Electromagnetics

for ECE

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Why Electromagnetics?

EE:
Electromagnetic fields give rise to concepts in resistance, inductance and capacitance.
“Circuit theory won’t work without the concept of Electromagnetics.”

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Why Electromagnetics?

ECE: Communications
Electromagnetic waves produces by electrically charged particles are used for long-distance
communications.
“There is no wireless communications, no social media, without Electromagnetics.”

This course enables us to understand and appreciate more fully, the concept of
Transmission Lines and Antenna Systems, in your ECE 325 subject.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Course Outline (From CHED)
1. Vector Analysis
a. vector algebra
b. vector product
c. vector calculus (integral and derivative)
d. gradient
e. divergence and the Divergence Theorem
f. curl and the Stoke’s Theorem
g. Green’s Lemma
2. Steady Electric and Magnetic Fields
3. Dielectric and Magnetic Materials
4. Coupled and Magnetic Circuits
5. Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell’s Equations
6. Field and Circuit Relationships
7. Transmission Lines

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Course Description (From CHED)
Ø Vector Algebra
Ø Vector Calculus MIDTERM
Ø Vector Analysis
Ø Applications of above items in Steady Electric and Magnetic Fields
Ø Dielectric, and Magnetic materials
Ø Coupled/Mutual and Magnetic Circuits
Ø Time-varying Fields
FINAL
Ø Maxwell’s Equation
Ø Transmission Line
Ø (optional) Antenna

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
ELECTROMAGNETICS IN A NUTSHELL

We shall be dealing with

• Vectors
• Calculus
• Partial Differentiation

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
 Vector

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector - a quantity that is described by both magnitude and direction

- a vector is represented by a letter with an arrow, A , or bold-faced type letter A


Magnitude: |A| or | A | or A

P
Example of common vectors:
terminal point
s - displacement
v - velocity
A
F - force
a - acceleration
E - electric field O
original/initial point

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector Field - a multivariable function which models the magnitude and direction of a vector quantity at any
points in a space.

Example of common vector fields

gravitational field
electric and magnetic field

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector Field - a multivariable function which models the magnitude and direction of a vector quantity at any
points in a space.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Scalar - a quantity that has no direction

Scalar Field - akin to a mathematical model with a scalar value at different points in a space

Example of common scalars fields

temperature gradient throughout a soup
density at different points of a material
sound intensity at different parts of a room

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector Algebra - addition, subtraction and multiplication of vectors
applicable to coplanar vectors only
coplanar - vectors lying on the same plane

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Equal Vectors

Definition 1. Two vectors A and B are equal if they have

the same magnitude
the same direction
regardless of the position of the origin/initial point

A A
A
B B
B

A≠B A≠B A=B

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Unit Vector

Definition
A unit vector, aA along A is defined as a vector whose magnitude is 1, with the same direction as A.

To express A in terms of unit vectors:

A | A | A
A = AaA
aA
| aA |1

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Representation of Vector A in Cartesian Coordinate Plane

Represented as

(Ax, Ay, Az) or A = Axax + Ayay + Azaz

The unit vectors, ax, ay, and az are unit

vectors along the axes of the Cartesian
coordinate plane.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Magnitude of Vector A in Cartesian Coordinate Plane

A A A A
2
x
2
y
2
z

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Unit Vector of Vector A in Cartesian Coordinate Plane

Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z
aA 
A

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
 Vector Algebra

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector Addition

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then for C = A + B,

A + B = (Ax + Bx)ax + (Ay + By)ay + (Az + Bz)az

Parallelogram Rule Head-to-Tail Rule

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector Subtraction

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then for D = A − B,

A − B = A + (−B)

Parallelogram Rule Head-to-Tail Rule

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Position Vector or Radius Vector of a Point

Definition
A position vector of a point P(x, y, z) is defined as the directed distance from the origin to P.

rP  OP  x a x  ya y  z a z

rP  3a x  4a y  5a z

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Distance Vector or Separation Vector Between Two Points

Definition
The distance vector between two points P(xp, yp, zp) and Q(xq, yq, zq) is the displacement from P to Q

rPQ  rQ  rP  ( x q  x p ) a x  ( y q  y p ) a y  ( z q  z p ) a z

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Graded Seatwork:

1. Points A(4, -6, 2), B(-2, 0, 3), and C(10, 1, -7) form a triangle. Show that
rAB + rBC + rCA = 0.

2. Determine the 3 unit vectors for each sides, AB, BC, and CA.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Vector Multiplication

Multiplication of 2 Vectors:
1. Scalar or Dot Product: A ∙ B
2. Vector or Cross Product: A × B

Multiplication of 3 Vectors:
1. Scalar Triple Product: A ∙ (B × C)
2. Vector Triple Product: A × (B × C)

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Dot Product
The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as A ∙ B, is defined
geometrically as the product of the magnitudes of A and B and the
cosine of the smaller angle between them when they are drawn with
A the same origin.

A  B  AB cos  AB
θAB is the smaller angle between A and B
θAB B
AcosθAB
B

A ∙ B is the multiplication of the lengths of B and the component of A along B.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Dot Product

A
A  A  AA cos 0
A  A  A2
θAB B
a x  a y  a y  az  az  a x  0
AcosθAB
a x  ax  a y  a y  a z  az  1
B

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Dot Product

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then

θAB B A  B  Ax B x  A y B y  Az B z

AcosθAB A B  B A
B

A ∙ B is the multiplication of the lengths of B and the component of A along B.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Dot Product

Remember:

A ∙ B is the multiplication of the lengths of B and the component of A along

B.

AB
θAB B
AcosθAB
B

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Dot Product

Application: Finding the component of a vector in the direction of a certain

unit vector.

Component of A along a, Aa = A ∙ a

A A
A
a
a
a
A·a
This component has a positive sign (parallel direction).

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
 The Dot Product

Application: Finding the component of a vector in the direction of a

certain unit vector.
Antiparallel component (negative sign).
Happens when 90° ≤ θAB ≤ 180°
a

–A –A
A a A

a a
–A·a

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B, written as A × B, is a vector
quantity whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of A and
B and the sine of the smaller angle between them, in the direction of
advance of a right-handed screw as A is turned into B.

A  B  AB sin  AB a N

θAB is the smaller angle between A and B

aN is a unit vector normal to the plane containing A

and B, in the direction following the right-hand rule.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Cross Product

A  B  AB sin  AB a N

A×B
aN
B
BsinθAB
θAB

Magnitude of A × B is the area of the parallelogram formed by A and B.

Direction follows the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing A and B.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
 The Cross Product of Unit Vectors

z z

ax  a y  az
a y  az  a x
az –ax
–ay
ay y y
ax –az a z  ax  a y
x x

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Cross Product

A  B  AB sin  AB a N

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then

ax ay az
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

A  B  ( A y B z  Az B y ) a x  ( Az B x  Ax B z ) a y  ( Ax B y  A y B x ) a z

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Scalar Triple Product

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz), and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz) then

A  (B  C)  B  (C  A)  C  (A  B)

Ax Ay Az
A  (B  C)  B x By Bz
Cx Cy Cz

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
 The Scalar Triple Product

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz), and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz) then

C Volume = C ·(A× B)
Ax Ay Az
A  (B  C)  B x By Bz
B
Cx Cy Cz
BsinθAB
θAB

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Scalar Triple Product

Application: If three vectors are coplanar, the volume of the parallelepiped formed by the
vectors is zero.

Ex. Show that the lines joining points (4, 0, -1), (1, 3, 4) and (-5, -3, -3) form the sides of a
triangle. Calculate the area.

a. check if triangle (coplanar, y + z > x > y − z)

b. calculate area

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
The Vector Triple Product

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz), and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz) then

A  (B  C)  B(A  C)  C(A  B)

“bac-cab” rule

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz
Assignment:

Answer 1.12, 1.14, 1.16, 1.28, 1.30 of Sadiku book, 7th edition.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - CDO Electromagnetics Engr. Villaruz