Viscous Force

Difficulty: 3
Viscosity
- ability of a fluid to resist flow
- internal friction of a fluid
- viscosity is responsible for resisting motion
- caused by shear stress due to velocity gradient
Derivation
𝑢
- Two plates with incompressible fluid
𝑧=𝑙 in between.

- Lower plate is fixed. Upper plate

moves with the fluid below it.
𝑙
- Fluid speed 𝑢 at height 𝑧 can be
represented by the function 𝑢 𝑧 .

- At 𝑧 = 0, u(0) = 0. No speed.
𝑧=0
- As we travel down, the speed slows
𝑧 = height/depth down.
𝑢 = fluid speed
𝑙 = distance between plates
Mabilis yung upper plate, di gumagalaw yung nasa baba. As we move down mas mabagal ang
fluid speed.

Nu naman?

Imagine a molecule na galing baba tas tumaas. Since mas mabagal siya sa usual, di naman
siya makakabangga masyado, meaning less ang momentum.
Now compare mo siya sa molecule na galing taas tas bumaba. Since mas mabilis siya sa mga
nasa baba, mabubunggo siya sa iba tas mas madami ipapasang momentum.
It’s like kotse na nagchange lane sa parking lane, madaming mabubunggo.

Further implications later.

Derivation
𝑢
𝐹
Force tangential to the upper plate is
𝑧=𝑙
proportional to
- area of the plate
- velocity of the upper plate 𝑢0
and inversely proportional to
𝑙 - depth

𝐴𝑢0
𝐹∝
𝑙

Introduce proportionality constant 𝜇.

𝑧=0
𝐴𝑢0
𝐹=𝜇
𝑙
𝐴𝑢0
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇
𝑙
The force 𝐹 is proportional to:
- the speed 𝜇0 because more force is required for greater
speed.
- the area 𝐴 because more force is required for larger area of
contact.

Force is inversely proportional to the depth because of momentum

transport ng molecules na nasa baba.

Important: 𝐹𝑥 siya since nasa x-direction.

Derivation
𝑢
𝐹
𝑧=𝑙
𝐴𝑢0
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇
𝑙

𝐹
𝑧=𝑎

The force exerted to the upper plate

must be equal to force experienced
by the fluid below it.

𝑧=0
At depth 𝑧 = 𝑎, imagine na maglagay ka pa diyan ng isa pang plate (neglecting gravity, imagine stay lang
siya sa layer na yan). Less ang speed niya compared dun sa upper plate pero not zero.
‘Di siya zero since una, di naman siya fixed and pangalawa may fluid sa taas and baba niya which affects
its movement.
Also here, may very important na remark: The force exerted to the upper plate must be equal to force
experienced by the fluid below it.
So, yung plate na nasa gitna must have the same force as yung nasa taas. The same applies sa fluid, after
all, yung plates are just representations ng fluid at that part.

From the general formula for the force:

- Force is constant 𝐴𝑢0
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇
- Coefficient is obviously a constant 𝑙
- Area is assumed to be constant

Hence, the only variable to change with depth must be speed.

Derivation
𝑢
𝐹 𝐴𝑢0
𝑧=𝑙 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇
𝑙
Adding infinitely many plates,
𝛿𝑢
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇 𝐴
𝛿𝑧
where:
𝛿𝑢 = infinitesimal speed
𝛿𝑧 = infinitesimal depth

𝑧=0
Think of as this.
𝐴𝑢0
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇 Large-scale
𝑙
Classic Calculus moment

𝛿𝑢
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜇 𝐴 Very small-scale
𝛿𝑧

Essentially,

𝛿𝑢 𝑢0 Ratio ng speed to depth. This actually a velocity gradient sa z-direction. This is

= the very reason for the shear.
𝛿𝑧 𝑙
Derivation
𝐹
Viscous force per unit area is shear stress 𝝉. 𝜏=
𝐴
𝛿𝑢
𝐹𝑥 =𝜇𝐴 *Difference between pressure and stress
𝛿𝑧
𝐹𝑥 𝛿𝑢 Pressure – force applied to an area
=𝜇
𝐴 𝛿𝑧 Stress – force experienced by the material
𝛿𝑢 per unit area
𝜏𝑥 =𝜇
𝛿𝑧
Taking the limit as 𝛿𝑧 approaches 0,

𝛿𝑢
lim 𝜏𝑥 = lim 𝜇
𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧
is read “x-component of shear stress due to
𝜕𝑢 vertical shear (because of vertical velocity
𝜏𝑧𝑥 =𝜇 gradient)”.
𝜕𝑧
Derivation
𝑢
A molecule traveling downwards has
𝑧=𝑙 faster starting speed. While a molecule
traveling upwards has less starting
speed.

This means that molecules moving

downward carry more momentum.

𝑧=𝑎 This net momentum per unit time per

unit area is just shear stress:

𝑑𝑝 𝐹
→𝐹 →𝜏
𝑑𝑡 𝐴
𝑧=0 per unit time per unit area
Derivation
That was shear stress for 2-dimensions. Deriving for 3-dimensions…

Focus on x and z-direction.

Front view:
A

A
𝑢
𝛿𝑧
𝛿𝑧 +
2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝛿𝑧 .
𝛿𝑧
B −
𝛿𝑦 2
B
𝛿𝑥
Derivation
Front view: The function of 𝜏 for face A:
𝛿𝑧
𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + )
A 2
The function of 𝜏 for face B:
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
+
2
𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 − )
2

𝛿𝑧 Using Taylor series expansion:

𝛿𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝜕 2 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧 2
− 𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + +
2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2 4
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝜕 2 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧 2
B 𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + − +
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2 4

Important: 𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 represents the fluid just before the fixed plate, not the plate itself.
Derivation
Simplifying:
Front view:
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧
𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 +
A 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧
𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 −
𝛿𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
+
2
According to Newton’s 3rd Law, there must be
𝛿𝑧 equal and opposite to 𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥 at the bottom.

𝛿𝑧 That must be −𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 . Which makes,

−
2 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧
𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 +
𝜕𝑧 2
B 𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥
−𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧
𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 = − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 −
𝜕𝑧 2
Derivation
𝐹
Getting the sum of forces, (where 𝜏 = , then 𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴)(also 𝐴 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦) 𝛿𝑦
𝐴
𝛿𝑥

෍ 𝐹𝑧𝑥 = 𝐹𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵 = 𝜏𝐴𝑧𝑥 𝐴 + 𝜏𝐵𝑧𝑥 𝐴

𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧
= 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
=2 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Dividing both sides by mass, (noting that 𝜌 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)

𝐹𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝐹𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥 1

= =
𝑚 𝜕𝑧 𝑚 𝑚 𝜕𝑧 𝜌
Derivation
𝜕𝑢
Expanding 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜇 𝜕𝑧 ,

𝐹𝑧𝑥 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝐹𝑧𝑥 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑢
= 𝜇 =
𝑚 𝜌 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑚 𝜌 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜇
Constant 𝑣 (known as the kinematic viscosity coefficient) is equal to .
𝜌

𝐹𝑧𝑥 𝜕2𝑢
=𝜐 2
𝑚 𝜕𝑧

The x-component of viscosity force due to velocity gradient (or shear) in the z-direction.
Derivation

To get the whole formula for viscosity including all the cartesian directions
x, y, z:

Shear in x- Shear in y- Shear in z-

direction direction direction
𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝜕2𝑢 𝐹𝑦𝑥 𝜕2𝑢 𝐹𝑧𝑥 𝜕2𝑢
x-component =𝜐 2 =𝜐 2 =𝜐 2
𝑚 𝜕𝑧 𝑚 𝜕𝑦 𝑚 𝜕𝑧
𝐹𝑥𝑦 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
=𝜐 2 𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝑧𝑦 𝜕2𝑣
y-component 𝑚 𝜕𝑥 =𝜐 2 =𝜐 2
𝑚 𝜕𝑦 𝑚 𝜕𝑧

𝐹𝑥𝑧 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤

=𝜐 2 𝐹𝑦𝑧 𝐹𝑧𝑧 𝜕2𝑤
z-component 𝑚 𝜕𝑥 =𝜐 2 =𝜐 2
𝑚 𝜕𝑦 𝑚 𝜕𝑧
Derivation

Final formula(s):