − sin (3x − 4x ) if  x  1
2


 −1 3 −1 1
2 − cos (4x − 3x) if
2
x
2

 1
vii) −1
3cos x = cos −1(4x 3 − 3x) if  x  1
 2
 −1 3 −1
2 + cos (4x − 3x) if − 1  x 
2

 −1  3x − x 
3
−1
− + tan  2 
if x 
  1 − 3x  3

  3x − x 3  −1 1
viii) 3 tan x = tan−1 
−1
x
 1 − 3x 2 
if
   3 3

 + tan−1  3x − x 
3
1
 if x 
  1 − 3x 2  3
  
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 19

2tan−1 x if |x| 1
2x 
ix) sin−1 =  − 2tan x
−1
if x  1
1 + x2  −1
−( + 2tan x) if x  −1

−1 1 −
2tan−1 x
x2 if x  0
x) cos =
1 + x 2 −2tan−1 x if x  0

2tan−1 x if |x| 1
2x 
xi) tan−1 =  + 2tan x
−1
if x  −1
1 − x2  −1
−( − 2tan x) if x  1

Proof of 8.i
  
Let x = sin ,    − ,    = sin−1 x
 2 2

( )
Now, sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 = sin−1 ( 2sin  cos )

= sin−1 (sin2)

= sin−1 ( sin  ) , where    −, 

Now, consider the graph of y = sin−1 (sin  ) , where    −, 

From the graph,

( )
sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 = sin−1 (sin  )

 
− − , −     − 2

  
= , − 
 2 2
 
− +  2    

20 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 −1 
−2sin x − , −  2sin−1 x  −
2

  
= 2sin−1 x, −  2sin−1 x 
 2 2
 −1 
−2sin x + ,  2sin−1 x  
 2

 −1  
−2sin x − , −  sin−1 x  −
2 4

  
= 2sin−1 x, −  sin−1 x 
 4 4
 −1  
−2sin x + ,  sin−1 x 
 4 2

 −1 1
 −2sin x − , x  −
 2
 1 1
= 2sin−1 x, − x
 2 2
 −1 1
 −2sin x + , x 
 2

 −1
(
− − sin 2x 1 − x ,

2
) 1
−1  x  −
2
−1 

(
 2sin x = sin−1 2x 1 − x 2 , ) −
1
2
x
1
2

( )
 −1 1
 − sin 2x 1 − x , x
2

 2

Proof of 8.ii
Let y = cos −1 ( 2x 2 − 1)

Put x = cos ,   0,  , x   −1, 1

We get y = cos −1 ( 2cos2  − 1) = cos ( cos 2 )

  
 2, 2  0,  i.e.,   0, 
  2
=
2 − 2, 2   , 2 i.e.,     ,  
 2 
 


 2cos −1 x, cos   0, 1 i.e., x  0, 1
=
2 − 2cos x, cos    −1, 0 i.e., x   −1, 0 
−1


 2cos −1 x, 0  x  1
 cos −1 ( 2x 2 − 1) =  −1
2 − 2cos x, − 1  x  0
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 21

2 − cos −1 ( 2x 2 − 1) , − 1  x  0
2cos −1 x = 
 2cos −1 x, 0  x  1

Some Standard Results


i) If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = ,then x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 1
2

ii) If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = ,then x 1 − x 2 + y 1 − y 2 + z 1 − z 2 = 2xyz .

3
iii) If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = ,then xy + yz + zx = 3
2
iv) If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z = , then x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1

v) If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z = 3, then xy + yz + zx = 3

 x + y + z − xyz 
vi) If tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z = tan−1   + n for suitable integral value of
 1 − xy − yz − zx 
n.
In general,
 s1 − s3 + s5 .... 
vii) tan−1 x1 + tan−1 x 2 + .......tan−1 x n = tan−1   + n for suitable integral
 1 − s2 + s4 − s6 + ... 
value of n.
Where S1 =  x1
S2 =  x1 x 2
S3 =  x1 x 2 x 3 ...

viii) If tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z = , then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
ix) If tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z = , then x + y + z = xyz
a b 
x) tan−1 + tan−1 = , then x = ab
x x 2
a b 
xi) sin−1 + sin−1 = , then x = a 2 + b2
x x 2

p q −p 
xii) tan−1   + tan−1  =
q q +p 4

1 + x  
xiii) tan−1  −1
 = + tan x if x<1
 1 − x  4

1 − x  
xiv) If tan−1  −1
 = − tan x if x>-1
1 + x  4

xv) If tan−1 x + tan−1 y = then xy=1.
2

xvi) cot −1 x + cot −1 y = then xy = 1
2
22 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

xvii) If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 z = 3 then xy + yx + zx = 3

3
xviii) If sin−1 x + sin−1 y + sin−1 z = then xy + yx + zx = 3
2
xix) If sin−1 x + sin−1 y =  then cos−1 x + cos−1 y =  − 

xx) cos−1 x + cos−1 y =  then sin−1 x + sin−1 y =  − 

ab + c(a − b)
xxi) If a sin−1 x − bcos−1 x = c then a sin−1 x + bcos −1 x =
a+b
Range of some special Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3 73
 (sin−1 x ) + ( cos −1 x ) 
3 3
i)
32 8
2 52
 (sin−1 x ) + ( cos −1 x ) 
2 2
ii)
8 4
2 32
 ( cos −1 x ) − ( sin−1 x ) 
2 2
iii) −
4 4
Infinite Series of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 x
3
1 3 x
5
1 3 5 x
7  
( 2n ) !  x 2n+1 ; x  1
i) sin−1 ( x ) = x +   +   +    + ... =   2n
 ( n!)  ( 2n + 1)
2
 2 3  2 4 5  2 4 6 7 n=0 2


   1 x
3
1 3 x
5
1 3 5 x
7

ii) cos −1 x = − sin−1 x = −  x +   +   +    + ...
2 2   2 3  2 4 5  2 4 6 7 

   ( 2n ) !  x 2n+1
= −   ; x 1
2 n=0  22n ( n!)2  ( 2n + 1)

( −1) x 2n+1 ; x  1 x  i, − i
n
x3 x5 x7 
iii) −1
tan x = x − + − + ... = 
3 5 7 n = 0 ( 2n + 1)

  ( −1) x
2n +1 n
  x3 x5 x7
iv) −1
cot x = − tan−1 x = − x − + − + ... = −  ; x  1 x  i, − i
2 2 3 5 7 2 n=0 2n + 1

  −1  1  x −3  1 3  x −5  1 3 5  x −7 
v) sec −1 x = cos −1 ( x −1 ) = − x +   +   +    + ...
2   2 3  2 4 5  2 4 6 7 

   ( 2n ) !  x −( 2n+1)
= −   ; x 1
2 n=0  22n ( n!)2  ( 2n + 1)
−3 −5 −7
1 x 1 3 x   3 5 x
vi) cos ec −1 ( x ) = sin−1 ( x −1 ) = x −1 +   +   +    + ...
 2 3  2 4 5  2 4 6 7
 
=   2n
( 2n ) !  x −(2n+1) ; x  1
 ( n!)  ( 2n + 1)
2
n=0 2

 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 23

vii) Alternative to the power series for tan−1 x is

x
tan−1 ( x ) =
x2
1+
4x 2
3+
9x 2
5+
16x 2
7+
25x 2
9+ ......

-:o0o:-