Teacher : Berchou D

Safety First : Advertising , consumers and safety Miss.Berchou

1. Expressing hypotheses 3. Quantifiers English Arabic English Arabic
To express certainty we use: A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a Advertising ‫االشهار‬ Healthy ‫صحي‬
 Subject +Will + certainly + infinitive without noun to indicate the amount or quantity:‫عبارات للكمية و العدد‬ Advertisment ‫ اشهار‬/‫اعالن‬ Unhealthy ‫غير صحي‬
to 'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of Consumption ‫استهالك‬ Safe ‫آمن‬
quantifiers.
 I’m sure/ certain that + subject +Will+ Consumerism ‫استهالكية‬ Harmful ‫ مؤذي‬/‫ضار‬
Quantifiers can be used with both countable and
infinitive without to uncountable nouns. ‫تستعمل مع االسماء القابلة للعد و غير القابلة للعد‬ Consumer ‫مستهلك‬ Poisnous ‫سام‬
To express probability we use: Quantifiers/ With With With Customer ‫ زبون‬/‫عميل‬ Obesity ‫البدانة‬
 Subject +Will+ probably + infinitive without quantity countable uncountable both Safety ‫ االمان‬/ ‫السالمة‬ overweight ‫زيادة الوزن‬
to expression noun noun Organic food ‫االكل العضوي‬ Fast food ‫االكل السريع‬
 It is probable that + subject +Will + infinitive Much/too X Genetically ‫االكل المعدل‬
much
without to modified food ‫ وراثيا‬/‫جينيا‬
Little/ too X
To express possibility we use: little Processed ‫االكل المعالج‬ Eating ‫عادات االكل‬
 Subject +Can/ May + infinitive without to Many/too X
food habits
 It is possible that + subject +Will + infinitive many Ingredients ‫المكونات‬ Persuasion ‫االقناع‬
without to Few/too few X Flavourings ‫المنكهات‬ Influence ‫التأثير‬
 Subject +Will+ possibly + infinitive without A lot of X Colourings ‫الملونات‬ Farming ‫الزراعة‬
to Preservatives ‫المواد الحافظة‬ agriculture ‫الفالحة‬
Enough X
To express remote possibility we use: Additives ‫المواد المضافة‬ Food ‫التسمم الغذائي‬
A large X
 Subject + Might/Could + infinitive without number of
poisoning
to Genetic ‫الهندسة‬ Chemical ‫اثار كيميائية‬
A large X
2. The first Conditional: engineering ‫الوراثية‬ residues
amount of
It is formed by using " if " and the present simple A great many Shopping ‫التسوق‬ Brand ‫عالمة تجارية‬
X
and the future simple in the result clause . of Shopaholics ‫مدمني التسوق‬ Marketing ‫التسويق‬
Form: 4.. Expressing cause: Publicity ‫الدعاية‬ Goods ‫سلع‬
If + present simple , will/ shall + infinitive -The following connectors are used to express cause Nutrition ‫التغذية‬ Companies ‫شركات‬
This Conditional is used to describe possible things  Consequence + Since /because/as + Malnutrition ‫سوء التغذية‬ Promotion / ‫الترقية‬
that may happen in the Future . (subject +verb+object) +Cause ‫الترويج‬
Examples : Pesticides ‫المبيدات‬ Food ‫صناعة االكل‬
 -Because of
‫الحشرية‬ industries
 If you eat an apple every day, you will be -Due to + noun phrase
healthy. Fertilisers / ‫المخصبات‬ Products ‫المنتجات‬
-Owing to ‫اسمدة‬
 We ’ll burn calories if we run every morning Example: He is obese because he eats much fast food. Production ‫االنتاج‬ Burning ‫حرق السعرات‬
5. Expressing result ( consequence) Calories
Unless can be used in conditional sentence meaning As a result Management ‫التسيير‬ Shoppers ‫المتسوقين‬
except if , if …not Cause+ Consequently + Consequence Competition ‫المنافسة‬
Examples : If you eat an apple every day, you will Thus, therefore, so
be healthy.
Example: He eats much fast food; as a result, he is obese
Unless you eat an apple every day, you will not be
healthy.
 Teacher : Berchou D It’s a Giant Leap for Mankind :Astronomy and the solar system Miss.Berchou
1. Conditional type2 “if” ‫الجمل الشرطية النوع الثاني‬ How + adj (long, wide, high, tall, far, deep, fast) English Arabic English Arabic
-This type of conditional is used to talk about unreal ………? Astronomy ‫علم الفلك‬ Discovery ‫اكتشاف‬
situations in the present. E;g. How far /distant is the Earth from the Astronomer ‫عالم فضاء‬ Exploration ‫استكشاف‬
moon? Planets ‫كواكب‬ Spaceship ‫سفينة فضاء‬
If + past simple, conditional (would + stem)
→ It is 384,400 km far. Metoers ‫نيازك‬ Space ‫السياحة‬
tourism ‫الفضائية‬
How deep is the Earth's crust?
Examples : Comets ‫مذنبات‬ Observatory ‫المرصد‬
 if I were you, I would go to the nearest
→ It is around 40 kilometers deep. Asteriod ‫كويكب‬ Atmosphere ‫الغالف الجوي‬
How fast is the Earth spinning every minute? Stars ‫نجوم‬ Astronaut ‫رائد فضاء‬
embassy.
 What would happen to us if a large
→ It is 27.7 km fast per minute at equator. Galaxy ‫مجرة‬ Orbit (n/v) ‫ يدور‬/‫مدار‬
B) We can also use what + a noun ( shape, size, Universe ‫الكون‬
asteroid smashed into the Earth? distance, weight, length, width, depth, height, Solar ‫نظام شمسي‬ Heavenly ‫اجسام سماوية‬
etc). system bodies
2. Expressing similarities and differences ‫التعبير‬ What size/ shape is….? What is the weight/ the Space ‫الفضاء‬ Collision ‫اصطدام‬
‫عن االختالف و التشابه‬ distance……..? Earth ‫كوكب االرض‬ Diameter ‫القطر‬
-A number of conjunctions and connectors are used 4.Asking questions in general Mars ‫كوكب المريخ‬ Sun ‫الشمس‬
How to ask questions? Jupiter ‫كوكب‬ Shape ‫الشكل‬
to express relations of similarities and differences ‫المشتري‬
You ask w/h questions in two ways.
among pairs of sentences. Saturn ‫كوكب زحل‬ Light ‫الضوء‬
1. A. Using modal verbs: will, would, may ,might,
‫نستعمل الروابط التالية للتعبير عن التشابه و االختالف‬ can, could, shall, should, etc. Venus ‫الزهرة‬ Heat ‫الحرارة‬
Similarities: similar to, like, both…and, the same, B. Using uxiliary verbs: ( be, have) Mercury ‫كوكب عطارد‬ Temperature ‫درجة الحرارة‬
as, similarly, both….of ‫ بإستعمال االفعال الناقصة و االفعال المساعدة‬- Moon ‫القمرطبيعي‬ The equator ‫خط‬
2. Using the auxiliary verb do (do, does, did). Satellite ‫القمر‬ Broadcasting ‫ ارسال‬/‫بث‬
(do, ( ‫ في اشكاله الثالث‬do ‫ بإستعمال الفعل المساعد‬- Gravity ‫الجاذبية‬ Eclipse ‫كسوف‬/‫خسوف‬
Example: Similar to the earth , Uranus orbits the Telescope ‫المنظار‬ Equator ‫خط االستواء‬
sun . does, did
1- With modal verbs and auxiliaries, we invert the Rockets ‫الصواريخ‬ Astrophysics ‫الفيزياء‬
Both Venus and mars are planets in our solar ‫الفضائية‬
subject and the modal / auxiliary then we
system Rocks ‫صخور‬ NASA ‫الوكالةالفضاء‬
precede them with the right question word. ‫االمريكية‬
Differences: ‫نقلب مكان الفعل الناقص او الفعل المساعد و الفعل ثم نبدأ الجملة بأداة‬ Plains ‫هضاب‬ Astrology ‫علم التنجيم‬
Unlike, whereas , while, on the other hand . ‫االستفهام المناسبة‬ Valleys ‫وديان‬ Surface ‫سطح‬
however, but, comparing to, in comparison 2- With main verbs with no auxiliaries or modals , Distance ‫المسافة‬
Example: - The Earth is inhabited whereas Mars we use the question word +the correct form of Height ‫االرتفاع‬
isn’t inhabited. do ( do, does, did) + the stem Length ‫الطول‬
Earth has one Moon but Jupiter has over 50 moons. + ‫في غياب االفعال المساعدة و االفعال الناقصة نستعمل اداة االستفهام‬ Width ‫العرض‬
3.Asking about dimensions do/ does/ did ‫الفعل‬+ Depth ‫العمق‬
A) To ask about dimensions, size, distance, etc ... , speed ‫السرعة‬
we use the question word
 Teacher : Berchou D Ethics in Business : Ill-gotten Gains Never Prosper. Miss.Berchou
1. Expressing wish/regret : ‫ الندم‬/ ‫التمنى‬ 6.Passive voice English Arabic English Arabic
a. Present wish : wish + past simple ‫(امنية في‬ Ethics ‫االخالق‬ Counterfeit ‫ يزيف‬/‫يزور‬
)‫الحاضر‬ Active voice: Subject + verb + object Corruption ‫الفساد‬ Fake / ‫ يزييف‬/‫يزور‬
b. Regret : wish+ had+ past participle ‫(امنية‬ ‫مزور‬
Passive voice : Object+ to be ( in the tense of the active
Embezzlement ‫االختالس‬ Imitate ‫يقلد‬
) ‫في الماضي‬ verb) + past participle+ by + subject ( agent) Bribery ‫الرشوة‬ Copy ‫ يقلد‬/‫ينسخ‬
c. Future wish: wish+ would+ stem ‫( امنية‬ Present simple Nepotism ‫المحسوبية‬ Bribe ‫يرشو‬
)‫للمستقبل‬ A) The man gives a bribe. Stealing ‫السرقة‬ Steal ‫يسرق‬
2. Expressing criticism/annoyance : ‫ عدم الرضى‬/ ‫النقد‬ B) A bribe is given by the man. Theft ‫السرقة‬ Defraud ‫ يغش‬/‫يخدع‬
a. It’s (high) time to+ stem the right time to do Past simple Favouritism ‫المحسوبية‬ Deceive ‫ يغش‬/‫يخدع‬
something. ‫الوقت مناسب للقيام بشيء ما‬ Smuggling ‫التهريب‬ Eradicate ‫يستأصل‬
A) The man gave a bribe.
b. It’s (high) time+ subject + past simple Fraud ‫ الخداع‬/‫الغش‬ Legal ‫قانوني‬
B) A bribe was given by the man.
‫ التعبير عن التأخر عن القيام بشيء ما‬the action Honesty ‫ النزاهة‬/‫الشرف‬ Illegal ‫غير قانوني‬
should be done before (it’s too late) . Future simple
Associations ‫جمعيات‬ moral ‫اخالقي‬
Example: A) The man will give a bribe. Deception ‫الخداع‬ Immoral ‫غير اخالقي‬
3. Expressing advice : ‫تقديم النصيحة‬ B) A bribe will be given by the man . Account ‫حساب‬ Genuine ‫اصلي‬
a. Had better/should+stem Present perfect Citizens ‫المواطنين‬ Jail ‫ يسجن‬/‫سجن‬
Example: You had better report any suspicious acts. A) The man has given a bribe. Transparency ‫منظمة الشفافية‬ Trade ‫يتاجر‬
c. had better not+stem/shouldn’t+stem B) A bribe has been given by the man. International ‫العالمية‬
Past perfect Auditing ‫تدقيق الحسابات‬ disguise ‫يموه‬
Tax evasion ‫التهرب الضريبي‬ Hide ‫يخفي‬
d. should +( not) stem / ought( not) to +stem A) The man had given a bribe.
Whistle ‫الوشاية‬ Products ‫منتجات‬
Example: You ought not to / should not encourage B) A bribe had been given by the man. blowing
corruption by keeping silent. Present continuous Child labour ‫عمالة االطفال‬ Consumers ‫المستهلكين‬
4/ Expressing condition using ‫ الشرطية‬: A) The man is giving a bribe. Probity ‫االمانة‬ Property ‫ملكية‬
As long as/ provided that. B) A bribe had been given by the man. Piracy ‫القرصنة‬ Brands ‫عالمات تجارية‬
As long as/provided that+ present simple, future Past continuous Infringement ‫يخرق القوانين‬ Kickback ‫رشوة‬
simple A) The man was giving a bribe. Speculators ‫المضاربين‬ False invoices ‫فواتير مزورة‬
Example: customs ‫الجمارك‬ Tax inspectors ‫جباة الضرائب‬
B) A bribe had been given by the man
 We will eradicate corruption providing that we Currency ‫تزويير العملة‬ Criminal ‫منظمات ارهابية‬
Modals . ( can ,could, may ,might, must ,etc.)
put hand in hand . counterfeiting organisations
A) The man can /may/might give a bribe
 You will promoted as long as you work Money ‫غسيل األموال‬ Responsibility ‫مسئولية‬
B) A bribe can be/ may be / might be given by the laundering
honestly.
5/ Expressing result using: ‫التعبير عن النتيجة‬ man Code of ethics ‫ميثاق اخالقي‬ Scandals ‫فضائح‬
7.Forming opposites keeping the same root Profits ‫ارباح‬ lobby ‫مجموعة ضغط‬
a. So+adjective+ that
Example : Counterfeit are so widespread that we can - ‫يتم تكوين اضداد الكلمات بإضافة السوابق‬ Moral issues ‫قضايا اخالقية‬ manufacture ‫صناعة‬
prefixes Business ‫ نشاط‬/ ‫تجارة‬ Severe ‫مشدد‬
not distinguish them from genuine products.: ‫تجاري‬
b. Such+noun phrase+ that Ethical ≠unethical , moral ≠immoral legal ≠illegal
Laws ‫القوانين‬ Stringent ‫صارم‬
Example: Counterfeits are of such a bad quality that fair ≠unfair , honest ≠ dishonest , perfect = imperfect
standards /‫المقاييس‬ Fight ‫يكافح‬/‫يحارب‬
they don’t last long. ‫المعايير‬
Forge ‫يقلد‬