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Chapter 13 Notes
Light

_____

Laws of Reflection
- Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection
- Incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie on same plane

re
Refraction

tu
- Definition: Bending of light through different medium
- Light bends towards normal through denser medium

c
- When light travels from optically less dense to optically denser
medium, it bends towards the normal
Le
- When light travels from optically denser to optically less dense
medium, it bends away from the normal
- Light travelling perpendicular to boundary passes undeflected
a
eg
M

- Angle of Incidence: Angle between normal and incident ray

- Angle of Refraction: Angle between normal and refracted ray

Snell’s Law: 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2

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Chapter 13: Light

Rainbow Formation
- White light travels at the same speed in air
- When it enters the water droplet, blue light with shortest wavelength
bends the most, red light with longest wavelength bends the least

re
c tu
Le
a

Optical Density
eg

- Glass is optically denser

than air means light travels
slower in glass than air and
M

refracts more in glass than

in air → Measured using
refractive index, n

- Glass has refractive index n

of 1.5 means in glass,
speed of light is
2.0x10 ms or 1.5 times
8 -1

slower in glass than in air (air = 1.00, ice = 1.31, water = 1.33, crystal
= 1.8, diamond = 2.4
2

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Chapter 13: Light

Refractive Index

𝒄
𝒏=
𝒗
Where n is the refractive index

re
c is the speed of light in air
v is the speed of light in medium

 c tu
Example 1: What is the speed of light in a medium with a refractive
index of 2.4?
Le
n = speed of light / speed of light in medium
2.4 = c/v
v = 3.0x108ms-1/2.4
a

= 1.3x108ms-1
eg

Total Internal Reflection

M

● Occurs in optically denser medium, at angle above critical angle, c

Critical Angle:
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
𝑛𝑚

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Chapter 13: Light

Optical Fibers
- Uses Total Internal Reflection
- Information can be transmitted from one place to another by
sending pulses of light through an optical fiber
- Used in telecommunication to transmit telephone and cable
television signals, and internet data

re
- Advantages
- Light travels faster than electricity → Data travels faster than in
metal wires

tu
- Less signal loss than metal wires + Weigh less than metal wires
- Less expensive + Non-flammable
c
Le
a

Angle of Incidence
eg

- i < c → Refraction
- i = c → r = 90º
- i > c → Total internal reflection
M

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Chapter 13: Light

Thin Convex Lenses

re
tu
● Optical Centre
○ The midpoint between the surfaces of the lens on its principal
axis.
● Principal axis
c
Le
○ The horizontal line passing through the optical centre of the lens.
● Focal point
○ The point where the refracted light rays converge
● Focal length
a

○ The distance between the centre of the lens and the focal point
of the lens
eg

Thin Lens
M

1 1 1
- Formula → 𝑢+ 𝑖 = 𝑓
Where u = distance of object from optical centre,
i = distance of image from optical centre,
f = distance of focal point from optical centre
- When u > f, image formed is real, inverted, and on opposite side of lens
as object

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Chapter 13: Light

- When u < f, image formed is virtual, upright and on same side of lens
as object

How do diverging lenses work? (concave)

- As light rays travel from air to lens, optically less dense to denser,
decreasing speed of light, resulting in change in direction

re
How do converging lenses work? (convex)
- Cause the light rays to converge at a focal point

tu
- Light rays hit lens at different angles, so they refract at different angles
- Angle of refraction is largest at lens edge while no refraction occurs in

-
the middle
c
Depending on distance of object from optical center, image has different
Le
characteristics (see thin lens formula)
a
eg
M

Thin Converging Lens

- Ray passing through optical centre continues in same direction without
bending
- Ray passing through thin lens, parallel to principal axis, always hits focal
point

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Chapter 13: Light

- Ray passing through focal point always travels parallel to principal axis

re
Ray Diagrams:

c tu
Le
a
eg

● Ray 1 is parallel to principal axis

● Ray 2 passes through optical centre
M

● Ray 3 passes through focal point f

Terms to describe the Image

● Orientation
○ Upright / inverted
● Size
○ Diminished / same size / magnified
● Type
○ Real (can be captured on screen) / virtual

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Chapter 13: Light

Case 1: *the rays are usually PARALLEL!

● U (object dist) = infinite
● v (image dist) = F
● Inverted, diminished, real
● Used in telescope

re
c tu
Le
Case 2
a

● u > 2f
● f < v < 2f
eg

● Inverted, diminished, real

● Used in camera, human eye
M

Case 3
● u = 2f
● v = 2f
● Inverted, same size, real
8

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Chapter 13: Light

● Used in photocopier

re
Case 4
● f < u < 2f

tu
● v > 2f
● Inverted, magnified, real
● Used in projector c
Le
a
eg

Case 5
M

● u=f
● v = infinity
● Inverted, magnified, real
● Used in torchlight

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Chapter 13: Light

Case 6
● u<f
● v = behind object
● upright, magnified, virtual
● Used in magnifying glass

re
c tu
Le
Summary of ray diagrams
a
eg
M

10

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Chapter 13: Light

How to Draw Ray Diagrams

- Draw two arrows from the top of the object to indicate the light rays
reflected from the object (must draw b)
- Light ray parallel to principal axis
- Light ray that passes through optical centre
- Locate point where the light rays intersect and draw the top of the image

re
there
- If the focal point is not on the opposite side of the lens (i.e. light rays
diverge as below), extend the light rays until they converge and draw

tu
the image there

c
Le
a
eg
M

Example 1:
If the focal length of the camera is 10 cm, where should the object be placed
from the camera?
- Not 20 cm (exactly 2F), >20cm
Example 2:
A light ray travels into a thin converging lens. Which is the emergent ray?
- A: Draw an object to the light ray + another light ray through the optical
center as this ray will not bend, and will converge with the emerging ray
11

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Chapter 13: Light

Example 3:
Half the lens is blocked. What changes occur to the image formed?
- Less bright
Example 4:
A lens forms a blurred image of an object on a screen. How can image be
focused on screen?

re
- Use a lens of longer focal length at the same position
Example 5:

tu
A glass block is replaced with one which has higher refractive index. Total
internal reflection now occurs at the top surface. Why?
- c
With higher refractive index, light ray is refracted more when it enters
Le
the glass block → Smaller angle of refraction and larger angle of
incidence at B (inside block) that is greater than critical angle → Total
internal reflection
- As refractive index increases, critical angle becomes smaller →
a

Angle of incidence is now greater than critical angle → Total internal

reflection
eg
M

12

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