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Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module 2: Formulating
Hypothesis on a Population
Mean

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 11
Statistics and
Probability
Fourth Quarter
Module 2: Formulating
Hypothesis on a Population
Mean

3
 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education

Program to ensure attainment of standards expected of you as a learner.

This aims to equip you with essential knowledge on Formulating

Hypothesis on a Population Mean.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

■ Expected Learning Outcome — This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.

■ Pre-test — This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson

you are about to take.

■ Discussion of the Lesson —This provides you with the important

knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.

■ Learning Activities — These provide you with the application of the

knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable you
to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.

■ Post-test/Assessment— This evaluates your overall understanding about

the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking
skills.

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 What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

➢ formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a

population mean.

What I Know
To find out what you already know about the topic in this module,
answer the following. Write your answer in your notebook.

Write a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in a) statement

form and b) mathematical form given the problems below.

1. A manufacturer of a certain brand of wristwatch claims that the mean

life expectancy of the battery of the watch is 48 months. A researcher
wants to validate this claim, so he chose a sample of 64 watches and
noted that their mean life expectancy is 45 months with a standard
deviation of 2 months. At 𝛼 =0.05, can you conclude that the mean
life expectancy is less than 48 months?
Null Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________

2. A sociologist wants to study about the average time children play

outdoors nowadays. Tentatively, he guesses a mean that is less than 3
hr. he population variance is assumed to be 0.64 hr. To prove his
claim, he selected a sample of 16 children from a normally distributed
population and found a sample mean of 2.5 hr. of outdoor playtime.
At 𝛼 =0.05, will the sociologist prove his claim?

Null Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________

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 3. Benjamin collects a sample with size 16 from a normally distributed
population. The sample gives a mean of 30.4 and a standard deviation
of 6.2. At 𝛼=0.01, can Benjamin conclude that the mean of the
population is greater than 28.5.
Null Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________

4. According to the school librarian, the average number of pages of

books in the reference section is 240. To test her claim, she collected a
sample of 15 books and after noting the number of pages of each
book, she determined that the mean number of pages is 224.6 with a
standard deviation of 4.1. At 𝛼=0.01, will the librarian be able to prove
your claim.
Null Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________

Alternative Hypothesis
a. ___________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________

What’s In

You learned the type of errors when testing hypothesis. Can you still
remember them? Do the activity below:

Directions: Identify the type of error (Type I or Type II) if there is any
committed in each of the following situations. Write NONE if no error is
committed. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. A true null hypothesis is accepted

2. A false null hypothesis is accepted

3. A true null hypothesis is rejected

4. A false null hypothesis is rejected

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 What’s New
There are many situations wherein we test hypothesis concerning
means. We learned from the previous module that to find out if the
hypothesis is true or false, we should test the hypothesis. In this module, we
will do the first step in hypothesis testing which is formulating the null and
and alternative hypothesis given problems involving population means.

What Is It
To formulate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis remember the
following:
1. The null hypothesis states that the population mean is equal to
specific value.

2. The alternative hypothesis reflects our claim. It states that the

population mean is “less than”, “greater than” or “not equal” to the
specific value.

Example 1. Weight Reduction Drugs

A new drug on the market is claimed by its manufacturers to reduce

overweight women by 4.55 kg per month with standard deviation of 0.91 kg.
Ten women chosen at random have reported losing an average of 4.05 kg
within a month. Does this data support the claim of the manufacturer at
0.05 level of significance?

Given: The specific value of the population mean is 4.55 kg (𝜇 =4.55)

So, the null hypothesis will be:

Ho: The average weight loss per month using a new drug is equal to
4.55 kg (𝜇 =4.55).

Since we don’t specify the use of “less than”, and “greater than”,
we will use “not equal” in our alternative hypothesis.

Ha: The average weight loss per month using a new drug is not equal
to 4.55 kg (𝜇 ≠ 4.55)

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Example 2. The Cost of Raising a Child

A sociologist believes that it costs more than Php 90 000 to raise a

child from birth to age one. A random sample of 49 families, each with a
child is selected to see if the figure is correct. The average expenses for these
families reveal a mean of Php 92 000 with a standard deviation of Php 4
500. Based on these sample data, can it be concluded that the sociologist is
correct in his claim? (Use 0.05 level of significance.)

Given: The specific value of the population mean is more than

Php 90 000 (𝜇>90 000)

Ho: The average cost to raise a child from birth to age one is equal to
Php 90 000 (𝜇 =90 000)
Ha: The average cost to raise a child from birth to age one is more than
Php 90 000 (𝜇>90 000).

Example 3. Typing Job

The director of a secretarial school believes that its graduates can type
more than 75 words per minute. A random sample of 12 graduates has been
found to have an average of 77.2 words per minute with a standard
deviation of 7.9 words per minute in a typing test. Using 0.05 level of
significance, test the claim of the director.

Given: The specific value of the population mean is more than

75 words per minute (𝜇>75)

Ho: The average number of words that graduates can type is equal 75
words per minute (𝜇 = 75)
Ha: The average number of words that graduates can type is more
than 75 words per minute (𝜇>75).

Example 4. The Making of a Movie

It is hypothesized that the cost of making a movie is Php 24.6 million.

This year, a random sample of 15 movies has shown an average production
cost of Php 28.3 million with a standard deviation of Php 9.5 million. At 0.01
level of significance, is the hypothesized cost true?

Given: The specific value of the population mean is

24.6 million (𝜇 =24.6)

Ho: The average cost of making a movie is equal to

Php 24.6 million (𝜇 =24.6)

Ha: The average cost of making a movie is not equal to

Php 24.6 million (𝜇 ≠ 24.6)

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 What’s More

Directions: Write the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in

statement and mathematical form. Do it in your notebook.

1. In a certain city, a researcher wishes to determine whether the average

income of the residents is Php 13 000. Using a sample of 19 residents, he
found a mean income of Php 13 561.25 with standard deviation Php 2
500. At 𝛼=0.01, can the researcher conclude the average income of the
population is indeed Php 13 000?
Null hypothesis
Statement Form: ___________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:________________________________________________

Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: ___________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:________________________________________________

2. A workout program states that there is an average weight loss of 12

pounds (lb) for those who enroll in the program for two months. Another
workout program advertises greater weight loss and was tested with a
group of 30 volunteers who averaged 13 lb weight loss after two months,
with standard deviation 2.5 lb. Does the second workout program offer a
high average weight loss effect?
Null hypothesis
Statement Form: ___________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:________________________________________________

Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: ___________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
I learned that:

To formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis,

1. The null hypothesis states that the population mean is equal to

specific value.

2. The alternative hypothesis reflects our claim. It states that the

population mean is “less than”, “greater than” or “not equal” to the
specific value.

What I Can Do
Directions:

Formulate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis of the

problem below. Write your answers in your notebook.

According to the norms established for a history test, grade eight

students should have an average 81.7 with standard deviation of 8.5. If 100
randomly selected students are chosen from your school average 79.6 in
this test, can we conclude at the 5% level of significance that grade 8
students from your school can be expected to average less than the norm of
81.7?

Null hypothesis
Statement Form: ___________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:________________________________________________

Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: ___________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:________________________________________________

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 Assessment
Directions:Write the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis of the given
problems below. A point will be given to statement form and another point
for mathematical form of the hypothesis.

1. An anthropologist believes that the diameter of the skull of a primitive

man is more than 7 inches. After many years of search, 6 skulls of
this type are found. The mean diameter of these is found to be 6.8
inches with standard deviation of 1.2 inches. Can it be concluded that
the anthropologist is correct at 0.05 level of significance?

Null hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________
Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________

2. Prince Hypermart larena boast that checkout times for costumers are
never more than 15 minutes. A random sample of 36 customers
reveals a mean checkout time of 17 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3 minutes. What can you conclude about the supermarket’s boast
at the 0.05 level?

Null hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________
Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________

3. A light bulb manufacturer regularly advertises that his bulbs last 900
hours with a standard deviation of 75 hours. A random sample is
chosen before each campaign to make sure that the claim is correct. If
one such sample of 20 bulbs shows a mean of 925 hours, can the
advertising claim be considered an underestimate at the 0.05 level of
significance?

Null hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________

Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________

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4. The average amount of rainfall during the summer months is 11.52
inches. A researcher in PAG-ASA selects a random sample of 10
provinces and finds that the average amount of rainfall last year was
7.42 inches with a standard deviation of 1.3 inches. At 0.01 level of
significance, can it be concluded that the mean rainfall last year was
below 11.52 inches?
Null hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________
Alternative hypothesis
Statement Form: __________________________________________________
Mathematical Form:_______________________________________________

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References:
Calaca, Ninia I., Chin Uy, et. al. Statistics and Probability. Manila,
Philippines: Vibal Group Inc., 2016

Canlapan, Raymond B., Statistics and Probability. Makati City, Philippines:

DIWA Learning Sytems Inc., 2016

Ocampo, Jose M. and Wilmer G. Marquez. Senior High Conceptual Math and
Beyond, Statistics and Probability. Novaliches, Quezon City: Brilliant
Creation Publishing, Inc., 2016

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