Test FyB357NVC08 Projectile, Circular Motion, Linear Momentum, Energy NV-College, INS

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Physics B
Projectile, Circular Motion, Energy and Linear Momentum

Instructions:
Time: 120 minutes: 8:10-10:10

The Test At the end of each problem a maximum point which one may get for a correct solution
of the problem is given. (2/3/) means 2 G points, 3 VG points and an MVG quality.
Tools Approved formula sheets, ruler, and graphic calculator. You may use one page of a
personalized formula sheet which has your name on it. This should be submitted along
with the test.
Grade limits: There are 8 problem, 3 of which are MVG type. The test gives a maximum of 24
points of which 14 are VG points.
Lower limits for examination grade
Pass (G): 8 points
Pass with distinction (VG): 16 points of which at least 5 VG-points.
Pass with special distinction (MVG): 19 points of which at least 10 VG-points
and at least 3 different MVG-qualities.
Problems number 5, 6, and 8 are heavily graded and are of greatest importance for both
VG and MVG. You may choose to solve these problems before solving the others.
Problem 3 is a G alternative problem to problem number 4
Problem 7 is a G alternative problem to problem number 8
MVG Problem 6 has a VG-alternative.
MVG Problem 8 has a VG-alternative.

En P E Alter.
Proj
Proj P P Alt.
P
Alt
Cir.
Cir Alt
Cir.
Sum Limits Least
Problem 1 2a 2b 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 24 VG
points
G 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 10 8
VG 3 3 4 3 4 2 14 16 5
MVG M M M 19 10
G
VG
MVG
Improvement is required in deeper understanding , and/or a proper treatment of
Projectile motion:
Vector properties of displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, linear momentum
Conservation of linear momentum
Conservation of energy
Work done against friction force
Normal force
Tension
Circular motion
Centripetal force, and centripetal acceleration
Units
Significant figures




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1. It used to be common wisdom to build cars to be as
rigid as possible to withstand collisions. Today,
though, cars are designed to have crump zones
that collapses upon impact. What advantageous
does this have? [2/0]

Suggested answer:
The advantage of the modern technology is creating the condition for
perfect inelastic collision. At the moment of collision, the crump zone
gets deformed strongly, and as a result the kinetic energy of the system is
dissipated heavily. Lately, we all may have heard statements like It was
horrible. Both cars got totally destroyed. They were so crumbled that the
police had to remove the doors and ceilings to take us out of the car. But,
fortunately, somehow magically we all almost escaped any serious
injuries. Of course, if the driver is not entirely insured, economically the
accident may by itself be considered as a disaster.
Alternative solution:
Due to the fact that Impulse may be written as:
P t F I A = A = (or more exact as
1 2
2
1
1
1
P P P d dt F I
P
P
t
t
= = =
} }
)
In a perfectly inelastic collision, the time duration, t A , increases
dramatically, and since Impulse is the same, the average force (as well as
the maximum force, and therefore, the maximum acceleration) decreases
radically causing lesser damage to the passengers. Note that, the impulse
is the total area under the curve of force versus time graph. For an elastic
collision, the graph is sharp, while for inelastic collision the graph of force
versus time is more flat.





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2. Two railcars, one of mass kg 9500 traveling at
h km/ 90 and the other of mass kg 7500 travelling
on a horizontal plane, collide head-on and stop.
a. Calculate the velocity of the kg 7500 railcar.
[1/0]
b. How much mechanical energy is converted to
the other forms of energy? Name the types of
energy produced in the collision. [3/0]


Suggested solution:Data: kg m 9500
1
= ; s m h km v
i
/ 25
0 0 6 3
0 100
0 9 / 90
4
1
1
=
/ / / /
/
/ / = = ;
kg m 7500
2
= ; 0
2 1
=
+
v ; Problem: ?
2
=
i
v ; ? =
system
E
The collision is perfectly inelastic and all kinetic energy of the system is
dissipated in the form of heat, sound, shock wave and energy used to
deform the shape of the railcards.
We may use the conservation of linear momentum principle to calculate
the initial velocity of the second railcard:
( )
f i i
v m m v m v m

... ..
2 1 2 2 1 1
+ + = + + [1/0]
0 3 95 0 7500 25 9500
2 2
= + = +
i i
v v


s m s m v
i
/ 32 / 7 . 31
3
95
2
~ = =

h km h km v
i
/ 110 / 114
0 0 10
0 0 36
7 . 31
2
~ =
/ /
/ /
=

The total dissipated energy is
MJ J v m v m E
i i
7 . 6 7 . 6729166
3
95
7500
2
1
25 9500
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
~ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + = [2/0]
Answer: The second railcard was travelling at h km v
i
/ 110
2
~

, i.e. in the
opposite direction of the first one. At the collision MJ 7 . 6 is dissipated in
the form of heat, sound and energy used to deform the second car. [1/0]

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Alternative problems: If you are unable to solve problem number 4 (a VG-Problem) choose
instead to solve problem number 3 (a Glevel problem.)
3. A tiger leaps horizontally from a m 0 . 9 rock with a speed
of s m/ 5 . 5 . How far from the base of the rock will she
land? [2/0]



Suggested Solution:
Data: m y 0 . 9 = ,
2
/ 80 . 9 s m g a = = , s m v
x
/ 5 . 5
0
= ; ? = x
( ) = = 0 . 9 9 . 4 80 . 9
2
1
0 0 . 9
2 2
t t
9 . 4
0 . 9
2
= t s t 36 . 1 =
( ) m m t v x
x
5 . 7 45 . 7 36 . 1 5 . 5
0
~ = = =
Answer: The tiger will land 7.5 m from the base of the
rock.

4. Babe Ruth hit the first home run in All-Star Game
history, at Chicago's Comiskey Park in 1933. In one of
his 714 careers home runs he hit a homer over the 12-m-
high right-field fence 98 meters from the home plate.
Estimate the minimum velocity of the ball when it left the
baseball bat. The ball was hit m 0 . 1 above the ground
and its path initially made a 37 with the ground.
[0/3]


Suggested Solution:
Data: m h 12
max
= , m x 98 = ,
2
/ 80 . 9 s m g = ,
= 37
0
u Problem: ?
min 0
= v
If we assume that the ball just missed the fence,
we may couple its x-direction motion to its y-
direction motion through times.
x-direction y-direction
0 =
x
a
2
/ 80 . 9 s m g a
y
= =
0 0 0
8 . 0 37 cos v v v
x
= =
0 0 0
6 . 0 37 sin v v v
y
= =
t v t v x
x
= =
0 0
8 . 0
( )
2
0
80 . 9
2
1
6 . 0 t t v y =



( )

= /
/
= + =

= =
s t t t t
t
t t v
t
v t v
57 . 3
90 . 4
11 5 . 73
90 . 4
8 . 0
98
6 . 0 11 80 . 9
2
1
6 . 0 1 12
8 . 0
98
8 . 0 98
2 2
0
0 0

( )
h km s m
t
v / 125 48 . 123 / 3 . 34
57 . 3 8 . 0
98
8 . 0
98
0
~ = =

=
Answer: The minimum speed of the ball was about s m/ 35 . Note that
34.3 m/s should not be rounded off down to 34 m/s, otherwise the ball
may not miss the fence and is not considered a home run.
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5. A kg
3
10 1 car collides head on with a kg
4
10 5
truck. The bumpers lock, the brakes are locked, and
the two cars skid forward m 25 before stopping. The
police officer, knowing that the coefficient of kinetic
friction between locked tires and the road is 8 . 0 , must
investigate the speed of the truck and the car at
impact. Help the police officer in his task.
[2/3/M12345]


kg
3
10 0 . 1 kg
5
10 2 . 2


? =
C
v ? =
T
v
Suggested Solution:
Data: kg m
C
3
10 1 = , kg m
T
4
10 5 = , m x 25 = , 8 . 0 = ; ? =
Truck
v , ? =
TC
v
The process is perfectly inelastic collision, i.e. the mechanical energy of
the system is not conserved. We take the original direction of motion of
the truck positive, naturally, due to the fact that the collision is head-on,
the velocity of the car must be negative.
Conservation of Linear Momentum:
TCf Ci Ti
P P P

= + ( )
TC C T C C T T
v m m v m v m + = (1)
The total kinetic energy of the truck-car is used as the work done against
the kinetic friction during the m x 25 = slide:
( ) ( ) x g m m v m m
C T TC C T
+ = +
2
2
1
x g v
TC
= 2
2
x g v
TC
= 2 (2)
Substituting eq. (2) into (1)
( ) ( ) x g m m v m m v m v m
C T TC C T C C T T
+ = + = 2
( )
C C C T T T
v m x g m m v m + + = 2 Answer:
C
T
C
T
C
T
v
m
m
x g
m
m
v +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = 2 1
If it is assumed that the car was moving at s m/ 20 , using
02 . 0
50
1
10 5
10 1
4
3
= =

=
T
c
m
m
:
( ) h km h km s m v
T
/ 74 /
1000
3600 6 . 20
/ 6 . 20 20 02 . 0 25 80 . 9 8 . 0 2 02 . 0 1 ~

= = + + =
Answer: The truck was moving at h km s m v
T
/ 74 / 21 ~ ~ . Even though this
doesnt sound much, considering the fact that it is about 50 times heavier
than the car, the collision is devastating. Note that contribution of the
momentum of the car to the whole process is at most about s m/ 5 . 0 . If
the velocity of the car is assumed higher, the results will be even worse
for the truck!
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Alternative solution: . As above:
( ) ( ) x g m m v m m v m v m
C T TC C T C C T T
+ = + = 2
Lets assume
C T
v v = :
( ) ( ) ( ) x g m m v m m m m v v m v m
C T TC C T C T T T C T T
+ = + = = 2
( )
( )
( )
( )
x g
m m
m m
v
m m
m m
v
C T
C T
TC
C T
C T
T

+
=

+
= 2 Answer:
( )
( )
x g
m m
m m
v
C T
C T
T

+
= 2
( )
( )
s m s m v
T
/ 21 / 6 . 20 25 80 . 9 8 . 0 2
10 1 10 5
10 1 10 5
3 4
3 4
~ =

+
= Answer: s m v
T
/ 21 ~


The student demonstrates
MVG-Quality
In problem number 5 through:
M1 Plans, caries out, and
investigates both theoretical
as well as experimental.
Divides the problem to two parts.
First part: At the collision:
conservation of linear momentum.
Second part: After the collision:
Uses conservation of energy.
C
T
C
T
C
T
v
m
m
x g
m
m
v +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = 2 1
M2 Analyses and interprets the
results, concludes and
evaluates if they are
reasonable.
Analyzes and interprets the results
and evaluates if they are
reasonable. Assumes a reasonable
value for the speed of the car just
before the collision and through
which finds the velocity of the
truck just before the collision.
For example if the car was moving
at 20 m/s the velocity of the truck
is calculated to be about 21 m/s
which is a reasonable number.
M3 Uses analytically and
competent physical terms
and models.
A clear and correct use of
conservation of energy and
conservation of linear momentum.
M4 Analyzes and solves the
problem using knowledge
from different branches of
physics.
Uses conservation of linear
momentum, conservation of
energy, friction force, work done
by friction, to solve the problem.

M5 The solution is well
structured and correct both
physical as well as
mathematical.

Presents the solution, well
structured, clear, using especially
correct mathematical-physical
language. Units, significant
figures and vector properties are
well respected.

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6. A wooden block is cut into two pieces, one with n times the mass of the other. A
depression is made in both faces of the cut, so that a firecracker can be placed in it with
the block reassembled. The reassembled block is set on a rough-surface table and the
fuse is lit. When the firecracker explodes, the two blocks separate. What is the ratio of
distances each block travels? [0/4/ M12345]
If you are unable to solve the general problem above, for partial credit you may solve
the problem numerically. Assume that the pieces are kg 00 . 1 and kg 00 . 5
respectively. What is the ratio of the distance traveled by kg 00 . 1 to that of the
kg 00 . 5 ? [1/3]


1
m
1 2
m n m =
1
m
1 2
m n m =






Suggested Solution:
Data: m n m n m =
1 2
,
Problem: ?
2
1
=
x
x

Conservation of Linear Momentum:
f f i i
P P P P
2 1 2 1

+ = +
f f
v m n v m
2 1
0 + =
Just after the separation (explosion) :
f f
v n v
2 1
=
Renaming
f
v v
1 1
and
f
v v
2 2
to prevent the confusion, we may write the
equation above as:
2 1
v n v = (1)
Realizing that the total kinetic energy of each block is used against the
kinetic friction during the slide, and assuming that the smaller block
stops after sliding
1
x and the bigger block sliding
2
x , we may write:

=
=
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
x g m mv
x g m mv

Dividing these equations to each other:
2
1
2
2
2
1
x
x
v
v
=
substituting the equation (1) in the equation above:
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
n
v
v n
v
v
x
x
=

= =
Answer: The smaller block will slide as much as
2
n times that of the
larger block.

0
2 1
= =
i i
v v
?
1
=
f
v ?
2
=
f
v
?
2
1
=
x
x
?
2
1
=
v
v
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The student demonstrates
MVG-Quality
In problem number 6 through:
M1 Plans, caries out, and
investigates both theoretical
as well as experimental.
Divides the problem to two parts.
First part: At the collision:
conservation of linear momentum.
Second part: After the collision:
Uses conservation of energy.
M2 Analyses and interprets the
results, concludes and
evaluates if they are
reasonable.
Analyzes and interprets the results
and evaluates if they are
reasonable.
M3 Uses analytically and
competent physical terms
and models.
A clear and correct use of
conservation of energy and
conservation of linear momentum.
M4 Analyzes and solves the
problem using knowledge
from different branches of
physics.
Uses conservation of linear
momentum, conservation of
energy, friction force, work done
by friction, to solve the problem.
M5 The solution is well
structured and correct both
physical as well as
mathematical.

Presents the solution, well
structured, clear, using especially
correct mathematical-physical
language. Units, significant
figures and vector properties are
well respected.


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S
Alternative problems: If you are unable to solve problem number 8 (MVG/VG-Problem)
choose instead to solve problem number 7 (a Glevel problem.)


7. The figure demonstrates a conic pendulum. A conic
pendulum is made of a ball tied to a point on the ceilling
with a a thin string S. The ball is then allowed to swing on
a horizontal plane about a vertical axis passing through the
fixed point, as shown. The period of the rotation of the ball
about the axis is constant. Draw the figure in your paper
and show clearly the direction of the acceleration of the
ball. What causes the acceleration? Explain. [3/0]


Suggested Solution:
The forces acting on the ball are the
weight of the ball and the tension in
the string.
The vertical component of the
tension is equal, but opposite to the
weight of the ball, resulting in zero
vertical force. The horizontal
component of the tension is the
centripetal force which results in the
centripetal acceleration of the ball.






mg
S


T
F
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8. The Roller Coaster.
Illustrated in the figure below is a section of a
roller coaster with a circular vertical loop.
Jacob who is interested of physics and whose
mass is kg m takes a bathroom scale with
him to the amusing-park. Assuming that the
radius of the vertical loop is m R and at the
highest point of the roller coaster Jacob is
m h above his lowest point in the vertical
loop. Jacob sits on the scale and registers the
reading of the scale at some specific points
named in the figure as A, B , C , and D. In
the calculations below ignore the friction.
Draw in each case the free-body-diagram.
[2/4/M12345]




i If Jacob is to remain on the track, even at the top of the vertical circular loop, find the
minimum height m h in terms of m R the radius of the vertical loop.
ii What is the minimum speed of Jacob at the point A such that he makes the turn?

If his speed is above the minimum needed
iii Calculate the reading of the scale at the point A.
iv Calculate the reading of the scale at the point B .
v Find the difference between the reading of the scale at the top of the loop, A, and at
the bottom of the loop, B . What is your conclusion? Explain.
vi Calculate the reading of the scale at the point C .
vii Calculate the reading of the scale at the point D.
Note: If you are unable to solve the problem in general, for partial credit you may solve the
problem for the case kg m 0 . 70 = , and m R 0 . 20 = . [2/2]
h
R 2
A
B
C
D
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Suggested solutions
i In order for the object to pass the top point
the normal force must be larger than zero. Its
minimum value at the top is zero. i.e.: 0 >
N
F .
Free-body-diagram for the object at the top
may be represented as:
At the top of the loop, i.e. at point A, taking the direction of the
acceleration as positive, Newtons second law, a m F
net

= for the object

passing the top may be written as:
C top N
ma mg F = +
_

Note that the apparent weight of any object, the weight the scale
shows, is the normal force exerted by the surface on the body, i.e.
N
F .
R
v
m mg F
top
top N
2
_
= +
R mg R F mv
top N top
+ =
_
2

The total energy of the object at the top is:
2
2
1
2
top top
mv mgR E + =
( ) R mg R F mgR mv mgR E
top N top top
+ + = + =
_
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
At point A R F mgR E
top N top
+ =
_
2
1
5 . 2
The minimum value of the apparent weigh is zero, i.e.
0 > N
F . Therefore,
the minimum height is R h = 5 . 2
min
. Due to the fact that friction, however
small it may be, and additional precautions and safety factors, in the
real life situation, the highest point of the roller coaster is usually much
higher. Answer: R h = 5 . 2
min


Note that mgR 2 is the potential energy of the object at the top of the
loop, i.e. at point A. The reference level for the potential energy is
taken to be the lowest point of the circle.
ii At point A as demonstrated above
C top N
ma mg F = +
_
. Which resulted in
R
v
m mg F
top
top N
2
_
= + .
Minimum speed at the top is associated with minimum normal force,
0
_
>
top N
F , and therefore R h = 5 . 2
min
.
R g v R g v g m
R
v
m
R
v
m mg F
A A
A A
NA
= =
/
+ =
/
= +
min
2
min
2
min
2
0
Answer: R g v
A
=
min

Second method:
We may use conservation of energy, instead:
gR gh v gR gh v mv mgR mgh
A A A
4 2 4 2
2
1
2
min
2
min
2 2
= = + =
A
R
a
m
mg
R
h
F
NA
|
.
|

\
|
= 5
2
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( ) gR v gR v gR gR v gR R g v
A A A A
= = = =
min
2
min
2
min
2
min
4 5 4 5 . 2 2
Answer: R g v
A
=
min


iii If R h > 5 . 2 , we may rewrite equations in terms of h :
Conservation of mechanical energy require that
mg
R
mgR mgh
F
mg
R
mv
F
R
v
m mg F
mgR mgh mv mv mgR mgh
NA
A
NA
A
NA
A A

= = +
= + =
4 2
4 2
2
1
2
2 2
2 2

mg
R
mgh
mg mg
R
mgh
mg
R
mgR mgh
F
NA
5
2
4
2 4 2
= =

=
mg
R
h
mg
R
R h
F
NA
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= 5
2 5 2

Answer: At point A, the scale
1
will show mg
R
h
F
NA
|
.
|

\
|
= 5
2
.

iv Answer: At point B the scale will show mg
R
h
F
NB

|
.
|

\
|
+ = 1
2

Free-body diagram for the object at the bottom
of the loop, i.a. at point B may is illustrated in
the figure to the right:
Taking the direction of acceleration, i.e. up,
positive, Newtons second law of motion,
a m F
net

= , for the object at the bottom of the

vertical circle may be expressed
as:
R
v
m mg F
B
NB
2
=
R
v
m mg F
B
NB
2
+ =
We may use conservation of energy to find the tangential velocity of
Jacob at the bottom of the loop in terms of R and h .
2
2
1
B B i
mv mgh E E = =
mg
R
R h
R
gh
m mg F
R
v
m mg F
gh v mv mgh
NB
B
NB
B B

|
.
|

\
| +
= + =

+ =
= =
2 2
2
2
1
2
2 2

1
Note that a bath-room scale usually shows the weight as
g
mg
which is the mass, but due to the fact that this
could be misleading, we have chosen scales which shows weight, like that of American-British system scale
which shows its reading as pound which is the units of weight.
B
mg
R
a
m
R
v
m mg F
B
NB
2
+ =
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mg
R
h
mg
R
R h
F
NB

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
| +
= 1
2 2

Answer: At point B the scale will show mg
R
h
F
NB

|
.
|

\
|
+ = 1
2


v Answer: As long as
min
h h > , the difference between apparent weight
of the object at the bottom and top of the loop is mg F F
NA NB
6 = and
it is independent from the maximum height of the track, h , and the
radius of the track h .

mg mg mg mg
R
h
mg
R
h
F F
mg
R
h
F
mg
R
h
F
NA NB
NA
NB
6 5 5
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
= + =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
=

|
.
|

\
|
+ =

Note that as long as R h h = > 5 . 2
min
the difference in the apparent weight
of the object at the bottom and at the top of the loop, mg F F
NA NB
6 = , is
independent from the original height of the release h , and the radius of
the loop R . It is always mg 6 , i.e. just a function of the mass of the
object and the gravitational acceleration of the object: mg F F
NA NB
6 =
vi Answer: At point C the scale shows mg
R
h
F
NC
|
.
|

\
|
= 2
2

At point C the scale will show the normal force
which is the centripetal force:
R
v
m F
C
NC
2
=
Jacobs velocity may be calculated using
conservation of energy. His apparent weight, the
value the scale shoes, may be determined by replacing value of his
tangential velocity at point C , calculated from the conservation of
mechanical energy in
R
v
m F
C
NC
2
= :

( )
( )
mg
R
h
R
g R h
m F
R
v
m F
g R h v mv mgR mgh
NC
C
NC
C C
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
= + =
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
1
2
2 2

vii Answer: At the point D, the scale will show just Jacobs normal
weight mg F
ND
= .
Due to the fact that the point D is on the flat horizontal
surface of the track, regardless of the fact that the cart is
accelerating or decelerating, due to the fact that there is
no acceleration in the vertical direction, the scale shows
the normal weight of Jacob.

mg
m
mg F
ND
=
D
mg
R
a
m
C
mg
R
h
F
NC
|
.
|

\
|
= 2
2
Test FyB357NVC08 Projectile, Circular Motion, Linear Momentum, Energy NV-College, INS

[email protected] Free to use for educational purposes. Not for sale. 14/14



The student demonstrates
MVG-Quality
In problem number 10 through:
M1 Plans, caries out, and
investigates both theoretical
as well as experimental.
Uses free-body diagram, and
conservation of energy in a correct
manner.
M2 Analyses and interprets the
results, concludes and
evaluates if they are
reasonable.
In each case uses free-body
diagram, identifies forces and
writes Newtons second law. The
results are interpreted and
evaluated.
M3 Uses analytically and
competent physical terms
and models.
A clear and correct use of free-
body-diagram and vector property
of forces.
M4 Analyzes and solves the
problem using knowledge
from different branches of
physics.
Uses conservation of energy, and
the second law of Newton to solve
the problem.
M5 The solution is well
structured and correct both
physical as well as
mathematical.

Presents the solution, well
structured, clear, using especially
correct mathematical-physical
language. Units, significant
figures and vector properties are
well respected.