h-b-\mSv PnÃm ]©m-b¯v

ka{K hnZym-`ymk ]²Xn-

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2 Printing & Layout @ Vismayam Mananthavady - copies 3000
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 bqWn‰v 1

temIsØ kzm[o-\n® hnπ-hß

- ƒ
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1. \thm∞m\w a\pjys‚ Nn¥bnepw ImgvN∏mSnepw PohnXØnepw {it≤bamb am‰ßfp≠m°n.
Ah GsXms° ?
Š am\hnIX Š imkv{Xt_m[w Š bp‡nNn¥
Š hna¿i\_p≤n Š At\zjWXrjvW
Š {]mtZinI `mjIfpsS hf¿®
2. ⁄mt\m-Zb Nn¥-I¿ {]N-cn-∏n® Bi-b-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kzmX-{¥yw. a‰v aqs∂Æw Fgp-XpI
D.kq. P\m-[n-]Xyw ˛ kaXzw ˛ tZio-bX
3. hnπ-hß - ƒ - F∂m-se¥v?
D.kq. kzmX-{¥yhpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \ntj-[n-°p∂ hyh-ÿn-Xnsb am‰n ]pXnb H∂ns\
ÿm]n-°e - mWv hnπhw
4. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX{¥y ka-cØ - ns‚ {][m\ ap{Zm-hmIyw F¥m-bn-cp∂p? CXn\p cq]w \¬In-b-
Xmcv ?
D.kq. {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√msX \nIp-Xn-bn√ ˛ Pbnwkv Hm´nkv
5. hSt° Ata-cn-°b - n¬ bqtdm-]y-∑msc tImf-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n® LS-Iß - ƒ GsX√mw?
D.kq. � hn`-h-߃ Iø-S-°m-\p≈ B{Klw
� Cw•-≠nse aX ]oU-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c£ t\SpI
6. Atacn°≥ kzmX{¥y kacØnte°v \bn® sa¿°‚-enksØ°pdn®v hnhcn°pI.
D.kq. � hyh-km-bß - ƒ°m-hi - y-amb Akw-kIv rX hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw \n¿Ωn®h
hn‰-gn-°p-∂X - n-\p-ambn bqtdm-]y∑m¿ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf--\n-If
- n¬ \S-∏m-°nb \nb-aw.
� Cw•ojv I∏-ep-If - ntem, tImf\nIfpsS I∏epIfntem am{Xta km[-\ß - ƒ
- sIm≠p-h-
cm\pw sIm≠p-t]m-Im\pw ]mSp-≈q.
� tImf-\n-If - n¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n-cp∂ ]©-kmc, Iºnfn, ]cpØn, ]pI-bne F∂nh Cw•-
≠n-te°p am{Xta Ib-‰n-b-b-°m≥ ]mSp-≈q.
� tImf--\n-I-fnse \nb-a-]-c-amb {]am-W-߃, h¿Ø-am\ ]{X-߃, eLp-te-J-Iƒ,
ssek≥kv F∂n-h-bn¬ Cw•-≠ns‚ Ãmºv ]Xn-°-Ww.
� tImf-\n-I-fn-te°v Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂ tXbn-e, •mkv, IS-em-kv F∂n-h°v
Cd-°p-aXn Np¶w \¬I-Ww.
7. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v XpS-°w Ipdn°m\nSbm°nb t_mè So]m¿´nsb°pdn®v
hnhcn°pI.
D.kq. � 1773 Unkw_¿ 16\v
� Cw•≠v tXbnebv°v NpaØnb Db¿∂ \nIpXnbn¬ {]Xntj[n®psIm≠v

� Atacn°≥ tImf\nIfn¬ \S∂ {]t£m`w

� t_mè XpdapJØp\n∂pw I∏ense tXbnes∏´nIƒ ISente°v
hens®dn™p.
8. 1776 se tIm≠ns\‚¬ tIm¨{K v \SØnb temI{]ikvXamb Atacn°≥
kzmX{¥y{]Jym]\w Xømdm°nbXv Bscms°t®¿∂mWv ?
D. � tXmakv sPt^gvk¨, s_©an≥ {^m¶vfn≥

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9. 1776 se Atacn°≥ kzmX{¥y {]Jym]\Øn¬ a\pjys‚ kzmX{¥ytØbpw AhImißtfbpw
kw_‘n® Fs¥√mw Imcy߃ Is≠Ømw ?
D. � F√m a\pjycpw Xp√ycmWv.

� F√mh¿°pw F√m AhImißfpw D≠v. PohnXw, kzmX{¥yw, PohnXkuJyw

F∂nhbv°p≈ AhImi߃ Ahbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

� AhImi߃ t\SnsbSp°m≥ `cn°s∏Sp∂hcpsS AwKoImcap≈

`cWIqS߃ cq]oIcn°Ww.
� `cWIqSßsf am‰m\p≈ AhImiw P\߃°p≠v.

10.- A-ta-cn-°≥ kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb Nn¥-I-∑m¿ Bsc√mw?

D.kq. tPm¨ tem°v, tXmakv s]bn≥
11. H∂mw tIm≠n-s\‚¬ tIm¨{K-kv, c≠mw tIm¨Sn-s\‚¬ tIm¨{Kkv F∂n-hb - psS {]m[m\yw
hy‡-am-°pI?
D.kq. H∂mw tIm≠n-s\‚¬ tIm¨{Kkv 1774 :
� Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ hym]m-c-Øn\pw hyh-km-b-Øn\pw G¿s∏-SpØnb \nIpXn-Iƒ

]n≥h-en-°pI
� tImf-\n-I-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-an-√msX \nIpXn Npa-Ø-cpXv

c≠mw tIm≠n-s\‚¬ tIm¨{Kkv 1775:

� tPm¿Pv hmjnwKvSsW Ata-cn-°≥ ssk\y-Øns‚ Xe-h-\mbn Xnc-s™Sp-Øp.
12. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX-{¥yhpambn _‘s∏´v Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ kw`-h-ßsf {Iao-I-cn°pI
˛ Xo¿∞mSI ]nXm-°-fpsS IpSn-tb‰w
˛ H∂pw c≠pw tIm≠n-s\‚¬ tIm¨{Kkv
˛ t_mè So]m¿´n
˛ sa¿°‚-en-Ãv \nb-a-߃
˛ 1776 se kzmX{¥y {]Jym-]\w
D.kq. � Xo¿∞mSI ]nXm-°-fpsS IpSn-tb‰w

� sa¿°‚en-Ãv \nb-a-߃

� t_mè So]m¿´n

� H∂pw c≠pw tIm¨Sn-s\‚¬ tIm¨{Kkv

� 1776se kzmX{¥y {]Jym-]\w

13. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX{¥y kacw ]n¬°me temINcn{XsØ kzm[o\ns®Xßs\? (Atacn°≥

kzmX{¥y kacØns‚ ^e߃)
D.kq. � a\p-jym-h-Imi {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v amXr-I-bm-bn.

� dn∏-ªn-°≥ `cW coXn F∂ Bibw

� temI-Ønse BZysØ Fgp-X-s∏´ `cW LS\

� s^U-d¬ cmjv{Sw F∂ Bibw.

14. BcpsS t\XrXzØnemWv Atacn°≥ `cWLS\ Xømdm°nbXv ?

D. � sPbnwkv amUnk¨

15. Cw•ojv P\X Cw•-≠n-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-Ønb ka-c-am-bn-cp∂p Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX{¥y ka-cw.

{]kvXmh\ ka¿∞n-°p-I.

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 D.kq. hnhn[ Imc-Wß
� - fm¬ {][m-\a- mbpw Cw•-≠n¬ \n∂pw IpSn-tb-dn-bh
- c
- mWv Ata-cn-
°≥ h≥I-cbn¬ tImf-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®-Xv.
� amXr-cmPy-amb Cw•≠v IpSn-tb-‰°
- m-cmb Cw•ojpIm¿°v ta¬ [mcmfw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ
Npa-Øn.
� Cw•ojv tImf-\n-Isf ]e-hn[ Nqj-W-߃°v hnt[-b-am-°n.

16. Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfpsS cq]oIcWØnte°v \bn® kw`h߃ hniZam°pI.

D. Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfpsS cq]oIcWw.

�
1774
• H∂mw tIm≠ns\‚¬ tIm¨{K v
• Cw•≠nse cmPmhn\v ]cmXn \¬In.
• Cw•≠pw tImf\nIfpw XΩn¬ bp≤w Bcw`n®p.

�
1775
• c≠mw tIm≠ns\‚¬ tIm¨{K v
• tPm¿÷v hmjnwKvS¨ tIm≠ns\‚¬ssk\yØns‚ Xeh\mbn Xncs™SpØp
• tXmakvs]bn≥ Cw•≠n¬ \n∂v th¿]ncnbm≥ tImf\n P\XtbmSv Bhiys∏´p.
�

1776
• tIm≠ns\‚¬ tIm¨{K v kzmX{¥y{]Jym]\w \SØn.
�

1781
• Cw•≠pw tImf\nIfpw XΩnep≈ bp≤w Ahkm\n®p.
�

1783
• ]mcokv DSºSn {]Imcw Cw•≠v 13 tImf\nIfpsS kzmX{¥yw AwKoIcn®p.
• Atacn°bv°p Hcp `cW LS\ Xømdm°n.
• Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIƒ cq]oIrXambn.
• tPm¿÷v hmjnwKvS¨ Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfpsS BZy {]knU≠mbn.
17. {^©p hnπ-h-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v aq∂p Nn¥-I-cpsS Bi-b-ß-fmWv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn¥-
Isc Is≠-Øp-I.
kzX-{¥-\mbn P\n-°p∂ bp‡n-Nn-¥, ka-Xzw, Kh¨-sa‚ns\ \nba \n¿am
a\p-jy≥ Fhn-sSbpw a\pjy kvt\-lw Ww Imcy-\n¿h-lWw \oXn \ymbw
Nß-e-bn-em-Wv. F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-°-Ww.

A ? B ? C ?
D.kq. A ˛ dqtkm B ˛ thmƒ´-b¿ C -˛ sam≠kvIyq
18. sS∂okv tIm¿´v {]Xn-⁄-bn-te°v \bn® kml-Ncyw hy‡-am-°p-I.
D.kq. � {^©v Akw-ªn-bn¬ Hcp FtÃ-‰n\p Hcp thm´v F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p coXn.
� Hcw-K-Øn\p Hcp thm´v F∂ Bhiyw aq∂m-asØ FtÉv apt∂m´p sh®p.
� aq∂m-asØ FtÉv ASp-Øp≈ sS∂okv tIm¿´n¬ ktΩfn®v tZiob Akw-ªn-
bmbn {]Jym-]n-®p.

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19. {^m≥knse aq∂m-asØ FtÃ-‰v H∂pw c≠pw FtÃ-‰p-Iƒs°-Xnsc Xncn-bm-\p-≠mb Imc-W-
߃ Fs¥-√mw.
D.kq. � H∂pw c≠pw FtÃ-‰p-Iƒ {^m≥knse `q kzØp-°ƒ A[nIhpw ssIhiw sh®n-cp-∂p.
� aq∂masØ FtÃ-‰n\p ta¬ [mcmfw \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Npa-Ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

� aq∂m-asØ FtÃ-‰n\p bmsXm-cp-hn[ AhIm-i-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

20. 1789 Pqsse 14 {^©phn-π-h-Øns‚ Bcw-`ambn IW-°m-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

D.kq. 1789 Pqsse 14\p {^©p P\X _q¿_¨ cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS {]Xo-I-amb _mÃn¬
Pbn¬ XI¿Øp.
21. a[y-h¿KØns‚ Akw-Xr]vXn-bmWv {^©p hnπ-hØ - ns‚ Imc-Wa
- mb-Xv. ka¿∞n-°p-I.
D.kq. � {^m≥knse kaqlw ^yqU-¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
22. {^©p hnπ-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bibw F¥m-bn-cp-∂p?
D.kq. kzmX{¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlmZcyw
23. {^m≥kn¬ ]Øn¬ HºXpt]cpw ]´nWnsIm≠v acn®t∏mƒ ]ØmasØ Bƒ Zl\t°Sv
(APo¿Æw) _m[n®mWv acn®Xv. {]kvXmh\ hniIe\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.
D.kq. � {^m≥kn¬ `qcn`mKw P\ßfpw ZpcnXØnembncp∂p. `cWm[nImcnIƒ BVw_chpw
[q¿Øpw \nd™ PohnXamWv \bn®Xv.
� {^m≥kn¬ henb kmºØnI AkaXzw \ne\n∂ncp∂p.

24. {^©p hnπhØns‚ kzm[o\w / {^©p hnπ-hØns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥√mw ? (OR)

{^m≥kv XpΩnbm¬ bqtdm∏n\v BsI PetZmjw ]nSn°pw sat‰¿Wn°ns‚ Cu A`n{]mbsØ
ASnÿm\am°n {^©v hnπhØns‚ kzm[o\w hniZam°pI ?
D.kq. � bqtdm-∏n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ tkz—m[n-]Xy `cW IqS-߃°v `oj-Wn-bm-bn.
� ]n¬°me hnπ-h-߃°v Bthiw ]I-¿∂p.

� a[y-h¿K-Øns‚ hf¿®sb klmbn-®p.

� bqtdm-∏n¬ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-°v A¥y-ambn.
� tZiobXbpsS Bhn¿`mhØn\v CSbm°n.
� P\Iob ]cam[nImcw F∂b-mibw am\hcmin°v \¬In.
� cmPyw F∂m¬ {]tZia√ cmPysØ P\ßfmWv F∂v {]Jym]n®p.
25. s\t∏mfn-bs‚ `cW ]cn-jvIm-cßsf {^©p hnπhw kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. ka¿∞n-°p-I.
D.kq. � I¿j-Isc `qan-bpsS DS-a-I-fm-°n.
� ]ptcmln-X∑- m-cpsS ta¬ cmPy-Øns‚ \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øn.
� _m¶v Hm^v {^m≥kv ÿm]n®p.
� ]pXnb \nba kwln-X-bp-≠m-°n.
� \nc-h[n ]pXnb tdmUp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®p.
� s]mXp ISw C√m-Xm-°m≥ kn¶nwKv ^≠v cq]o-I-cn-®p.
26. {^©p hnπ-h-Øn-te°v \bn® Imc-W-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p.
D.kq. � cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS GIm-[n-]Xyw
� `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If
- psS [q¿Øv
� {^m≥kn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿnXn
� Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS kzm[o\w

10 4
 26 {^©v hnπhw

`cW hyhÿ kmaqly AkaXzw XXzNn¥I∑mcpsS Bib߃

• GIm[n]Xy kmºØnI
`cWw
• cmPm[nImcw
AkaXzw
• H∂mw • c≠mw • aq∂mw • thmƒ´b¿ • dqtkm • sam≠kvIyq
ssZhZØw FtÉv FtÉv FtÉv • ]ptcmln • a\pjy¿ • P\m[n]Xyw,
• cmPm° (]ptcmlnX (I®hS XcpsS kzX{¥\mbn dn∏ªnIv • cmPm°∑m¿,
({]`p°∑m¿)
∑mcpsS ∑m¿) °m¿, Fgp P\n°p∂p. • \nba ]ptcmlnXn∑m¿,
• ssk\oI NqjWsØ
[q¿Øpw {]`p°∑m¿
• [mcmfw `qan tkh\w ØpIm¿, ]cnlkn®p. F∂m¬ \n¿ΩmWw,
BVw_cw F∂nhcpsS
ssIhiw \SØn A`n`mjI¿, • bp‡nNn¥, FhnsSbpw Imcy
\nd™Xpamb BVw_c
sh®p. • I¿jItcmSv DtZymKÿ¿, kaXzw, Ah≥ \n¿ΔlWw, PohnXw.
PohnXw • F√mXcw ]eXcw A[ym]I¿, a\pjy NßebnemWv. \oXn\ymbw • [q¿Øv, bp≤
• P\PohnXw \nIpXnIfn¬ \nIpXnIƒ _m¶¿am¿) kvt\lw • P\ßfmWv F∂nßs\ ߃ Ch
ZpcnX]q¿Æw \n∂pw ]ncn®p. • `cWØn¬ ]cam[nImcn. Kh¨ kmºØnI

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Hgnhm° • thX\w HchImian√. sa‚ns\ XI¿®bv°v
s∏´ncp∂p. \¬ImsX • ssXte F∂ Xncn°Ww CSbm°n.
• `cWØn I¿jIsc t]cnep≈ • hcƒ®,
t\bpw sIm≠v ]Wn `q\nIpXn Irjn \miw
ssk\y FSp∏n®p. k¿°mcn\p kmºØnI
Ønt\bpw • \nIpXnbn¬ \¬IWw. ÿnXn
tamiam°n
\nb{¥n®p. \n∂pw • Xmgv∂
• Atacn°≥
• I¿jIcn¬ Hgnhm°n. kmaqly
kzmX{¥y
\n∂pw XnsY • BUw_c ]Zhn. kacØn\v
F∂ PohnXw • \nIpXn `mcw tImf\nIƒ°v
t]cnep≈ \bn®p. apgph≥ kºØpw
\nIpXn • hnimeamb hln°W ssk\yhpw
]ncn®p. `q{]tZiw ambncp∂p. \¬InbXv
ssIhiw kmºØnI
sh®p. ]cm[o\Xbv°v
CSbm°n

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27. s\t∏m-fn-b≥ B[p-\nI {^m≥kns‚ PÃo-\n-b≥ F∂dnb-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
D.kq. {^m≥knse \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ßsf t{ImUo-I-cn®v ]pXnb \nba kwlnX cq]o-I-
cn-®X
- n-\m¬
28. bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ em‰n-\t- a-cn-°b - nse kwkvIm-csØ am‰n-ad- n-®s
- X-ßns\?
D.kq. � kv]m\njv `mjbpw aXhpw {]N-cn-∏n-®p.
� kv]m\njv ssien-bn¬ hoSp-Ifpw tZhm-e-b-ßfpw \n¿an-®p.
� kv]m\njv coXn-bn-epff hnZym-`ymkw {]N-cn-∏n-®p.
� bqtdm]y≥ Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n-®p.
� ]m›mXy tcmK-߃ {]N-cn-®p.
� hwiob hnthN\w h®p ]pe¿Øn.
29. em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥ ka-c-Øn-te°v \bn® {][m\ Imc-W߃ Fs¥ms° ?
D.kq. � hwiob hnthN\w
� em‰n-\-ta-cn-°bnse J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂p kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw Ih¿∂p.

� tXm´-ß-fnepw a‰pw Xt±-io-bsc ASn-a-I-fm°n ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®p.

� kvs]bn-\n¬ \n¿an-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \n¿an-°m≥ ]mSn-√.

30. em‰n-\t- a-cn-°≥ cmPy-ßf - nse hntamN\ t\Xm-°ƒ Bsc-√mw? Ah¿ hntam-Nn-∏n® Hmtcm cmPy-
Øn-s‚bpw t]sc-gp-Xp-I.?
D.kq. � sska¨ s_mfoh¿ ˛ sh\n-tkz-e, sImfw-_nb
� tPmsk Un km≥am-¿´n≥ ˛ A¿P‚o\, Nnen

31. djy≥ hnπh-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ Fs¥ms° ?

D.kq. � km¿ N{Ih¿ØnamcpsS GIm[n]Xy`cWw.
� I¿jIcpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw ZpcnX PohnXw.

� h¿≤n® \nIpXn `mcw.

� Ipd™ DXv]mZ\w.

� am¿IvknÃv Bib߃.

� tkmjy¬ sUtam{Im‰nIv h¿t°gvkv ]m¿´nbpsS cq]oIcWw.

� 1905 se djy˛P∏m≥ bp≤Øn¬ djybpsS ]cmPbw.

32. djybnse s^{_p-hcn hnπhw, HIvtSm-_¿ hnπhw Chsb°pdn®v eLp hnhcWw Xømdm°pI.
D.kq. s^{_p-hcn hnπhw :˛
� km¿ N{Ih¿ØnamcpsS GIm[n]Xy`cWw.

� I¿jIcpsSbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw ZpcnX PohnXw.

� am¿IvknÃv Bib߃.

� tkmjy¬ sUtam{Im‰nIv h¿t°gvkv ]m¿´nbpsS cq]oIcWw.

� Zyqa FXn¿Øn´pw djy H∂mw temI bp≤Øn¬ ]s¶SpØp.

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12
 � \nch[n ssk\nI¿ sIm√s∏´p.
� `£y £maw

� sdm´n°mbv kv{XoIfpsS {]IS\w

� s]t{SmKm¿Un¬ sXmgnemfnIfpsS {]IS\w.

� ssk\yhpw sXmgnemfnItfmsSm∏w tN¿∂p.

� sXmgnemfnIƒ s]t{SmKm¿Uv ]nSns®SpØp.

� km¿ N{Ih¿Øn \nt°mfmkv c≠ma≥ ÿm\w Hgn™p.

� sId≥kvInbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ Xmev°menI Kh¨sa‚ v A[nImcw G‰p.

� 1917 s^{_phcn amkØn¬ \S∂ hnπhw. (djy≥ Ie≠¿ {]Imcw)

HIvtSm_¿ hnπhw :
� Xm¬°menI Kh¨sa‚ns\Xnsc tkmhnb‰pIfpsS FXn¿∏v.

� kzn‰vk¿em‚n¬ \n∂pw se\n≥ Xncns®Øn.

� sXmgnemfn h¿§ `cWIqSØn\mbn Bhiyw.

� Xmev°menI Kh¨sa‚ns\Xnsc t_mƒsjhnIvkv kacw.

� H∂mw temIbp≤Øn¬ \n∂pw djy ]n≥amdWsa∂v Bhiyw.

� {]`p°∑mcpsS `qan ]nSns®SpØv I¿jI¿°v hnXcWw sNøWsa∂v Bhiys∏´p.

� ^mIvSdnIƒ s]mXpkzØm°n am‰m≥ Bhiyw.

� 1917˛¬ HIvtSm_dn¬ kmbp[ Iem]w.

� sId≥kvIn cmPyw hn´pt]mbn.

� se\n≥ A[nImcØn¬ h∂p.

33. djy≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥√mw ?

D.kq. � djy-bn¬ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿnXn Ah-km-\n-®p.
� tkmjy-enÃv hnπ-h-߃°v DtØ-P-\-taIn

� djy- h≥ i‡n-bm-bn-amdn

� H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n∑mdn.

� `qan ]nSns®SpØv I¿jI¿°v hnXcWw sNbvXp.

� ^mIvSdnIƒ s]mXp DSaÿXbnem°n.

� djy-bn¬ tkmjy-enÃv hyh-ÿnXn \ne-hn¬h∂p.

34. "c‡cq£nXamb RmbdmgvN' ˛ Ipdns∏gpXpI.

� 1905˛¬ djy ˛ P∏m≥ bp≤Øn¬ djy ]cmPbs∏´p.

� cmjv{Sob AhImißfpw kmºØnI ]cnjv°mcßfpw Bhiys∏´v

sXmgnemfnIfpsS {]IS\w.
� ]´mfw shSnsh®p.

� \qdv IW°n\v BfpIƒ sIm√s∏´p.

� 1905 P\phcn 9 \mWv Cu {]t£m`w D≠mbXv.

13
35. tkmhnb‰pIƒ F∂mse¥v ?
� kac߃ \SØm\mbn djy≥ hnπh°meØv cq]oIcn® sXmgnemfnIfpsS

kwLS\.
36. ssN\sb A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m›mXy i‡n-Ifpw Ata-cn-°bpw kzoI-cn® X{¥-߃ hyXy-
kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡-am-°p-I.
D.kq. Idp∏p hym]mcw :˛
� ssN\-bn-te°v Idp∏p I≈-°-SØp XS-™-Xns\ XpS¿∂v {_n´Wpw ssN\bpw

XΩn¬ \S-∂X - mWv Idp∏p bp≤w.

� ]cm-P-bs∏´ ssN\sb bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-Iƒ hoXn-s®-Sp-Øp.

Xpd∂ hmXn¬ \bw :˛

� ssN\-bn¬ kzm[o\w h¿≤n-∏n--°m≥ Ata-cn° {]Jym]n®XmWv Xpd∂ hmXn¬ \bw.

� ssN\-bn¬ GsXmcp cmPy-Øn\pw hym]mcw \S-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂ ÿnXn \ne-hn¬

h∂p.
37. ssN\sb P\-Iob dn∏-ªn-°m-°p-∂-Xn¬ amthm tk XpwKv hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
D.kq. � ssN\-bnse GIm-[n-]-Xn-bmb NnbmMv ssIjIv `c-WsØ amthm tk XpwKv
FXn¿Øp.
� Nph∏p tk\ cq]o-I-cn®v temMvam¿®v kwL-Sn-∏n®p.
� {Kma-ßfpw \K-c-ßfpw ]nSn-s®-SpØp
� 1949 HIvtSm-_¿ 1 \v ssN\sb P\-Io-b- dn∏ªn°mbn {]Jym-]n-®p.
38. ssN\okv hnπhØns‚ hnhn[ L´ßƒ hnhcn°pI.
� ssN\ `cn®ncp∂Xv a©p cmP hwiw.
� a©p cmP hwiw hntZi B[n]XyØn\v A\pIqeamb \ne]mSv kzoIcn®p.
� clky kwLS\Iƒ t_mIvk¿ Iem]w Bcw`n®p (1900).
� Iem]w ]cmPbs∏´p.
� 1911˛¬ k¨bmXvsk∂ns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ a©p `cWØns\Xnsc hnπhw.
� cmPhmgvN Ahkm\n∏n®p.
� k¨bmXvsk∂ns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ Ipan¥mMv `cWw ÿm]n®p.
� tZiobX, P\m[n]Xyw, tkmjyenkw hnπhImesØ 3 {][m\mib߃.
� k¨bmXvsk∂ns‚ acWtijw NnbmMv ssItjIv A[nImcØn¬.
� Ipan¥mßpIfpw IayqWnÃpIfpw XΩnep≈ klIcWw Dt]£n®p.
� NnbmMv ssItjIv hntZi i‡nIƒ°v ssN\bn¬ IqSpX¬ Ahkc߃ \¬In.
� amthm tk XqMns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ IΩyqWnÃpIfpsS FXn¿∏v.
� 1934˛¬ amthmbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ temwKv am¿®v.
� ]{¥≠mbncw Intemao‰¿ \o≠am¿®v.
� am¿®n\nSbn¬ {]`p°∑mcpsS `qan ]nSns®SpØv I¿jI¿°v hnXcWw sNbvXp.
� 1949˛¬ Nph∏v tk\bpsS hnπhw.
� NnbmMv ssItjIv \mSphn´p.
� 1949 HIvtSm_¿ 1 \v amthmbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ P\Iob ssN\ dn∏ªn°v \nehn¬ h∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

14
 bqWn‰v 2

temIw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬

1. B{^n-°-bnse cmjv{S-ß-fpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ t\¿tcJ-bn-em-hm\p≈ Imc-W-߃ Is≠-ØpI ?
˛ hn`-h-߃ tXSn-bp≈ bqtdm]ycpsS bm{X
˛ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃ XΩn-ep≈ [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B{^n-°sb
]¶n-s´-SpØp
˛ `q]SØn¬ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ hc®v B{^n°sb hoXw-sh®p
2. hyh-kmb hnπhw tImf-\n-h¬°c-WØ - n\v Imc-Wa
- m-bs
- X-ßs\. hni-Za
- m-°pI ?
-˛ hyh-kmb hnπhw
˛ Dev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\hv
˛ em` h¿≤-\hv
˛ apX-em-fnØw
˛ Itºmf a’cw
˛ cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-chpw ssk\n-I-tijnbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v kmº-ØnI NqjWw
˛ tImf\n h¬°-cWw
3. tImf\n h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v km{amPyXzw Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p ?
˛ Hcp cmPyw as‰mcp cmPyØnt∑¬ ÿm]n°p∂ cmjv{Sob kmºØnI kmwkvImcnI
B[n]XyamWv km{amPyXzw.
˛ ssk\yw, \nbahmgvN, `cW kwhn[m\w D]tbmKs∏SpØnbmWv B[n]Xyw
ÿm]n®Xv.
˛ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ NqjWØn-s\-Xnsc sXmgn-emfn {]ÿm-\-߃ cq]w sIm≠p
˛ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ka-c-ßfpw Ah¿t\-Snb thX\ h¿≤-\hpw apX-em-fn-I-fpsS
em`-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≠m°n
˛ tImf-\n--I-fn¬ aqe-[\ \nt£]w \SØn
˛ tImf-\n-I-fn-te-°p≈ aqe-[\ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS L´w km{am-PyXzw F∂-dn-s∏-Sp∂p
4. H∂mw temI-bp-≤Ø- n-te°v \bn® LS-Iß - fpw AXns‚ A\-¥c ^e-ßfpw hni-Ie - \w sNøpI
OR
H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßfpw ^e-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I, (1. km{am-PyXz a’cw 2.
Xo{htZio-b-X 3. ssk\oI kJyw 4. km{am-PyXz {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ 5. s]s´-∂p-≠mb Imc-Ww
{^m≥knkv s^¿Un-\m‚ns‚ h[w)
1. km{am-PyXz a’cw
Xhyh-kmb hnπhw

XDev]mZ\ h¿≤-\hv

XDev]m-Z\ an®w

9
15
 X Itºm-f-Øn-\p≈ At\z-jWw
XAkw-kvIrX hkvXp-hn-\p≈ At\z-jWw

XtImf\nh¬°-cWw

XtImf\n a’cw

Xbp≤߃

2. Xo{htZio-b-X
1. ]m≥…mhv
X…mhv hwi-Psc GIo-I-cn-°m≥ djy \S-Ønb {iaw

2. ]m≥P¿Ω≥
XSqt´m-WnIv h¿K°msc GtIm-∏n-°m≥ P¿a\n \S-Ønb {iaw

3. {]Xn-Imc {]ÿm\w
XP¿a\n ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Ønb {^m≥kns‚ Aƒsskkv semssd≥ {]tZ-i-

߃ Xncn®p ]nSn-°m≥ {^m≥kns‚ t\Xr-XzØnem-cw-`n® {]ÿm\w

3. ssk\nI kJyw
X{XnI£n kJyw ˛ P¿a-\n, Bkv{Sn-b ˛ lwKdn, C‰en

X{XnI£n kulm¿±w ˛ Cw•-≠v, {^m≥kv, djy

4. km{am-PyXz {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ
Xsamtdm°≥ {]Xn-k‘n

X_mƒ°≥ {]Xn-k‘n

5. s]s´-∂p-≠mb ImcWw
XBkv{Sn-b≥ Inco-S-h-Im-in-bmb {^m≥knkv s^¿Un-\m‚ns‚ h[w

H∂mwtemIbp≤w ˛ ^e߃
XZi-e-£-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ°v Poh-lm-\nbpw ]cn°pw

Xbqtdm-∏ns‚ kmº-Øn-Im-[n-]Xyw Zp¿_-ea

- mbn
XZmcn{Zyw

XsXmgn-en-√mbva

X\mWy-s∏-cp∏w

XGjy-bn-tebpw B{^n-°-bn-sebpw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-߃ i‡n-s∏´p

XIrjn-bpsS XI¿®

Xhyh-kmbßfpsS XI¿®

Xhm¿Øm hn\n-ab XI¿®

XcmP-hw-i-ß-fpsS XI¿®

Xk¿Δcmjv{S kJy-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw

XAta-cn° kmº-ØnI i‡n-bmbn hf¿∂p

10
16
5. tImf-\n-If - n¬ aqe-[\ \nt£-]Ø - n\v apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ßsf t{]cn-∏n® LS-Iß
- ƒ Fs¥√mw ?
XsXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ipd™ Iqen

XAkw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`yX

XtImf-\n-If
- n¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n®v tImf-\n-If- n¬ Xs∂ hnX-cWw sNøp-tºmgp≈ Ipd™
sNehv
6. km{am-PyXzw, tImf\nIsf _m[n®sXßs\sb√mw?
X]cºcmKX kºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS XI¿®

X`cW coXnbpw \nbahyh-ÿbpw am‰nadn-°-s∏´p

XZmcn-{Zyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw

X{]IrXn hn`-h-߃ sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏´p

X`£y-hn-f-Iƒ°v ]Icw \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn sNøm≥ P\-߃ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn

X Xt±-iob-amb Ie, kln-Xyw, `mj, kwkvImcw F∂nh XI¿°-s∏´p

Xbp≤-߃°v hgn-sX-fn®p

7. Xo{h tZiobX F∂mse¥v ? Xo{h-tZ-in-b-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠ {]ÿm-\-

߃, Ah-bpsS khnti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-ØpI ?
X kz¥w cmPyw a‰p-≈h - t- b-°mƒ t{ijvTa- m-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.
X kz¥w cmPyw sNøp-∂X - n-s\-sb√mw \ymbn-Ic- n-°p-∂p.
X a‰v cmPy-ß-sfbpw AhcpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ß-tfbpw Iog-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p {ian°p∂p.
a. ]m≥…mhv {]ÿm\w ˛ …mhv hwi-Psc GIo-I-cn-°m≥ djy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS cq]o-I-
cn® {]ÿm\w.
b. ]m≥ ˛ P¿Ω≥ {]ÿm\w ˛ SyqtSm-WnIv h¿K-°msc GtIm-]n∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v P¿Ω-\n-bpsS
t\XrXzØn¬ Bcw-`n-® {]ÿm\w.
c. {]Xn-Imc {]ÿm\w ˛ P¿Ω-\n-bpsS ]°¬\n∂pw Aƒskbvkv, semssd≥ {]tZ-iß - ƒ Xncn-
®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn {^m≥kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-® {]ÿm\w.
8. H∂mw temI bp≤-Øn\nSbm°nb km{am-PyXz {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ hniZam°pI.
a. samtdm-°≥ {]Xn-k‘n
X1904-˛¬ {_n´Wpw {^m≥kpw XΩnep≈ cl-ky-k‘n.

X[mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v samtdm-°-bn-ep≈ {^m≥kns‚ B[n-]Xyw {_n´¨ AwKo-I-

cn®p.
XP¿Ω\n CXns\ FXn¿Øp.

Xsamtdm°≥ XpdapJtØ°v P¿Ω\n bp≤°∏epIsf Ab®p.

X{^©v tImwtKm-bpsS Nne `mK-߃ P¿Ω-\n°v \¬In {^m≥kv Cu {]iv\w

]cn-l-cn®p
XF¶nepw P¿Ω-\nbpw {^m≥kpw XΩn-ep≈ i{XpX XpS¿∂p

b. _mƒ°¨ {]Xn-k‘n
X_mƒ°≥ taJe Hmt´m-a≥ Xp¿°n-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp∂p.
X_mƒ°¨ kJyw Xp¿°nsb ]cmPbs∏SpØn.

11 17
 X _mƒ°¨ {]tZ-i-߃ ]¶ns´Sp°p∂Xn¬ _mƒ°≥ kJyØn¬ A`n{]mb
hyXymkw.
X_mƒ°¨ cmjv{S߃ XΩn¬ bp≤w.

9. thgvkmbn k‘nbpw AXns‚ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw as‰mcp temI bp≤-Øn\v Imc-W-ambn ka¿∞n-

°pI ?
OR

H∂mw temI bp≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®-h¿°v ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-h-tcm-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ DZm-

l-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p thgvkmbn k‘n. hni-Z-am-°pI ?
X1919-˛¬ ]mco-kn¬ sh®v \S∂ kam-[m\ ktΩ-f\w

XP¿Ω-\n-bp-ambn hnP-bn® cmPy-߃ H∏p-sh® Icm¿ CXns\ thgvkmbn k‘n

F∂p ]d-bp∂p
hyh-ÿI - ƒ
XP¿Ω-\n-bpsS \ncm-bp[o-I-cWw

Xbp≤-Ip‰w P¿Ω-\n-bp-sS-ta¬ sI´n-sh®p

XP¿Ω-\n-bpsS tImf-\n-Iƒ kJy-I-£n-Iƒ hoXn-s®-SpØp

Xbp≤-\jvS ]cn-lm-c-ambn h≥XpI P¿Ω\n sImSp-t°≠n h∂p

Xkº-∂-amb J\n-{]-tZ-i߃ kJy-I-£n-Iƒ ssI°-em°n

10. 1929-˛¬ Ata-cn-°sb kmº-ØnI XI¿®-bn-te°v \bn® temI kmºØnIamμyØns‚ ^e߃

Fs¥ms° ?
Xbp≤w ]m∏-cm-°nb P\-߃°v km[-\-߃ hmßm≥ Ign-hn-√m-Xm-bn.
XDev]-∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°msX ^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ sI´n-°n-S∂p
XAta-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂p-sa-SpØ hmbv]-Iƒ Xncn-®-S-°p-∂-Xn¬ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃

hogvN-h-cp-Øn.
X_m¶p-Iƒ XI¿∂p

X]W-s∏-cp∏w h¿≤n®p

XsXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw cq£-am-bn.

XHmlcn Itºmf XI¿®

11. H∂mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°mØ cmPyambn-cp∂p Ata-cn° AXn-\p≈

Imc-W-߃ Fs¥√mw ?
Xbqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃ hmbv]-Iƒ°mbn B{i-bn-®Xv Ata-cn-°sb Bbn-cp-∂p.

CXv Ata-cn-°-bpsS kmº-ØnI hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn.

XBtKmf hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w {_n´ojv ]u≠n\v ]Icw Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-

dmbn amdn
Xbqtdm-∏n\p ]pdØv ]pXnb kmº-ØnI i‡n-bmbn Ata-cn° Db¿∂p h∂p.

12. \mkn-khpw ^mjn-khpw bqtdm-∏n¬ hf¿∂p-h-cm-\n-S-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw hni-Z-am-°pI ?

X]e bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃°pw A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏´p

XsXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw \mW-b-s]-cp-∏hpw kmº-Øn-I- ta-J-esb XI¿Øp.

12

18
 Xcmjv{Sob kmº-ØnI A\n-›n-X-Xzw.
Xbp≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®-h-tcm-Sp≈ {]Xn-Imc at\m-`m-hw.

Xe£y-t_m-[a- n-√m-bva.
13. ^mjn-k-Øn-s‚bpw \mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-ØpI ?
OR
^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw temI kam-[m-\-Øn\v `oj-Wn-bm-b-sX-ßns\ ?
Xhwia-lna

Xi{Xp-°sf D∑q-e\w sNø¬

Xssk\nI tkz—m-[n-]Xyw

XB{I-at- Wm-’p-Ia- mb hntZ-i\

- bw
XP\m[n]XytØmSv hntcm[w

Xcmjv{SsØ alXzhXv°cn°¬

Xbp≤sØ alXzhXv°cn°¬

XtkmjyenktØmSp≈ FXn¿∏v

XXo{htZiobX {]Ncn∏n°¬

XIem,kmlnXyw,hnZym`ymkw F∂nhbneqsSbp≈ Bib{]NcWw.

14. P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ \mkn-k-Øns‚ hf¿®-bv°mbn ln‰-e¿ ssIsIm≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw ?

XkwLm-S\ anIhpw {]kwK ]mS-hhpw D]-tbm-Kn®v P\-ßsf BI¿jn-®p.

X\mkn-k-Øns‚ i{Xp-°-fmb tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-sf-bpw, IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-I-sf-bpw, PqX-

∑m-scbpw sIms∂mSp-°n.
X{]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb tIm¨k≥t{S-j≥ Iymºp-I-fn¬sh®v PqXsc Iq´-s°me

sNbvXp (tlmtfmImÃv).
X'Xhn´p Ip∏m-b-°m¿' F∂ ssk\y-Øn\pw 'KÃs∏m' F∂ clky kwL-Øn\pw

cq]w \¬In.
X\mkn-]m¿´n-sbm-gnsIbp≈ a‰v ]m¿´n-Isf \ntcm-[n-®p.

XP\߃°v ssk\nI tkh\w \n¿_-‘n-X-am°n

XsXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v hne°v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn.

X]{Xw, kn\n-a, tdUntbm F∂n-hsb Bib {]Nm-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

XB{IaW]camb hntZi\bw

XBcyta[mhnXzw

15. C‰-en-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂ aptkm-fn\n \S-∏nem-°nb ^mjnÃv \b-߃ Fs¥√mw ?

Xtkz—m[n]Xy\bw

XB{I-a-W-Øn-s‚bpw lnwk-bp-sSbpw am¿K-߃ kzoI-cn®p

X^mjnÃv ]m¿´nsb FXn¿Ø-hsc h[-in-£bv°v hnt[-b-cm-°n.

X'Icn¶p-∏m-b-°m¿' F∂ ssk\nI hn`m-K-sØ cq]o-I-cn-®p.

XB{I-a-tWm¬kpI hntZi \bw kzoI-cn-®p.

X{]mNo\ tdmam km{amPyØns‚ ]p\xÿm]\w e£yw.

16. c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßfpw ^e-ßfpw Is≠-ØpI ?

13

19
 Imc-Wß
- ƒ ^e-߃
X thgvkmbv k‘n X Zi-e£ IW°n\v Bƒ°m¿ sIm√-s∏´p

X B{I-a-tWm¬kpI tZio-bX X bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI \ne-Xm-dp-am-dmbn

X clky ssk\oI kJy-߃ X bqtdm-]y≥ cmjv{S-ß-fpsS temI ta[m-hnØw XI¿∂p

X{]oW-\-\bw X Gjy≥ B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ kzmX-{¥y-k-acw

X k¿Δ cmjv{S kJy-Øns‚ ]-cm-Pbw i‡n-s∏´p

X ^mjn-kØ- ns‚bpw \mkn-kØ
- n-s‚bpw X Ata-cn-°bpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw h≥i-‡n-I-

hf¿® temI kmº-ØnI amμyw fmbn amdn

X P¿Ω\nbpsS t]mf≠m{I-aWw X bp.-F≥.H bpsS cq]o-I-cWw

X temI kmº-ØnI amμyw

17. {]oW-\\
- bw F∂m-se¥v ?
XP¿Ω-\nbpw C‰-enbpw P∏m\pw hnhn[ cmPy-ßsf B{I-an-®p.

X{_n´¨, {^m≥kv XpSßnb apX-em-fnØ cmPy-߃ Cu B{I-aW - ß

- sf sNdp-Øn√
Xtkmjy-enÃv cmjv{S-amb tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs\ apJy-i-{Xp-hmbn ImWp-Ibpw

sNbvXp
X^mjnÃv Bi-b-߃°v t{]m’m-l\w \¬Inb Cu \b-amWv {]oW-\-\bw

18. sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ - b

- psS cq]o-Ic- W e£y-߃ ]´n-Is- ∏-Sp-ØpI ?
X`mhn Xe-ap-dsb bp≤ `oXn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-I.

XA¥m-cmjv{S DS-º-Sn-Ifpw \nb-a-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I.

XtemI cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-I.

19. A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw F∂m¬ F¥v ?

Xkm{am-PyXz i‡n-If - psS `c-WØ
- n¬ \n∂v tImf-\n-Iƒ kzmX-{¥-am-bX
- ns\ A]-tIm-
f-\o-I-cWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
20. ioX-k-acw temI kam-[m-\-Øn\v `oj-Wn-bm-bn-cpt∂m ? ioX-k-a-c-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hne-
bn-cpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI ?
OR

ioX ka-c-Ø-te°v \bn® hnhn[ LSI-߃ Is≠-ØpI ?

Xc≠mw temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\v tijw temIw c≠v tNcn-I-fmbn.

XapX-em-fnØw, tkmjy-enkw F∂o Bi-b-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p c≠v

tNcn-Iƒ
XtNcn-Iƒ XΩn¬ Bi-b-]-c-amb kwL¿j-ßfpw \b-X{¥ bp≤ß-fp-ap-≠mbn

XBib`n∂-Xbpw cmjv{Sob Ahn-izm-kh - p-am-bn-cp∂p ioX-ka- c

- Ø
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm\w
XCcp- tNcn-Ifpw hyXykvX ssk\nI kJy-ßfpw {]tZ-inI kwL-S\ - I
- fpw cq]o-Ic- n®p
XXß-fpsS tNcn-bn-ep≈ cmPy-ßsf klm-bn-°m≥ hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvIc - n®p
21. tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm\w F∂mse¥v ?
XapX-em-fnØ tNcn-bp-sStbm tkmjy-enÃv tNcn-bp-sStbm `mK-am-hmsX \ne-sIm≠

cmPy-ß-fpsS sFIy-amWv tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm\w

14
20
 X 1955-˛¬ C≥tUm-t\-jy-bnse _mμq-ßn¬ tN¿∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ sh®mWv Cu
{]ÿm-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬In-bXv.
X1961-˛¬ s_¬t{KUn¬ BZy ktΩf\w.

22. tNcn-tNcm {]ÿm-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Inb t\Xm-°ƒ Bsc√mw?

XPhl¿em¬ s\lvdp (C-¥y)

XA_vZpƒ \mk¿ (Cu-Pn-]vXv)

Xam¿j¬ Snt‰m (bp-tKm-…m-hn-b)

XAl-ΩZv kp°m¿t\m (C≥tUm-t\-jy)

23. ]›n-tajy C∂v kwL¿j-ß-fpsS \mSm-Wv. H∂mw temI alm-bp-≤m-\-¥cw ]›n-ta-jy-bpsS

Ahÿ ta¬∏-d™ {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ km[q-I-cn-°pI ?
OR
]me-kvXo≥ C{kmtb¬ {]iv\-߃°v CS-bm-°nb cmjv{Sob kml-Ncyw hni-Zam-°pI ?
X]›n-tajy Xp¿°n km{am-Py-XzØns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p

X H∂mw temI bp≤-Øn¬ Xp¿°nbpsS ]cm-Pb - sØ XpS¿∂v ]mekvXo≥ {_n´s‚

A[o-\X - b
- n-embn
X_mƒ^¿ {]Jym-]\w (PqX≥am¿°v {]tXyI cmjv{Sw A\phZn°psa∂ {]Jym]\w)

Xkntbm-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw

XC{km-tb-ens‚ cq]o-I-cWw (1948)

XC{km-tbepw Ad_n cmjv{S-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-߃

X]me-kvXo≥ hntam-N\ kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw

X 1993-˛¬ Ata-cn-°-bpsS a[y-ÿ-X-bn¬ H∏psh® Hmkvtem Icm¿ CXp-{]-Imcw

]ekvXos\ kzX{¥ cmjv{S-am-°m≥ C{km-tb¬ AwKo-Imcw \¬In. F∂m-enXv

]q¿W-ambpw \S-∏m-°n-bn-´n-√.
24. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®bv°nS-bm-°nb Imc-W-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI ?
Xtkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ß-fn¬ \n∂pap≈ hyXn-N-e\w

Xkmº-ØnI cwKsØ am‰-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-ep-≠mb ]cm-P-bw.

X{]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\p- sIm-SpØ AXoh {]m[m\yw

XA`n-{]mb kzmX{¥yØn\pw Bhn-jv°m-cØ - n\pta¿s∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-{¥Ww

XDtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Agn-aXn

XtKm¿_-t®-hns‚ `cW ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ (•m-kvt\m-kvXv, s]cn-kvt{Sm-bv°)

25. tkmh-nb‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿® temI cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w F-s¥√mw ?

XioX-k-acw Ah-km-\n®p

Xkm{am-PyXz-Øns‚ {]hrØn-Iƒ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-sX-bmbn

XCcp-{[ph temIsa∂ Bibw XI¿∂p.

XAta-cn-°-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ GI-{[ph temIw F∂mibw Db¿∂ph∂p.

XAta-cn° BtKmf i‡nbmbn -amdn

26. GI {[ph temI {Iasa∂mse¥v ?

Xtkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®bv°v tijw Ata-cnbv° temI-Øns‚ tI{μ

ÿm\-sØØn

15

21
27. Ata-cn° BtKmf cwKØv XßfpsS B[n-]Xyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Bhn-jv°-cn® X{¥-߃
Fs¥ms° ?
XA¥m-cmjv{S GP≥kn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn®v cmPy-߃°v kmº-ØnI ssk\nI klmbw

\¬In.
Xssk\n-I- Iq-´p-sI-´p-Iƒ hym]n-∏n-®p.

XX߃°n-jvS-a-√mØ `c-W-Iq-SsØ A´n-a-dn-®p.

Xam[y-a-ßsf Xß-fpsS Xm¬]-cy-߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

28. Ata-cn-°≥ km{am-PyXz \b-ß-fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ enÃv sNøpI ?

XKƒ^v bp≤w

X`oI-c-hm-Z-Øns‚ hf¿®

X\mt‰m kJy-Øns‚ hn\ymkw

XB{I-at - Wm¬kp-Ia - mb hntZ-i\- bw

29. \h-km-{am-PyXzw F∂m-se¥v ? \h-km-{am-PyXz-Øns‚ Bi-b߃ Fs¥√mw ?
XHcp cmPyØv cPn-ÿ sNbvXv hnhn[ cmjv{S-ß-fn-embn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ _lp-

cmjv{S Iº-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-߃°p-th≠n hnI-kz-chpw Ahn-I-kn-X-hp-

amb cmPy-ßf - p-sS-km-ºØ- nI kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-eI - f
- n¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ XpS-
ßn. CXv \h-km-{am-PyXzw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Bi-bß - ƒ
A. BtKm-fh¬°-cWw ˛ hnh-ck - m-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS hym]-\hpw km[-\ß - f - p-sSbpw
tkh-\ß-fp-sSbpw cmPym-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ IS-∂p≈ hn\n-abhpw
B. DZm-ch
- X- vIc
- Ww ˛ Cd-°p-aXn \nb-aß - fpw \nIp-XnIfpw DZm-ca
- m-°p-I. AXp-hgn _lp-
cm-jv{S-°-º-\n-I-fpsS Dev]-∂-߃°v IS-∂p-h-cm≥ hgn Xpd∂p
C. kzImcyh¬°-cWw ˛ kzImcy taJ-esb t{]m’m-ln-∏n°pI, s]mXp-ta-Je - m-ÿm-]\ - ß
- sf
kzIm-cy-h¬°-cn-°pI
30. BtKm-fh - ¬°-cW - Øn\v A\p-kr-Xa - mb \b-߃ cq]-h¬°-cn-°p∂Xn\pw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xn\pw
cq]w sIm≠ A¥m-cmjv{S ÿm]-\-߃ GsX√mw ?
XtemI _m¶v

XA¥m-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n[n

XtemI hym]m-c-kw-L-S\

31. BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw hnI-kzc cmPy-ßsf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-®-sX-ßs\ ?

OR
\hkm{amPnXzw C¥ysbt∏mep≈ cmPyßsf Fßs\ _m[n°p∂p F∂v hniZam°pI.
XtZi-cm-jv{S-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn\v sh√p-hnfn

XhnI-kzc cmjv{S-߃ _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\n-I-fpsS Itºm-f-ß-fmbn amdn.

XXt±-inb kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-ambn

XIm¿jn-tImXv]∂ßfpsS hne-bn-Snhv

Xs]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]\-ß-fpsS XI¿®

X{]IrXn hn`-h-߃ sIm≈-b-Sn®p

Xkmaq-lnI tkh\ taJ-e-I-fn¬\n∂v k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS ]n≥am‰w

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

16

22
 bqWn‰v 3

s]mXp-`c
- Ww
1. s]mXp`cWw F∂XpsIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv?
DØc kqNnI:-˛
� cmPyØv \ne-hnep≈ \nb-a-ßfpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hnI-k\ ]≤-

Xn-Ifpw \S-∏n-em-°¬
� AXn\p th≠n `uXnI kml-N-cy-ßfpw a\p-jy-hn-`-hhpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-

°¬
2. cmP-`c- Ww, P\m-[n-]X
- yw, XpS-ßnb `c-Wc
- o-Xn-If
- n¬ s]mXp-`c
- W
- k
- w-hn-[m-\Ø
- ns‚ e£y-ßfpw
Ah-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßfpw N¿®-sNbvXv ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
cmP-`c- Ww P\m-[n-]Xyw
cmPm-hns‚ Xm¬]-cy-߃°v ap≥Xq°w P\-ßf - psS XmXv]cyw ]cn-KW - n-°p∂p.
cmPm-hns‚ Xocp-am-\ß
- ƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂p. P\m-`n-em-jØ- n-\\- p-kc
- n®v `cW \S-]S- n-Iƒ

3. s]mXp `c-WØ
- ns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂ ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
A

B s]mXp`cWw
s]mXp `c-WØ
- ns‚ {]m[m\yw P\-t£aw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

DØc kqNnI:˛ C
A. Kh¨sa‚ v \b-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
B. km[-\ß - fpw tkh-\ß- fpw e`y-am-°p-∂p.
C. P\-Iob {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-∂p.
4. s]mXp-`c
- W
- Ø- n¬ DtZym-Kÿ hrμ-Øns‚ {]k‡n hy‡-am-°p∂ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØc kqNnI:˛
� `c-W\- n¿h-lW- Ø- n¬ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-It- fbpw a{¥n-am-tcbpw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
D]-tZ-in-°p∂p {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p.
� {]mtZ-inI Xew apX¬ tI{μXew hsc hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

� `c-WØ- nse ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-Øp-∂p.

� Kh¨a‚ns‚ F√m tkh-\-ßfpw P\-ß-fn-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂p.

5. DtZym-Kÿ hrμ-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

DØc kqNnI:˛
� t{iWo]camb kwLmS\w

� \n›n-X-{]mbw hsc tkh-\-Imew

� hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p, \nb-an-°p-∂p.

17
23
 X\njv]-£-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p
XsXmgn¬ sshZKv[yw D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww

6. C¥ybnse DtZym-Kÿ hrμ-Øns‚ (knhn¬ k¿Δokv) {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-

°p-I.
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XtI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ apgp-h≥ DtZym-K-

ÿcpw C-¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿Δo-kns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

X]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬ C¥y-bn¬ s]mXp`cW kwhn-[m\w \ne-hnencp-∂p.

XB[p-\nI coXn-bn-ep≈ s]mXp-`c

- W coXn \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv {_n´ojv `c-WI
- m-eØ
- m-Wv.
XkzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿Δokv \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

XAJn-te¥ym k¿Δo-kv, tI{μ-k¿Δo-kv, kwÿm\ k¿Δokv F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-

XmWv C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿Δokv.

7. C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿Δo-kns‚ LS-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°pI
OR
C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿Δo-kns‚ h¿§o-I-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI

C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿Δokv

AJn-te¥ym k¿Δokv tI{μ k¿Δokv kwÿm\ k¿Δokv

A X B X C X

X X X

DZm-l-cWw DZm-l-cWw DZm-lc

- Ww
X X X

X X X

DØc kqNnI:˛
A. XtZiob Xe-Øn¬ B.XtZiob Xe-Øn¬ Xnc-
Xncs™-Sp-°p-∂p. C.Xkwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Xnc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
s™-Sp-°p-∂p. kwÿm-\ -
XtI{μ k¿Δo-kntem XtI{μ Kh¨sa‚n-\p- am{Xw
K-h¨sa‚n\p Iogn¬ hcp∂
kwÿm\ k¿Δo-kntem A[n-Im-ca- p≈ hIp-∏p-If
- n¬
hIp∏p-I-fn¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
\nb-an-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p. \nb-an-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
DZm: skbn¬kv SmIvkv
DZm. IAS, IPS DZm: C¥y≥ t^mdn≥ k¿Δokv
Hm^o-k¿
C¥y≥ sdbn¬th k¿Δokv

18

24
8. DtZym-K-ÿsc Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ coXn hy‡-am°n Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØc kqNnI:˛
XtI{μ k¿ho-kn-te°pw AJn-te¥ym k¿Δo-kn-te°pw DtZym-K-ÿsc Xnc-s™-Sp-

°p-∂Xv bqWn-b≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j-\m-Wv. (bp. ]n. Fkv. kn.) IΩo-js‚
sNb¿ams\bpw AwK-ßs - fbpw \nb-an-°p-∂Xv cmjv{S-]X
- n-bm-Wv.
Xkwÿm-\-XeØn¬ DtZym-K-ÿsc Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv AXXp kwÿm-\-ß-fnse

]ªnIvk¿Δokv IΩo-j-\mWv (]n. Fkv. kn.)

XKh¿W-dmWv ]n. Fkv. kn. sNb¿am-s\bpw AwK-ß-sfbpw \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv.

9. s]mXp `cWw \nc-h[n {]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v. {][m-\-s∏´ {]iv\-߃ GsX√mw?

DØc kqNnI:˛
XssI°qen

XImcy-£-a-X-bn-√mbva

XA\m-hiy CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

XDtZym-Kÿ Aew-`mhw

XIme-Xm-akw

10. `c-W\ - h- o-Ic

- Ww F∂Xp sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? `cW \ho-Ic - W- {- ]-h¿Ø\߃
]´n-Is- ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØc kqNnI:˛
X`c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Øns‚ Imcy-£-aX Iq´m\pw tkh-\-߃ ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn P\-

߃°v e`n-°m\pw e£y-an´v \S-∏n-em-°p∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv `c-W-\-ho-I-cWw

XC. Kth-W≥kv, Adn-bm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw tkh-\m-h-Imiw sk≥{S¬ hnPn-e≥kv

IΩo-j≥, temIv]m¬, temIm-bp‡

11. "kpXm-cyhpw Npdp-Np-dp-°p-ap≈ Kh¨sa‚ v ]≤Xn, F√m-hc - nepw kpc-£n-Xa - mbpw thK-Ønepw
Un∏m¿´v sa‚ v Xe-Øn-ep-ap≈ XS- ß - f
- n-√m-sXbpw FØp∂ hnh-cß - ƒ. F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw
bmsXmcp]£-t`-Zh - p-an-√msX hy‡-amb tkh\w e`y-am-°p∂ ]≤Xn"
F. ]n. sP. A_vZp¬ Iem-ans‚ Cu hm°p-Iƒ GXv ]≤-Xn-sb-∏-‰n-bmWv. CXp-sIm≠v P\-
߃°p e`n-°p∂ t\´-߃ Fs¥√mw?
DØc kqNnI:˛
XC. Kth-W≥kv ]≤-Xn,

XCe-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kmt¶-XnI hnZybpsS `c-W -cw-KsØ D]-tbmKw

XDZm: GI-Pm-eI {]th-i-\w, kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ...

Xtkh-\-Øn-\mbn k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ ImØp-\n¬t°-≠-Xn√

Xhnh-c-kmt¶XnI hnZy-bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ tkh\w t\Smw.

Xk¿°m¿ tkh\w Ipd™ sNe-hnepw thK-Ønepw e`n-°p-∂p.

XHm^o-kp-I-fpsS Imcy-£-a-Xbpw tkh-\-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑bpw h¿[n-°p-∂p.

XIme-Xm-akw Hgn-hm-°p-∂p.

19 25
12. GXp kwL-S\
- b
- psS {]h¿Ø-\ß
- f
- mWv hnh-cm-hI
- mi \nb-a\
- n¿Ωm-WØ
- n-te°v \bn-®X
- v?
DØc kqNnI:˛
cmP ÿm\nse akvZq¿Inkm≥ i‡n-kw-Lm-X≥
X

13. Adn-bm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw / hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw e£y-an-Sp-∂-sX-s¥√mw?

DØc kqNnI:˛
Agn-a-Xn-\n-b-{¥n-°¬
X

DØ-ch
X - m-Zn-Xz-t_m[w D≠m-°p-∂p.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kpXm-cy-am-°p-∂p.
X

14. hnh-cm-hI
- mi IΩo-js‚ cq]o-Ic
- W
- w, {]h¿Ø\w F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\a
- m°n Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-
°p-I.
DØc kqNnI:˛
hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw 2005 ¬ \nehn¬ h∂p.
X

hnh-cm-h-Imi \nba{]Im-c-ap≈ A[n-Im-c-߃ {]tbm-Kn-°p∂p/ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-

X

ln-°p-∂p.
kwÿm\ Xe-Ønepw tI{μ-Xe
X - Ø
- nepw hnh-cm-hI
- mi IΩo-j\p cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
apJy-hn-h-cm-h-Imi IΩo-j-Wdpw ]Øn¬ Ihn-bmØ AwK-ßfpw IΩo-j-\n-ep-≠v.
X

Bh-iy-s∏´ hnh-c-߃°v IrXy-k-a-b-Øn\Iw adp-]Sn XcmXn-cn-°p-Itbm \nc-kn-

X

°p-It- bm, A]q¿Wtam sX‰m-bt- Xm, Xr]vXn-Ic

- a
- √
- m-ØtXm Bb a
- d- p-]Sn Xcp-Itbm
BsW¶n¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im-hp-∂X
- m-Wv.
hogvN-h-cp-Øp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ\pta¬ Znhkw 250 cq] hoXw ]ng in£-Np-a-Øm≥
X

IΩo-j\v A[n-Im-ca
- p-≠v.

15. tkh-\m-h-Imi \nbaw F∂m-se¥v? s]mXp-P-\-߃°v k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ \n∂p e`n-

t°≠ tkh-\-߃ IrXy-ambn e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v tkh-\m-h-Imi \nbaw klm-b-I-amtWm?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
k¿°m¿ tkh-\-߃ IrXy-ambpw Dd-∏mbpw P\-߃°p e`y-am-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-
X

cp-°p∂ \nb-a-amWv tkh-\m-h-Imi \nb-aw.

tkh\w F{X Ime-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \¬I-W-sa∂v CXv \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
X

\n›n-X-Ime ]cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ tkh\w \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ _‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ\p

X

ta¬ ]ng-Np-aØ
- mw.
tkh-\m-hI
X - miw s]mXp `c-WØ
- ns‚ Imcy-£a
- X
- h
- ¿[n-∏n- °p-∂p.
16. temIv]m¬, temIm-bp‡ Chsb Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn∏pX-øm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
`c-W-X-e-Ønepw DtZym-K-ÿ-X-e-Ønepw cmjv{Sob Xe-Ønepap≈ Agn-aXn XS-bp-∂-
X

20
26
 Xn\p cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv temIv]mepw temI-mbp-‡bpw
XtZio-bX- e- Ø
- n¬ Agn-aXn XS-bp-∂X - n-\mbn cq]w \¬Inb ÿm]-\a - mWv temIv]m¬
Xs]mXp {]h¿Ø-I¿, DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Ch¿s°-Xnsc D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Agn-a-Xn-I-fn¬

tIsk-SpØv At\z-jn-°m≥ temIv]m-en\v A[n-Im-ca - p-≠v.

XF√m ]m¿e-sa‚ v AwK-ßfpw Kh. DtZym-Kÿ - cpw temIv ]mens‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcpw.
Xkwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ Agn-aXntIkp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂X - n\v cq]w \¬Inb ÿm]-
\-amWv temIm-bp‡ tImSXn \S-]S- n-If - psS coXn-bmWv temIm-bp-‡b - v°p-≈X - v.
X2014 P\p-hcn 16 \mWv temIv]m¬ temIm-bp‡ \nbaw \S-∏n¬h-∂-Xv.

17. Agn-a-Xn- X-Sbp-∂-Xn¬ sk≥{S¬ hnPn-e≥kv IΩo-js‚ ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

DØc kqNnI:˛
XAgn-aXn XS-bp-∂-Xn\v tZiob Xe-Øn¬ cq]w \¬Inb ÿm]\w

X1964 ¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

XtI{μ-K-h¨sa-‚ v Hm^okp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Agn-aXn XS-bp-I-bmWv Npa-Xe

XIΩo-js‚ Xe-∏Øv apJy-hn-Pn-e≥kv IΩo-jW - dpw F√m hIp-∏p-If - nepw apJy-hn-Pn-

e≥kv Hm^o-kdpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
XF√m kwÿm-\ß - f - nepw kwÿm-\X - e hnPn-e≥kv IΩo-j\pw cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
XhnPne≥kv tIkp-I-fn¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tXyI hnPn-e≥kv tImS-Xnbpw

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
18. s]mXp-`c - W- Ø- n¬ Hmw_q-Uk v a v m≥ {]h¿Øn-°p∂sXßs\? Hmw_p-Uk v a v ms‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ
P\-߃°v Fßs\ KpW-I-c-am-Ip-∂p. ]cn-tim-[n®v dnt∏m¿´p- X-øm-dm-°pI?
DØc kqNnI:˛
XP\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw DtZym-Kÿ - cpw Npa-Xe - b
- n¬ hogvNhcp-Øn-bm¬/Agn-aXn/[\-Zp¿hn-
\n-tbmKw kzP-\] - £ - ] - mXw sNbvXm¬ Hmw_pUvkvam\v ]cm-Xn-\¬Imw.
XHmw_p-Uvkvam≥ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ XpS°w kzoU-\n-em-Wv.

X_m¶nßv cwKØv CS-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS ]cm-Xn-tIƒ°m\pw ]cn-lc - n-°m-\p-ambmWv Hmw_p-

Uvkvam≥ Bcw-`n-®X - v.
Xhnc-an® sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-sb-bmWv Hm_p-Uvkv-am-\mbn \nb-a-n°p-∂-Xv.

XIp‰m-tcm-]n-Xs\ hnfn®p hcpØn At\z-jn-°m\pw hn[n-I¬∏n-°m\pw Hmw_p-Uk v a v m\p

Ign-bpw.
XCXp-hgn Agn-anXn tNmZyw sNøm\pw XS-bm\pw s]mXp-P-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw e`n-°pw.

19. "s]mXp-`c - Ww t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb {]iv\ß - f - nbpw ssI°q-enbpw" Cu {]kvXm-

- mWv Agn-aX
h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Agn-aXn \ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn cq]w \¬Inb hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

21

27
 DØc kqNnI:˛
Agn-aXn XS-bp-∂-Xn\v cq]w \¬Inb ÿm]-\-߃

28
V
V
V

V
hnh-cm-h-Imi IΩo-j≥ temIv]m¬ temIm-bp‡ sk≥{S¬ hnPn-e≥kv Hmw_p-Uvkvam≥
IΩo-j≥
X tI{μ-X-e-Ønepw kw X tZinb Xe- Ø n¬ Xkwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ X tZiob Xe- Ø n¬ X P\- { ]- X n- \ n- [ n- I ƒ,
ÿm-\-X-e-Ønepw cq]w Agn- a Xn XS- Agn-aXnt°kp-Iƒ {]h ¿Øn-°p∂p DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Ch¿ Npa-
\¬In-bn-´p≠v bp∂Xn\mbn cq]w X1964 ¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p X- e - I - f n¬ hogv N - h - c p-
]cn- t im- [ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
X apJy hnh-cm-h-Imi \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. X  tI{μ- K - h ¨sa‚ v ØpI, Agn-aXn , [\-
cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

22
IΩo-jW - dpw 10˛¬ Ihn- X s]mXp {]h¿Ø-I¿ XtImS-Xn-\S - ]
- S- n-If
- psS Hm^okpIfp-ambn Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw, F∂n-h-
bmØ AwK-ßfpw DtZym-Kÿ- ¿ Ch¿s°- coXn- b mWv temI- b p- _‘-s∏´ Agn-aXnIƒ bn¬ ]cmXn \¬Imw.
X\mw Bh-iy-s∏´ hnh- Xnsc D∂-bn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ At\z-jn-°p-∂p. X XpS°w kzoU-\n-em-
‡bv°v
X  apJy hnPn- e ≥kv
c- ß ƒ°v IrXy- k - a - b - Agn-aXnIfn¬ tIsk- Wv. X_m¶nßv cwKØv
IΩo- j - W dpw F√m
Øn-\Iw adp-]Sn \¬Im- SpØv At\z-jn-°p-∂p. CS-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS ]cm-Xn-
hIp-∏p-I-fnepw apJy-hn-
Xn-cn-°p-Itbm \nc-kn- X  F√m ]m¿e- s a‚ v Iƒ tIƒ°m\pw ]cn-l-
Pn- e ≥kv Hm^o- k dpw
°p-Itbm A]q¿Wtam A w K - ß f p w cn-°m \pw XpSßn.
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
sX‰mbtXm Bb hnh-c- Kh¨sa‚ v DtZym- K - Xhnc-an®sslt°m-S-Xn
X kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬
߃\¬In-bm¬ hnhcm ÿcpw temIv]m-ens‚ PUvPnsb Hmw_p-
kwÿm\ hnPn-e≥kv
h-Imi IΩoj\v A∏o¬ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. IΩo-jW - dpw {]h¿Øn- Uvkvam-\mbn \nb-an-°p-
\¬Imw °p-∂p. ∂p.
X_‘-s∏´ DtZym-Kÿ - - X {]tXyI hnPn-e≥kv

\p- t a¬ ]ng- N p- a - Ø m tImS-Xnbpw {]h¿Øn-

\p≈- A[n-Imcw °p-∂p.
 bqWn‰v 4

{_n´ojv NqjWhpw sNdpØp \n¬∏pIfpw

1. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bnse \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Iog-S-°n-b-sX-ßs\ ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” ssk\nI i‡n-bn-eq-sSbpw \b-X{- ¥-Øn-eq-sS-bp-amWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Iog-S°
- n-bX
- v.
2. {_n´ojv B[n-]Xyw C¥y-bnse I¿j-Isc Zpcn-X-Øn-em-°n-b-sX-ßs\ ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb `q\n-IpXn I¿j-I-cpsS \s´-s√m-Sn-®p.
” ]c-am-h[n hcp-am-\-ap-≠m-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {_n´ojv \nIpXn \b-Øns‚ e£yw.
” hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX \nIpXn k{º-Zm-b-߃ \S-∏n-em-°n.
” Aan-X-amb \nIpXn \nc-°m-bn-cp∂p \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv.
” Dev]∂-߃°v ]Icw \nIpXn ]W-ambn CuSm°n.
” CXv I¿j-Isc Zpcn-X-Øn-em-°n.

3. {_n´ojpIm¿ C¥y- b nse hnhn- [ - { ]tZiß- f n¬ hyXykv X \nIpXn k{º- Z m- b - ß - f mWv

\S-∏n-em-°n-bX.v Ah¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nIpXn hyhÿItf-sXms° ? C¥y-bnse GsXms°
{]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv Ah \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” imiz-X -`q-\n-IpXn hyhÿ : _wKmƒ, _olm¿, Hdok {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
” db-´vhmcn hyhÿ : Z£n-tW-¥y≥ {]tZißfn¬
” al¬hmcn hyhÿ : hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ C¥y

4. imizX `q\n-IpXn hyh-ÿ-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms° ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-ØXv skao-μm¿am-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
” \nIpXn ]ncn-h-[n-Im-c-ap≈ {]tZ-i-sØ- ap-gp-h-≥ `qan-bp-sSbpw DS-a-ÿ≥ skao-μm¿ Bbn-cp-∂p.
” bYm¿∞ I¿j-I¿ IpSn-bm-∑m-cm-bn-am-dn.
” hnf-hns‚ 60 % hsc I¿j-I¿ \nIp-Xn-bmbn \¬I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.
” hnfhv tami-am-bmepw \nIpXn \¬I-Wa
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
” \n›nX Xob-Xn-bn¬ \nIpXn ]W-am-bn -\¬I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.

5. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb db´vhmcn F∂ \nIpXn k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚

khn-ti-jX - I
- s
- f-s¥ms° ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n.
” I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v \nIp-Xn-]n-cn-®p.
” `qan-bpsS DS-am-hI
- miw I¿j-I¿°m-bn-cp-∂p.
” \nIpXn \nc°v CS-bv°n-Sbv°v h¿≤n-∏n-®p.

23
29
” \nIpXn \nc°v Aan-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

6. al¬hmcn hyh-ÿ-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms° ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” {Kma-Ø-e-h-∑m¿ \nIpXn ]ncn-®p.
” AanX \nIpXn \nc°v
” {KmasØ (a-l¬) Hcp bqWn-‰m-bn -I-W-°m-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p \nIpXn]ncn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv.

7. {_n´ojv \b-߃ Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cW

- Ø
- n-te°v \bn-®s
- X-ßs
- \-sb∂v hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” `£y hnf-Iƒ°v ]Icw h≥tXm-Xn¬ \mWy hnf-Iƒ Irjn sNbvX-XmWv Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-
h¬°-cW - w.
” {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn¬ \nIpXn \nc°v IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p.
” \nIpXn ]W-ambn \n›nX Xob-Xn°p Xs∂ \¬I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.
” AXp-sIm≠v I¿j-I¿ `£y-hnfIƒ°p-]-Icw IqSp-X¬ hne e`n-°p∂ \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn
sNbvXp.
” \oew, ]cp-Øn, tXbn-e, Icn-ºv, NWw apX-em-bh Irjn sNbvXp.
” C¥y≥ Irjn-bn-S-߃ bqtdm-∏n-\mbn Irjn sNøm≥ XpS-ßn.
8. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nIpXn \b-Øns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Fs¥ms° ?
As√-¶n¬
{_n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nIpXn\b-߃ I¿j-Isc sIm≈-∏-en-i-°m-cpsS ssII-fn-te°v
X≈n-hn-´s- X-ßns\ ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” \nIpXn ]W-ambn \¬Im≥ I¿j-I¿ sIm≈-∏-en-i-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw ISw hmßn.
” Db¿∂ ]eni \nc°v CuSm-°-s∏-´p.
” IShpw ]en-ibpw Xncn-®-S-bv°m-\m-hmsX I¿j-I-cpsS `qan sIm≈-∏-en-i-°m¿ Iø-S-°n.

9. C¥y-bn¬ \oew Irjn hym]n-°m-\n-S-bm-b-sX-ßns\ ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS AanX \nIpXn\nc°pw \nIpXn ]W-ambn \¬I-Ws
- a-∂Xpw hmWnPy hnf-If
- psS
{]Nm-cW- Ø
- n-\n-Sb
- m-°n.
” XpWn-Iƒ°v \ndw \¬Im-\mWv \oew D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
” 18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cw•-≠n-ep-≠mb hyh-kmb hnπhw XpWn \n¿Ωm-W-cw-KØv henb IpXn®p
Nm´-ap-≠m-°n.
” \oe-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n-®p.
” I¿j-I¿°v h≥XpI ap≥Iq-dmbn \¬In \oew Irjn sNøn®p.
” `£y-[m-\y-߃ Irjn-sN-øp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \oew Irjn Bcw-`n-®p.

24

30
10. \oew I¿j-I-cpsS Iem-]-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßfpw ^ehpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” hyh-kmb hnπhsØ XpS¿∂v \oe-Øn\v h¿≤n® Bh-iyw.
” I¿j-I¿°v ap≥Iq¿ XpI-\¬In \oew Irjn sNøn-®p.
” `£y hnf-Iƒ°v ]Icw \oew Irjn sNbvXp.
” \oe-Øn\v {_n´o-jpIm¿ Ipd™ hne-am{Xw \¬In.
” Ir{Xn-a®
- m-bß
- f
- psS Is≠-Øe
- p-It- fmsS \oe-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX Ipd-™p.
” I¿j-I¿ Zpcn-XØ
- n-em-bn.
” Zpcn-Xhpw Nqj-Whpw I¿j-Isc Iem-]-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-®p.
” 1859 ˛ ¬ _wKm-fnse I¿j-I¿ \oew Irjn Dt]-£n-°p-I-bm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-®p.
” \oew I¿j-I¿ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ B{I-an-®p.
” \nc-h[n kv{XoIfpw Iem-]Ø
- n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.
” {_n´o-jp-Imsc Iem-]I
- m-cn-Iƒ _ln-jvIc
- n-®p.
” {Kma-ß-fn¬ Bcw-`n® Iem-]-߃°v hnZym-k-º-∂¿ ]n¥pW \¬In.
” \oew I¿j-I-cpsS {]iv\-߃ ]Tn-°m≥ Hcp IΩo-js\ \nb-an-®p.
” em`-I-c-a√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \oew Irjn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ IΩo-j≥ \n¿t±-in-®p.

11. tIc-f-Ønse I¿jI Iem-]-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ ae-_m-dnse am∏nf Iem-]-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-

Øn¬ N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” ae-_m-dnse ap…o-ßf
- mWv am∏n-fa
- m¿ F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-´n-cp-∂X
- v.
” P∑n-am-cp-sSbpw {_n´o-jp-Im-cp-sSbpw Nqj-Whpw ASn-®a
- ¿Ø-ep-Ifpw Iem-]ß
- ƒ°v Imc-Wambn
” P∑n-am¿ \S-Ønb IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°-ep-Ifpw I¿jI t{Zmlhpw Iem-]-Øn\v CS-bm-°n.
” {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS sX‰mb \nIp-Xn-\bw Iem-]ß
- ƒ°v Imc-Wa
- m-bn.
” P∑n-am-cn¬ \n∂pw `qan ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØv Irjn sNbvX-h-cm-bn-cp∂p ae-_m-dnse I¿j-I¿.
” `qcn-`m-Khpw am∏n-fa
- m-cm-bn-cp∂ Ch¿ I¿j-It- {Zm-lØ
- n-s\-Xnsc \S-Ønb Iem-]ß
- f
- mWv am∏n-f
Iem-]ß - ƒ
” 22 Hmfw I¿jI Iem-]-߃ ae-_m-dn¬ \S-∂p.
” Iem]w ASn-®a
- ¿Øm≥ ae_m¿ kvs]jy¬ t]meokv F∂ {]tXyI t]meokv tk\ cq]o-Ic
- n-®p.
” am∏nf Iem-]-ßsf°pdn®v ]Tn-°m≥ hneywtemKs\ IΩoj\mbn {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v
\nb-an-®p.
” {_n´ojpImcpsS sX‰mb \nIpXn\bamWv Iem]ImcWsa∂v IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXp.

12. C¥y≥ Irjn-bn-S-߃ bqtdm-∏n-\mbn Irjn sNbvXp F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” AanX \nIpXn
” \nIpXn ]W-ambn AS-bv°Ww
” IqSp-X¬ hne e`n-°p∂ Irjn-bn-te°v I¿j-I¿ amdn

25

31
” `£y hnf-Iƒ°v ]Icw \mWy hnf-Iƒ
” Cu hnf-I-fnse Dev]-∂-߃ bqtdm-]y-∑m¿°p th≠nbmbncp∂p.

13. km¥mƒ Iem-]s

- Ø-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” cmPval
- ¬ Ip∂p-If
- psS Xmgvhc-bn¬ (_w-Kmƒ, _olm¿, Qm¿J-fiv) Pohn-®n-cp∂ tKm{X-P\
- X
- -
bm-bn-cp∂p km¥mƒam¿.
” h\-hn-`hw tiJ-cn-®pw, Irjn-sN-bvXpw, th´-bm-Sn-bpw, I∂p-Im-ensb hf¿Øn-bp-amWv Ah¿
Ign-™n-cp-∂X- v.
” km¥m-fp-IfpsS `qan skao-μm¿amcpw sIm≈-∏-en-i-°mcpw Iø-S-°n.
” km¥m-fp-Isf ASn-a-I-fm-°n- ]-Wn- sN-øn-®p.
” {_n´ojv h\-\n-baw tKm{X PohnXw Zpcn-X-a-b-am-°n.
” {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-Øn\v [mcmfw ac-߃ apdn-®p-am-‰n.
” tKm{X P\-Xbv°v h\ {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®p.
” h\-hn-`-h-߃°v Db¿∂ \nIp-Xn-Np-a-Øn.
” CXv km¥mƒ Iem-]-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n.
14. Ipdn-Ny-Ie
- m-]s
- Ø-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” {_n´ojv Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc hb-\m-´nse tKm{X-P-\X \S-Ønb Iem-]w.
” Iem-]w Ipdn-Nycpw Ipdp-{º-cp-amWv \
- S- Ø
- n-bX
- v.
” 1812 ¬ \S-∂p.
” AanX \nIpXn Hcp Imc-Ww.
” \nIp-Xn-]W
- a
- mbn AS-bv°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-®Xv as‰m-cp-Im-cW
- w.
” \nIpXn AS-bv°m-Ø-h-cpsS `qan {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.
” Ipdn-Ny-t\-Xmhv cma≥ \ºn Iem-]-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In.
” cma≥ \ºnsb {_n´o-jp-Im¿ h[n®p.

15. {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc C¥y-bnse tKm{X- P-\X \SØnb {][m\ Iem-]-ß-tf-sXms° ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” km¥mƒ Iem]w
” Ipdn-Ny- I-em]w
” ]lm-cn-b- I-em]w
” tImƒ I-em]w
” `o¬ Iem]w
” ap≠ Iem]w
” Jmkn Iem]w

16. {_n´o-jp-`-cWw tKm{X P\-X-bpsS Pohn-XsØ ZpcnX]q¿W-am°n am‰n-b-sX-ßs\ ?

As√-¶n¬

26
32
 {_n´ojv `cWw tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Fs¥ms° ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Aan-X-amb \nIpXn.
” h\-hn-`h
- t- i-Jc
- W
- hpw th´-bm-Sepw Akm-[y-am-°nb h\-\n-ba
- ß
- ƒ.
” \nIpXn ]W-am-bn-Xs∂ \¬I-Ws
- a∂ ]cn-jv°m-cw.
” Ch tKm{X-P\
- X
- b
- psS PohnXw Zpcn-X]
- q¿W-am-°n.
17. C¥y≥ XpWn-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ XI¿®-bv°n-S-bm-°nb Imc-W-߃ Fs¥ms° ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” C¥y-bn-te°v {_n´≥ XpWn Cd-°p-aX
- n-sN-bvXp.
” b{¥ \n¿an-Xa
- mb Cd-°p-aXnØpWn°v hne-Ip-dh
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
” sdbn¬sh-bpsS hnI-k\w XpWn-Ø-c-߃ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ {Kma-ß-fn-se-Øm-\n-S-bm-°n.
” C¥y≥ XpWn-bpsS hn]Wn s\bvØp-Im¿°p \
- j
- vSa
- m- bn.
” sdbn¬sh hym]-\-Øn-eqsS {Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ hym]-I-ambn ]cpØn tiJ-cn-®p.
” {_n´-\n-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX XpWn-Ø-c-߃°v {_n´≥ \nIpXn Npa-Øn-bXv {_n´ojv
hn]-Wn- \-jvSs- ∏-Sm-\n-Sb
- m-°n.
” {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Nqj-Whpw ]oU-\hpw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ s\bvØv Dt]-£n-°m≥
Imc-Wa- m-bn.
” Ipd™ Iqenbpw Ipd™ hnebpw ImcWw ]ecpw s\bvØv Dt]-£n-®p.
” tPmen \jvS-s∏-´-h¿ {Kma-Øn-seØn Irjn-∏Wn sNbvXp.

18. C¥y-bnse XpWn hyh-km-b-Øns‚ XI¿® Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ Dev]m-Z\ apc-Sn-∏n-\n-S-bm-°n-b-

sX-ßs\ ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” XpWn hyh-kmbw XI¿∂p.
” sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ {Kma-ß-fn-te°v aS-ßn.
” Irjn-∏W
- n-bn-te¿s∏-´p.
” Irjn-`qan sNdnb Xp≠p-I-fm°n apdn-°-s∏-´p.
” Dev]m-Z\ apc-Sn-∏n\v Imc-Wa
- m-bn.
19. C¥y-bnse {KmaoW Ic-Iu-ie hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS XI¿®-bv°p≈ Imc-W-߃ Is≠Øn
]´n-Is
- ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hyh-kmbw XI¿®-bpsS ImcWw
” Aeq-an-\nbw ]m{X-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn
1. a¨]m{X \n¿ΩmWw
2. XpI¬∏Wn ” Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hmb XpI¬
3. ac-∏Wn bqtdm-∏n-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNø-s∏-´p.
” teml \n¿ΩnX b{¥-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw.
20.C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI hyh-km-bß
- f
- psS Bcw`w sXmgn-emfn {]t£m-`ß
- f - n-te°v \bn-°m-\p-≠mb
]›m-Øew hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

27 33
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-߃ Bcw-`n-®p.
” tXm´ hyh-km-bß
- f
- mWv BZyw ÿm]n-®X
- v.
” ]n∂oSv XpWn, NWw, Ccp-ºp-cp-°v, t]∏¿ hyh-km-b-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p.
” sXmgn-em-fnIƒ Nqj-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-bn.
” aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw \o≠ tPmen-k-a-bw.
” Ipd™ Iqen
” A\m-tcmKyIc-amb Xmak kuI-cy-߃
” sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Zpcn-XP
- o-hn-Xw.
” sXmgnemfnIƒ {]t£m`w \SØn.
” t_mws_ XpWn-an¬ ka-cw, sIm¬°-Øb
- nse NWw sXmgn-emfn kacw ˛ CXn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv.
21. 1857 se H∂mw kzX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-te°v \bn® kml-N-cy-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v
Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
a) ssk\nI AXr]vXn (in]m-bn-am¿°v (ssk-\n-I¿°v) Xp—-amb iº-fw.)
” {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw t\cn´ Ah-tl-f-\w.
” F≥^o¬Uv tXm°p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Xnc-I-fn¬ ]ip-hn-s‚bpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw sImgp∏v
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂psh∂ {]Nm-cW - w.
” aX-hn-Imcw {hW-s∏-´X - v.
b) I¿j-I-cpsS Zpcn-X-߃ ({_n´ojv \nIpXn\bw, P∑n ˛ {_n´ojv NqjWw)
c) Ic-Iu-ie sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Zmcn-{Zyw. (]cºcmKX hyhkmbßfpsS XI¿®)
d) cmPm-°-∑m¿ t\cn´ {]iv\-߃ (cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS Akw-Xr-]vXn ˛ Zp¿`cWw Btcm]n®v
\m´pcmPy߃ {_n´ojpIm¿ ]nSn®S°n, ZØhImi \ntcm[\w)
22. 1857 se in]m-bn-e-l-f-bpsS KpW-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Isfs¥ms° ?
As√-¶n¬
1857 se H∂mw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥ms°?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-߃°n-S-bnse sFIyw.
” cmPm- ° - ∑ m¿, I¿j- I ¿, Ic- I u- i e sXmgn- e m- f n- I ƒ F∂n- ß s\ hnhn[ P\- h n- ` m- K - ß ƒ
Iem-]Ø
- n¬ ]¶m-fn-Ifm-bn.
” lnμp ˛ ap…ow sFIyw.
” cmPm-°-∑m¿°pw in]m-bn-am¿°p-sam∏w km[m-c-W-°mcpw Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-bn.
” Iem]w ASn-®a- ¿Ø-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw C¥y-bnse {_n´ojv `c-WØ
- nepw \b-Ønepw am‰w hcp-Øn.
” C¥y-bpsS `cWw Cw•ojv CuÃn-¥ym-Iº - \- n-bn¬ \n∂pw {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

23. 1857 se H∂mw kzmX{¥ykacw s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ C¥y-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

Iem-]Ø- n\v t\XrXzw sImSp-Øh
- ¿ Bscms° ?

28

34
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” U¬ln ˛ _l-Zq¿j c≠m-a≥ ” Im¨]q¿ ˛ \m\m-km-ln-_v, Xm¥n-bm-tXm∏n
” Qm≥kn ˛ dmWn e£van-`mbn ” ss^km-_mZv ˛ auehn Al-Ω-Zp≈
” eIv\u ˛ _oKw- l-{k-Øv a-l¬

24. C¥y-bnse km[m-cW

- °
- m-cn¬ tZio-bt- _m[w krjvSn-°p-∂X
- n¬ ZmZm-`mbv \hvtdm-Pn-bpsS tNm¿®m
kn≤m¥w hln® ]¶v hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
As√-¶n¬
tNm¿®m kn≤m¥w hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Cu kn≤m¥w C¥y-bn¬ tZio-bX hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v
klm-bn-®-sX-ßs\-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdm-Pn-bmWv tNm¿®m kn≤m¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xv. "s]mh¿´n B‚ v A¨ {_n´ojv
dqƒ C≥ C¥y F∂ ]pkvXIØn¬'
” C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw h¿jw-tXmdpw h≥Xp-I -{_n-´-\n-te°v Hgp-Ip-∂p-sh-∂pw, kº-Øns‚ Cu
Hgp-°mWv C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw ]´n-Wn-bp-sSbpw Imc-W-sa∂pw tNm¿®m-kn-≤m¥w
]d-bp-∂p.
” Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn, iº-fw, s]≥j≥, \nIp-Xn. {_n´ojv Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS
hnev]\ - bpw em`hpw XpSßn hnhn[ hgn-Iƒ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ kmº-ØnI Nqj-WØ- n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-®p.
” Zmcn-{Zyw, NqjWw F∂nh {_n´ojv krjvSn-bm-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv {_n´ojv hncp≤ at\m-`mhw
i‡-am-°n. (km-º-ØnI tZio-b-X- h-f¿∂p- h-∂p.)
25. C¥y- b n¬ \n∂pw {_n´- \ n- t e- ° p≈ kº- Ø ns‚ tNm¿®- b psS hnhn[ t{kmX- p- I ƒ
tNm¿®m kn≤m¥{]Imcw GsXms°bmbn-cp-∂p.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°f
- psS Ib-‰p-aXn
” {_n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v \¬Ip∂ iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw
” {_n´ojv Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hnev]\ hgn e`n® em`w
” C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ \nIpXn

26. kztZ-in-{]-ÿm\ImesØ sNdpØp\n¬∏p-Iƒ hni-Ie

- \w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” kmº- Ø nI tNm¿® XS- b m≥ C¥y≥ Dev ] - ∂ - ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n®v C¥y≥ hyh- k mbw
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
” {_n´ojv Dev]∂- ß
- ƒ _ln-jvIc- n-°p∂p
” C¥y≥ hyh-km-bß - ƒ°v ]pXp-Po-hn≥ ssIh-∂p.
” 1905 ¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ _wKmƒ hn`-Pn-®-t∏mƒ hntZi hkvXp-°ƒ _ln-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw
Xt±-iob hkvXp-°ƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
” XpWn-an-√p-Iƒ, tkm∏v ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ, Xos∏-´n-I-º-\n-Iƒ, tZiob _m¶p-Iƒ, C≥jq-d≥kv
Iº-\n-Iƒ F∂nh Bcw-`n-®p.

29
35
” {_n´ojv Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ henb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn.
” _wKm-fnse _wKmfn sIan-°¬tÃm¿, alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Sm‰m Ccp-ºp-cp-°p-Iº
- \
- n, Xan-gv\m-´nse
kztZin Ãow \mhn-tK-j≥ Iº\n F∂n-hbv°v XpS-°-an-´p.
” kv{XoIƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.
” hntZi hkv{X-߃ Ae-°p-I-bns√∂v Ae-°p-Im¿
” hntZ-ih
- k
- vXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]qP \S-Øn-s√∂v ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m¿ {]Xn-⁄s - b-Sp-Øp.
” hntZ-iØv \n∂p≈ hf-Ifpw ]m{X-ßfpw kv{XoIƒ _ln-jvI-cn-®p.
” hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ kvIqfp-Iƒ _ln-jv°c - n-®p.
” C¥y≥ tZio-bX IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p.
” _me-Kw-Km-[c- X
- n-eI
- ≥, emem ePv]X
- vdm-bn, _n]n≥N-{μ-]m¬ (em¬-˛]
- m¬-˛_
- m¬) {_n´ojv `cWw
Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°-≠X - ns‚ Bh-iy-IX Cu∂n-]d- ™ - p.
27. kmº-ØnI tNm¿® XS-bm≥ C¥y≥ tZio-b-t\-Xm-°ƒ apt∂m-´p-sh® ]cn-]m-Sn-sb¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” {_n´ojv Dev]-∂-߃ _ln-jvI-cn-°p-I.
” C¥y≥ hyh-km-b-߃ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
28. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-hsb DNn-X-ambn {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
A B
km¥mƒ Iem]w ˛ ae-_m¿
am∏nf Iem-]-߃ ˛ ZmZm-`mbv \hvtdmPn
IpdnNy Iem]w ˛ cmPval- ¬Ip-∂p-Iƒ
tNm¿®m-kn-≤m¥w ˛ hb-\mSv
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” km¥mƒ Iem]w ˛ cmPval- ¬Ip-∂p-Iƒ
” am∏nf Iem-]-߃ ˛ ae-_m¿
” IpdnNy Iem]w ˛ hb-\mSv
” tNm¿®m-kn-≤m¥w ˛ ZmZm-`mbv \hvtdmPn

30
36
 bqWn‰v 5

kwkv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw
1. C¥ybpsS tZiob sFIyØn\v klmbn® LSI߃ GsX√mw ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
XC¥y≥ P\XbpsS kmwkvImcnIhpw Bib]chpamb CSs]SepIfpw {]Xntj[hpw.

Xh¿Øam\ ]{X߃.

XhnZym`ymkw

XkmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW {]ÿm\߃

XIem˛kmlnXycwKsØ am‰ßƒ.

2. C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS tZio-b-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-sa¥v ?

OR
C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
X\nc-h[n sshhn[y߃ \ne-\n¬°p∂ cmPy-amWv C¥y

XPmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, `mj, `£W ioew, hkv{X[mcW coXn F∂n-hb - n¬ sshhn[yw ]pe¿Øp∂p
XCu sshcp-[y-ßsf tIm¿Øn-W-°p∂ kwkvIm-cn-I-amb Hcp GIXzw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠v

XC¥ybv°v s]mXp-hmb Hcp ss]Xr-I-am-Wp-≈Xv

XC¥y≥ tZio-bX "\m\-mXz-Øn¬ GIXzw' F∂ Bi-b-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-Ip∂p

XC¥y≥ P\-Xb - psS Cu am\-knI sFIyhpw GI-Xz-hp-amWv C¥y≥ tZiob-Xb - psS ASn-ÿm\w
3. C¥ysb°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂X - n\pw DtZym-Kÿ- ¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂X - n\pw hnZym-
`ymk cwKØv CSs]Sp-∂X - n-\p-ambn {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Nne ÿm]-\ß - f - p-≠m°n Ahsb ASn-ÿm-
\-am°n ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ ÿm]-I¿
Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n Hm^v _wKmƒ A........................................................................................

B........................................................................................ hmd≥tlÃnßvkv

_\m-dkv kwkvIrX tImtfPv C........................................................................................

DØc kqNnI:˛ A ˛ hneyw-tPm¨kv B ˛ I¬°´ a{Zk C - sPm\m-Y≥ U¶≥

4. "c‡-Ønepw h¿W-Ønepw C¥y-°mcpw A`n-cp-Nn-bnepw A`n-{]m-bØ - nepw [m¿Ωn-IX- b
- nepw
_p≤n-bnepw Cw•o-jp-Im-cp-amb Hcp h¿KsØ krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv \ΩpsS e£yw"
sa°msf {]`p-hns‚ Cu A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬\n∂v C¥y-bn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw \S-∏m-°n-
b-Xns‚ e£y-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
XCw•o-jp-Im-cpsS PohnX coXn-I-tfmSv Xmev]-cy-ap≈ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°pI

XA`n-cp-Nn-bnepw A`n-{]m-b-Ønepw Cw•o-jp-Im-cmb C¥y-°msc krjvSn-°p-I.

X_p≤n-bnepw [m¿Ωn-IX - b
- nepw Cw•o-jp-Im-tcmSv hnt[-bX
- z-ap≈ C¥y≥ Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°p-I.
5. {_n´ojv tImf-\n-`-cWw C¥y≥ tZiob-X-bpsS hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-ambsXßs\ ? hne-bn-cp-
ØpI ?

31
37
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XCw•ojv kwkvIm-chpw Bi-b-ßfpw C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn-te-°pI-S∂pIb-dn-bt∏mƒ

AXns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v Hcp hn`mKw Icp-Xn.

XAh¿ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn.

XP\m-[n-]Xyw, kzmX{¥yw, bp‡nNn¥, Xpey-\o-Xn, imkv{Xt_m[w, tkmjy-enkw,

]ucm-h-Imiw F∂nhsb°p-dn®v t_m[-h-∑m-cmbn.

XC¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n∂ kmaq-ln-Im-Nm-cß - s - fbpw A\p-jvTm-\ß
- s- fbpw ]cn-jvIc - n-°m≥
{ian®p.
XC¥y≥ kaq-lw, `mj, Ie, kmlnXyw XpS-ß-nb-hsb \ho-I-cn-®p.

XAk-a-Xz-ß-sfbpw Ah-Imi\ntj-[-ß-sfbpw sNdpØp.

XP\-ß-fn¬ sFIy-t_m-[hpw AXp-hgn tZio-b-Xbpw hf¿∂p.

6. ]sØm-≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bn¬ hyXykvX kmaq-lnI ]cn-jI v c- W {]ÿm-\ß - f

- psS Bhn¿`m-
h-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-®-sX-s¥√mw ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XkzX-{¥-Nn¥

XB[p-\n-Ih - ¬°-cW- t- Øm-Sp≈ Xmev]cyw

Xbp‡n Nn¥

7. C¥y-bnse kmaqlnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS e£y-߃ hy‡-am-°pI ?

DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XC¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\nev°p∂ hnhn[ A\m-Nm-c-ßsf FXn¿°p-I.

XF√m a\p-jy¿°pw hnth-N-\-ß-fn-√msX hgn \S-°m-\pw, hkv{Xw [cn-°m\pw, hnZym-

`ymkw t\Sm-\p-ap≈ ]ucm-h-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I.

8. C¥y≥ kaq-lØ - n¬ ASn-ÿm-\] - c
- a
- mb am‰-ßf - p-≠m-IpI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS kmaqly ]cn-
jvI¿Øm-°ƒ apt∂m-´p-sh® Bh-iy-߃ Fs¥-√mw.
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XPmXn-hy-h-ÿ -\n¿am¿÷\w sNøp-I.

XF√m-h-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°p-I.

Xkv{XoIƒ°v FXn-cmb hnth-N-\-߃ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I.

XF√m-h¿°pw hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-I.

Xhn[hm ]p\¿hn-hmlw \S-∏nem-°p-I.

Xssiih hnhm-lw, ]ptcm-lnX ta[m-hnXzw F∂nh Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I.

9. C¥y≥ kaq-lnI ]cn-jvIc - W {]ÿm-\ß - f

- nepw AXp-hgn C¥y≥ tZio-bX - - cq]s∏Sp∂Xnepw
cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbv hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XC¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ B[p-\n-Ih¬°-c-W-Øn-\mbn hmZn® BZysØ Bƒ.

XPmXn-hy-h-ÿsb FXn¿Øp.

XkXn F∂ Zpcm-Nm-csØ i‡n-bmbn FXn¿Øp.

Xkmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\mbn '{_“-k-amPw' ÿm]n-®p.

XPmXn-I-fpsS ÿm\Øv Hscm‰ C¥y≥ kaqlw F∂ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-®p.

Xkv{XoI-fpsS ]Zhn Db¿Øm≥ ]cn-{i-an®p.

Xkv{XoIƒ°v kzØhImiw \evI-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´p.

Xhn[hm hnhmlw F∂ Bibw apt∂m-´p-sh-®p.

10. C¥y≥ kaqly]cn-jvI¿Øm-°f - n¬ Cuiz-cN - {- μ-hnZymkmK¿, ]finX cam-_mbn F∂n-hc - psS

]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
Cuiz-cN- {- μ-hnZymkmK¿

32
38
 X hn[-h-I-fpsS ]p\¿hn-hm-l-Øn-\mbn {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn.
XAt±-l-Øn-s‚ {]h¿Ø\ ^e-ambn 1856-˛¬ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v lnμp hn[hm

]p\¿hnhml \nbaw ]mkm-°n.

Xkv{XoI-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-®p.

cam-_mbn
Xhn[-h-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ t_mws_-bn¬ imc-Zm-k-Z≥ ÿm]n-®p.

11. C¥y-bnse ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw Ahbv°v t\XrXzw \evIn-b-h-scbpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-

ØpI?
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
{]ÿm\w ]cnjvI¿Øm°ƒ Bib߃
1. Bcy kamPw kzmanZbm\μkckzXn hn{Klmcm[\,
ssiih hnhmlw
F∂nhsb FXn¿Øp.
2. cmaIrjvWanj≥ kzman hnthIm\μ≥ • PmXn hyhÿ,
A\mNmc߃ F∂nhsb
FXn¿Øp.
• kzmX{¥yw, kaXzw, kzX{¥
Nn¥ F∂nh
t{]m’mln∏n®p.
3. AenKUv {]ÿm\w k¿ kønZv AlΩZv Jm≥ C¥ybnse ap…oßfpsS
kmaqlnIhpw hnZym`ymk
]chpamb ]ptcmKXn°mbn
{]h¿Øn®p.
4. {]m¿∞\ kamPw Bflmdmw ]mfipcwKv an{it`mP\w, an{ihnhmlw,
hn[hm ]p\¿ hnhmlw,
kv{XoIfpsSbpw ]n∂m°
hn`mKßfpsSbpw ]ptcmKXn
F∂nhbv°mbn \nesIm≠p.
5. Xntbmk^n°¬ B\n _k‚ v lnμpaXØns‚
skmssk‰n ]p\cp≤mcWw
6. lnXImcnWn kamPw hotcienwKw hn[hm ]p\¿hnhmlw
kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`ymkw
7. kXytim[IvkamPw tPmXn_m^pse {_m“W ta[mhnXzw,
PmXn hyhÿ F∂nh
FXn¿Øp.
8. {io\mcmbW [¿Ω {io\mcmbW Kpcp PmXn hyhÿtbbpw
]cn]me\tbmKw ZpcmNmcßtfbpw FXn¿Øp.
]n∂m° P\hn`mKßfpsS
kmaqlnIhpw hnZym`ymk
]chpamb ]ptcmKXn°mbn
\nesIm≠p.

33
39
12. kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°f - p-sSbpw ]cn-jvIc
- W {]ÿm-\ß
- fpsSbpw {ia-^e
- a
- mbn {_n´o-jp-
Im¿ \nbaw aqew \ntcm-[n® A\m-Nm-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI?

\ntcm-[n® s]¨in-ip-lXy
A\m-Nm-cß
- ƒ \ntcm-[n®p

DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
X12 hb- n\p Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ s]¨Ip-´n-I-fpsS hnhm-l-Øn\p hne-t°¿s∏-Sp-Øn.
Xssiih hnhm-lhpw _lp-`m-cy-Xzhpw \ntcm-[n-®p.

XASn-aXzw \ntcm-[n®p

Xhn[-hm-]p-\¿ hnhmlw \S-∏n-em-°n.

XkXn \ntcm-[n®p.

Xs]¨iniplXy \ntcm[n®p.

13. tZiob ka-c-Im-esØ ]{X-߃ GsXms° e£y-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv {]h¿Øn-®Xv ?

DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XC¥y-bnse P\-߃ t\cn-´n-cp∂ hnhn-[-Xcw {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ahsc t_m[-hm-

∑m-cm-°p-I.
XtZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ F√m-h-tcbpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-I.

XC¥y-bpsS GXp `mKØpw GsXm-cm-fn-s\bpw _m[n-°p∂ {]iv\-߃ C¥y-bpsS

samØw {]iv\-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-I.

14. C¥y≥ P\-Xsb Ah¿ A\p-`h - n-°p∂ Nqj-Ws - Øbpw Ah-Im-i\ntj[ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v t_m[-
hm-∑m-cm-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]{X߃ hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
XC¥y-bpsS Hmtcm-`m-KØpw \S-°p∂ ASn-®a - ¿Ø-en-s\bpw a¿±I `c-Ws- Øbpw Iq´-
s°m-etbbpw Ipdn®v C¥y-bn-se-ºm-Sp-ap≈ P\-߃°v hnhcw \evIn.
XXn∑-Iƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw FXnsc \S-°p∂ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-

\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°n.
X{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbpw C¥y-bnse kmaq-ln-I-amb Xn∑-Iƒ°v FXn-cmbpw

{]Xn-tj-[n-°m\pw {]Xn-I-cn-°m\pw P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-®p.

Xtem-IØ- ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw P\m-[n-]X
- y-Øn\pw ka-Xz-Øn-\p-
ambn P\-߃ \S-Øp∂ t]mcm-´-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnhcw \evIn.
X{_n´ojv `c-W-Øns‚ Nqj-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v P\-ßsf t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°n.

XtπKv, £maw F∂nh aqew C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ

ac-W-s∏´ hm¿Ø C¥y-bn-se-ºmSpw FØn-®p.

15. h¿Øam\ ]{X-ß-fpsS i‡n a\- n-em-°nb {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v Ahsb \nb-{¥n-°m≥ \S-
Ønb {][m\ {iaw F¥m-bn-cp∂p ? BcmWv AXv \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
X1878-˛¬ en´¨{]`p \S-∏n-em-°nb {]mtZ-inI`mjm ]{X-\n-baw.

X{]tZinI `mjm ]{X-߃°v I¿i\-amb \nb-{¥-W-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn.

16. kmaq-ln-I- tk-h\w e£y-am°n cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbv ÿm]n® ]{X-߃ GsX√mw ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
Xkw_mZv IuapZn (_w-Km-fn)

XandmXv ˛ D¬ ˛ AIv_¿ (t]¿jy≥)

34

40
17. tZiob hnZym-`ymkw apt∂m-´p-h® Nne Bi-b-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬ X∂n-´p-≈Xv. Cu Bi-b-
߃ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-Im≥ {ian® ÿm]-\-߃°p≈ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠ØpI ?
tZiob hnZym-`ymkw apt∂m-´p-sh® Bi-b-߃ ÿm]\߃
� atX-X-cXzw � A ............................................
� tZio-bX � B ............................................
� kv{XoI-fpsS D∂-a\w � C ............................................
� A¥¿tZ-io-bX � D ............................................
� ]mc-ºcy Ie-If - psS ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw � E ............................................

DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
A. PmanA an√nb Ckvem-anb
B. U°m≥ FUyp-t°-j≥ skmssk‰n
C. h\n-Xm-k¿hIem-ime (a-lm-cm-jv{S)
D. hniz-`m-cXn
E. tIcf Iemafiew
18. hnZym-`ymk cwKØv apt∂m´vsh® Bi-ba- m-bn-cp∂p hm¿[m-]≤- X
- n. hm¿[m-]≤
- X
- n-sb-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏p
Xøm-dm-°pI ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
� 1937-˛¬ alm-flm-Km‘n apt∂m-´ps-h® ]≤-Xn.

� e£yw sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ym-kw.

� hnZym¿∞n- B-bn-cn°p-tºmƒ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ]Tn-®m¬ Pohn-X-Øn\v KpW-I-c-amIpw.

� CØ-c-Øn¬ hf-cp∂ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn-eqsS {_n´o-jp-Imsc {]Xn-tc-m[n-°mw.

19. C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS hf¿®bv°v hnZym`ymk ]ptcmKXn F{]Imcw klmbIambn ?

hniZoIcn°pI.
� kmaqlnI am‰Øn\v CSbm°n.

� sFIyw \ne\n¿Øm≥ klmbn®p.

� AkaXzw FXn¿Øp.

� sImtfmWnb¬ ta[mhnXzw FXn¿Øp.

� tZiobt_m[w hf¿Øn.

� atXXcXzw {]Ncn∏n®p.

� kv{XoIfpsS D∂a\w.

� ]mcºcy IeIfpsS ]p\cp≤mcWw.

� PmXn hyhÿsb FXn¿Øp.

20. hnhn[ `mj-If - n¬ cNn-°s- ∏´ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ C¥y≥ tZio-bX- b

- psS Bhn¿`m-hØ- n\v hgn-
sX-fn-®-sX-ßs\ ? N¿®-sN-øpI.
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
� C¥y≥ kaq-lØ - n¬ \ne-\n∂ Po¿W-XI - ƒ°pw {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS kmº-ØnI Nqj-
WØn\pw FXn-cmb {]Xn-tj[w kmln-Xy-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en-®p.
� P\-߃ t\cn-Sp∂ Zpcn-X-ßfpw {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p.

� P\-߃ H‰-s°-´mbn `c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h-∂p.

35

41
 XIhn-XI - ƒ, IY-Iƒ, \mS-Iß - ƒ, t\mh-ep-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - b - n-epsS Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-
fpsS {]Xn-tj[w P\-ß-fp-ambn ]¶p-sh-®p.
XP\-ß-fn¬ NqjW hncp≤ at\m-`m-hhpw kz¥w cmPy-tØmSv CjvShpw hf¿Øm≥

km[n-®p.
XamXr-cm-PysØ {]Io¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v {]mtZ-inI `mj-If - n¬ cNn-°s - ∏´ IrXn-Iƒ \nc-
£-cc - mb km[m-cW P\-ßfpw km£-cc - mb htc-Wy-h¿Khpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw Ipd-®p.
XkztZ-im-`n-am-\hpw cmPy-kvt\-lhpw hf¿Øn.

21. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

B\-μa - Tw (k\ymknIem]w A........................................................................................
{]tabam°nb t\mh¬)
B........................................................................................ \o¬Z¿∏¨ (_wKmfnse \oew I¿jI¿
t\cnSp∂ NqjWw ]›mØew)
kmsc Plmwsk A—m C........................................................................................

DØ-ck - q-NnI:˛
A. _¶nw-N{- μ-Nm‰¿Pn
B. Zn\-_‘- p-an{X
C. A√mam apl-ΩZv CIv_m¬
22. PmanA an√nb Ckvemanb F∂ hnZym tI{μØns‚ ÿm]I¿ ?
X auem\m aplΩZen X ju°Øen

X tUm. km°o¿ lpssk≥ X Fw. F. A≥kmcn

23. 1884 ]q\bn¬ ÿm]nXamb sU°m≥ FUypt°j≥ skmssk‰nbpsS ÿm]I¿ Bscms°?

X Pn.Pn. AKm¿°¿ X _meKwKm[¿ XneI≥ X almtZh tKmhnμ dm\sU

24. A¥¿tZiob kmtlmZcyØn\v Du∂¬ \¬In SmtKm¿ ÿm]n® hnZymebw GXv ? CXns‚
khntijX F¥v ?
X hniz`mcXn k¿ΔIemime

X ]m›mXyhpw ]uckvXyhpamb kmwkvImc߃ tbmPn∏n®p≈ hnZym`ymkw e£yan´p

ÿm]n®XmWv hniz`mcXn.
25. C¥ybn¬ tZiob sFIyw ÿm]n°m≥ t\Xm°ƒ hnZym`ymkw F{]Imcw
D]tbmKs∏SpØnsb∂v hniZoIcn°pI.
X tZiob hnZymeb߃ ÿm]n®p.

X atXXc hnZym`ymkw \¬In.

X tZiobX hf¿Øm≥ B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw \¬Im≥ ]q\bn¬ sU°m≥ FUyqt°j≥

skmssk‰n ÿm]n®p.
X kztZin {]ÿm\w \nch[n hnZymeb߃ ÿm]n®p.

X kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v almcmjv{Sbn¬ BZyh\nXm k¿ΔIemime ÿm]n®p.

X cho{μ\mY SmtKm¿ hniz`mcXnbneqsS ]m›mXy ]uckvXy kwkvImcw tbmPn∏n®

hnZym`ymkw \¬In.
X ]mcºcy IeIsf D≤cn°m≥ h≈tØmƒ tIcfIemafiew ÿm]n®p.
X Km‘nPn hm¿[mhnZym`ymk ]≤Xn hgn sXmgne[njvTnX hnZym`ymkw {]Ncn∏n®p.
26. C¥y≥ tZiob {]ÿm\Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Im-c∑ - m¿ hln-®]
- ¶v hy‡-am-°p∂ ]´nI XmsgsImSp-
°p∂p ]´n-I] - q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

42 36
 IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ `mj
X tKmc A............................... _wKmfn
X KoXm-RvPen
X B
X t{]wNμv lnμn
X

X ]m©men i]Yw
X Ifn-∏m´v kp{_-“W
- y-`m-cXn C...............................
X IÆ≥]m´v
X Ipbn¬∏m´v
X lbmØv ˛C˛kmZn
D............................... DdpZp
X lbmØv ˛C˛PhoZv
X E ..................... hnjvWp-IrjvW Nn]vfq-¶¿ admØn
X Fs‚ Kpcp\mY≥ F ..................... aebmfw
_m∏pPn, C¥ybpsS
Ic®n¬
DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
A. cho-{μ-\m-YS
- m-tKm¿ B. tkhm-k-Z≥
t{]am-{iaw
cwK-`qan
tKmZm≥
C. Xangv D. A¬Øm^v lpssk≥lmen
E. \n_-¥-ame- F. h≈tØmƒ \mcmbWtat\m≥
27. C¥y≥ tZin-bX - b- psS Bhn¿`m-hØ
- n¬ Nn{X-Im-c∑ - mcpw \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-hl
- n®p ˛ {]kvXm-h\
N¿® sNøpI? --
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
XC¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ -Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®p.

XC¥ysb BsI H∂mbn I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ Nn{X-߃ hc®p

XA_-\o-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿ `mc-X-am-Xm-hns\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p.

XC¥y≥ skmssk‰n Hm^v Hmdn-b‚¬ B¿Svkv ÿm]n®p.

XcmPm-ch
- n-h¿Ω C¥y≥ ]pcm-Wß - f- n-tebpw hnhn[ kmlnXyIrXn-If - n-tebpw kμ¿`-
߃ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p.
X\μm-em¬t_mkv {it≤-b-am-b-km-lnXy IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n-

∂p-ap≈ kμ¿-`ßsf hnj-b-ß-fm°n.

X\μm-em¬t_mkns‚ {it≤-ba - mb Nn{XamWv kXn. kXn F∂ ZpcmNmcØns\Xnsc
at\m-`mhw hf¿Øm≥ Cu Nn{Xw klm-bn-®p.
X\μm-em¬t_mkns‚ as‰mcp {it≤-b-amb Nn{X-amWv {KmaoW sN≠-°m-c≥.

XAar-X-sj¿Kn¬ C¥y-bpsS {Kma-Ønse ZpcnX PohnXw shfn®w Ipd™ h¿W-ß-

fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®p.
Ch-cpsS krjvSn-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cpsS a\- n¬ Hscm‰ C¥y-bpsS Nn{Xw hc®p.

37
43
 bqWn‰v 6

kachpw kzmX{¥yhpw
1. C¥y-bnse km[m-cW - °- m-cpsS hnizm-khpw AwKo-Im-chpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Km‘n-Pn°p km[n-
®sX-ßns\ ?
D.kq. Xkm[m-c-W- P\-ß-fpsS `mj, `£-Ww, hkv{Xw F∂nh kzoI-cn-°pI hgn Km‘nPn
P\-Io-b-\m-bn.
XZ£n-Wm{^n°bn¬ Km‘nPn \S-Ønb ka-c-߃ At±-lsØ {]i-kvX\m°n

XZ£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnse C¥y-°m-cpsS {]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]´p

Xkm[m-c-W-°m-cpsS {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p∂ c£-I-\mbn P\-߃ Km‘n-Pn-sb-

I≠p.
2. Km‘nPn \bn® {]mtZ-in-I -k-a-c-߃, Ah-bpsS Imc-W-߃, Ah-bpsS ^e-߃ F∂nh
Dƒs°m-≈n®v D]-\ymkw Xøm-dm-°pI ?
D.kq. a) Nºm-c-\nse \oew I¿j-I-cpsS kacw 1917
XImc-W-߃:

_nlm-dnse Nºm-c\ - nse \oew I - ¿j-I¿ {_n´o-jp-Im-cp-tSbpw P∑n-am-cp-tSbpw NqjW

߃°v hnt[-ba - m-bn-cp-∂p.
X^e-߃:

1. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S¬ \oew I¿j-I¿°v A\p-Iq-e-amb \nb-a-߃ ]m m-

°m≥ {_n´o-jp-Imsc \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-°n.
2. Nºm-cs‚ ]ptcm-KX - n-°mbn hnZym-eb- ß- ƒ, ipNo-Ic - W {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ F∂nh
Bcw-`n-®p.
b) Al-ΩZm_mZnse XpWn-an¬ kacw 1918
XImc-W-߃:

Al-ΩZ- m-_m-Zn¬ s]m´n-∏p-ds - ∏´ tπKv tcmKsØ t\cn-Sm-\mbn sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ°p

\¬In-bn-cp∂ t_mWkv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]n≥h-en-®Xv
X^e-߃:

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-Se - ns\ØpS¿∂v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ iºf h¿≤-\hv AwKo-Ic - n®p

b) tJU-bnse I¿jI kacw 1918
XImc-W-߃:

hcƒ®bpw Irjn-\m-ihpw aqew Zpcn-XØ - n-emb KpPdm-Ønse tJU-bnse I¿j-I-

cn¬\n∂pw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \nIpXn ]ncn-®Xv
X^e-߃:

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ \nIpXn \ntj-[hpw kXym-{Klhpw ImcWw

\nIpXn ]n≥h-en-°s - ∏´p.
3. Km‘nPn \S-Ønb BZy-Ime ka-c-߃ Km‘n-Pnsb F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-\mb P\-Iob
t\Xm-hm-°n. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-ß-fpsS ^eßfnsem∂mWv apI-fn¬ \¬In-b-Xv.
a‰p aq∂v ^e-߃ Is≠-ØpI.
D.-kq. XKm‘n-Pn-bpsS ka-c- co-Xn-Ifpw Bi-b-ßfpw km[m-cW P\-߃°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥

km[n®p
XtZiob {]ÿm-\-Ønte°v F√m-hn-`mKw Bfp-Ifpw BI¿jn-°-s∏´p

XtZiob {]ÿm\w {Kma-ß-fn-te°v hym]n®p

38
44
4. due‰v \nbaw(1919) ]m m-°m-\p-≠mb kml-N-cy-w F¥mbncp∂p? CXnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
Fs¥ms°bmbn-cp∂p ?
D.kq. XC¥y-bnse tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb `oI-c-hmZ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf XS-bpI

F∂ e£y-tØmsS \S-∏m°n.
XhnNm-cW IqSmsX Bscbpw XS-¶-en¬ shbv°mw F∂ hyh-ÿ.

5. Pmen-b≥hm-em_mKv kw`-hs - Ø-°p-dn®v Ipdn-s∏-gp-XpI.

D.-kq. Xdue‰v \nb-aß
- ƒs°-Xnsc ]©m-_n¬ {]Xn-tj-[n® skbn-^p-±o≥ In®vep, kXy-]m¬
F∂n-h-cpsS Ad-Ãn-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n-°m≥ P\-߃ Aar-Xvk-dnse Pmen-b≥
hm-em-_m-Kn¬ HØp-IqSn
XP\-d¬ Ub-dns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \ncm-bp-[-cmb P\-°q-´-Øn-\p-t\sc \nd-sbm-gn®p

XAt\Iw Bfp-Iƒ ac-W-a-S™p

XC¥y-bn-seßpw P\-tcmjw i‡-am-bn.

XtZio-b -{]-ÿm\w i‡-am-bn,

6. "πmkn-bp≤w {_n´ojv `c-WØ- n\p ASn-Ød- b- n-s´-¶n¬ Pmen-b≥hm-em-_mKv kw`hw {_´ojv `c-
W-Øns‚ ASn-Ødbnf-°n" - Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Pmen-b≥hmem-_mKv kw`-hs - Ø-Ip-dn-®p≈ {]Xn-I-
cWw C¥y-bn-ep-≠mb GsX√mw am‰sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
D.-kq. X{_n´ojv `c-W-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v i‡-ambn

XtZiob {]ÿm\w _lp-P-\ -{]-ÿm-\-ambn.

XtZin-b-{]-ÿm\w C¥y-bn-se-ºmSpw hym]n-®p.

7. \n -l-I-cW ka-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-ƒ Is≠Øn ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

D.-kq.

h°oe-∑m¿ tImSXnIƒ
_ln-jv°c- n-°pI
ƒ
-cn-° °
pI

Cw
v° vXp
-

ƒ
_ •ojv
n-j k

p- pI
°
-

l hn vX
l h-

nj- Zym
-i- k- -cn-°
_ ntZi-

v° e- b- h
h

°
\n l
- I
- c- W
c- n°
- ß- tZ -jv
pI ƒ hn ln
kacw \n l
- I
- c- W _
- kacw Xn
e vIm _ c-s™
l
{_n´ojv ]pc-kvIm-c-߃

\ I n-j - S
Xn -°p
XncnsI \¬IpI

p v° p - ∏
I n -cn-° p - I
\n Xn-c ƒ
pI

8. \n -lI-cW {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ^e-߃ ]´nIs∏Sp-ØpI.

D.-kq. XXt±-iob Dev]-∂-ßfpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\p {]m[m\yw e`n®p

XJmZn D¬∏-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn®p

XtZiob hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS ÿm]\w

Xlnμn {]Nm-cWw

XAbn-tØm-®m-S\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v {]m[m\yw e`n®p

9. C¥y≥ tZiob {]ÿm\w Jnem^Øv {]ÿm\tØmsSm∏w tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn®Xns‚ ^e߃

Fs¥√mw?

39
45
 Xlnμp ˛ ap…nw sFIyw i‡n-s∏´p
XtZio-b {]-ÿm\w C¥y-bpsS ap°nepw aqe-bn-te°pw hym]n-®p.

10. \n -l-I-cW kacw ]n≥h-en-°m≥ Km‘n-Pnsb t{]cn-∏n® Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p ?

D.-kq. XDØ¿{]-tZ-inse Nucn-Nucm F∂ {Kma-Øn¬ P\-߃°p- t\sc t]meokv \S-Ønb

shSn-sh-∏n¬ tcmjm-Ip-e-cmb \m´p-Im¿ t]meokv tÃj\p Xobn-´p. Ccp-]-Øn-c≠p

t]meokpIm¿ sIm√-s∏´ kw`hw Alnwkm am¿§Øn¬\n-∂p≈ hyXn-N-e-\-am-b-Xn-
\m¬ Km‘nPn \n l-I-c-W-k-acw ]n≥]-en®p.
11. C¥y≥ kzX{¥y ka-cØ - nse hgn-Øn-ch
- m-bn-cp∂p 1929-˛se emtlm¿ ktΩ-f\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-
Xv, Cu ktΩf\Øn¬ ssIsIm≠ Xocpam\߃ Fs¥√mw?
D.kq. XC¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-cØ - ns‚ A¥na e£yw ]q¿Æ-kz-cmPv BsW∂v {]Jym-]n®p
XKm‘n-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ knhn¬ \nba ewL\w Bcw-`n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n®p

12. knhn¬ \nba ewL-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb D∏p kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥√mw ?

D.-kq. X\n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ P\-Iob {]iv\-ß-sf-t∏mepw i‡-amb ka-cm-bp-[-am-
°m≥ km[n°pw F∂p sXfn-bn-®p.
XD∏p kXym-{K-l-Øn\p h≥ P-\-Iob ]n¥pW e`n®p

X{_n´ojv k¿°m-cns‚ NqjWw G‰hpw efn-X-ambn P\-ßsf t_m[y-s∏-SpØn

13. Km‘nPn t\XrXzw \¬Inb ka-c-ß-fpsS ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI.

D,-kq. Km‘nPn t\XrXzw \¬Inb ka-c-߃

A. {]tZ-inI ka-c-߃ B. tZinb ka-c-߃

1.Nºmc≥ kacw 1. \n -l-I-cW kacw

2.Al-ΩZ
- m-_mZv XpWn-an¬ kacw 2. knhn¬\n-ba ewL\w

3. tJU kacw 3. Izn‰v C¥ym kacw

14. knhn¬ \nbaewL\ kacØns‚ `mKambn Km‘nPn apt∂m´psh® Bhiy߃ Fs¥√mw?
D.-kq. XD∏p \nIpXn FSpØp IfbpI.

XI¿jI¿°v 50% \nIpXn Cfhv.

XhntZi hkv{XßfpsS Cd°paXn°p≈ \nIpXn h¿≤n∏n°pI.

Xssk\nI sNehv Npcp°pI.

Xcmjv{Sob XShpImsc hn´b°pI.

Xclkyt\zjW hn`mKw ]ncn®phnSpI.

Xkºq¿Æ aZy \ntcm[\w G¿s∏SpØpI.

XXoctZi I∏¬ KXmKXw Bcw`n°pI.

15. C¥ybn¬ D∏pkXym{Klw \S∂ {][m\ tI{μ߃ GsX√mw ?

XKpPdmØnse [cmk\bnte°v ktcmPn\n \mbnUphns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ kacw.

XtIcfØn¬ ]ø∂q¿, Xangv\m´n¬ thZmcÆyw, apwss_ \hJnen F∂nhnSßfn¬

D∏p kXy{Klw.
16. D∏p kXym-{K-l-Øns‚ ^e-߃ Fs¥√mw
Xh¿≤n® P\]n¥pW e`n®p.

40
46
 X{_n´ojv NqjWw P\ßsf t_m[ys∏SpØn.
X \n mcw F∂p tXm∂p∂ P\Iob {]iv\ßsf t]mepw kacmbp[am°m≥
Ignbpsa∂v sXfnbn®p.
17. Km‘nPn D∏p kacmbp[am°nbXns‚ ]›mØew hnhcn°pI. ?
X{_n´ojpImcpsS \nIpXn hcpam\Øns‚ 5 ¬ 2 `mKhpw (2/5) D∏p \nIpXnbmbncp∂p.
XXt±inb D∏p¬∏mZ\Øn\v \ntcm[\w G¿s∏SpØnbncp∂p.
X D∏ns‚ hne 3 aSßv h¿≤n®p.
XZcn{Z¿°v \nIpXn`mcw Xmßm≥ Ign™n√.
Xkm[mcW°msc DW¿Øm≥ DXIp∂Xmbncp∂pCu {]iv\w.
18. Izn‰v C¥ym kacw {]Jym-]n-°m≥ Km‘n-Pnsb t{]cn-∏n® Imc-W-߃ Fs¥√mw ?
D.-kq. XC¥y-bn¬ `c-W-L-S\m ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ \S-∏m-°m≥ {_n´≥ ImWn® hnap-J-X.
Xcq£-amb hne-°-b-‰hpw £mahpw.
c≠mw temI-bp-≤Ø
X - n¬ {_n´≥ ]cm-Pb
- s
- ∏-´m¬ C¥y°v kzmX{¥yw Ffp-∏a
- m-°m≥
km[n-°p-w F∂ tXm∂¬
19. Izn‰v C¥ym kacw C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-csØ Xo£vW-am-°n. hy‡-am-°p-I.
D.-kq. XtIm¨{K v t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂ Ahkm\sØ _lpP\ kacw.
X1942 BKÃv 8\v t_mws_ ktΩf\Øn¬ Km‘nPn kacØn\v Blzm\w sNbvXp.
X`cWLS\ ]cnjm°mc߃ \S∏nem°m≥ {_n´¨ ImWn® ssha\kyw kacØn\v
ImcWabn.
Xhne°b‰hpw £mahpw P\ßfpsS AkwXr]vXn°v CSbm°n.
c≠mw temI bp≤Øn¬ {_n´¨ ]cmPbs∏Spsa∂ tXm∂epw kacØn\v ImcWambn.
X

X{_n´ojv k¿°m¿ ka-c-sØ {Iqcambn t\cn-´p.

XKm‘nPn AS-°-ap≈ t\Xm-°sf k¿°m¿ AdÃv sNbvXp.
XC¥y-bn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw P\-߃ A{I-am-k-‡-am-bn.
20. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y kac ImeØp cq]w sIm≠ hnπ-h -{]-ÿ-m\-ß-fpsS e£yw C¥y≥
kzmX{¥yw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. ka¿∞n-°p-I.
OR
Km‘nb≥ kaccoXnbn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXamb {]ÿm\ßfpw hy‡nIfpw C¥ybpsS tZiob
kzmX{¥y kacØn¬ \n¿ÆmbIamb ]¶p hln®n´p≠v ka¿∞n°pI.
D.-kq. kzcmPv ]m¿´n
X1923˛¬ cq]w sIm≠ kzcmPv ]m¿´n \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-Isf _ln-jv°-cn-°msX
t]mcm-´-Øn\pw A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-ap≈ thZn-bm-°Ww F∂p-hm-Zn®p.
XtamØnem¬ s\lvdp, kn. B¿. Zmkv ÿm]I t\Xm°ƒ.

41

47
 lnμpÿm≥ tkmjyenÃv dn∏ªn°≥ At mkntbj≥.
X1928-˛¬ N{μ-ti-J¿-Bk
- m-Zv, kpJvtZ-hv, cmPvKpcp F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v Bcw-`n® {]ÿm\w.
X tImf\n `cWw A´n-a-dn-°m≥ kmbp[hnπh ]mX Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp.

Xkmbq[ hnπhØn\mbn dn∏-ªn-°≥ B¿an cq]o-I-cn-®p.

X]ucmhImi߃ ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂ Icn\nbaßfn¬ {]Xntj[n°m≥ `KXvknßpw,
_ZptIiz¿ ZØpw tN¿∂v sk≥{S¬ sePnt…‰ohv Akwªnbn¬ t_mws_dn™p.
t^m¿thUv tªm°v
Xkp`mjv N{μt_mkv cq]oIcn®p.
X C¥y≥ \mjW¬ B¿an (sF.F≥.F.) bpsS t\XrXzw kp`mjv N{μt_mkv
Gs‰SpØp.
XIym]v‰≥ e£van°v Qm≥kn dmWn h\nX hn`mKw dPnsa‚ns‚ t\XrXzw.
tIm¨{K v tkmjyenÃv ]m¿´n
X1934 ¬ t_mws_bn¬ cq]oIcn®p.
Xdjy≥ hnπhØn¬ \n∂pw {]tNmZ\w.
XtkmjyenÃv Bib߃ apdpsI ]nSn®p.
XPb{]Imiv \mcmbW≥, AcpW Bk^v Aen t\Xm°ƒ.
KZ¿ ]m¿´n
XKZ¿ ]m¿´n emem l¿Z-bm¬ cq]o-I-cn®p.
A`n-\hv `mcXv skmssk‰n
Xhn.-Un. kh¿°¿ cq]o-I-cn®p
A\p-io-e≥ kanXn
X_co-μ¿ Ip-am¿ tLmjv, ]pen≥ _nlmcnZmkv F∂nh¿ cq]o-I-cn®p
C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn°≥ B¿an
Xkqcy-sk≥ cq]o-I-cn®p.
bpKm¥¿, AJne `mcXv \hvPhm≥ k`, Io¿Øn Ieym¨]m¿´n F∂nhbpw
X

C°meØv cq]oIcn°s∏´p.
21. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-c-Øn¬ sF.-F≥.-F-b-bp-sSbpw kp`mjv N{μ-t_m-kns‚bpw ]¶v ]cn-
tim-[n-°pI.
D.-kq. XKm‘n-b≥ kac coXn-I-tfmSp hntbm-Pn-∏v {]I-Sn-∏n®p
t^m¿thUv tªm°v cq]o-Ic
X - n-°p-Ibpw C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ B¿an (sF.-F≥.-F) bpsS
t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xkn¶-∏q-cn¬ C¥ybv°v Hcp Xmev°m-enI Kh¨sa‚p≠m°n.
{_n´-s\ C¥y≥ aÆn¬\n∂pw Xpc-Øm≥ P∏ms‚ klm-bt- ØmsS kmbp[ {]h¿Ø-
X

\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-´p.

42

48
22. C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y- k-a-c-Øn¬ sXmgn-emfn ˛ I¿jI {]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]¶v hne-bn-cp-ØpI.
D.-kq. djy≥ hnπ-hm-i-b-߃ C¥y≥ sXmgn-emfn ˛ I¿jI {]ÿm-\-ßsf kzm[o-\n®p.
X

X AJn-te¥ym t{SUv- bqWn-b≥, 1920˛¬ F≥. Fw. tPmjn, emem ePv]Øv dmbn
F∂nh¿ cq]oIcn®p.
AJn-te¥ym Inkm≥ k` F≥.Pn.cwKsbt∏mep≈hcpsS {ia^eambn emtlmdn¬
X

cq]oIcn°s∏´p.
I¿j-Ic
X - psS hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n®psIm≠v Inkm≥ am\ns^tÃmbv°v
cq]w \evIn.
C¥y-bn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw sXmgn-emfn ˛ I¿jI ka-c-߃ cq]s∏´p.
X

23. C¥y°v kzX{¥yw \evIm≥ {_n´s\ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°nb LSI-߃ Fs¥√mw ?

D.-kq. Xc≠mw temI-bp-≤m-\-¥cw {_n´s‚ kmº-ØnI ˛ ssk\nI tijn £bn®p.
XGjy≥ ˛ B{^n-°-≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ kzmX{¥y {]ÿm-\-߃ i‡n-s∏-´p.

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw Ata-cn-°bpw tImf-\n-hm-gvN-s°-Xnsc \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Ø-Xv.

X

C¥y-tbmSv A\p-`mhw ]pe¿Ønb te_¿ ]m¿´n Cw•-≠n¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-Xv.

X

24. au≠v _m‰¨ ]≤-Xn-bnse {][m-\-s∏´ hyÿ-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p ?

D.-kq. ap…nw-߃°v `qcn-]-£- {]-tZ-i-Øv Ah¿ B{K-ln-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]tXyI cmPyw
X

A\phZn°Ww.
]©m_pw _wKmfpw c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°Ww
X

hS°v ]Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn kwÿm-\sØ kw_-‘n®v lnX ]cn-tim-[\ \S-

X

ØWw
X _wKm-fn-tebpw ]©m-_n-sebpw lnμp ˛ ap…nw AXn¿Øn \n¿Wbn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp
AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb IΩo-js\ \nb-an-°p-∂-XmWv.
25. C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n thdn´ hgn-Iƒ kzoI-cn® Nne hy‡n-Ifpw kwL-S-\-I-fp-amWv
X∂n-´p-≈-Xv. Ch {Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
N{μ-ti-J¿ BkmZv ?
? kzcmPv ]m¿´n
kp`mjv N{μ-t_mkv ?
? KZ¿]m¿´n
D.kq
N{μ-ti-J¿ BkmZv dn∏-ªn-°≥ B¿an
kn.-B¿.- Zmkv kzcmPv ]m¿´n
kp`mjv N{μ-t_mkv t^m¿th-Uvtªm°v
emem l¿Z-bm¬ KZ¿]m¿´n

43 49
 bqWn‰v 7

kzmX- { ¥ym- \ ¥c C¥y

1. \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-Øn\v th≠n cq]w \¬Inb hIpt∏Xv ?
kqN\ XtÉvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v
2. hn.-]n. tat\m≥ ]≤Xn e-b\ Icm¿ hniZ-am-°p-I.
Xk¿Zm¿ h√`mbn ]t´¬, hn.-]n.-ta-t\m≥ F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-°nb eb\Icm¿ Xødm°n.

X{]Xn-tcm[w, hntZ-i-Imcyw, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw F∂n-h-bnsS \nb-{¥Ww tI{μ k¿°mcn\v

3. C¥y≥ bqWn-b-t\mSv tNcmsX \n∂ \m´p-cm-Py-߃ GsXms° ?

XImivao¿, sslZ-cm-_m-Zv, Pp\-KUv

4. 1946-˛¬ cq]o-I-cn® `c-W-L-S\ \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bpsS A[y-£≥ Bcm-bn-cp-∂p.

XtUm. cmtP-{μ-{]-kmZv

5. C¥y≥ `cW LS\bpsS {Um^v‰nwKv IΩn‰n A≤y£≥ Bcv ?

XtUm. _n. B¿. Awt_Zv°¿

6. C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ `c-W-L-S\ hln-°p∂ ]¶v hni-Za- m-°p-I.

kqN\ Xhnhn[ Bi-b-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv `c-W-L-S\
Xdn∏-ªn°v

X`c-WL- S- \ A\p-kr-Xa- mbn \S∂ s]mXp-sX-sc-s™-Sp∏v

XC¥y≥ kzmX{¥y kacw Db¿Øn∏nSn® aqey-ß-fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w

7. kzX{¥ C¥ybpsS `c-WL - S- \ s]mXp-kh

- n-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ Fs¥√mw ?
XatX-X-cXzw, tkmjy-en-kw, P\m-[n]Xyw, kzX{¥ \oXn\ymbhyhÿ, \nb-a-hmgvN,

auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃
8. kwÿ\ ]p\-kw-L-S\m IΩo-j≥ AwK-߃ Bsc√mw ?
X^k-¬Aen (A[y£≥) F®v. F≥. Ip≥{kp, k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°¿

9. kwÿm\ ]p\-xkw-LS- \m IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿ibpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ \nb-at- aXv

XC¥y≥ kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\m\n-baw (1956)

10. kzX{¥ C¥y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn® sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Fs¥√mw ?

XC¥ym-hn-`P - \hpw XpS¿∂p-≠mb A`-bm¿∞n {]hmlhpw
X\m´p-cm-Py-ßf - psS kwtbm-P\w
X`c-WL - S- \m cq]o-Ic - Ww
X`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw

11. an{i-k-ºZv hyhÿ F∂m-se¥v ?

X apX-em-fnØ tkmjy-enÃv kºZv hyhÿ-I-fpsS ka-\zbw
12. hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI klm-b-tØmsS C¥y-bn¬ ÿm]n® hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ
]´n-Is- ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
X`nembn :˛ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥

Xs_m°mtdm :˛ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥

50 44
 X dq¿t°e :˛ P¿Ω\n
XZp¿Km-]q¿ :˛ {_n´¨

13. 1951-˛¬ XpS°w Ipdn® ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS e£y-߃ ]´nIs∏Sp-ØpI

XIm¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®

Xhymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®

XZmcn{Zy \n¿Ω-m¿P\w

XhnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®

XDu¿t÷m-Zv]mZ\w

14. kzX{¥ C¥y kmº-ØnI cwKØv ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-KXn hni-ZoIcn°pI.

Xan{i kºZv hyhÿ kzoIcn®p.

Xs]mXp taJebv°v {]m[m\yw \¬In.

XtI{μoIrX Bkq{XWw \S∏nem°n.

X1950 ¬ s\lvdphns‚ A≤y£Xbn¬ Bkq{XW IΩoj≥ \nehn¬ h∂p.

X1951 ¬ ]©h’c ]≤XnIƒ Bcw`n®p.

X1952 HIvtSm_¿ 2\v 55 ]≤XnIƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn®p.

XIm¿jnI hyhkmbnI taJeIƒ sa®s∏´p.

XZmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\Øn\v klmbIambn.

XDu¿÷ DXv∏mZ\w h¿≤n®p.

XhnZym`ymk taJe hf¿® t\Sn.

XPetkN\ ]≤XnIƒ Bcw`n®p.

X`{Im\w¶¬ t]mep≈ hnhnt[mt±i \ZoXS ]≤XnIƒ Bcw`n®p.

XhntZicmPyßfpsS klmbtØmsS Ccpºpcp°v \n¿ΩmWimeIƒ Bcw`n®p.

XIm¿jnI DXv]mZ\w h¿≤n®p.

X1990 ¬ \bhyXnbm\w. kzImcytaJebv°v {]m[m\yw.

15. kzX{¥y C¥ybpsS imkv{X kmt¶-XnI cwK-sØ hf¿® hy‡am°p∂ Kth-jW

ÿm]-\-߃, imkv{X ÿm]-\-߃, imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ F∂nh ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

imkv{X Kth-jW ÿm]-\-߃ imkv{X ÿm]-\-߃ imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿

1. imkv{X hymh-km-bnI 1. Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v tlman. sP. `m`m
Kth-j-W kanXn (CSIR) ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v Fkv.F
- ≥. `Sv\m-K¿
2. C¥y≥ Im¿jnI Kth- 2. C¥y≥ BW-thm¿÷
jW kanXn (ICAR) IΩo-j≥
3. C¥y≥ saUn-°¬ Kth 3. C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v
jW kanXn (ICMR) sSIvt\m-fPn (IIT)

16. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y Xt±iob hnZym-`ymk \bw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ \nb-an® IΩo-j-\p-

Iƒ, e£y-߃, ip]m¿i-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI

45

51
 IΩo-j≥ e£y-߃ ip]m¿i-Iƒ
1. tUm. cm[m-IrjvW≥ k¿Δ-Ie - m-imem sXmgn-e[ - n-jvTnXw, kv{Xo hnZym-`ymkw
IΩo-j≥ hnZym-`ymksØ bp.-Pn.-kn. cq]o-Ic- Ww
Ipdn®p≈ ]T\w
2. e£va-W kzman -ap-X- sk°-≠dn {Xn `mjm-]-≤-Xn, hnhn[ Dt±iy kvIqfpIƒ
en-bm¿ IΩo-j≥ hnZym`ymksØ ÿm]n°¬, A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ kanXn
Ipdn®p≈ ]T\w
3. Un.-F-kv. tImØmcn hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\v 10 + 2 + 3 ]mt‰¨ sk°≠dn Xe-Øn¬ -
tZio-ba - m-XrI sXmgne-[njvTnX hnZym-`ymkw
\n¿t±in°¬ [m¿ΩnI hnZym-`ymkw

17. 1986-˛se tZiob hnZym-`ymk \b-Øns‚ {][m\ \n¿t±-i-߃ ]´n-I-s∏SpØpI

1. {]mY-an-I hnZym`ymkØn\pw, XpS¿ hnZym-`ym-kØ- n\pw {]m[m\yw \¬IpI
2. ss{]adn hnZym-`ymkw km¿h-{Xn-Ia - m-°pI
3. `uXnI kml-N-cy-߃ Dd-∏m-°pI (Hm-∏-td-j≥ ªm°v t_m¿Uv)
4. \thm-Zb hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-°pI
5. s]¨Ip-´n-If - psS hnZym-`ym-kØ
- n\v t{]m’m-l\w \¬IWw.
18. kzmX-¥ym-\¥ - c C¥ybpsS hnZym-`ymk cwKØv {it≤-ba - mb am‰w hcp-Ønb hnZym-`ymk
]≤Xn-Iƒ GsX√mw ?
1. SSA
2. RMSA
3. RUSA
4. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi \nbaw ˛2009
19. C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI apt∂-‰Ø
- ns‚ t{]m’m-l\w e£y-am°n kzmX-{¥ym-\¥
- c
C¥y ÿm]n® kwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-߃, Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø\߃, Bÿm\w
F∂nh ]´nI-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
kmwkvImcnI ÿm]\߃ {]h¿Ø\߃ Bÿm\w
kwKoX \mSI A°mZan kwKoXw, \mSIw, t{]m’ml\w \yqU¬ln
efnXIem A°mZan C¥y≥IeIfpsS AhXcWw \yqU¬ln
kmlnXy A°mZan `mjm kmlnXy D∂a\w \yqU¬ln
\mjW¬ kvIqƒ Hm^v {Uma \mSItaf \yqU¬ln
\mjW¬ _pIv{SÃv Hm^v C¥y Ipd™ sNehn¬ ]pkvXIw
hmb\ hf¿ØpI \yqU¬ln

52 46
20. C¥y≥ hntZi \b-sØ°pdn®v eLp°pdn∏v Xømdm°pI.
XC¥y≥ hntZi \bØns‚ in¬]n Phl¿em¬ s\lvdphmWv.

Xkm{am-PyXz-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v

XtImf\n hmgvNtbmSp≈ FXn¿∏v

Xhwiob hmZ-tØm-Sp≈ hntZzjw

Xkam[m\]camb klh¿ØnXzw

Xbq.-F≥.H. bnep≈ hnizmkw

X]©-ioe XXz-߃

XtNcn-tN-cmbva

21. 1954˛¬ C¥y ssN\bpambn H∏psh® ]©-ioe XXz-߃ hnhcn°pI?

X C¥y≥ {][m\a{¥n Phl¿em¬ s\lvdphpw ssN\okv {][m\a{¥n

Nu F≥ embnbpamWv Cu Icmdn¬ H∏psh®Xv.

22. ]©-ioe XXz-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI
XcmPy-Øns‚ AXn¿Ønbpw ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw AwKo-I-cn-°pI

X]c-kv]cw B{I-an-°m-Xn-cn-°pI

XB`y-¥c Imcy-ßfn¬ ]ckv]cw CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°pI

X]c-kv]c klm-bhpw ka-Xzhpw ]pe¿ØpI

Xkam-[m\-]-c-amb kl-h¿ØnXzw ]men-°pI.

23. kzX{¥ C¥y-bn¬ A`bm¿∞n {]hm-l-߃ D≠m-Im\nS-bmb kml-Ncyw N¿®-sN-øpI.

DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
XC¥ymhn`-P-\-tØmsS cmPy-Øn‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ h¿Kob el-f-Iƒ s]m´n-]p-d-
s∏´p
XI¬°-´, _olm¿, \h-Jm-en, Zn√n, ]©m-_v, Imivao¿ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnse Iem-]-߃
c‡ cq£n-X-am-bn-cp∂p
XBbn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw k{Xo-Iƒ B{I-an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp
Xk¿ΔXpw \jvS-s∏´v ]em-b\w sNbvX hyXykvX hn`m-K-°m¿ A`-bm¿∞n-I-fmbn
amdn
X]Øv Zi-e£w t]¿ A`-bm¿∞n-I-fmbn k©-cn®p
XKh¨sa‚ns‚ ^e {]Z-amb CS-s]Sepw ]p\-c-[n-hmk \S-]-Sn-Ifpw hgn A`-
bm¿∞n {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign™p
24. C¥y≥ \m´p-cm-Py-ßf - hpw AXn¬ 'Dcp°p a\p-jy'-\mb k¿Zm¿h-√`- mbn ]t´epw
- psS kwtbm-P\
ae-bm-fn-bmb hn.-]n. tat\m\pw hln® ]¶ns\ ASnÿm\am°n Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
X{_n´ojv C¥ybnse \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°pI F∂Xv
{ia-Ic
- a
- mb ZuXy-am-bn-cp∂p

47
53
 XtI{μ-a{¥n k`-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hIp∏mb tÉvkvUn∏m¿´vsa‚ v
Npa-Xe k¿Zm¿h-√`mbn ]-t´-en-\m-bn-cp∂p
XAt±lw ae-bm-fn-bmb hn.-]n. tat\ms\ tÉvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ns‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmbn
\nb-an®p
X]t´epw hn.-]n. tat\m\pw tN¿∂v \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS e-b\ Icm¿ Xbm-dm°n
XIcmd\pkcn®v {]Xntcm[w hntZiImcyw hm¿Ømhn\nabw F∂nhbpsS \nb{¥Ww
tI{μ k¿°mcn\v.
X`qcn-`mKw \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpw eb-\-I-cm-dn¬ H∏p-h®p
Xssl{Zc_mZv, Imivao¿, Pp\KUv F∂o \m´p cmPy߃ C¥y≥ bqWnb\n¬
tNcm≥ hnkΩXn®p.
XH∏p-hbv-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf A\p-c-RvP-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ssk\nI \S-]-
Sn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ Iq´n-t®¿Øp
25. kzmX¥y {]m]vXn-°p-ti-jhpw {^m≥kv, t]m¿´p-K¬ F∂o bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃°v C¥y-bn¬
A[n-\n-thi {]tZ-i-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssk\nI \S-]-Sn-Ifpw P\-Iob {]t£m-`-ßfpw Ch-
bpsS eb-\-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bn. {]kvXm-h\bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI 4

cmPyw A[n-\n-thi {]tZiw C¥y-tbmSv tN¿°-s∏´ h¿jw

{^m≥kv A. ......... .......... ......... ........ B ................
t]m¿´p-K¬ C. ......... .......... ......... D ................

DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
A. t]m≠n-t®cn, Imc-°¬,- amln, bm\w
B. 1954
C. tKmh, Zma≥, Znbq
D. 1961
26. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ \ne-h¬ h∂-Xns‚ Ncn{X]›m-Øew ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn-s∏-gp-XpI
DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
XkzmX-{¥y-Øn\p apºvXs∂ {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-ep≈ Iym_n-\‰v anj≥ Hcp

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k` cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in®p

X1946-˛¬ tUm. cmtP-{μ-{]-kmZv A≤y-£-\mbn `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k` cq]o-I-cn®p

X`c-W-L-S\ Fgp-Xn- X-øm-dm-°m-\mbn _n.B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿ sNb¿am-\mbn Hcp

{Um^v‰nßv IΩ-‰nsb \nb-an®p

X1950 P\p-hcn 26-˛\v C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬h∂p

XC¥y-bnse BZy s]mXp-Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-∂Xv 1951-˛52 Ime-b-f-hn-em-bn-cp∂p

27. kzX{¥ C¥y kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S-\-bv°p≈ am\-Z-fi-ambn `mjsb kzoI-cn-®-

sX-¥psIm≠v? `mjm kwÿm\ ]p\kwLS\sb°pdn®v eLp hnhcWw Xømdm°pI.

48

54
DØ-ck
- q-NnI:˛
� 1920-˛se \mKv]q¿ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ `mjm-Sn-ÿ-\-Øn¬ tIm¨{Kkv

IΩ-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

� `mjm kwÿm-\-߃°pth≠n P\-Iob {]t£m-`-߃ Bcw-`n-®p.

� sXep¶p kwkm-cn-°p-∂h - ¿°p-th≠n {]tXyI kwÿm\w cq]o-Ic - n-°W

- s
- a∂ Bh-
iy-hp-ambn t]m´n-{io-cm-aep \ncm-lmcw Bcw-`n®p 58 Znh-k-Øn-\p-tijw At±lw ac-
W-a-S-™p. CXns\ XpS¿∂v {]t£m`w cq£ambn.
� 1953-˛¬ sXep¶p kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿°mbn B{‘ -{]-tZiv kwÿm\w \ne-hn¬h-∂p.

� `mj-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ßsf ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ kwÿm\ ]p\x-

kw-L-S\m IΩo-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®p. ^k¬ Aen (A[y-£≥) , F®v. F≥. Ip≥{kq,

sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°¿ (AwK-߃)
� IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1956-˛¬ kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\m \nbaw

]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°n.
� 14 kwÿm-\-ßfpw 6 tI{μ-`-cW {]tZ-i-ßfpw \ne-hn¬h-∂p.

28. C¥ybpsS _lncmImi KthjW cwKsØ t\´ßsf°pdn®v hnhcn°pI.

DØ-ck- q-NnI:˛
� 1962˛¬ tZiob _lncmImi KthjW kanXn cq]oIcn®p.

� 1969˛¬ sF.Fkv.B¿.H. cq]oIcn®p.

� Xpºbn¬ BZy tdm°‰v hnt£]W tI{μw Bcw`n®p.

� 1975˛¬ Bcy`´ hnt£]n®p.

� D]{Klßfpw _lncmImi hnt£]W hml\ßfpw hnIkn∏ns®SpØp.

� D]{Kl \n¿ΩmWØn\pw hnt£]WØn\pw Ignhp≈ GI hnIkzccmPyw C¥y.

� D]{Kl hnIk\Øn\mbp≈ GP≥knIƒ : 1. \mjW¬ dntam¿´v sk≥knwKv

GP≥kn. 2. ^nkn°¬ dnk¿®v et_md´dn.

� anssk¬ kmt¶XnI hnZy hnIkn∏n®p.

� A·n, ]rYzn ansskepIƒ

� Nm{μbm≥ awKƒbm≥ ZuXyhnPbw.

49 55
 bqWn‰v 8

tIcfw B[p-\n-IX
- b
- n-te°v
1. tIc-fØ
- n-te-°p≈ bq-tdm-]y≥am-cpsS BK-a\w apX¬ B[n-]Xyw Dd-∏n-°p-∂Xphsc-bp≈
{][m-\k
- w-`h
- ß
- sf ASn-ÿm-\a- m°n ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm-°pI
X{][m\ e£yw :˛ hym]mcw

L
tIc-f-Ønse BZy-Ime hym]m-cn-Iƒ Ad-_n-Iƒ, ssN\-°m¿
L
1498 hmkvtKm-U-Kma tImgn-t°mSv Im∏mSv I∏-en-dßn
L
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ kmaq-Xn-cntbmSv Ad_n I®-h-S-°msc ]pd-Øm-°m≥
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p
L
kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bp≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ hnP-bn-°p-∂p
L
1665 ˛ ¬ U®p-Im¿ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Imsc tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xpc-Øp∂p
L
1741 ˛ ¬ Ipf-®¬ bp≤-Øn¬ am¿Ømfi h¿Ω {_n´ojv klm-b-tØmsS
U®p-Imsc ]cm-Pb-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
L
I¿Wm-´nIv bp≤ßfn¬ {^©p-Imsc ]cm-Pb
- s
- ∏-SpØn {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Z£n-tW-¥y-
bn¬ hym]mc IpØI ÿm]n-°p-∂p.
2. tIc-f-Øn¬ Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym Iº\n B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®Xv Fßs\?
OR
ae-_m¿ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿, sIm®n, {_n´ojv \nb-{¥-WØ
- n¬ h∂-Xns\ Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI?
X1615˛¬ CuÃv C¥ym {]Xn-\n-[n-bmb Iym]v‰≥ hneyw IoenwKv kmaq-Xn-cn-bp-ambn

hym]mc DS-º-Sn-bn¬ H∏v sh°p-∂p.

Xhngn™w, A-©p-sXßv, Xe-t»cn F∂n-hn-Sß - f- n¬ ]m≠n-Ii - me (kw-`c
- W
- t- I-{μw)
\n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
XB‰n-߬ dmWn-bn¬ \n∂v A©p-sX-ßn¬ tIm´ ] - W
- n-bm-\p≈ A\p-hmZw t\Sn-
sb-Sp-Øp.
X1792˛¬ {iocw-K-]-´Ww DS-ºSn {]Imcw ae-_m¿ ssIh-i-s∏-SpØn

X1792˛¬ sIm®n cmPmhv {_n´ojv ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

X1795˛se DS-ºSn {]Imcw Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ {_n´ojv ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn-®p.

3. {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \S∂ {][m\ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Iƒ,

{]tZiw, ImcWw ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-ØpI

50

56
 Iem]w {]tZiw ImcWw
1. A©p sXßv Iem]w(1697) A©psXßv A©p-sX-ßn¬ {_n´o-jp-I¿ tIm´
\n¿Ωn-®X - n-s\-Xnsc
2. B‰n-߬ Iem]w (1721) B‰n-߬ B‰n-ßen¬ tIm´ ÿm]n-®X - n-s\-Xnsc
3. ]g»n Iem]w ae-_m¿ sX‰mb \nIp-Xn \nbaw
4. ]men-b-Ø-®≥ sIm®n B`y-¥c - I- m-cy-ßf- n¬ CS-s]-S¬
5. thep-غn Ip≠d hnf-ºcw(1809) Xncp-hnXmw Iq¿ B`y-¥c - I- m-cy-ßf- n¬ CS-s]-S¬
6. Ipdn-Ny-Ie
- m]w hb-\mSv sX‰mb \nIpXn \nbaw
7. am∏nf Iem]w(a-e_
- m¿ Iem]w1921) ae-_m¿ I¿j-Ic - psS Akw-Xr]vXn
4. {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnscbp≈ t]mcm-´Ø - n¬ ]g-»nsb klm-bn® hb-\m-´nse t]mcm-fn-Iƒ Bsc√mw?
1. sNº≥ t]m°¿
2. ssItXcn Aºp \mb¿
3. CSt®\ Ip¶≥ \mb¿
4. Xe-°¬ N¥p
5. {_n´ojv `c-W-Im-esØ hyh-kmb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn® taJ-e-IƒI-s≠Øn Ah-
bpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn® LS-I-߃ Is≠-ØpI.
tXm´-hnf hyh-kmbw ]c-ºc
- m-KX hyh-kmbw B[p-\nI hyh-kmbw
tXm´-hnf kwkvI-c-WØn\pw ssIth-esb ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n hyh- b{¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®v
Ib-‰n-A-b-°p-∂-Xn\pambn tXm´ kmb ime-Iƒ ÿm]n®p. \mfn-tIcw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hyh-km-b-
-hnf hyh-kmbw Bcw-`n®p. Ib¿, ssIØdn, _oUn hyh-km-b- ߃, ]≈n-hm-k¬ sshZypX
DZm-l-cWw ˛ hb-\mSv CSp°n ߃, 1859˛¬ sPbnwkvUmd Be-∏p- \ne-bw, ]p\-eq¿ t]∏¿ an¬
g-bn¬ Ib¿ ^m-IvSdn ÿm]n-®p. If-at- »-cn-bnse ^mIvSv,
ÿe-ß-fn¬ tXbne^mIvS-dn-Iƒ,
sIm√Øv Iip- h ≠n ^mIv S dn,
d∫¿ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. Ip≠-db
- nse kndm-an-Ivkv,
^tdm°v, sIm√w, H√q¿, F∂n-hn-Sß
- -
IÆ≥tZ-h≥ Iº\n, ae-bmfw fn¬ Hm´p-^m-IvSdn tImgn-t°mSv, sIm®n-bnse Sm‰m Hmbn¬
πmt‚-j≥, etc... IÆq¿ F∂n-hn-Sß - n¬ ssIØdn an¬kv,
- f
\n¿ΩmW ime-Iƒ, IÆq-cn¬ _oUn Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c sØ d_¿
hyh-kmb ime-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. h¿Ivkv,

6. hyh-kmb ]ptcm-KX
- n-°m-hi
- y-amb aqe-[\ kzcq-]W
- Ø- n-\mbn tIc-fØ
- n¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ BZyIme
_m¶p-Iƒ ]´n-Is
- ∏-Sp-ØpI.
Xs\Sp-ßmSn _m¶v XCw]o-cn-b¬ _m¶v

XC¥y≥ \mj-W¬ _m¶v XNm¿t´Uv _m¶v

7. tIcfØn¬ {_n´ojv `cWsØ XpS¿∂v kmwkvImcnI cwKØv D≠mb am‰ßƒ hniZoIcn°pI.

XA®Sn Bcw`n®p. XhymIcW {KŸw

XcmPykamNcw, ]›ntamZbw, ]{X߃ sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v {]kn≤oIcn®p.

8. {_n´ojv `cWsØ XpS¿∂v tIcfØnse hnZym`ymk cwKØp≠mb am‰ßsf°pdn®v hnhcn°pI.

Xanj\dn kwLw Xe≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n

XN¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰n X_mk¬ Chm©en°¬ anj≥

51

57
 XkvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p. XtImtfPpIƒ Bcw`n®p.

Xkn.Fw.Fkv. kvIqƒ tIm´bsØ BZy Cw•ojv kvIqƒ.

X\m´pcmPm°∑mcpw hnZym`ymkw t{]m’mln∏n®p.

X1817˛¬ ss{]adn hnZym`ymkw kuP\yam°n Kucn ]m¿ΔXn `mbn hnfw_cw ]pds∏Sphn®p.

9. {_n´ojv `cWsØ XpS¿∂v tIcfØnse \oXn\ymb taJebnep≠mb am‰ßsf°pdn®v

hnhcn°pI.
XPmXn ASnÿm\am°n D≠mbncp∂ \nba߃ ]cnjv°cn®p.

X\nbaØns‚ apºn¬ F√m PmXn°mcpw Xp√y¿.

XGIoIrX in£mhn[n \S∏nem°n.

XhnNmcWbv°mbn hnhn[ tImSXnIƒ ÿm]n®p.

10. tIcfØnse BtcmKy cwKØp≠mb am‰ßƒ hnebncpØpI.

XBbq¿tΔZØns‚ ÿm\Øv Atem∏Xn NnIn’m coXn \S∏nem°n.

X]I¿®m hym[nIƒ XSbm≥ IpØnshbv∏v Bcw`n®p.

Xk¿°m¿ Bip]{XnIƒ Bcw`n®p.

Xet_md´dnIfpw ÿm]n®p.

11. tIcfØnse kmaqlytaJebnep≠mb am‰ßƒ hnhcn°pI.

Xacpa°Ømb k{ºZmbØn\p ]Icw a°Ømb k{ºZmbw Bcw`n®p.

XXdhm´nse F√m AwK߃°pw kzØhImiw e`n®p.

XXdhmSv Iq´pIpSpw_w F∂nhbpsS XI¿®.taJ-eI -

12. tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ, ÿm]n® {]ÿm-\-߃ F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p∂
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
1. sshIpWvT kzman-Iƒ A
2. B km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw
3. a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥ C
4. D tbmK-t£a k`
5. ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥ E
DØc kqNnI
A) kaXz kamPw B) Aø-¶mfn C) \mb¿ k¿Δokv skmssk‰n
D) hn. Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv E) ktlm-Zc {]ÿm\w

13. "kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIc - W {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ, kmaq-ln-Ia

- m-bp≈ am‰-Øn-\m-bp≈ ka-cß
- ƒ°v {]tNm-
Z-\t- aIn" tIc-fØ
- n¬ kmaq-ln-Ia
- m-‰Ø
- n-\mbn \S∂ ka-cß- fpw AXv kaq-lØ- n¬ sNep-Ønb
am‰-߃ / ^e-ßfpw Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
ka-cß
- ƒ ^e-߃
1. Nm∂m¿ elf (ta¬ap≠v ka-cw) 1859 kh¿Æ kv{XoIsft∏mse Nm∂m¿ kv{XoIƒ°pw
Pm°‰pw ta¬ap≠pw [cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

52
58
 2. Acp-hn-∏pdw {]XnjvT {io\m-cm-bW
- K
- pcpt£{X I¿Ωhpw ]qPbpw sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
(1888) Ah¿W¿°pw e`n-®p.
3. ssh°w kXym-{Klw(1924) Sn.sI. ssh°w t£{X-Øn\p Np‰p-ap≈ s]mXp-\n-cØ - p-If
- n-
am[-h≥, sI. tIf-∏≥, a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥ eqsS bm{X sNøm≥ Ah¿W PmXn-bn¬s∏-´-h¿°v
km[n-®p
4. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-{Klw (1931) F. sI. Kpcp-hm-bq¿ t£{X-Øn¬ F√m PmXn-bnepw s]´ lnμp-
tKm]m-e≥ sI. tIf-∏≥ °ƒ°v {]th-i\kzmX{¥yw e`n-®p.
5. t£{X {]th-i\ hnfw-_cw(1936)˛ F√m hn`m-K-°m¿°pw Bcm-[\ kzmX{¥yw e`n-®p.
NnØnc Xncp-\mƒ _me-cma h¿Ω
14. ae-_m¿, Xncp-hnXmwIq¿, sIm®n, F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S∂ {][m\ cmjv{Sob {]t£m-`-ß-fpƒs∏-
SpØn ]´nI Xømdm°pI.
OR
tIcfØn¬ hf¿∂p h∂ tZiob {]t£m`ßsf°pdn®v hnhcn°pI. 5.
ae-_m¿ Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ sIm®n
X1891 se ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬ X1936 se Ce-I{v Sn-kn‰n kacw.
X1916 ae-_m¿ Pn√m tIm¨{K

v ktΩ-f\w ]me-°m´v k¿°m¿ tPmen- I -fn¬ Xncp- h nXmw j¨ap-J≥ sN´n sshZypX
B\n-s_-k‚ v t\XrXzw \¬In IqdvIm¿°v {]mXn-\n[yw \¬IpI hnX-cWw kzIm-cy-Iº - \
- nsb
X1920 at©-cn-bn¬ sh®v \S∂
F∂m-h-iy-s∏´v Pn. ]n. ]n≈-bp
sS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c- G¬∏n-®X - n-s\-Xnsc
Ah-km-\sØ cmjv{Sob
ktΩ-f\w Øn-e[ - nIw t]¿ H∏n´ satΩm-dm-≠w. X1941 sIm®n cmPy-{]-Pm-afi -
XCugh satΩm-dn-b¬
X1920 ¬ Jnem-^Øv IΩn-‰n- ew cq]o- I - c n- ® p. C°≠
Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®p. 1896 ¬ Cug- h ¿ A\p- `-h n- ° p∂ {]
X1921 ae-_m¿ elf
bm-k-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®v tUm: hmcy¿, ]\-º≈n tKmhn-μ -
]¬∏p \¬Inb satΩm-dm-≠w. ta-t\m≥,
X1930 D∏p-kXy{Klw ewL\w ˛
XXncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhms\ hna¿in- sI. Aø-∏≥ F∂n-h¿
tIf∏Pn ˛ ]ø-∂q¿
X1934 Km‘nPn \nbaewL\
®-X ns‚ t]cn¬ kztZ- i m-` n-a m\n t\XrXzw \¬In.
{]ÿm\w ]n≥h-en®p XpS¿∂v cma- I r-
j vW ]
- n-
≈ sb \mSp- I S
- Ø
- n.
X\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`w k¿°m¿
tIm¨{Kkv ]nf¿∂p.
X1939 ¬ tIm¨{Kkv tkmjy-
DtZym-K-ß-fnepw \nba k`-bnepw
enÃv ]m¿´n IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n- P\-kwJym B\p-]m-Xn- I-ambn
bmbn cq]-s∏-´p. C.-Fw.F v. kwh-cWw thW-sa-∂m-hi - y-s∏´v
F. sI. Pn., ]n. IrjvW ]n≈ {Inkv X y≥, apkv enw Cugh kap-
{]apJt\Xm-°ƒ Zm- b - ° m¿ 1932 ¬ \S- Ø nb
XI¿j-It - cbpw sXmgn-em-fn-Is- f {]t£m`w
bpw kwL-Sn--∏n®v k-a-c-߃ F≥. hn. tPmk^v, ]n. sI. Ip™v,
Iøq¿, samdm-g, Icnh≈q¿, kn. tIi-h≥ F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw
{][m-\s - ∏´ ka-cß - ƒ sImSp-Øp.
X 1938 ¬ ]´w XmWp-]n≈ {]kn-
Xae-_m-dn¬ \S∂ Iog-cn-øq¿

t_mw_v tIkv, ^tdm°v ]mew U‚mbn Xncp- h nXmwIq¿ tÉv

XI¿°¬, sI. _n. tat\m≥, tIm¨{Kkv ÿm]n-®p.
Ip™n-cma InSmhv t\XrXzw X]p∂-{]- h-b-em¿ kacw k¿. kn.
]n. cma kzman Aø-cpsS `cW ]cn-
\¬In.
jvIm-c-߃s°Xnsc 1946 ¬ \S∂
kacw

53 59
15. tIc-f-Ønse tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ]¶v hne-bn-cp-ØpI?
XKm‘n-Pn-bpsS cwK {]thiw kv{XoIsf tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn-te°v BI¿jn-®p.
XhntZi hkv{X _ln-jvI-cWw, aZy-jm-∏nse ]n°-‰n-ßv, JmZn {]N-cWw F∂nh kv{Xo]-
¶m-fnØw sIm≠v {it≤-b-am-bn.
X1931 se hS-Ic tIm¨{K v alnfm ktΩ-f\w F. hn. Ip´n-amfp AΩ, A°Ω sNdn-bm≥,
B\n akv{In≥ F∂n-h¿ t\XrXzw \¬In.
16. sFIy-tI-c-f-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-tebv°v \bn® kml-N-cy-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøpI.
OR
tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn® hnhn[ LS-I߃ Fs¥-√m-ambn-cp-∂p.?
1920 \mKv]q¿ tIm¨{K v ktΩ-f\w
L
1921 ¬ H‰∏meØv \S∂ H∂mw tIcf cmjv{Sob ktΩ-f\w
L
sI. ]n. kn. kn. cq]o-I-cWw
L
]ø-∂q¿ ktΩ-f\w
L
1947 se sFIy tIcf I¨sh≥j≥
L
Beph sFIytIcf ktΩf\w
L
1949 se Xncp ˛ sIm®n kwtbm-P\w
L
C.-Fw.-Fkv s‚ "Ht∂-Im¬ tImSn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ'
L
kwÿm\ ]p\x kwL-S\m IΩo-j≥
L
1956 \hw-_¿ 1 tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw
17. tIcf kwÿm\ cq]oIcn®t∏mƒ tIcftØmSv Iq´nt®¿°pIbpw Hgnhm°s∏SpIbpw sNbvX
{]tZi߃ GsX√mw?
XXncphnXmwIqdns‚ `mKambncp∂ tXmhmf, AKvkXoizcw, I¬°pfw, hnfh≥tImSv F∂o
Xmeq°pIƒ aZncmin kwÿm\Øn\v hn´psImSpØp.
XsX°≥ I¿ÆmSIØns‚ `mKambncp∂ Imk¿tImUv, tlmkvZp¿Kv Xmeq°pIƒ tIcftØmSv
Iq´nt®¿Øp.

54

60
 bqWn‰v 9

cmjv{Shpw cmjv{S X{¥imkv{Xhpw

1. cmjv{Sw F∂m¬ F¥v?
Hcp \n›nX `q{]-tZ-iØv ÿnc-ambn A[n-h-kn-°p-∂-hcpw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Kh¨sat‚mSp
IqSn-b-Xp-amb P\X
2. cmjv{S-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-߃ ImWn-°p∂ ]Z-kq-cy≥ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
P\-߃

V V V
]c-am-[n-Im-cw cmjv{Sw `q{]-tZ-iw
V

Kh¨sa‚ v
3. cmjv{Sw F∂ ]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xmcv?
X\nt°mtfm amIy-h√n

4. cmjv{S-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-߃ GsX√mw? Ah-bpsS {]m[m\yw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI?

OR
cmjv{SØns‚ khn-ti-jX - I
- ƒ Is≠-ØpI?
A. P\-߃
Xÿnc-Xm-a-kw

X]c-kv]c [mc-W

X]c-kv]c- m-{i-bX
- zw, s]mXp-Xm-Xv]cyw
XFÆw \n›-bn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√

XAanX P\-kw-Jybpw Ipd™ P\kwJybpw cmPy ]ptcm-K-Xnsb _m[n-°pw

XHtc `mj, Htc aXw, Bbn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.

B. `q{]-tZiw
XIrXy-amb AXn¿ØnItfmSpIqSnb `q{]tZiw thWw.

Xcmjv{S-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb \nb-{¥-Ww thWw

Xhen-∏-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-an-√,

XIc, hmbp, Pew, Xoc{]tZihpw Dƒs∏Spw

C. Kh¨sa‚ v
XcmPy-Øn\v th≠n \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn®v \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p

XP\-kp-c£ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p

Xtkh-\-߃ e`y-am-°p-∂p

Xÿnc-a-√

Xhnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ

D. ]c-am-[n-Im-cw
XtZiob A¥¿tZ-iob hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw

Xkºq¿Æhpw A]-cn-an-Xhpw Ahn-`m-Py-hp-amb LSIw

Xhn`-Pn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

5. ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ c≠v Xe-߃ GsX√mw? DZm-l-cW klnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

55
61
 A. B`y-¥cw
X `q]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ Xocp-am-\s
- a-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-cw, DZm-lc
- Ww: s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-
\-߃ hn‰-gn-°¬,
B. _mly-Xew
XA¥¿tZ-inb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ kz¥w Xocp-am\w FSp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw

DZm-lc- Ww ˛ C¥y-˛_ - w-•m-tZiv AXn¿Øn-Ic - m¿ H∏p-sh-®p.

6. cmjv{S-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI
\n¿_-‘nX NpaXeIƒ hnth-N\ ]camb NpaXeIƒ
XAXn¿Øn kwc-£-Ww XBtcmKy kwc-£-Ww

XB`y-¥c kam-[m-\w XhnZym-`ymk kuI-cyw

XAh-Imi kwc-£-Ww Xt£a ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°¬

X\oXn \S-∏m-°¬ XKXm-KX kuI-cyw

7. cmjv{S-Øns‚ \n¿_-‘nX Npa-X-e-bn¬ \n∂v hnth-N\ ]c-amb NpaX-e-Iƒ°p≈ hyXymkw

Is≠ØpI?
X \n¿_‘nX NpaXeIƒ ˛ cmjv{Sw F√mImeØpw \n¿_‘ambn \n¿Δlnt°≠
NpaXeIƒ
XhnthN\]camb NpaXeIƒ ˛ cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-°-\p-k-cn®v

\n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂Xv
8. cmjv{S cq]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-߃ hni-Z-am-°pI?
A. ssZhZØ kn≤m¥w
Xcmjv{Sw ssZhkrjvSnbmWv.

XcmPmhv ssZhØns‚ {]Xn]pcpj\mWv.

XcmPm-hn\v ssZh-tØm-Sp-am{Xw IS-∏m-Sv

B. ]cn-Wm-ak
- n-≤m¥w
Xcmjv{Sw Ncn{X krjvSn-bm-Wv, imkv{Xob-amb ASn-Ø-d-bp-≈-Xv

Xkm¿Δ-{Xn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv

XkmaqlnI ]cnWma {]{InbbpsS ^eambn cq]wsIm≠p.

C. kmaq-lnI DS-ºSn kn≤m¥w

XP\-߃ cq]w \¬Inb Hcp Icm-dn-eqsS cmjv{Sw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

Xa\pjys‚ Bziy߃ km£mXvIcn°p∂Xn\pth≠n cmjv{SØn\v cq]w\¬In.

D. i-‡n kn≤m¥w
Xi‡cmbh¿ Zp¿_-e-\mb a\p-jys\ Iog-S-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS cmjv{Sw DS-se-Sp-

°p-∂p.
9. ]ucXzw F∂m-se¥v? cmjv{Shpw ]uc\pw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c - _
- ‘w hni-Za - m-°pI?
XHcp cmPysØ ]q¿Whpw Xpey-hp-amb AwK-Xz-amWv ]uc-Xzw

56
62
 X Hcp hy‡nsb cmjv{Sob Ah-Im-i-ßfpw ]uc-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-\p-`-hn-°m≥ {]m]vX-
\m-°p-∂p.
Xcmjv{Sw ]uc\v Ah-Im-i-߃ \¬Ip-tºmƒ ]uc≥ Xncn®v cmjv{S-tØmSv IS-a-Iƒ

\n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p,
XP\m-[n-]X- y-sa∂ Bibw \ne-hn¬ h∂-tXmsS ]ucXzw F∂ BibØn\v {]m[m\yw
ssIh-∂p,
X]uc\v am{X-amWv cmjv{SobhIm-i-߃ D≈-Xv.

10. C¥y-bn¬ ]uc-\v am{Xw e`n-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI?

XXnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

Xthm´v sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw

XkwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw,

11. ]ucXzw F{X Xcw? GsX√mw hni-Z-am-°pI?

c≠v Xcw
1. kz`m-hnIw ˛ P∑\m e`n-°p-∂Xv
2. B¿÷nXw ˛ cmPyØv \nb-am-\p-kr-Xa- mb \S-]S- n-Iƒ ]men-®p-sIm≠v t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂X
- .v
12. cmjv{S X{¥ imkv{X-sa-∂m-se¥v?
Xcmjv{SsØ Ipdn®pw Kh¨sa‚ns\ Ipdn-®p-ap≈ ]T-\w.

13. cmjv{S-X{¥ imkv{X-Øns‚ ]T-\-ta-Je \nc-¥cw hn]p-e-ambn sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-\p≈ Imc-

W-߃ Is≠Øn cmjv{S-X{¥ imkv{X-Øns‚ ]T-\t- a-Je ]´n-Is- ∏-Sp-ØpI?
Imc-Wß - ƒ
a. ImcW߃
1. P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿb- psS Bcw`w
2. cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fnØw F∂ Bibw
3. cmjv{Sob ÿm]-\-ß-fp-≠mbn
4. cm{„ob {]{Inb
a. cmjv{S -X{¥ imkv{X-Øns‚ {][m-\- ]-T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ GsX√mw?
s]mXp `c-Ww
V

cmjv{S-X{¥ imkv{Xw
cmjv{Sob kn≤m-¥-߃
V

V
V

A¥¿ tZiob cmjv{Sobw Xmc-Xay cmjv{So-bw

14. cmjv{S-X{¥ imkv{X-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\ - ß
- ƒ ]´-nI-s∏-Sp-ØpI?
OR
X∂n-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h\ hmbn®v cmjv{S-X{¥ ]T-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hniZam-°pI?
{]kvXm-h\: "\n߃ cmjv{So-bØ - n¬ kPo-ha- mbn CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-∂X
- ns‚ ]cn-WnX ^ew \nß-
tf-°mƒ tami-am-bh - ¿ \nßsf `cn-°p-sa-∂X- m-Wv."
1. P\-ßf - n¬ ]uc-t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂p.
2. kmaq-ln-I, cmjv{Sob, kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ bp‡n-]q¿Δw CS-s]-Sm≥ klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
3. sa®-s∏´ cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿbv°v cq]w \¬Im≥ klm-bn-°pw.
4. Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-Øn\v th≠n {]h¿Øn-°m≥ P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
5. cmjv{S-tØm-Sp≈ IS-aI - ƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ {]m]vX\- m-°p-∂p.

57 63
 bqWn‰v 10

]uc-t_m[w
1. l÷∫, It√≥ s]m°p-S≥ F∂o hy‡n-If - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n¬ ImWp∂ s]mXp khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
Xkmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤-X,

Xaqey t_m[w

XA¿∏W t_m[w

Xs]mXp-{]-iv\ß- t- fm-Sp≈ Bflm¿∞X.

2. ]uc-t_m[w F∂m-se¥v?
XHmtcm ]uc\pw kaq-lØ - n\v th≠n-bp≈XmsW∂pw kaq-lØ - ns‚ DØ-aX - m-Xv]c
- y-
߃ BWv ]uc-t‚-Xp-sa-∂p≈Xn-cn-®d- n-hmWv ]uc-t_m[w.
3. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hm¿Øm Xe-s°-´p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v s]mXp-ka- qlw t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\ß - ƒ
Ah-bv°p≈ ]cn-lmcam¿K-ßfpw Fgp-XpI?
DØc kqNnI:--
{]iv\-߃ ]cn-lmc am¿K-߃
1. Pe-£maw, Imcy-£a - X
- t- bm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈ Pe-D]- t- bmKw, ag-sh≈
kwc-£-Ww, XS-bW \n¿ΩmWw, ag-°pgn \n¿Ωm-Ww
2. ]cn-kc aen-\o-I-c-Ww amen\y kwkvIc - W
- w, ac-߃ sh®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-I, πmÃnIv
D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°p-I, s]mXp-ÿe - Øv ae-aq{X
hnk¿÷\w \S-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I,
3. Agn-a-Xn Agn-a-Xn--s°-Xnsc t_m[-h-XvI-cWw, Agn-a-Xn \S-Øm-Xn-
cn-°pI, s]mXp-Po-hnXw ip≤hpw kpXm-cy-hp-am-°pI, ]cm-
Xns∏-S¬
4. ]uc-t_m[w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {][m\ LS-Iß - ƒ ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-ØpI?
XIpSpw-_w

XhnZym-`ym-kw

XkwL-S-\-Iƒ

Xkmaqly hyh-ÿ

Xcmjv{Sob hyhÿ

Xam[ya߃

XP\m[n]Xy hyhÿ

5. IpSpw_w ]uc-t_m[ cq]o-I-c-WsØ GsX√mw coXn-bn-emWv kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv?

X]uc-t_m[ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\v i‡-amb kzm[o-\-ap-≠v

XPohn-X-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-߃ \mw ]Tn-°p-∂Xp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂mWv

XP\m-[n-]Xy t_m[w, XymKw, ]c-kv]c kvt\lw, ]c-kv]c _lp-am-\w, ]c-kv]c

hnizmkw
X\√ IpSpw-_m-¥-co-£w Hmtcm hy‡n-bnepw ]uc-t_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°pw

64 58
 X A\pIqehpw {]Xn-Iq-eh - p-amb kml-Nc - y-ßsf icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]m-hm≥
IpSpw-_Ø - n\p Ign-bpw.
6. ]uc-t_m[ cq]o-Ic- W- Ø - n-\p-XI - p∂ Fs¥√mw {]h¿Ø\߃ hnZym-eb - Ø- n\v Gs‰-SpØv sNøm≥
Ignbpw?
Xkl-hmk Iymºv

XKrl-k-μ¿i\w

XDØa amXr-I-Isf kvIqfn-te°v £Wn-°p-I, BZ-cn-°p-I

Xkv°qƒ ]m¿e-sa‚ v Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v

XsaUn-°¬ Iymºp-Iƒ

XD¬]∂ hn]-W\ taf-Iƒkw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

7. ]uc-t_m[w cq]o-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n¬ am[y-aß - f

- psS ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI?
X]uc t_m[w {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-ØpI

Xicn-bm-bXpw hkvXp \njvT-hp-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ \¬IpI

X\njv]-£hpw kzX-{¥-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I

Xkw`-h-߃ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

8. ]uc-t_m-[Ø- n\v A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp LS-Ia - mWv P\m-[n-]Xyw {]Xn-Ic - n-°pI?

X]uc-t_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ F√m LS-I-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-

ÿm\w P\m-[n-]X - y-am-Wv.

XF√m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw P\m-[n-]Xy kao-]\w D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp

PohnX ssien-bm-Wv.
XF√m-hcpw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-cmWv

9. [m¿Ωn-IX F∂m-se¥v?
[m¿Ωn-Ihpw A[m¿Ωn-Ih - p-amb {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ]´n-Is
- ∏-Sp-ØpI
DØc kqNnI:
X\∑ Xn∑-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v \∑sb kzo-I-cn-°pIbpw IS-a-Iƒ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØm-Sp-

IqSn \n¿Δ-ln-°p-Ib - p-amWv [m¿Ωn-IX - .

[m¿ΩnI {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ A[m¿ΩnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃
XtPmen sNbvXv ]Ww kºm-Zn-°p-∂p a‰p-≈h - sc NqjWw sNbvX ]Wwkºm-Zn-°p-∂p
Xs]mXp-ap-X¬ kwc-£n-°p-∂p, s]mXp apX¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
10. ]uc-t_m-[hpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hni-I-e\w sNøpI?
XPohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw [m¿ΩnI t_m[w krjvSn-°-em-Wv ]u-c-t_m[w

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ G‰hpw ^e-{]-Za - mb am¿Kw

X[m¿Ωn-IX ]uc-t_m-[sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p, F∂m¬ A[m¿ΩnIX ]uc-t_m[w C√m-

Xm-°p-∂p.
X]uc-t_m-[a- p≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°p-Zm-lc - W
- a
- m-Wv {Sm^n°v \nb-aß
- ƒ ]men-°p-I,
Ncn{X kvamc-Iß- ƒ kq£n-°p-I, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-I, hr≤sc _lp-am-\n-°p-I,
A\o-Xn-s°-Xnsc ]cm-Xn-s∏-SpI XpS-ßn-bh
11. ]uc-t_m[w t\cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn- s]mXp Xm¬]cyßsf AhKWn®v kz¥w
Xm¬]cy߃°pth≠n F¥pw sNøm≥ Xømdmhp∂XmWv. CXns\ adnIS°m\p≈
am¿§ßƒ Fs¥√mw? hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-߃ \n¿tZin-°pI?

59
65
 ]cn-lmc am¿K-߃
X Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I

Xkz¥w XmXv]-cy-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂ s]mXp-Xm¬]-cy-߃°p th≠nbpw {ian-°pI

XP\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønepw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw A[n-jvTnX-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-I

XDØa amXr-I-Isf A\p-I-cn-°p-I Ah-Im-i-߃s°m∏w Npa-X-e-Iƒ°pw Xpey ]cn-K-W\

\¬Ip-I.
12. ]uct_m[ cq]oIcWØn\v kmaqlyiAkv{X ]T\sØ Fßs\ {]tbmP\s∏SpØmw.
Xsshhn-[y-ßsf _lp-am-\n-°m\pw kln-jW v p-Xt- bmsS s]cp-am-dm\pw kmaq-ly-imkv{X
]T\w hy-‡n-Isf {]m]vXc- m-°p-∂p.
Xcmjv{Sob, kmaq-ln-I, kmº-Øn-I, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ß-fpsS hnhn[ ]›m-Ø-e-

߃ a\- n-em-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Xhnhn[ {]iv\ß
- ƒ°v ka-{K-amb ]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°m≥ hy‡n-Isf {]m]vXc- m-°p-∂p.
Xkam-[m-\Ø- ns‚bpw kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ktμ-iß - ƒ P\-ßf - n-se-Øn-°p-∂p.
X]uc-t_m-[-Øns‚ DØa amXr-I-Ifpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn hy‡n-

Isf ]uc-t_m-[a- p-≈h- c- m-°p-Ibpw I¿Ω-\n-cX

- c- m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

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60
 bqWn‰v 11

kaql imkv{Xw; F¥v ? F¥n\v ?

1. k¿K cN-\, kaql imkv{X ]T\w F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI?
OR

X∂n-cn-°p∂ khn-t-i-jX-Isf kaq-l-imkv{X ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h k¿K cN-\-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´h F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.
Ans: k¿K cN\ kaqlimkv{X ]T\w
X`mh\ k¿Km-fl-IX F∂n-h-bn-eq Xkmaq-lnI hnj-b-ß-fpsSbpw {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-

∂nb cN\m-co-Xn sSbpw imkv{Xob hni-I-e-\w

Xkmaq-lnI kw`-h-ß-fpsS kuμ-cym Xkmaq-lnImh-ÿ-I-fpsS bp‡n-]-c-amb

fl
- I Bhn-jvIm-cw, A]-{K-Y\w
Xk¿K-c-N\, Bkzm-Z\w F∂nh XhkvXp \njvT A]{K-Y\w

e£y-߃
2. X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]T-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ \nco-£n®v Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kmaq-ly-imkv{X imJ-Iƒ
Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
1. kmº-ØnI hyh-lm-csØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T\w ................................
2. Ign™ Imew, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb°pdn-®p≈ At\z-jWw ................................
3. cmjv{Sw, Ah-Im-iß - ƒ F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ ]T\w ................................
4. a\p-jys‚ D¤-hw, ]cn-Wmaw F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ ]T\w ................................
5. a\p-jy-a\
- v, am\-kn-Im-hÿ F∂n-hsbIpdn-®p≈ ]T\w ................................
Ans: 1. kmº-Øn-I imkv{Xw 2. Ncn{Xw 3. cmjv{S X{¥ imkv{Xw
4. \c-hwi imkv{Xw 5. a\-imkv{Xw
3. F¥mWv kaql imkv{Xw?
Xa\p-jy\pw Ahs‚ kmaq-lnI Np‰p-]mSpw XΩn-ep≈ ka{K _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w

4. kaq-li - m-kv{X-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hØ- n\v hgn-sbm-cp-°nb hnπ-hß - f

- n¬ H∂mWv {^©v hnπhw
a‰p cs≠Æw Fgp-XpI
Ximkv{X hnπhw/⁄mt\m-Zbw

Xhyh-kmb hnπhw

5. kaq-li - m-kv{X-Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂-dn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X

- v Bcv ? F¥p-sIm≠v?
Xkaql imkv{XØns‚ ]nXmhv ˛ {^©v kaqlimkv{X⁄\mb AKkvXv tImwsX

Xa\pjys‚ kmaqlnI _‘ßsfIpdn®v ka{K]T\w \SØn.

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61
6. kaql imkv{X-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v kp{]-[m\ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb Nn¥-I-∑msc ]m›mXy
Nn¥-I-¿ C¥y≥ Nn¥-I¿ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-°p-I.

]m›mXy Nn¥-I¿ C¥y≥ Nn¥-I¿

AKkvXv tImwsX F. B¿ tZimbv
Imƒam¿Ivkv Fw. F≥. {io\n-hm-kv
sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿ Fkv.kn. Zpt_
amIvkv sh_¿ Un. ]n. apJ¿Pn
Fssa¬ Zp¿Jnw F.Fkv.Lptcy

7. C¥y-bn¬ kaq-l-imkv{X ]T\ hIp∏v \ne-hn¬ h∂ BZy-k¿h-I-em-ime GXv?

apwss_ k¿h-Ie - m-ime
8. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ \n¿h-N\ - Ø
- n¬ \n∂v kaql imkv{X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Is≠-ØpI
""a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØ
- ns‚ kmaq-lnI hi-ßsf Ipdn®v \S-Øp∂ ka-{K-]T- \
- a- mWv kaql
imkv{Xw''
khn-ti-jX - I- ƒ
Xa\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T\w

Xkmaq-lnI _‘-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ ]T-\w

Ximkv{Xob ]T\w

9. kaql imkv{X ]T-\Ø - ns‚ {]m[m\yw ˛ ]Z-kq-cy≥ Xøm-dm-°pI?/kaql imkv{X ]T-\Ø - ns‚
{]tbm-P\- ß - ƒ Is≠-ØpI
a b

kaq-li- mkv{X
]T-\Ø
- ns‚
{]m[m\yw
c
e
d
Ans: a. kaq-lsØ Ipdn-®p≈ icn-bmb [mcW
b. hy‡n-Ifpw kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ß-fpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w a\-kn-em-°pI
c. kmaq-lnI {]iv\-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ kq£v-a-]-T\w
d. kmaq-lnIm-kq-{X-WØ
- n-eqsS hnI-k\w
e. kmaqly {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw Is≠-ج

68 62
10. kaql imkv{X-Ønse ]T\ taJ-e-Iƒ 4 FÆw Fgp-XpI
kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-߃
X XkmaqlnI _‘߃

Xkmaq-lnI kwL-߃ XkmaqlnI am‰w

Xkmaq-lnI {]iv\-߃ Xkmaq-loIcWw

Xkmaq-lnI \nb-{¥Ww XkapZmb߃

11. kaql imkv{X-Ønse {][m\ ]T\ coXn-Iƒ ˛ ]Z-kq-cy≥ Xøm-dm-°pI

tIkv ÃUn A....................................

kaql
imkv{X ]T\
coXn-Iƒ

B.................................... A`n-ap-Jw
A tkmjy¬ k¿tΔ B \nco£Ww
12. kaql imkv{X ]T\ coXn-bn¬ k¿th-bpsS {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°pI
Xhenb hn`mKw P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

X]T\ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ka{K ImgvN-∏mSv e`y-am-°p∂p

Xk¿th-bn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn tNmZym-h-en-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

13. kmºnƒ k¿tΔbpw sk≥kkpw XΩnep≈ hyXymksa¥v ?

Xsk≥kkv samØw P\ßsf Ipdn®v hnhcw tiJcn°p∂p.

Xkmºnƒ k¿tΔbn¬ Xncs™Sp°-s∏´ \n›nX FÆw Bfp-If - n¬ \n∂p-am{Xw hnhc

tiJ-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.
14. kaql imkv{X ]T-\-ß-fn¬ tNmZym-hen coXn-bn-eqsS hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-∂-sX-ßs\?
XKth-jI - ¿ hnj-bm-[n-jTv nX tNmZym-hen (tNmZy-ßf
- psS ]´nI)ap≥Iq´n Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
XCh {]Xn-I¿Øm-°ƒ°v (]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-s∏-Sp∂ kwLw) \¬Ip-∂p.

X{]Xn-I¿Øm-°ƒ ]qcn-∏n®v \¬Ip∂ hnh-c-߃ imkv{Xob hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-∂p.

15. kaql imkv{X ]T-\-Øn¬ A`n-apJ coXn-bpsS {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°pI

Xhmsam-gn-bm-bp≈ hnhc tiJ-cWw

XKth-j-I\pw {]Xn-I¿Ømhpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-Ww

Xhy‡nKX khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS kq£va-Xe \nco-£-Whpw hni-I-e-\hpw

16. A`n-apJ coXn ^e-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-t°≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

XBh-iy-amb hy‡n-Isf Is≠-ØpI

XtiJ-cn-t°≠ hnh-c-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v ap≥[m-cW

XDNn-X-amb tNmZy-߃

X^e-h-Ømb Bib hn\n-abw

Xkab {Iao-I-c-Ww

Xhnh-c-ß-fpsS {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øepw dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°epw

17. A`n-ap-Jw, tNmZym-hen F∂nh XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI

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63
 A`n-apJw tNmZym-hen
X hmsam-gn-bn-eqsS hnhc tiJ-c-Ww, tcJ-s∏-SpØn \¬Ip∂ hnhc߃
X Kth-j-I≥ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p {]Xn-I¿Øm-°ƒ hnh-cß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p
XKth-j-I\pw {]Xn-I¿Ømhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p {]Xn-I¿Øm°-fpsS HcpIq´w
Xhy‡n-KX khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS kq£-a-Xe tNmZy-߃°p≈ {]Xn-I-cWw am{Xw.
\nco-£-Ww.
18. kaql imkv{X-]-T-\-Øn¬ \nco-£W coXn-bpsS {]m[m\yw Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI?
OR
]¶m-fnØ, ]¶mfnØ clnX \nco-£-W-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ enÃv sNøpI
X\nco-£W coXn˛ ImWp-Ibpw tIƒ°p-Ibpw A\p-`h
- n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Imcy-߃
kXy-k‘ - a- mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn
\nco-£Ww 2 hn[w
1. ]¶m-fnØ \nco-£Ww
X]T\ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v \nco-£-Is‚ t\cn-´p≈ hnhc tiJ-cWw

X\nco-£-I≥ \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kwL-Øn¬ Xma-kn®v Ah-cpsS ssZ\wZn\

PohnXØn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip∂p
X^o¬Uv h¿°v F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p

X\c-hwi imkv{X ]T-\-Øn¬ apJy-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

2. ]¶m-fnØ clnX \nco-£Ww

X\nco-£≥ ]T-\-kw-L-Øns‚ `mK-a√

X]pdta \n∂p≈ \nco-£Ww

19. tIkv ÃUn coXn kaq-l-imkv{X ]T-\-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-{]Z-amtWm? hne-bn-cp-Øp-I?

XAkm-[m-cW - hpw A]q¿Δ-hp-amb kmaq-ly-{]-iv\ß
- ƒ {]Xn-`m-kß
- ƒ F∂n-hs
- b-°p-
dn-®p≈ Bg-ta-dnb ]T\w
Xkq£va, ka-{K-]-T\w

X]T-\-hn-t[-b-amb hnj-bsØ tIkv F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.

XtIkns\ Ipdn-®p≈ hniZ ]T-\w.

XAkm-[m-cW kmaqly {]Xn-`-mk-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ hnhc tiJ-cWw

20. kaql imkv{XØns‚ {]tbmK km[yXm taJ-e-Iƒ GsX√mw?

X`cW ˛ Bkq-{XW taJ-e-Iƒ

XhmWn-Pyw

X\K-cm-kq-{X-Ww,

Xkmaq-lnI t£aw

X]c-kyw

Xhm¿Øm hn\n-a-bw

XhnZym-`ymk taJe

70 64
GEOGRAPHY

65

71
 bqWn‰v : 1
EXpt`Zßfpw kabhpw
1. EXpt`Z߃°v ImcWamIp∂ LSI߃ ]´nIs∏SpØpI
* `qanbpsS ]cn{IaWw
* A®pX≠ns‚ Ncnhv
* A®pX≠ns‚ kam¥cX
* kqcys‚ Ab\w
2. F¥mWv `qanbpsS A®pX≠ns‚ kam¥cX?
`qanbpsS A®pX≠n\v ]cn{IaW XeØn¬ \n∂pw 661/20 bpw ew_ XeØn¬ \n∂v 231/20 bpw
Ncnhp≠v. ]cn{IaW thfbn¬ DS\ofw `qan Cu Ncnhv \ne\n¿Øp∂p. CXmWv A®pX≠ns‚
kam¥cX
3. kqcys‚ Ab\w F∂mse¥v? AXn\v ImcWsa¥v?
DØcmb\ tcJbv°pw Z£nWmb\ tcJbv°pw CSbnep≈ kqcys‚ Bt]£nIamb
ÿm\am‰amWv kqcys‚ Ab\w. `qan ]cn{IaW thfbn¬ DS\ofw A®pX≠ns‚ Ncnhv
\ne\n¿Øp∂XmWv CXn\v ImcWw.
4. ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
Zn\w kqcys‚ ÿm\w Zn\Øns‚ t]cv ]Iens‚ ssZ¿Lyw
DØcm¿≤tKmfw Z£nWm¿≤ tKmfw
am¿®v 21 a) ................................ kacm{XZn\w g) .............................. Xpeyw
Pq¨ 21 b) ............................... d).................................. IqSpX¬ Ipdhv
sk]v. 23 c) ................................... e) .............................. Xpeyw i)......................................
Unkw. 22 Z£nWmb\ tcJ f) .............................. h)................................ j) ...................................

a) `qa≤y tcJ f) ssiXy Ab\m¥ Zn\w

b) DØcmb\ tcJ g) Xpeyw
c) `qa[ytcJ h) Ipdhv
d) {Kojva Ab\m¥Zn\w i) Xpeyw
e) kacm{XZn\w j) IqSpX¬
5. EXp°ƒ GXmsW∂v FgpXpI
a) IqSnb XWp∏v ˛
b) sNSnIƒ Xfn¿°p∂p, ]q°p∂p ˛
c) IqSnb NqSv ˛
d) kky߃ Ce s]mgn°p∂p ˛
a) ssiXyw b) hk¥w c) {Kojvaw d) tla¥w

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6. EXphyXymkw G‰hpw {]ISambn A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv Xmsg ]dbp∂hbn¬ GXv {]tZiØmWv ?
a) DjvWtaJe
b) antXmjvW taJe DØckqNnI
c) ssiXytaJe b) antXmjvWtaJe
7. \¬Inbncn°p∂ Nn{Xw \nco£n®v ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI

kqcys‚ Ab\w amk߃ EXp°ƒ

DØcm¿[tKmfw Z£nWm¿[ tKmfw
Z£nWmb\ tcJbn¬ c)......................... ssiXyw g)....................................
\n∂v `qa[ytcJbnte°v
a) ........................................ am¿®v 21 apX¬ e) .............................. tla¥w
Pq¨ 21 hsc
DØcmb\ tcJbn¬ d) ........................... {Kojvaw h) ...........................................
\n∂v `qa[ytcJbnte°v
b) ....................................... sk]v‰w 23 apX¬ f) ................................. hk¥w
Unkw. 22 hsc
a) `qa[y tcJbn¬ \n∂v DØcmb\ tcJbnte°v
b) `qa[y tcJbn¬ \n∂v Z£nWmb\ tcJbnte°v
c) Unkw_¿ 22 apX¬ am¿®v 21 hsc
d) Pq¨ 21 apX¬ sk]v‰w. 23 hsc
e) hk¥w g) {Kojvaw
f) tla¥w h) ssiXyw

68
73
8. kqcys‚ Z£nWmb\ ImeØv A‚m¿´nIv hrØØn\p≈nse {]tZißfn¬ cm∏IepIfpsS
ssZ¿Lyw F{]Imcambncn°pw ?
6 amkw XpS¿®bmbn ]I¬ Bbncn°pw.
9. BZyImeßfn¬ kabw \n¿Æbn®ncp∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\w F¥mbncp∂p ?
Hcp {]tZisØ kqcys‚ D®ÿm\w, kqcy{]Imiw krjvSn°p∂ \ng¬ F∂nhsb
ASnÿm\s∏SpØn.
10. kqcys‚ D®\ne F∂m¬ F¥v?
Xe°p apIfnembn kqcy≥ FØp∂Xv D®bv°v 12 aWnsb∂v IW°m°p∂p. CXmWv D®\ne
11. {]mtZinI kabw F∂m¬ F¥v ?
Hmtcm ÿeØpw kqcys‚ D®\nesb B[mcam°n \n¿Æbn°p∂ kabsØbmWv {]mtZinI
kabw F∂v ]dbp∂Xv.
12. `q{`aWØns‚ {][m\ khntijXIƒ GsXms°?
* `qan kz¥w A®pX≠n¬ kzbw Xncnbp∂XmWv {`aWw
* {`aWw ]Sn™mdp \n∂v Ingt°m´v
* Hcp {`aWw ]q¿ØnbmIm≥ 24 aWn°q¿
* {`aWw ]Sn™mdp \n∂v Ingt°m´mbXn\m¬ kqtcymZbw BZyw A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv Hcp
{]tZiØns‚ Ing°p Zn°nembncn°pw.
13. C¥ybn¬ kqtcymZbw BZywImWp∂Xv AcpWmN¬ {]tZinep≈hcmWv. ImcWsa¥v?
* `qanbpsS {`aWw ]Sn™mdp \n∂v Ingt°m´mWv
* kqtcymZbw BZyw A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv Hcp {]tZiØns‚ Ing°p Zn°nembncn°pw
* C¥ybpsS Ingt°b‰Øp≈ kwÿm\amWv AcpWmN¬ {]tZiv
14 \¬Inbncn°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI
`qanbpsS {`aWw kabw
Hcp {`aWw ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ a ........................................
Hcp Un{Kn tcJmwi {]tZiw Xncnbm≥ b ........................................
150 tcJmwi {]tZiw Xncnbm≥ c ........................................
a) 24 aWn°q¿ b) 4 an\n´v c) 1 aWn°q¿
15. Hcp cmPyØv \nch[n {]mtZinI kab߃ D≠mbm¬ AXv krjvSn°p∂ {]bmk߃
Fs¥√mw ?
l Xoh≠n kab {Iaw Xømdm°m≥ Ignbn√.
l a’c ]co£Isf _m[n°pw
l tdUntbm kab{Iaw \¬Im≥ Ignbn√
l sSenhnj≥ kab{Iaw _p≤nap´mIpw

74 69
16 {Ko\n®v tcJ ˛ Ipdns∏gpXpI
* 00 tcJmwi tcJ (]qPyw Un{Kn)
* Cw•≠nse {Ko\n®neqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂p
* temIkabw \n¿Æbn°m≥ B[mcamIp∂p
* ss{]w sadoUnb≥ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p
* {Ko\n®v tcJbnse {]mtZinI kabw {Ko\n®v kabw F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p
* {Ko\n®v tcJsb ASnÿm\s∏SpØn temIsØ 24 kabtaJeIfnembn Xncn®ncn°p∂p.
17. am\I tcJmwiw, am\I kabw Ch Fs¥∂v hy‡am°pI ?
Hmtcm cmPyhpw AXns‚ a[y`mKØp IqSn IS∂p t]mIp∂ tcJmwitcJsb
ASnÿm\am°nbmWv cmPysØ s]mXp kabw IW°m°p∂Xv. {]kvXpX tcJmwi tcJsb
am\ItcJmwiw F∂v ]dbp∂p. am\I tcJmwiØnse {]mtZinI kabamWv B cmPysØ
am\Ikabw.
18. Hcp tcJmwiØn¬ \n∂v Ingt°m´v t]mIpt¥mdpw kabw IqSpXepw ]Sn™mtdm´v t]mIpt¥mdpw
kabw Ipdhpw A\p`hs∏Sm≥ ImcWsa¥v?
`qanbpsS {`aW Zni ]Sn™mdp \n∂v Ingt°m´mWv.
19. C¥ybpsS am\I tcJmwiw GXmWv?
821/20 Ing°v tcJmwiw (]q¿Δ tcJmwiw)
C¥ybpsS GXm≠v a[yØneqsSbmWv Cu tcJmwiw IS∂p t]mIp∂Xv.
20. C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv kabw {Ko\n®v kabØn¬ \n∂v F{X hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂p ?
C¥ybpsS ÿm\w {Ko\n®v tcJbpsS Ing°v BbXn\m¬
51/2 aWn°q¿ ap∂nemWv C¥y≥ kabw
21. kabw tcJs∏SpØpI.
(a) (b) 10 am (c) (d)

a) 9.48 am b) 9.56 am c) 10.08 am d) 10.16 am

70 75
22. A¥mcmjv{S Zn\m¶ tcJbpsS {][m\ khntijXIƒ Gh?
• 1800 tcJmwitcJ
• Ic`mKØpIqSn IS∂p t]mIp∂n√
• Hcp t\¿ tcJb√
• Cu tcJbpsS Ing°pw ]Sn™mdpw XΩn¬ Hcp ZnhksØ hyXymkap≠v.
• Cu tcJ apdn®v IS∂v ]Sn™mtdm´v t]mIp∂h¿ HcpZnhkw Iq´nbpw Ingt°m´v
t]mIp∂h¿ Hcp Znhkw Ipd®pw IW°m°p∂p.
23. {Ko\n®v kabw D®bv°v 12 aWnbmbncn°ptºmƒ \yqtbm¿°nse (740 ]Sn™mdv) kabw
F{Xbmbncn°pw?
• \yqtbm¿°v, {Ko\n®v F∂o c≠v ÿe߃ XΩnep≈ tcJmwiob hyXymkw = 740
• 10 tcJmwiØns‚ kab hyXymkw = 4 an\n‰v
• 740 tcJmwiØns‚ kab hyXymkw = 4 x 74 an\n‰v
= 296 an\n‰v = 296/60 = 4 aWn°q¿ 56 an\n‰v
• {Ko\n®n\v ]Sn™mdmbn \yqtbm¿°v ÿnXn sNøp∂Xn\m¬ {Ko\n®nse kabtØ°mƒ 4
aWn°q¿ 56 an\n‰v Ipdhmbncn°pw AhnSpsØ kabw
\yqtbm¿°nse kabw = {Ko\n®v kabw ˛ kab hyXymkw
12 aWn ˛ 4 aWn°q¿ 56 an\n‰v
12 aWn = 11 aWn°q¿ 60 an\n‰v ˛ 4.56 = 7.04 am 12 aWn F∂Xv 11 aWn°q¿ 60
an\n‰v F∂v ]cnKWn®m¬
As√¶n¬ Ffp∏amIpw

24. DØcmb\hpw `£nWmb\hpw hy‡am°pI

DØcmb\w ˛ssiXymb\ Zn\sØXpS¿∂v kqcy≥ `£Wnbmb\ tcJbn¬\n∂pw DØcmb\
tcJbnte°p≈ Ab\w Bcw`n°pIbp Pq¨ 21 \ DØcmb\ tcJbv°v t\¿apIfnseØpIbpw
sNøp∂Xmbn A\p`hs∏Sp∂p. Z£nWmb\ tcJbn¬\n∂pw DØcmb\tcJbnte°p≈
kqcys‚ Ab\sØ DØcmb\w F∂v hnfn°p∂p.
Z£nWmb\w ˛{Kojva Ab\m¥ Zn\sØ XpS¿∂v DØcmb\ tcJbn¬ \n∂pw Z£nWmb\
tcJbnte°v Ab\w Bcw`n°pIbpw Unkw_¿ 22 \v Z£nWmb\ tcJbv°v t\¿apIfnse
Øp∂Xmbn A\p`hs∏Sp∂p. DØcmb\tcJbn¬ \n∂pw Z£nWmb\ tcJbnte°p≈
kqcys‚ Ab\sØ Z£nWmb\w F∂v hnfn°p∂p.

76 71
 bqWn‰v : 2
Im‰ns‚ DdhnSw tXSn
1) X∂ncn°p∂ kqNIßfn¬ \n∂v icnbpØcw {_m°‰n¬ \n∂v Is≠ØpI
a) A¥co£ hmbp sNepØp∂ `mcw
b) A¥co£ a¿±w Af°p∂Xn\p≈ D]IcWw
c) A¥co£ a¿±w Af°p∂Xn\p≈ GIIw.
d) kap{Z\nc∏nse icmicn A¥co£ a¿Zw
e) A¥co£ hmbphnse PemwiØns‚ Afhv
(slIvtSm ]mkvI¬, A¥co£ a¿±w, ck_mtcmao‰¿, 1013.2hpa, B¿{ZX)
a) A¥co£ a¿±w b) ck_mtcmao‰¿ c) slIvtSm ]mkvI¬ d) 1013.2hpa e) B¿{ZX
2. Xmsg ]dbp∂ kμ¿`ßfn¬ A¥co£ a¿±Øn\p≠mIp∂ am‰w FgpXpI.
a) Dbcw IqSp∂p
b) Xm]w Ipdbp∂p
c) A¥co£Ønse B¿{ZX IqSp∂p
DØckqNnI
a) A¥co£ a¿Zw Ipdbp∂p b) A¥co£ a¿Zw IqSp∂p c) A¥co£ a¿Zw Ipdbp∂p
3. Db¿∂ {]tZißfnte°v t]mIptºmƒ sNhnbS∏v A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv F¥psIm≠v?
Db¿∂ {]tZißfn¬ hmbpa¿Zw IpdhmWv
4. Htc {]tZiØv cm{XnbmtWm ]IemtWm A¥co£ a¿±w IqSpX¬ A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv?
ImcWsa¥v?
cm{XnbmWv A¥co£ a¿Zw IqSpX¬ A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv
cm{Xnbn¬ hmbp XWpØv km{μX h¿≤n®v Xmgv∂ndßp∂p Aßs\ A¥co£ a¿Zw IqSp∂p
5) B¿{ZX IqSp∂Xv A¥co£ a¿Zw Ipdbm≥ ImcWamIp∂sX¥psIm≠v?
A¥co£ hmbphnse PemwiØns‚ AfhmWv B¿{ZX. \ocmhn°v hmbphnt\°mƒ `mcw
IpdhmWv. AXpsIm≠v B¿{ZX IqSp∂Xv A¥co£ a¿±w Ipdbm≥ ImcWamIp∂p.
6) Htc DbcØn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂, Htc Dujvamhv A\p`hs∏Sp∂ c≠v ÿeßfmWv F, _n
F∂nh. CXn¬ GXv ÿeØmWv Db¿∂ A¥co£a¿±w A\p`hs∏SpI? F¥psIm≠v?

72 77
 B
F∂ ÿeØmWv Db¿∂ A¥co£ a¿±w A\p`hs∏SpI. ImcWw B kap{Z XocØv \n∂v
AIsebmWv. AhnsS B¿{ZX IpdhmWv.
7. D®a¿±w, \yq\a¿±w F∂nh XΩnep≈ hyXymkw Is≠ØpI.
D®a¿±w ˛ Np‰p]mSpIsf At]£n®v Hcp {]tZiØv A¥co£ a¿±w IqSpXemWv.
\yq\ a¿±w ˛ Np‰p]mSpIsf At]£n®v Hcp {]tZiØv A¥oc£ a¿±w IpdhmWv.
8. Htc A¥co£ a¿±w A\p`hs∏Sp∂ ÿeßsf XΩn¬ _‘n∏n®v hcbv°p∂ tcJIƒ
GXp t]cnednbs∏Sp∂p?
ka a¿± tcJIƒ
9. F¥mWv BtKmf a¿± taJeIƒ?
* Htc A¥co£ a¿±w A\p`hs∏Sp∂ A£mwitaJeIƒ
10. Nn{Xw {i≤n®v BtKmf a¿± taJeIƒ ASbmfs∏SpØpI.

A) ˛ a[ytcJ \yq\a¿± taJe

B) ˛ Dt]mjvW D®a¿± taJe
C) ˛ D]{[phob \yq\a¿± taJe
D) ˛ {[phob D®a¿± taJe

11. BtKmf a¿±taJeIfpambn _‘s∏´ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

BtKmf a¿±taJeIƒ A£mwihym]vXn cq]wsIm≈m\p≈ ImcWw
a≤ytcJ \yq\a¿± taJe 50 hS°v apX¬ kqcys‚ ew_civan ]Xn°p∂Xn\m¬
50 sX°v hsc hmbp NqSp]nSn®v Db¿∂p s]mßp∂p.
Dt]mjvW D®a¿± taJe 300 hS°v 300 sX°v {`aWØns‚ ^eambn XWpØ hmbp
A£mwi߃ Xmgv∂ndßp∂p.
D]{[phob \yq\a¿± taJe 600 hS°v 600 sX°v `q{`aWØns‚ ^eambn hmbp
A£mwi߃ apIfnte°v Npg‰n Fdnbs∏Sp∂p
{[phob D® a¿± taJe 900 hS°v 900 sX°v sImSpwXWp∏n\m¬ hmbp XWpØv
A£mwi߃ ASn™pIqSp∂p
12. BtKmf a¿±taJeIfpsS ÿm\am‰Øn\v ImcWsa¥v ?
kqcys‚ Bt]£nI ÿm\ am‰Øn\v (Ab\w) A\pkcn®v BtKmf a¿± taJeIƒ°v ÿm\
am‰w D≠mIp∂p. DØcmb\ ImeØv a¿± taJeIƒ hSt°m´pw Z£nWmb\ ImeØv
sXt°m´pw \oßp∂p.

78
73
13. a[ytcJm \yq\ a¿± taJe ]mbv°∏epIfn¬ k©cn®ncp∂h¿°v t]Sn kz]v\ambncp∂p.
ImcWsa¥v?
z ChnsS hmbp h≥tXmXn¬ apIfnte°v Dbcp∂p
z AXn\m¬ Im‰pIƒ hfsc Zp¿_eamWv
z \n¿hmX taJe F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p
z Im‰pIƒ C√mØXv ]mbv°∏epIfn¬ k©cn®ncp∂h¿°v t]Sn kz]v\ambncp∂p.
14. F¥mWv Im‰pIƒ ?
* D®a¿± taJebn¬ \n∂v \yq\a¿± taJebnte°p≈ hmbphns‚ Xnc›o\ Ne\amWv Im‰v.
15. Im‰pIƒ°v t]cp \¬Ip∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\sa¥mWv?
* Im‰pIƒ GXp Znibn¬ \n∂v hoip∂p F∂Xns\ ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbmWv Ahbv°v t]cp
\¬Ip∂Xv.
16. Nn{Xw \nco£n®v Im‰pIƒ°v t]cp \¬IpI

D
* A) hS°p Ing°≥ Im‰v
B) sX°p Ing°≥ Im‰v
C) sX°p ]Sn™md≥ Im‰v
D) hS°p ]Sn™md≥ Im‰v

17. Im‰ns‚ thKXtbbpw, Znitbbpw kzm[o\n°p∂ LSI߃ Gh?

z a¿± Ncnhv
z tImdntbmenkv {]`mhw
z L¿jWw
18. a¿±Ncnhv Im‰ns‚ thKXsb kzm[o\n°p∂sXßs\?
* Xnc›o\ XeØn¬ a¿± hyXymkw GsdbmsW¶n¬ AYhm kaa¿Z tcJIƒ ASpØSpØmbn
ImWs∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ AhnsS a¿± sNcnhv IqSpXemsW∂v ]dbmw. AØcw {]tZißfn¬
Im‰ns‚ thKX IqSpXembncn°pw.
19. tImdntbmenkv _ew, s^d¬ \nbaw F∂nh Fs¥∂v hy‡am°pI ?
* `utam]cnXeØn¬ kzX{¥ambn Nen°p∂ hkvXp°ƒ°v `q{`aWw \nanØw ZnimhyXnbm\w
D≠mIp∂p. CXn\v ImcWamIp∂ _esØ tImdntbmenkv _ew F∂p ]dbp∂p.
* {[ph {]Zißfn¬ tImdntbmenkv _ew hfsc i‡ambncn°pw
* tImdntbmenkv {]`mhØm¬ DØcm¿≤ tKmfØn¬ Im‰pIƒ k©mc ZnibpsS
heXphitØ°pw Z£nWm¿≤ tKmfØn¬ k©mcZnibpsS CSXphitØ°pw
hyXnNen°p∂p. Im‰ns\ kw_‘n® Cu \nbaamWv s^d¬ \nbaw.

74
79
20. Nn{Xw \nco£n®v Im‰pIfpsS t]cpIƒ Is≠ØpI.

A) hmWnPy hmX߃
B) ]›na hmX߃
C) {[phob ]q¿hhmX߃
21. hmWnPy hmX߃ kwKan°p∂ taJe?
C‚¿ t{Sm∏n°¬ I¨h¿P≥kv tkm¨ (ITCZ) /A¥¿ DjvWtJem kw{IaW aJe
22. BtKmf hmX߃ ˛ hnhcn°pI
Im‰pIfpsS t]cpIƒ, Ah hoip∂ taJe, AhbpsS Zni, {]tXyIXIƒ F∂nh FgpXpI
l BtKmfhmXßsf aq∂mbn Xncn°mw :
1. hmWnPy hmX߃ 2. ]›na hmX߃ 3. {[phob hmX߃.
1. hmWnPyhmX߃
l 30º A£mwiØn¬ \n∂pw 0º A£mwiØnte°v hoip∂p.
l Dt]mjW D®a¿± taJebn¬ \n∂pw `qa≤ytcJm\yq\a¿± taJebnte°v hoip∂p.
l tImdntbmenkv {]`mhØm¬ ZnimhyXnbm\w kw`hn°p∂p.
l DØcm¿≤tKmfØn¬ hS°pIng°≥ hmWnPyhmXw F∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
l Z£nWm¿≤ tKmfØn¬ sX°pIng°≥ hmWnPyhmXw F∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
l h≥IcIfpsS Ing°p`mKØv \√ ag e`n°p∂p.
l h≥IcIfpsS ]Sn™mdp`mKØv DjvW acp`qanIƒ cq]w sIm≈p∂p.
2. ]›nahmX߃
l 30º A£mwiØn¬ \n∂pw 60º A£mwiØnte°v hoip∂p.
l Dt]mjvW D®a¿± taJebn¬ \n∂pw D]{[phob\yq\a¿± taJebnte°v hoip∂p.
l tImdntbmenkv {]`mhØm¬ ZnimhyXnbm\w.
l Z£nWm¿≤ tKmfØn¬ h≥IcIƒ IpdhmbXn\m¬ ]›nahmX߃°v thKX
IqSpXemWv.
l tdmdnwKv t^m¿´okv ^yqcnbkv ^n^v‰okv, jvdo°nwKv knIvk‰v okv F∂nßs\ \mhnI¿
hnfn°p∂p.

80 75
 3. {[phobhmX߃
l 90º A£mwiØn¬ \n∂pw 60º A£mwiØnte°v hoip∂p.
l {[phob D®a¿± taJebn¬ \n∂pw D]{[phob\yq\a¿± taJebnte°v hoip∂p.
l tImdntbmenkv {]`mhØm¬ ZnimhyXnbm\w kw`hn°p∂p.
l AXn\m¬ c≠v A¿[tKmfßfnepw Ing°p Zn°n¬\n∂mWv Im‰p hoip∂Xv.
l Ch {[phob ]q¿Δ hmX߃ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
hSs° Atacn°, hS°≥ bqtdm]y≥ cmPy߃, djy F∂nhnSßfn¬ Imemhÿ
\n¿Æbn°p∂Xn¬ KWyamb kzm[o\w sNepØp∂ BtKmfhmXamWv {[qhobhmXw.
23. Z£nWm¿≤ tKmfØn¬ ]›nahmX߃°v thKX IqSpXemWv. ImcWw Is≠ØpI.
l h≥Icm `mKßfpsS A`mhw
l hnimeamb kap{Z߃
l L¿jWw Ipdhv
l thKX IqSpX¬
24. tNcpw]Sn tN¿°pI
1. C‚¿ t{Sm∏n°¬ I¨h¿P≥kv tkm¨ ˛ {[phob ]q¿hhmX߃ A
2. ^yqcnbkv ^n^v‰okv ˛ a¨kq¨ Im‰pIƒ B
3. lna°m‰pIƒ ˛ hmWnPy hmX߃ C
4. aukw ˛ ]›nahmX߃ D
(1 - C, 2 - D, 3- A, 4- B)
25. a¨kq¨ Im‰pIfpsS cq]oIcWsØ klmbn°p∂ LSI߃ Gh?
z kqcys‚ Ab\w
z tImdntbmenkv {]`mhw
z Xm]\Ønse hyXymk߃
26. a¨kq¨ Im‰pIfpsS cq]oIcWsØ°pdn®v Ipdns∏gpXpI.
z aukw F∂ Ad_n ]ZØn¬ \n∂p≠mb hm°mWv a¨kq¨.
z ImeØns\mØv Zniamdp∂ Im‰pIƒ F∂mWv Cu hm°n\v A¿∞w.
z Hcp h¿jØn\p≈n¬ Im‰ns‚ Zni hn]coXamhp∂p.
z kqcys‚ Ab\w.
z tImdntbmenkv {]`mhw.
z Xm]\Ønse hyXymk߃ ChbmWv Cu Im‰n\v ImcWamIp∂Xv.
z A®pX≠ns‚ Ncnhv aqew kqcycivanIƒ `qa[ytcJbv°v hS°v ]Xn°ptºmƒ
a¿±taJeIƒ Aev]w hSt°m´v \oßp∂p. DØcm¿≤tKmfØn¬
th\¬°meambncn°ptºmƒ a[ytcJ \yq\a¿±taJe hSt°m´v \oßp∂p.

76 81
 z sX°pIng°≥ hmWnPyhmXw `qa[ytcJ IS∂v hSt°m´v \oßptºmƒ tImdntbmeokv
{]`mhw ImcWw ZnimhyXnbm\w kw`hn°p∂p.
z Cu Im‰v sX°p]Sn™md≥ a¨kq¨ Im‰mbn hoip∂p.
z kqcy≥ Z£nWm¿≤tKmfØnembncn°ptºmƒ DØcm¿≤tKmfØnse Icbn¬
D®a¿±hpw ISen¬ \yq\a¿±hpambncn°pw.
z At∏mƒ Icbn¬ \n∂pw ISente°v hoip∂ Im‰n\v ZnihyXnbm\w kw`hn°p∂p.
z CXmWv hS°pIng°≥ a¨kq¨ Im‰v.
27. Ic°m‰pw IS¬°m‰pw hy‡am°pI.
IS¬°m‰v Ic°m‰v
]I¬ kabw cm{Xn kabw
Ic s]s´∂v NqSp]nSn°p∂p Ics]s´∂v XWp°p∂p
Icbv°p apIfn¬ \yq\a¿±w Icbv°p apIfn¬ D®a¿±w
ISen¬ \n∂v Icbnte°v Im‰v hoip∂p Icbn¬ \n∂v ISente°v Im‰v

28. Xmgvhc°m‰pw ]¿ΔX°m‰pw hy‡am°pI

z ]I¬ kabØv Xmgvhcbnse hmbp NqSp]nSn°p∂p. NqSp]nSn® hmbp ]¿ΔX
NcnhpIfneqsS apIfnte°pbcp∂p. CXmWv Xmgvhc°m‰v.
z cm{Xn kabØv ]¿ΔX {]tZißfnse hmbp XWp°p∂p. XWpØ hmbp `mcw
IqSpXembXn\m¬ Xmtg°v hoip∂p. CXmWv ]¿hX°m‰v.
29. {]mtZinI hmXßfpambn _‘s∏´ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI

{]mtZinI hmXw hoip∂ {]tZiw {]tXyIX

Nn\q°v z hSt° Atacn° ˛ a™pcpIp∂p, tKmXºv Irjn°v
tdm°n ]¿hXØns‚ A\ptbmPyw
Ing°≥sNcphneqsS hoip∂p.
s^m≥ z B¬]vkv ]¿ΔX \nc IS∂v XWp∏ns‚ ImTn\yw Ipdbv°p∂p
sX°≥ XmgvhmctØ°v
hoip∂p.
l¿am‰≥ z B{^n° ˛ klmd acp`qanbn¬ z Imemhÿ sa®s∏Sp∂p.
\n∂pw ]Sn™mtdm´v hoip∂p. z AXn\m¬ tUm.l¿Ωm‰≥
F∂v hnfn°p∂p.
eq z DØtc¥y≥ kaXeßfn¬ th\ens‚ XojvWX h¿≤n°p∂p
hoip∂p
amwtKm jthgvkv z Z£ntW¥ybn¬ hoip∂p amºg߃ s]mgnbp∂p

30. Aÿnc hmX߃ F∂mse¥v ? GsX√mw?

Nne {]tXyI A¥co£ AhÿIfn¬ cq]w sIm≈p∂Xpw XnI®pw hyXykvXamb kz`mh
khntijXItfmSpIqSnbXpamb Im‰pIfmWv AÿnchmX߃. N{IhmXßfpw,
{]XnN{IhmXßfpw AÿnchmXßfmWv.

77
82
31. N{IhmX߃, {]XnN{IhmX߃ F∂nh hy‡am°pI.
N{IhmX߃
* A¥co£Øn¬ Hcp \yq\a¿± {]tZihpw AXn\pNp‰pambn D®a¿±hpw krjvSn°s∏Sp∂Xv
N{IhmX߃ cq]w sIm≈p∂Xn\v ImcWamIp∂p.
* \yq\a¿± tI{μØnte°v Np‰pap≈ D®a¿± {]tZißfn¬ \n∂pw AXni‡ambn Im‰v Npg‰n
hoip∂p.
* tImdntbmenkv {]`mhØn¬ DØcm¿[tKmfØnse N{IhmXßfn¬ Im‰phoip∂Xv FXn¿
LSnImcZnibnepw Z£nWm¿[tKmfØn¬ CXv LSnImcZnibnepamWv.
* cq]s∏Sp∂ Imemhÿ taJeIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ N{IhmXßsf DjvWtaJe
N{IhmX߃ F∂pw antXmjvWtaJe N{IhmXßsf∂pw c≠mbn Xncn°mw.
{]XnN{IhmX߃
* D®a¿ZtI{μßfn¬ Np‰pap≈ \yq\a¿Z {]tZißfnte°v i‡ambn Im‰v Npg‰nhoip∂
{]Xn`mkamWv {]XnN{IhmX߃.
* tImdntbmenkv {]`mhØm¬ DØcm¿∞tKmfØnse {]Xn N{IhmXßfn¬ Im‰v hoip∂Xv
LSnImcZnibnepamWv.
32. N{IhmX߃, {]XnN{IhmX߃ F∂nhbpsS Nn{Xw \nco£n®v ZnitcJs∏SpØpI.
N{IhmXw ˛- DØcm¿≤tKmfw N{IhmXw ˛- Z£nWm¿≤tKmfw

{]XnN{IhmXw ˛- DØcm¿≤tKmfw {]XnN{IhmXw ˛- Z£nWm¿≤tKmfw

DØc kqNnI :--˛

N{IhmXw -˛ DØcm¿≤tKmfw ˛ FXn¿ LSnImc Zni
N{IhmXw -˛ Z£nWm¿≤tKmfw ˛ LSnImc Zni
{]XnN{IhmXw ˛- DØcm¿≤tKmfw ˛ LSnImc Zni
{]XnN{IhmXw ˛- Z£nWm¿≤tKmfw ˛ FXn¿ LSnImc Zni

78 83
 bqWn‰v : 3
am\h hn`htijn hnIk\w C¥ybn¬
1. am\h hn`hw, am\h tijn hnIk\w F∂o Bibßsf ASnÿm\am°n Ipdn∏p Xømdm°pI.
D. kqNnI
z D¬∏mZ\ cwKØv D]tbmKs∏SpØm≥ Ignbp∂ A≤zm\ tijnbp≈ P\ßfmWv am\h
hn`hw
z hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKy]cn]me\w, ]cnioe\w F∂nhbneqsS a\pjys‚ ImbnIhpw
am\knIhpamb IgnhpIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xns\ am\h hn`h tijn hnIk\w F∂p ]dbp∂p.
2. am\h hn`h tijn hnIk\Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe߃ GsX√mw?
D.kqNnI
z hy‡nIƒ kz]cn{iaØneqsS kz¥w IgnhpIƒ hnIkn∏n°m≥ {ian°p∂p.
z IpSpw_w hy‡nbpsS IgnhpIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb kmlNcy߃ Hcp°p∂p.
z hnhn[ ÿm]\ßfpw GP≥knIfpw ]T\w, ]cnioe\w F∂nhbv°v Bhiyamb kuIcy߃
Hcp°p∂p.
l cmjv{Sw, P\ßfpsS IgnhpIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb kuIcy߃ Hcp°p∂p.
3. am\h hn`hØns‚ KW]chpw KpW]chpamb khntijXIƒ Dƒs∏SpØn ^vtfm Nm¿´v
]q¿Ønb°pI.
am\h hn`hw
KW]camb KpW]camb
khntijXIƒ khntijXIƒ
z ................................. z ................................. z ................................. z .................................
z ................................. z ................................. z .................................
z ................................. z ................................. z .................................
D. kqNnI
z KW]camb khntijXIƒ
* P\kwJym hep∏w
* P\km{μX
* P\kwJym hf¿®
* P\\ \nc°v, acW\nc°v
* P\kwJym LS\
z KpW]camb khntijXIƒ
* hnZym`ymkw
* km£cXm \nc°v
* BtcmKy ]cn]me\w
* Bbq¿ ssZ¿Lyw

79
84
4. C¥ybnse P\kwJym IWs°Sp∏v (sk≥kkv) {]h¿Ø\߃°v t\XrXzw sImSp°p∂
ÿm]\w GXmWv?
D. kqNnI
t]m∏ptej≥ cPnkv{Sm¿ P\d¬ B‚ v sk≥kkv IΩojWdpsS Hm^okv
5. F¥n\mWv P\kwJym ]T\w \SØp∂Xv?
As√¶n¬
P\kwJym ]T\w F¥ns\√mw klmbn°p∂p ?
As√¶n¬
P\kwJym ]T\Øns‚ {]tbmP\߃ Fs¥√mw ?
D. kqNnI
* P\ßfpsS hnhn[ BhiyßfpsS Afhv \n›bn°m\pw, {]h¿Ø\ ]cn]mSnIƒ
Bkq{XWw sNøm\pw
* cmPysØ am\h hn`htijnbpsS e`yX AdnbpI.
* P\߃°mhiyamb ASnÿm\ kuIcy߃ F{Xsb∂dnbpI
* Bhiyamb km[\ßfpsSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpw Afhv Xn´s∏SpØpI
* kmºØnI, kmaqlnI, hnIk\ \b߃ cq]oIcn°pI.
6. P\km{μX Hcp {]tZisØ A≤zm\ tijn e`yXsb Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂p. N¿® sNøpI.
D. kqNnI
• A[zm\ tijnbp≈ P\ßfpsS FÆw IqSp∂Xv D¬]mZ\w Iq´p∂p.
• D¬]mZ\ h¿≤\hv ˛ cmPysØ ]ptcmKXnbnte°v \bn°p∂p.
7. P\\ \nc°v, acW \nc°v, IpSntb‰w F∂o Bib߃ hy‡am°pI
D.kqNnI
• BsI P\kwJybn¬ 1000 t]¿°v F{X Ip™p߃ Poht\msS P\n°p∂p F∂XmWv
P\\ \nc°v
• BsI P\kwJybn¬ 1000 t]cn¬ F{X acW߃ \S°p∂p F∂XmWv acW\nc°v
• Hcp {]tZiØp \n∂v as‰mcp {]tZiØv Xmakw am‰p∂XmWv IpSntb‰w
8. Hcp cmPysØ P\\ \nc°v, acW \nc°v, IpSntb‰w F∂nh AhnSpsØ P\kwJybn¬ F¥v
am‰ap≠m°p∂p? Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.
D. kqNnI
˛ P\\ \nc°v h¿≤n°p∂p
acW \nc°v Ipdbp∂p } ˛ P\kwJy h¿≤n°p∂p

˛ P\\ \nc°v Ipdbp∂p

acW \nc°v h¿≤n°p∂p } ˛ P\kwJy Ipdbp∂p

˛ P\\ \nc°pw acW \nc°pw Xpeyw ˛ P\kwJybn¬ am‰an√

˛ IpSntb‰w ˛ Hcp {]tZiØv P\kwJy h¿≤n°p∂p
as‰mcp {]tZiØv P\kwJy Ipdbp∂p.

80 85
9. P\kwJym LS\ hniIe\w sNøp∂XpsIm≠p≈ {]tbmP\߃ Fs¥√mw?
D. kqNnI
• P\kwJysb hnhn[ {]mb°mcpsS {Kq∏pIfmbn Xncn®v Hmtcm {Kq∏pw F{Xsb∂v
B\p]mXnIambn hntijn∏n°p∂XmWv {]mb LS\ As√¶n¬ P\kwJym LS\
• Hmtcm hn`mKØnepw F{X P\߃ F∂dnbmw

• Hmtcm hn`mKØnt‚bpw Bhiy߃ Is≠Ømw

• am\h hn`hØns‚ e`yX hniIe\w sNømw
• cmPyØns‚ hnIk\ Bhiy߃ Xocpam\n°m≥ km[n°pw.
10. sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØ \nc°pw, B{ibXz \nc°pw hniIe\w sNbvXv Ah kmºØnI
cwKØp≠mIp∂ am‰ßƒ hy‡am°pI.
D.kqNnI
• 15 hbkn\pw, 59 hbkn\pw CSbn¬ {]mbap≈hcn¬ sXmgnep≈hcpw
sXmgnet\zjIcpambhcpsS FÆhpw BsI P\kwJybpw XΩnep≈ A\p]mXamWv
sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØ \nc°v
• 0 apX¬ 14 hbkphscbp≈hcpw 60 hb n\p ta¬ {]mbap≈hcpw B{ib
hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂p. BsI P\kwJybn¬ ChcpsS A\p]mXsØ B{ibXz \nc°v
F∂p ]dbp∂p.
• B{ibXz \nc°v h¿≤n°p∂Xv Btfmlcn hcpam\w Ipdbp∂Xn\nSbm°p∂p
• 15 hbkn\pw 59 hb n\pw CSbn¬ {]mbap≈hcn¬ Iptdt∏¿ sXmgnen√mØhcmbp≠v.
• CXv am\h tijnsb icnbmbn hn\ntbmKnt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIXbnte°v
hnc¬Nq≠p∂p.
11. kv{Xo ˛ ]pcpj A\p]mXw F¥msW∂v hy‡am°n C¥ybnse kv{Xo ]pcpj A\p]mXw
Is≠ØpI.
D. kqNnI
• 1000 ]pcpj∑m¿°v F{X kv{XoIƒ F∂XmWv kv{Xo]pcpj A\p]mXw
• 2011 se sk≥kkv A\pkcn®v C¥ybnse kv{Xo]pcpj A\p]mXw 940 BWv.
12. A[zm\ tijnbp≈ P\ßfmWv Hcp cmPyØns‚ IcpØv. A[zm\ tijnsb sa®s∏SpØp∂
KpW]camb LSI߃ Fs¥√mamWv?
D. kqNnI
˛ hnZym`ymkw
˛ BtcmKy ]cn]me\w
˛ ]cnioe\߃
˛ kmaqlnI aqe[\w

86
81
13. hnZym`ymkw cmPyØns‚ hnIk\sØ Fßs\ klmbn°p∂p. ^vtfm Nm¿´v ]q¿Ønbm°pI
hnZym`ymkw
a ............................................
b .......................................................
c ......................................................................
d ................................................................................................

D.kqNnI
a) hy‡nIfpsS Ignhv sa®s∏SpØp∂p
b) kmt¶XnI hnZyIƒ D]tbmKn°m\p≈ Adnhv e`n°p∂p
c) sa®s∏´ sXmgnepw hcpam\hpw
d) PohnX \nehmcw Dbcp∂p
14. am\h hn`h tijn sa®s∏SpØp∂Xv sIm≠v D≠mIp∂ {]tbmP\߃ GsX√mw? ]Zkqcy≥
]q¿Ønbm°pI.
........................... kmºØnI A¥cw Ipdbv°mw
........................... sa®s∏´ am\hhn`hw ..............................................
.............................. ...............................
D.kqNnI
• kmºØnI A¥cw Ipdbv°mw
• {]IrXn hn`h߃ ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn°mw
• sa®s∏´ kmt¶XnI hnZyIfpsS hnIk\hpw D]tbmKhpw km[yam°mw
• kmaqlyt£aw Dd∏p hcpØmw
• kwcw`IXzw sa®s∏SpØmw.
• sXmgnemfnIfpsS DXv∏mZ\ £aX h¿≤n∏n°mw
15. Hcp {]tZisØ P\km{μX AhnSpsØ am\h hn`htijn e`yXsb Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂p?
D.kqNnI
P\km{μX h¿≤n°ptºmƒ am\h hn`h e`yX h¿≤n°p∂p.
16. sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØ \nc°v Ipdbp∂Xpw B{ibXz \nc°v h¿≤n°p∂Xpw cmPyØns‚
kmºØnI hnIk\sØ Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂p?
D. kqNnI
• sXmgn¬ ]¶mfnØ \nc°v Ipdbp∂Xpw B{ibXz \nc°v h¿≤n°p∂Xpw Btfmlcn
hcpam\w Ipdbp∂Xn\v CSbm°p∂p.
• CXv hnIk\sØ {]XnIqeambn _m[n°p∂p.

82
87
17. am\h hn`htijn hnIk\w e£yam°n hnZym`ymk ss\]pWn cwKØv \S∏nem°p∂
]cn]mSnIƒ FgpXpI
D.kqNnI
]≤XnIƒ e£y߃
kwtbmPnX iniphnIk\ tkh\ ]cn]mSn • 6 hb phscbp≈ inip°fpsS
ICDS ka{K hnIk\w, K¿`nWnIfptSbpw
apebq´p∂ AΩamcptSbpw BtcmKy
]cn]me\w
ka{K in£m A`nbm≥ (SSA ) • km¿Δ{XnI hnZym`ymkw
lb¿sk°≠dnhsc Dd∏p hcpØpI
• XpeyXbpw KpW\nehmchpw
Dd∏phcpØpI
• sXmgne[njvTnX hnZym`ymkw
]cnt]mjn∏n°pI.
• SCERT/DIET XpSßnb A[ym]I
]cnioe\tI{μ߃ i‡ns∏SpØpI.
cmjv{Sob D®X¬ in£m A`nbm≥ RUSA • D∂X hnZym`ymk e`yX h¿≤n∏n°pI
• D∂X hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw
Db¿ØpI
\mjW¬ kvIn¬ sUhe∏vsa‚ v B‚ v • bphP\ßfpsS sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn
tamWn‰dn dnhm¿Uv kvIow sa®s∏SpØpI
• sXmgn¬ sshZKv[yw t\SnbhcpsS e`yX
Dd∏p hcpØpI

18. hnZym`ymkw auenImhImiam°p∂ \nbataXv?, CXns‚ e£ysa¥v?

D. kqNnI
˛ hnZym`ymk AhImi \nbaw (RTE Act) ˛ 2009
˛ F√mh¿°pw {]mYanI hnZym`ymkw F∂ e£yw
19. hnZym`ymk cwKØv C\nbpw ]cnlcnt°≠ {]iv\߃ \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. Ah GsX√mw?
D.kqNnI
• {]mYanI hnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°msX Hcp hn`mKw hnZym¿∞nIƒ hnZymebßfn¬
\n∂p sImgn™pt]mIp∂p
• ASnÿm\ kuIcyßfpsS e`yX°pdhv
• hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw sa®s∏SptØ≠Xp≠v
20. temImtcmKy kwLS\ (WHO) BtcmKyw F∂Xns\ Fßs\bmWv \n¿hNn°p∂Xv ?
D.kqNnI
• imcocnIambpw am\knIambpw kmaqlnIambpw Bb kpÿnXnbmWv BtcmKyw F∂v
WHO \n¿hNn°p∂p.

88 83
21. BtcmKyap≈ hy‡nIƒ Fßs\ cmPy]ptcmKXnbn¬ ]¶mfnIfmhp∂p F∂p hniIe\w
sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.
D. kqNnI
• sXmgn¬ Zn\ßfpsS FÆw h¿≤n°p∂XpsIm≠pw Imcy£aX h¿≤n°p∂XpsIm≠pw
D¸mZ\w IqSpw
• {]IrXn hn`h߃ icnbmbn hn\ntbmKn°p∂p.
• NnIn’m sNehpIƒ Ipdbv°m\pw AXphgn k¿°mcns‚ kmºØnI sNehv
Ipdbv°m\pw Ignbpw
• Dev∏mZ\ h¿≤\hneqsS kmºØnI hnIk\w km[yamIpw
22. BtcmKy ]cn]me\Øn\mbn Hcpt°≠ kuIcy߃ ]´nIs∏SpØpI.
D. kqNnI
• t]mjImlmc e`yX
• ip≤Pe e`yX
• tcmK {]Xntcm[ kwhn[m\߃
• ipNnXz ]cn]me\w
• NnIn’m kuIcy߃
• hn{iahpw hnt\mZhpw Dd∏p hcpØpI
• BtcmKyIcamb ]cnÿnXn
23. NnIn’m cwKØv hnhn[ Xeßfnembn {]h¿Øn°p∂ hnhn[ k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßfp≠v.
Ahsb ASnÿm\am°n ^vtfm Nm¿´v ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
saUn°¬ tImtfPpIƒ

a .......................................................

b .......................................................

c .......................................................

d .......................................................

D. kqNnI
a) Pn√m Bip]{XnIƒ
b) kmaqlnI BtcmKytI{μ߃

84 89
c) {]mYanI BtcmKytI{μ߃
d) BtcmKy D]tI{μ߃
24. tZiob {KmaoW BtcmKy anj≥ (NRHM) tZiob \KcmtcmKy anj≥ (NUHM)
F∂nhsb°pdn®v Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI
D.kqNnI
• KpWta∑bp≈ BtcmKy tkh\߃ F√mh¿°pw e`yam°pI F∂ e£ytØmsS
tZiob {KmaoW BtcmKy anj≥ {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
• CXv {KmaoW taJebn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
• 50,000¬ A[nIw P\kwJybp≈ ]´Wßfnse tNcn \nhmknIƒ°pw a‰p
]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´h¿°pw sa®s∏´ BtcmKy tkh\߃ tZiob \Kc
BtcmKyanj≥ \¬Ip∂p. (NUHM)
25. temIØnse kº∂Xbv ° pw Zmcn{ZyØn\pw {][m\ ImcWw am\h hn`htijn
hnIk\Øns‚ tXmXnep≈ hyXymkamWv F∂ {]kvXmh\tbmSp \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?
D.kqNnI
• cmPyØns‚ hnIk\Øn\v hn`h߃ icnbmbn hn\ntbmKnt°≠Xp≠v
• {]IrXn hn`h߃ t]mse a\pjy hn`hhpw {][m\amWv
• {]IrXn hn`hßfn¬ a\pjym[zm\w IqSnt®cptºmgmWv D¬∏mZ\ h¿≤\hpw AXphgn
hnIk\hpw km[yamIp∂Xv.
• hnZym`ymk ˛ BtcmKy cwKßfn¬ Bkq{XnXamb {iaßfneqsS kº∂X
ssIhcn°mw. Zmcn{Zyw C√mXm°mw.

90 85
 bqWn‰v : 4
`qXe hniIe\w `q]SßfneqsS
1. F√m `utam]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw hni-Z-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw GXv?
• [cm-Xe
- ob `q]Sw
2. [cm-Xe
- ob `q]-Sß
- f
- psS {]tXy-IX F¥v?
{]Ir-Xn-ZØ
- hpw a\pjy \n¿Ωn-Xh- p-amb F√m `utam-]c- n-Xe khn-ti-jX - I
- t- fbpw hfsc hni-
Z-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X.
3. C¥y-bn¬ [cm-X-eob `q]Sw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ GP≥kn?
• k¿th Hm^v C¥y.
4. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw D]tbm-Khpw I¿i-\-ambn \nb-{¥n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Imc-W-
sa¥v?
• `q{]-tZ-iß
- f
- psS hni-Za
- mb Nn{Xo-Ic
- W
- w.
• X{¥-{]-[m-\-amb ÿe-ß-fpsS hnhcw tiJ-cn-°mw.
• cmPy-kp-c£
- bv°v `oj-Wn-bm-tb-°mw.
5. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-߃ Gh?
• `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS `uXn-I, kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\v.
• ssk\nI `q]S \n¿am-WØ
- n\v
• ssk\nI {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ°v
• \K-cm-kq-{XW {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ°v
• hn`-h-߃ Is≠Øn ]Tn-°p-∂Xn\v
6. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-߃ hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb [mc-W-Iƒ/Adn-hp-Iƒ Gh?
• [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fpsS \º¿ {Iaw.
• ÿm\ \n¿Wb coXn-Iƒ ({KnUv d^-d≥kv)
• AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw
• `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Db-chpw Ncnhpw (tIm-≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ)
• khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn-Iƒ
7. temI-Ønse apgp-h≥ h≥I-cI - f- p-tSbpw [cm-Xe
- o-b`- q-]S- ß
- ƒ At\Iw jo‰p-If
- n-embn Nn{Xo-I-
cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-XIƒ Gh?
• BsI 2222 jo‰p-Iƒ
• 600 hS°pw apX¬ 600 sX°p-hsc ˛ 1800 jo‰p-Iƒ
• 600˛880 hS°pw 600-˛880 sX°pw˛420 jo‰p-Iƒ
• 880˛900 hS°pw 880 ˛ 900 sX°pw ˛ 2 jo‰p-Iƒ

86
91
8. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ {]tXy-IX
- I
- ƒ an√y≥ jo‰p-Iƒ, Un{Kn jo‰p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-°pI
kqN-\I
- ƒ
• 40 apX¬ 40 tcJmwiw hym]vXn • A - P hsc \º-dp-Iƒ
• 10 A£mwiw 10 tcJmwiw • 1 : 250000 F∂ tXmXv
• 1 apX¬ 105 hsc \º-dp-Iƒ • 1 : 1000000 F∂-tXmXv
• Hmtcm jo‰n-t\bpw 16 `mK-ambn • Hmtcm jo‰n-t\bpw 16 `mK-ambn Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p
Xncn-®n-cn- °p∂p

aney≥ jo‰p-Iƒ Un{Kn jo‰p-Iƒ

• 1˛105 hsc \º-dp-Iƒ • A apX¬ P hsc \º-dp-Iƒ
• 40 A£mwiw 40 tcJmwiw • 10 A£mwiw 10 tcJmwiw hym]vXn
hym]vXn
• 1:10,00,000 F∂ tXmXv • 1:250000 F∂- tXmXv
• Hmtcm jo‰n-t\bpw 16 • Hmtcm jo‰n-t\bpw 16 `mK-ambn
`mKambn Xn-cn®n-cn-°p∂p Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p
9. [cm-Xe - n¬ 45 D/10 F∂ \º¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ 45 F¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p?
- ob `q]-SØ
• aney¨ jo‰v \º¿
10. BtKm-fX - e
- Ø
- n¬ AwKo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p∂ \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßf
- p-amWv [cm-Xe
- ob `q]-Sß
- f
- n¬ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. Imc-Ws
- a¥v?
• Hmtcm cmPy-°mcpw Xøm-dm-°p∂ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-߃ a‰p cmPy-°m¿°pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\-
n-em-°m\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw km[n-°p-∂p.
11. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fn¬ Dbcw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ am¿K-߃ ˛ ]Z-kq-cy≥
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

kvt]m´v ssl‰v
[cm-Xe- ob
Un `q]-Sß
- f - n¬ F
Dbcw
Nn{Xo-Ic- n-°p∂ _n
coXnIƒ

kn
F) tIm≠q¿ tcJ kn) s_©v am¿°v
_n) t^mw sse≥ Un) {Sbm-¶p-te-‰Uv ssl‰v

87

92
12. X∂n-cn-°p∂ {KnUv d^-d≥kn¬ \n∂pw CuÃnMvkns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ A°-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
155766
• CuÃnMvkv ˛ 155
13. {KnUv ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ÿm\-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm≥ \me-°w, Bd°w F∂o c≠v d^-d≥kv
coXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
• `qk-hn-ti-jX- I
- ƒ hyXykvX hep-∏Ø
- n¬ Bb-Xn-\m¬ BWv c≠v coXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠n
hcp-∂X
- v. henb khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ \me°w sIm≠pw sNdnb khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ Bd°w sIm≠pw
ÿm\-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂p.
14. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ \nco-£n®v tNmZy-߃°v DØ-cw \¬Ip-I.

F) tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂X

- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\s
- a¥v?
_n) Nn{X-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tIm≠q¿ aqey-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
kn) tIm≠q¿ CS-thf F{X-bm-Wv?
Un) tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ ASp-ØS- pØpw AI-∂I
- ∂pw Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?
DØckqNnI
F) kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Dbcw
_n) 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600 ao‰-dp-Iƒ
kn) 100 ao‰¿
Un) tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ ASp-ØS- p-Øm-sW-¶n¬ IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncnhpw AI-∂I
- ∂
- m-sW-¶n¬
sNdnb Ncnhpw Bbn-cn-°pw.
15. [mc-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ tIm≠q¿ tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂v Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃
a\-kn-em°mw?

88
93
 • `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Db-cw, XmgvN

• `q{]-tZ-iØ
- ns‚ Ncnhv

• `q{]-tZ-iØ
- ns‚ BIrXn

16. t\¿°mgvN F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂s

- X¥v?

c≠p ÿe-߃ XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw Zriy-am-sW-¶n¬ Ah XΩn¬ t\¿°mgvN D≠v.

17. kaq-{Z-\n-c∏
- n¬ \n∂v Htc Db-ca- p≈ ÿe-ßsf XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v hc-°p∂ km¶¬∏nI
tcJ-IIƒ GXpt]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p.

• tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ

18. \n¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-\-Isf {]mY-anI hnh-c-߃, `uXnI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-°p-I.

CuÃn-Mvkv, Pem-i-b-߃, ]¿h-X-߃, tXmXv, ]m¿∏n-S-߃, tSmt∏m-jo-‰v \º¿, Irjn-bn-S-

߃, ]mew, h\w.

{]mY-anI hnh-cß
- ƒ `uXnI khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ

CuÃnMvkv Pem-ib
- ß
- ƒ ]m¿∏n-Sß
- ƒ

tXmXv ]¿Δ-Xß
- ƒ Irjn-bn-Sß
- ƒ

tSmt∏m-jo‰v \º¿ h\w ]mew

19. CuÃn-Mvkv, t\m¿Øn-Mvkv ˛ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

CuÃnMvkv t\m¿ØnMvkv

• hS°v ˛ sX°v Zni-bn¬ • Ing°p ˛ ]Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬ hc-®n-cn-°p∂p

hc-®n-cn-°p∂p

• Ing°p Zni-bn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ • hS°p Zni-bn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ

aqeyw IqSp∂p aqeyw IqSp∂p

• `qk-hn-ti-jX
- b
- psS sXm´v CSXp • `qk-hn-ti-jX
- b
- psS sXm´v sX°mbn

hi-Ømbn/]Sn-™mdv hi-Ømbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ t\m¿Øn-Mvkns‚

ImWp∂ CuÃnMvkns‚ aqeyw aqeyw ÿm\\n¿W-bØ

- n\v

ÿm\ \n¿W-b-Øn\v ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p ]cn-KW

- n-°p-∂p.

89
94
20. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.

F) CuÃn-Mvkns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \º-dp-Iƒ.

• 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
_n) t\m¿Øn-Mvkns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \º-dp-Iƒ
• 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
kn) tIm´-bpsS ÿm\w \me° {KnUv d^-d≥kn-eqsS \n¿W-bn-°p-I.
• 8134
Un) XSm-I-Øns‚ ÿm\w \me° {KnUv d^-d≥kn-eqsS \n¿W-bn-°p-I.
• 8235
C) Ipg¬-In-W-dns‚ ÿm\w Bd° {KnUv d^-d≥kn-eqsS \n¿W-bn-°p-I.
• 836343
F^v) sse‰v lukns‚ ÿm\w Bd° {KnUv d^-d≥kn-eqsS \n¿W-bn-°p-I.
• 853373
Pn) 8535{KnUv d^-d≥kv kqNn-∏n-°p∂ `qk-hn-ti-jX GXv?
• ih∏dºv
F®v) 8436 F∂ {KnUv d^-d≥kv kqNn-∏n-°p∂ `qk-hn-ti-jX GXv?
• {InkvXy≥ ]≈n.

90 95
21. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `qk-hn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ Nn{Xo-Ic- n-°p-∂X
- n\v [cm-Xe
- ob `q]-SØ
- n¬ D]t-bm-
Kn-°p∂ AwKo-IrX \nd-߃ Xncn-®-dn™ ]´nI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I.

1. Id-p∏v, 2. \oe, 3. ]®, 4. a™, 5. shfp-∏v, 6, Nph∏v, 7. Xhn´v

96
91
 bqWn‰v : 5
s]mXp sNehpw s]mXp hcpam\hpw
1. s]mXpsNehv F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂sX¥mWv?
D. kqNnI
• k¿°mcns‚ sNehns\bmWv s]mXpsNehv F∂p ]dbp∂Xv.
s]mXpsNehns‚ hnhn[ taJeIƒ
• {]Xntcm[w
• IpSnsh≈ hnXcWw
• ]cnÿnXn kwc£Ww
• t£as]≥j≥ hnXcWw
• ]mew \n¿ΩmWw
• AWs°´v \n¿ΩmWw
s]mXp sNehpIsf c≠mbn Xncn°mw:˛
2. hnIk\sNehpIƒ, hnIkt\Xc sNehpIƒ Ch hy‡am°pI.
D. kqNnI
• tdmUv, ]mew, XpdapJw XpSßnbh \n¿Ωn°pI, ]pXnb kwcw`ßfpw, hnZym`ymk
ÿm]\ßfpw XpSßpI apXemb {]h¿Ø\߃°p≈ k¿°m¿ sNehmWv hnIk\
sNehpIƒ
• bp≤w, ]eni, s]≥j≥ XpSßnbhbv°p≈ sNehpIsf hnIkt\Xc sNehpIfmbn
IW°m°p∂p.
3. s]mXpsNehns‚ h¿±n°p∂Xns‚ ImcW߃ Is≠ØpI.
D. kqNnI
• {]Xntcm[ sNehns‚ h¿≤\hv
• t£a {]h¿Ø\߃
• \KchXv°cWw
• P\kwJym h¿≤\hv
• k¿°m¿ k_vknUnIƒ
• hyhkmb hXv°cWw
• BtcmKy ]cn]me\w
• hnZym`ymk cwKw

92 97
4. s]mXphcpam\w F∂XpsIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞am°p∂Xv?
D. kqNnI
• k¿°mcns‚ hcpam\sØbmWv s]mXp hcpam\w F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv.
5. k¿°mcns‚ {][m\ hcpam\ am¿§amWv \nIpXn. \nIpXnIsf°pdn®v Xmsg sImSpØ
^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

\nIpXnIƒ
{]Xy£ \nIpXnIƒ ]tcm£ \nIpXn

1) .................... 2).......................... 3) ...................

D. kqNnI

1. hy‡nKX BZmb \nIpXn 2. tIm¿∏td‰v \nIpXn

3. Nc°vtkh\ \nIpXn (GST)

6. {]Xy£ \nIpXn, ]tcm£ \nIpXn Ch XΩnep≈ hyXymkw F¥mWv?

D.kqNnI

• Hcmfn¬ \nIpXn NpaØpIbpw as‰mcmfnte°v \nIpXn`mcw ssIam‰w sNøpIbpw

sNøp∂XmWv ]tcm£\nIpXn

• BcnemtWm \nIpXn NpaØp∂Xv Abmƒ Xs∂ \nIpXn AS°ptºmƒ AXns\ {]Xy£

\nIpXn F∂p ]dbp∂p.

7. {]Xy£ \nIpXnbpsSbpw, ]tcm£ \nIpXnbptSbpw khntijXIƒ ]cntim[n°pI

D. kqNnI

{]Xy£ \nIpXn ]tcm£ \nIpXn

• \nIpXn NpaØs∏Sp∂ Bƒ Xs∂ • \nIpXn NpaØs∏Sp∂Xv Hcmfnepw
\nIpXn ASbv°p∂p. \¬Ip∂Xv as‰mcmfpw
• \nIpXn `mcw \nIpXnZmbI¿ Adnbp∂p • \nIpXnZmbI¿ \nIpXn `mcw
Adnbp∂n√
• \nIpXn ]ncnhn\v sNehv XmcXtay\ • \nIpXn ]ncnhn\v sNehv
IqSpXemWv. XmcXtays\ IpdhmWv

98
93
8. C¥ybnse {][m\s∏´ {]Xy£ \nIpXnIsf°pdn®v Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.
D.kqNnI
1. hy‡nKX BZmb \nIpXn
• hy‡nIfpsS hcpam\Ønt∑¬ NpaØp∂ \nIpXn
• hcpam\w IqSp∂Xn\\pkcn®v \nIpXn \nc°v IqSp∂p
2. tIm¿∏td‰v \nIpXn
• Iº\nIfpsS A‰ hcpam\Ønt∑¬ AYhm em`Ønt∑¬ NpaØp∂ \nIpXn
9. Nc°v tkh\ \nIpXn (GST) \nehn¬ h∂sX∂v ?
2017 Pqsse 1
10. Nc°v tkh\ \nIpXn Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI.
* tI{μKh¨sa‚pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIfpw NpaØnbncp∂ hnhn[ ]tcm£ \nIpXnIsf
ebn∏n®v 2017 Pqsse 1 apX¬ C¥ybn¬ \nehn¬ h∂ GIoIrX ]tcm£ \nIpXn k{ºZmbamWv
Nc°ptkh\ \nIpXn (GST)
* Nc°pIfpsSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpw \n¿ΩmWwapX¬ D]t`mKwhscbp≈ F√mL´ßfnepw
\nIpXnNpaØs∏Sp∂p.
* HmtcmL´Ønepw aqeyh¿≤\hv D≠mhpIbpw AXv CuSm°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
* HmtcmL´Ønepw D≠mhp∂ aqeyh¿≤\hn\v am{Xta \nIpXn NpaØs∏Sp∂p≈p.
* A¥na D]t`m‡mhv BZyw AS® \nIpXnIƒ ]n∂oSv \¬tI≠Xn√.
11. hnhn[Xcw Nc°v tkh\ \nIpXnIƒ hnhcn°pI.
* sk≥{S¬ Pn. Fkv. Sn (CGST) ˛ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v NpaØp∂Xv.
* tÉv Pn. Fkv. Sn (SGST) - -˛ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v NpaØp∂Xv.
* C‚t{K‰Uv Pn. Fkv. Sn (IGST) - -˛ A¥¿ kwÿm\ {Ibhn{IbßfpsS ta¬ tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚ v NpaØp∂Xv.
* CGST,SGST - F
- ∂nh D]t`m‡m°fn¬ \n∂pw Hcpan®v ]ncns®SpØv tI{μhpw kwÿm\hpw
Xpeyambn hoXns®Sp°p∂p.
* IGST - N
- paØp∂Xpw ]ncn°p∂Xpw tI{μKh¨sa‚mWv. CXnse kwÿm\hnlnXw ]n∂oSv
\¬Ipw.
12. GSTbnse \nIpXn \nc°pIƒ GsX√mw ?
5%, 12%, 18%, 28%F∂nßs\ \mep …m_pIfnembn \nIpXn\nc°pIƒ GSTbnep≠v.
13. GST kanXnbpsS sNb¿am≥ Bcv ?
tI{μ [\Imcy a{¥n
14. GST kanXn GsX√mw ImcyØnemWv ip]m¿iIƒ \¬Ip∂Xv ?
* GSTbn¬ ebn∏nt°≠ \nIpXnIƒ, sk pIƒ, k¿Nm¿÷pIƒ

94 99
* GST ]cn[nbn¬ hcptØ≠Xpw Hgnhmt°≠Xpamb Nc°pIfpw tkh\ßfpw.
* \nIpXn \nc°pIƒ \n›bn°¬.
* Hgnhm°s∏´ncn°p∂ Nc°pIfpw tkh\ßfpw GSTbn¬ Ds∏SptØ≠ kabw.
* samØw hn‰phchns‚ ASnÿm\Ønep≈ \nIpXn Hgnhns‚ ]cn[n \n›bn°¬.
15. k¿®m¿÷v, sk v Ch XmcXayw sNøpI.
D. kqNnI
• \nIpXn°p ta¬ NpaØp∂ A[nI \nIpXnbmWv k¿Nm¿÷v
• Hcp \n›nX ImetØ°mWv k¿®m¿÷v NpaØpI
• k¿°m¿ Nne {]tXyI Bhiy߃°mbn NpaØp∂ A[nI \nIpXnbmWv sk v
• BhiyØn\p ]Ww e`n®p Ign™m¬ skkv \n¿Øem°pw.
16. X∂ncn°p∂ \nIpXnIsf ]´nIs∏SpØpI
• tIm¿∏td‰v \nIpXn
• hkvXp \nIpXn • hy‡nKX BZmb \nIpXn
• Ãmºv Uyq´n • sXmgn¬ \nIpXn
• tI{μ Pn.Fkv.Sn. (GST) • kwÿm\ Pn.Fkv.Sn. (SGST)
• kwtbmPnX Pn.Fkv.Sn. (IGST) • `q \nIpXn

tI{μ k¿°m¿ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Xt±i kzbw`cW

\nIpXn \nIpXn k¿°m¿ \nIpXn

D. kqNnI
tI{μ k¿°m¿ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Xt±i kzbw`cW
\nIpXn \nIpXn k¿°m¿ \nIpXn
• tIm¿∏td‰v \nIpXn • Ãmºv Uyq´n • hkvXp \nIpXn
• hy‡nKX BZmb \nIpXn • kwÿm\ Pn.Fkv.Sn. (SGST) • sXmgn¬ \nIpXn
• tI{μ Pn.Fkv.Sn. (CGST) • `q \nIpXn
• kwtbmPnX Pn.Fkv.Sn. (IGST)
17. Hcp k¿°mcns‚ \nIpXntbXc hcpam\ t{kmX pIƒ hniZam°pI.
1. ^okv ˛ k¿°m¿ tkh\߃°p≈ {]Xn^ew
DZm. ssek≥kv ^okv, cPnkvt{Sj≥ ^okv, Syqj≥ ^okv

100
95
 2. ss^\pIfpw s]\m¬‰nIfpw
\nbaw ewLn°p∂Xn\v \¬Ip∂ in£IfmWv ss^\pIfpw s]\m¬‰nIfpw
3. {Km‚ v ˛ Hcp k¿°m¿ as‰mcp k¿°mcn\p \¬Ip∂ kmºØnI klmbamWv {Km‚pIƒ
4. ]eni ˛ k¿°m¿ hnhn[ kwcw`߃°pw GP≥knIƒ°pw cmPy߃°pw \¬Ip∂
hmbv]Iƒ°v ]eni e`n°p∂p.
5. em`w ˛ k¿°m¿ \SØp∂ kwcw`ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ hcpam\w
DZm. C¥y≥ sdbn¬thbn¬ \n∂p≈ em`w.
18. s]mXpISw F∂mse¥v? s]mXpISØns‚ `mKßfmb B`y¥cISw, hntZiISw F∂nh
hy‡am°pI.
D. kqNnI
• k¿°m¿ hmßp∂ hmbv]IfmWv s]mXpISw. cmPyØn\IØp≈ hy‡nIfn¬ \n∂pw
ÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂pw k¿°m¿ hmßp∂ hmbv]IfmWv B`y¥cISw.
• hntZi Kh¨sa‚pIfn¬ \n∂pw A¥¿ tZiob kYm]\ßfn¬ \n∂pw Hcp k¿°m¿
hmßp∂ hmbv]IfmWv hntZi ISw.
19. F¥mWv s]mXp[\Imcyw? s]mXp[\Imcy kw_‘amb Imcy߃ GXp tcJbneqsSbmWv
{]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv?
D. kqNnI
• s]mXphcpam\w, s]mXpsNehv, s]mXpISw F∂nhsb°pdn®v {]Xn]mZn°p∂
kmºØnI imkv{X imJbmWv s]mXp[\Imcyw.
• s]mXp[\Imcy kw_‘amb Imcy߃ _P‰neqsSbmWv {]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv
20. F¥mWv _P‰v? hnhn-[X
- cw _P-‰p-Iƒ GsX√mw
DØc kqNnI
• Hcp kmº-ØnI h¿j-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ {]Xo-£n-°p∂ hchpw sNe-hpIfpw hni-Z-am-
°p∂ [\-Im-cy-tc-Jb
- mWv _P-‰v.
• C¥y-bn¬ G{]n¬ H∂p apX¬ am¿®v 31 hsc-bmWv kmº-ØnI h¿jw
• _P-‰p-Iƒ aq∂v Xcw ˛
• k¥p--enX _P‰v ˛ hchpw sNehpw Xpey-ambn hcp∂ _P‰v
• an® _P‰v ˛ hcp-am\w sNe-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSnb _P‰v
• IΩn _P‰v ˛ sNehv hc-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSnb _P‰v
21. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-hsb \nIp-Xn- hcpam\w, \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\w F∂v Xcw Xncn-°p-I.
• tIm¿]-td‰v \nIpXn • ]eni • hy‡nKX BZ-b\
- n-IpXn
• Nc°v tkh\ \nIpXn • em`w • {Km‚p-Iƒ

101
96
D.-kq-NnI
\nIp-Xn-Iƒ \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc- h
- c- p-am\w
• tIm¿]-td‰v \nIpXn • ]eni
• hy‡nKX BZmb \nIpXn • em`w
• Nc°v tkh\ \nIpXn • {Km‚p-Iƒ
22. [\\bw, [\-\-b-Øns‚ e£y-߃ F∂nh hy‡am°pI.
As√-¶n¬
s]mXp-sN-eh - v, s]mXp hcp-am-\w, s]mXp-ISw F∂nh cmPy-Øn\v Fß-s\-bmWv
KpW-Ic- a- m-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv?
As√-¶n¬
s]mXp sNehv Fß-s\-bmWv cmPy-Øn\p KpW-Ic- a- mbnØocp-∂Xv?
D.kqNnI
s]mXp-hcpam-\w, s]mXp-sN-eh
- v, s]mXp-IS- w, F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® k¿°m¿ \b-amWv [\-\-
bw.
• [\-\bw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv _P-‰n¬ IqSn-bm-Wv.
• [\-\b
- Ø
- ns‚ e£y-߃
• kmº-ØnI ÿncX ssIh-cn-°p-I.
• sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ krjv-Sn-°p-I.
• A\m-h-iy-sN-e-hp-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-I.
• s]mXp-hc- p-am\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-I.
• ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-hn-Ik
- \w
• s]mXp ISw Ipd-bv°¬
• s]mXp sNe-hp-Iƒ Dev]m-Z\
- £
- a- a- m-°p-I.
23. [\-\bw kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xsb _m[n-°p∂ hne°-b-‰-sØbpw hne-®p-cp-°-sØbpw \nb-{¥n-
°p-∂s- X-ßs- \-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
D. kqNnI
• hne-°-b‰ ka-bØv \nIpXn h¿[n-∏n-°p∂p.
• CXns‚ ^e-ambn P\-ß-fpsS hm߬ tijn Ipd-bp-∂p.
DZ˛ \nIpXn 10 iX-am-\a- m-bn-cp-∂Xv 20 iX-am-\a- mbn Db¿Øn-bm¬ 100 cq]bv°v 20 cq] \nIpXn
\¬I-Ww. _m°n 80 cq]tb D]-t`m-K-Øn\v e`n-°p-I-bp-≈q. 90 cq]bv°v km[-\-߃ hmßn-
bn-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v 80 cq]bvt° km[-\-߃ hmßm≥ Ign-bq. CXns‚ ^e-ambn km[-\-߃
hn¬°-s∏-SmsX hcpw. CXv hne-Ip-d-bm≥ CS-h-cp-Øp∂p. CXp-t]mse hne-®p-cp°w A-\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp∂ ka-bØv \nIpXn Ipd®pw kmº-ØnI `{ZX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ømw.

102
97
 • hne-®p-cp° kab-Øv \nIpXn ]eni F∂nh Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw s]mXp-sN-ehv h¿≤n-∏n®v
P\-ß-fpsS hm߬ tijn Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ km[-\-ß-fpsS hne Db-cm≥
Imc-Wa- m-Ip-∂p.
24. hnhn-[-h¿j-ß-fnse s]mXp-sN-e-hv, s]mXp hcp-am\w Chsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \¬In-bn-cn-
°p∂ _P-‰p-Isf Xcw Xncn-°p-I.
F) hcp-am\w sNehn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ .........................
_n) sNehv hcp-am-\t- Ø-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ..........................
kn) hcp-am-\hpw sNehpw Xpeyw ..........................
D.-kq-NnI
F) an® _P‰v
_n) IΩn _P‰v
kn) k¥p-enX _P‰v

103

98
 bqWn‰v : 6

BImi°ÆpIfpw Adnhns‚ hniIe\hpw

1. F¥m-Wv hnZqc kwth-Z\w?

l Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\tbm {]tZ-i-sØtbm {]Xn-`m-k-sØtbm kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃

kv]¿i-_‘w IqSmsX D]-Ic- W - ß
- f
- psS klm-bt- ØmsS tiJ-cn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv hnZqc
kwth-Z\
- w.

2. kwthZIw (sk≥k¿) F∂mse¥v? DZmlcWw FgpXpI?

l hnZqc kwth-Z\ - Ø
- n¬ hnh-cß
- ƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂
D]-Ic- W
- a- mWv kwth-ZIw

DZ ˛ Iyma-d, kvIm\¿

3. Du¿÷ DdhnSsØ ASn-ÿm-\a- m°n hnZqc kwth-Z\ - sØ Xcw-Xn-cn-°pI/ {]Xy£ hnZq-ck

- w-
th-Z\
- w, ]tcm-£h
- n-Zqc kwth-Z\w F∂nh hy‡-am-°p-I.

hnZqc kwth-Z\w

]tcm£ hnZqc kwh-Z\w {]Xy£ hnZqc kwth-Z\w

kutcm¿P-Øns‚ klmbw Ir{Xna {]Im-i-Øns‚ klmbw

4. πm‰vt^mw F∂m-se¥v?

hnZqc kwth-Z-\-Øn¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Iyma-dtbm kvIm\tdm ÿm]n-®n-cn-

°p∂ {]X-es- Ø-bmWv πm‰v t^mw F∂p ]d-bp-∂X- v.

5. πm‰v t^mans\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnZqc kwth-Z-\sØ F{X-bmbn Xcw Xncn°mw? GsX√mw?

aq∂mbn Xncn°mw

1. `qXe Ombm-{K-lWw

2. BIm-iob hnZqc kwth-Z\w

3. D]-{Kl hnZqc kwth-Z\w

6. hnhn-[-Xcw hnZqc kwth-Z-\-ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ˛ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

104

99
 hnZqc kwth-Z\w πm‰v t^mw kwth-ZIw hnh-ct- i-Jc- Ww
`qXe Ombm-{K-lWw `qXew Iymad `qX-eØ
- n¬ \n∂pw
BIm-iob hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\w hnam\w/_eq¨ Iymad BIm-iØp \n∂pw
D]-{Kl hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\w D]-{Klw kvIm\¿ _ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-\n∂pw

7. BIm-iob Nn{X-ßfnse Hmh¿em∏v ˛ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI

XpS¿® \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw {Xnam\ ho£Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn Hmtcm BIm-iob Nn{X-
Ønepw sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ Nn{X-Ønse GI-tZiw 60% `mKw IqSn ]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p. CXm-Wv
BIm-iob Nn{X-ß-fnse Hmh¿em-∏v.
8. Ãocntbm s]b¿ F∂m-se¥v?
Hmh¿em-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp tPmUn BIm-iob Nn{X-ßsf Ãocntbm s]b¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
9. Ãocntbm kvtIm∏v F∂mse¥v ?
• BIm-iob Nn{X-ßsf {Xnam\ cq]-Øn¬ ImWm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-cWw.
• Hcp {]tZ-isØ H∂mbn ImWmw.
• ÿe-Øns‚ Db¿® XmgvN-Iƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bmw.
10- BIm-iob hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\
- Ø
- ns‚ ta∑-˛t]mcmbvaIƒ Fs¥ms° ?
ta∑Iƒ
• hnam\w IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS XpS¿®bmbp≈ Nn{X-߃ e`y-am-Ip∂p F∂-
XmWv BIm-iob hnZq-ck- w-th-Z\
- Ø
- ns‚ ta∑.
t]mcmbvaIƒ
* hnam-\-Øns‚ Ipep°w Nn{X-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑sb _m[n-°p-∂p.
* hnam-\Ø
- n\v ]d-∂p-bc- m\pw Cd-ßm\pw Xpd- mb ÿew Bh-iy-am-Wv.
* hnam-\Ø
- n\v C‘\w \nd-bv°p-∂X
- n-\mbn CS-bv°nsS \ne-Øn-d°
- p-∂Xv
sNe-th-dn-bX
- m-Wv.
* AXn-hn-kvXr-Xa- mb `q{]-tZ-iß
- f
- psS hnhc tiJ-cWw km[y-a√
- .
11. D]-{Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w F∂m¬ F¥v? CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ c≠p-Xcw D]-{K-l-߃
GsX√mw?
* Ir{Xna D]-{K-lß
- f
- n¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ sk≥k-dp-Iƒ hgn `qX-eØ
- ns‚ hnh-ct- i-Jc- Ww
\S-Øp∂ {]{In-b.
* `qÿnc D]-{K-l-߃, kuc-ÿnc D]-{K-l-߃

105

100
12. `qÿn-c, kuc-ÿnc D]-{K-l-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

`qÿnc D]-{Klw kuc-ÿnc D]-{Klw

* `qan-bpsS {`a-WØ
- n-s\m∏w k©-cn-°p-∂p. * {[ph-߃°p apI-fn-eqsS `qansb Np‰p-∂p.
* k©m-c-]Yw `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw GI-tZiw * k©m-c-]Yw `qan-bn¬ \n∂v GXm≠v
36000Inan. Db-c-Øn¬ 900 In.-ao‰¿ DbcØnemWv.
* `qan-bpsS ap∂n-semcp `mKw \nco-£W ]cn- * `qÿnc D]-{K-lß
- t- f-°mƒ Ipd™ \nco-
[n-bn¬ hcp∂p. £W ]cn[n
* {`aW thK-Xbv°p Xpey-ambn k©-cn-°p- * {]tZ-iØ
- ns‚ Bh¿Øn-®p≈ hnh-ct- i-J-
∂-Xn-\m¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw `q-an-bnse Htc c-Ww km[yamIp∂p.
{]tZ-iØ
- n\v A`n-ap-Ja- m-bn-cn-°pw.
* {]IrXn hn`-hß
- ƒ, `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw, `qK¿`-
* Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿnc-amb hnh-c-ti-J- Pew apXembhsb Ip-dn-®p≈ hnhc tiJ-
cWØn\v km[n°p∂p. c-WØ
- n\v D]tbmKn°p∂p.
* hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab
- w, Zn\m-¥c- o-£ÿ
- n-Xn-bnse * hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\
- Ø
- n¬ apJy-ambpw D]-tbm-
hyXymkw F∂nh a\-kn-em-°m≥ D]-tbm- Kn-°p-∂p.
Kn-°p-∂p.
DZm:˛ IRS Land Sat ]cºc D]{Kl߃
DZm:˛ INSAT D]{Kl߃
13. kvs]Iv{S¬ knt·-®¿, kvt]jy¬ sdkeyq-j≥ F∂nh Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°pI
• `utam-]c- n-Xe
- Ø
- nse Hmtcm hkvXphpw {]Xn-^e
- n-°p∂ Du¿P-Øns‚ Afhv ˛ kvs]Iv{S¬
knt·-®¿.
• Hcp sk≥k-dn\v Xncn-®d- n-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ `qX-eØ
- nse G‰hpw sNdnb hkvXp-hns‚ hen∏w
˛ kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥
14. D]-{K-l-Om-b-mNn{Xw F∂m¬ F¥v ?
• D]-{K-l-߃ hgn tiJ-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ Iºyq-´-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Nn{X-cq-]-Øn-
em-°p-∂p. CXmWv D]-{K-lO
- m-bm- Nn-{X-߃
15. D]-{Kl Ombm Nn{X-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
hnhn[ Xcw kvIm\-dp-Iƒ hnhn[ hkvXp-°sf kvs]Iv{S¬ knt·-®-dns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Xncn-®d- n™v hnh-cß
- ƒ kwJym cq]-Øn¬ `qXe tI{μ-ßf
- n-te°v Ab-°p-∂p. Ahsb Iºyq-
´-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Nn{X cq]-Øn-em-°p-∂p. Cßs\bmWv D]-{K-l-
Omb Nn{X-߃ Xømdm°p∂Xv.
16. kvt]jy¬ sdkeyqj≥ F∂mse¥v ?
Hcp sk≥kdn\v Xncn®dnbm≥ km[n°p∂ `qXeØnse G‰hpw sNdnb hkvXphns‚ hep∏amWv
B sk≥kdns‚ kvt]jy¬ sdkeyqj≥.

106
101
17. hnZqc kwth-Z\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS D]-tbm-K-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
z Imem-hÿm \n¿Æbw
z kap{Z ]cy-th-£Ww

z [mXp ]cy-th-£Ww

z FÆ ]cy-th-£Ww

z sh≈-s∏m-°w, hcƒ®, Im´pXo F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v

z hnf-I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn, IoS-_m[ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bm≥

z `qhn\ntbmKw a\ nem°m≥.
z `qK¿` Pekm[yX Is≠Øm≥

18. `qhnhc hyhÿ ˛ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI ˛ hnhn[ hnhct{kmXkpIfn¬\n∂pw tiJcn°p∂

hnhc߃ `qhnhc hyhÿm tkm^v s‰zbdpIƒ D]tbmKn®v \nthin∏n°p∂Xn\pw Ahsb
hos≠Sp°p∂Xn\pw hniIe\w \SØp∂Xn\pw, `q]S߃, ]´nIIƒ, {Km^pIƒ
F∂nhbneqsS Ahsb hniZam°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp Iºyq´d[ojv T nX hnhc k©b
hyhÿbmWv `q hnhc hyhÿ.
19. `qhn-hc hyh-ÿb
- n¬ hnhc hni-Ie
- \w km[y-am-°p-∂X
- n\v Bh-iy-ap≈ c≠p-Xcw hnh-cß
- ƒ
Gh?
1. ÿm\ob hnh-c-߃
2. hnti-jW- ß
- ƒ
20. ÿm\ob hnh-c-߃, hnti-j-W-߃ F∂nh Fs¥∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.
• ÿm\ob hnh-c-߃ ˛ `utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm khntijXIƒ°pw
AXnt‚Xmb ÿm\ap≠v. \nbXamb A£mwi tcJmwi ÿm\ap≈ `utam]cnXe
khntjXIsf ÿm\ob hnhc߃ F∂phnfn°p∂p.
A£mwi ˛ tcJmwi ÿm\w
• hnti-j-W-߃ ˛ `utam-]-cn-XeØnse Hmtcm ÿm\ob hnhcsØ kw_‘n®pw
Iq´nt®¿°mhp∂ A[nI hnhcßfmWv hntijW߃.
21. `qhn-hc hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hnh-c-߃ ]mfn-I-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Imc-Wsa¥v?
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]mfn-I-fmbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ \ap-°m-h-iy-amb hnh-c-߃ am{Xw Dƒs∏-
SpØn `q]-S-ßtfm ]´n-I-Itfm {Km^p-Itfm \n¿Ωn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
22. `qhn-hc hyh-ÿ-bpsS hni-I-e\ km[y-X-Iƒ Gh?
* irwJem hni-I-e\w
* BhrØn hni-Ie
- \w
* Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w
23. Xmsg-∏d- b
- p∂ kμ¿`-ßf
- n¬ {]tbm-P\
- s- ∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ `qhn-hc- h
- y-hÿbpsS hniIe\ km[yX
Iƒ Gh ?
F) s\¬IrjnbpsS hym]vXnbnep≠mb am‰w Is≠Øp∂Xn\v ˛ Hmh¿te hniIe\w.
_n) hgn-bn¬ ASp-Øp≈ s]t{Smƒ ]ºv Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v ˛ irwJem hni-I-e\w
kn) tdmUn\v hoXn Iq´p-tºmƒ \jvS-am-Ip∂ hoSp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v ˛ BhrØn
hni-Ie
- \w

102 107
24. `qhn-hc hyh-ÿ-bpsS {]tbm-P-\-߃ ˛ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
* ]e DdhnSßfn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh-c-߃ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
* hnhc߃ Ffp∏Øn¬ \hoIcn°m\pw Iq´nt®¿°m\pw
* `q]-Sß
- ƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X
- n\v
* `qXe khntijXIƒ ÿm\obambn {]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn\v
* `q]S߃, ]´n-I-Iƒ, {Km^p-Iƒ F∂nh Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v
* `mhn {]Xn-`m-k-߃ a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn\v
* hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX ]T-\ß
- ƒ \-Øp-∂X
- n\v
25. t•m_¬ s]mkn-j-\nMv knÃw ˛ eLp hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-I.
♦ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy\mSp-If
- psS KXn-\n¿Wb kwhn-[m\w
♦ ssk\nI Bh-iy-߃°mbn Bcw-`n-®p.
♦ `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v 20000 apX¬ 20200 In.an hsc Db-c-Øn¬
D]-{K-lß
- ƒ
♦ 6 hyXykvX {`aW ]Y-ß-fn-embn 24 D]-{K-l-߃
♦ 4 D]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-¶nepw e`n-°p∂ kn·¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v hkvXp-°-fpsS
A£mw-iw, tcJmw-iw, Dbcw, kabw F∂nh Is≠-Ømw.
♦ KXm-KX
- w, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw F∂o taJ-eI
- f
- n¬ {]tbm-P\
- s- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
♦ IqSpX¬ D]{Kl߃ Dƒs∏SpØn IrXyX hcpØp∂p.

108
103
 bqWn‰v : 7
sshhn[yßfpsS C¥y
1. C¥y-bpsS ÿm\w ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
A£mwiw ˛ 804' hS°p apX¬ 3706 hS-°p-h-sc.
tcJmwiw ˛ 6807 Ing°p apX¬ 97025 Ing-°p-hsc
2. C¥y-bpsS `qan-imkv{X sshhn-[y-߃
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” ]¿Δ-X-߃ ” hnkvXr-X-amb ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ ” acp-`q-an-Iƒ ” ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb Xoc-{]-tZ-i-߃
” At\Iw Zzo]p-Iƒ
3. C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ cmPy-߃ ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” C¥y ” t\∏mƒ ” `q´m≥ ” ]m°n-ÿm≥ ” _w•m-tZiv
4. C¥y-bpambn Ic A-Xn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ cmPy-߃
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” ]m°n-ÿm≥ ” A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥ ” ssN\ ” t\∏mƒ ” `q´m≥ ” _w•m-tZiv ” aym≥am¿
5. C¥y-bpsS `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃ ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” DØ-c- ]¿Δ-X-ta-Je ” DØc alm-k-a-Xew ” D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`qan ” Xoc-k-a-Xew
” Zzo]p-Iƒ
6. C¥y-bp-ambn kap-{Zm-Xn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ cmPy-߃ ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” {ioe¶ ” Ct¥m-t\jy ” amen-Zzo]v
7. DØ-c- ]¿ΔX taJ-e-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°pI ?
As√-¶n¬
DØc ]¿Δ-X-ta-J-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ \nc-Iƒ GsXms° ?
lnam-e-b-Ønse aq∂v \nc-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v hnh-cn-°pI ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” Imivao-cn\v hS°p ]Sn-™mdv apX¬ C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn-hsc Hcp- h≥aXn¬ t]mse
\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
” {Sm≥kvln-am-e-bw, lnam-ebw, Ing-°≥ ae\nc-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw.
^e]qjvSnIqSnb ]¿Δ-Xa
- Æv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
i {Sm≥kv lnam-ebw
” Imd-t°m-dw, eUm-°v, kkvI¿ F∂o \nc-Iƒ tN¿∂-Xv.

104
109
 - p≈ sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb au≠v K2 AYhm tKmUvhn≥ HmÃn≥, Im-dt- °mdw
” C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db-ca
\nc-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
” icm-icn Dbcw 6000 ao‰¿.
ii lnam-ebw
” {Sm≥kv lnam-e-b-Øn\pw Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬
” 2400 In.ao \ofw
” temI-Ønse Db-c-ta-dnb \nc-h[n sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ Chn-sS-bp≠v
” Ing-t°m´v t]mIp-t¥mdpw Dbcw Ipd™phcp∂p.
” Imivao¿ `mKØv 400 In.ao hoXn, Ing°v Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZ-in¬ 150 In.ao hoXn
” 5 e£w N.-In.ao. hnkvXr-Xn.
” 3 \nc-Iƒ
” lnam-{Zn, lnam-N¬, knhm-enIv
” Db-c-a-\p-k-cn®v hyXykvX kky-Pm-e-߃
” HmIv, sNkv\-´v, ta∏nƒ, tZh-Zm-cp, kv{]qkv XpSßnb kvXq]nIm{K hr£-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
a. lnam{Zn
” lnam-e-b-Ønse G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb \nc
” icm-icn Dbcw 6000 ao‰¿
” KwK, bap\ XpS-ßnb \Zn-I-fpsS D¤-h-ÿm\w
” 8000 ao‰-dn\v apI-fn¬ Db-c-ap≈ \nc-h[n sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ ÿnXn sNøp∂p.(Im-©≥PwK, \μm-tZ-
hn, apX-em-b-h)
B. lnam-N¬
” lnam-{Zn-bpsS sX°p-`m-KØv
” icm-icn Dbcw 3000 ao‰¿
” jnwe, Um¿Pn-enwKv XpS-ßnb kpJ-hmk tI{μ-߃ Cu \ncbpsS sXt° Ncphn¬ ÿnXn
sNøp∂p.
C. knhm-enIv
” lnam-N-en\v sX°v
” icm-icn Dbcw 1220 ao‰¿
” lnam-eb
- ≥ \Zn-Iƒ Cu \ncsb apdn-®p-sIm≠v HgpIp∂Xn\m¬ ]e-bn-Sß
- f- nepw XpS¿® \jvSs- ∏-Sp-∂p.
” UqWp-Iƒ F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp∂ \of-ta-dn-bXpw hnkvXr-Xh
- p-amb Xmgvhc-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
iii Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ
” kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 500 ao‰¿ apX¬ 3000 ao‰¿ hsc Dbcw
” ]q¿Δm-N¬ F∂pw Adn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
” temI-Øn-te-‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p∂ Nndm-]p©n Chn-sS-bm-Wv.

110
105
” \n_n-Ua
- mb DjvWt- a-Jem ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
8. lnam-e-b≥ Xmgvhc-I-fnse P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-XsØ Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” arK-]-cn-]m-e\w {][m-\ -Po-hn-X-am¿§w
” Imivao¿, lnam-N¬ {]tZ-iß
- f
- n¬ hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-Isf hf¿Øp-∂p.
” knhm-en-°ns‚ Xmgvhc-I-fn¬ \Zn-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cp∂ F°¬ ASn-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
” C¥y-bn-te-‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tXbne D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Bkmw ae-\n-cI
- f
- n-em-Wv.
” Dcp-f-°n-g-ßv, _m¿en, Ip¶p-a-∏q-hv, B∏nƒ, Hmd©v XpS-ßnb ]g-h¿§-ß-fpw, tXbn-ebpw
D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
” hnt\m-Zk
- ©
- m-cn-If- psS ]dp-Zo-kb
- mWv
” knwe, Um¿Pn-enw-Kv, Ipfp, aWmen XpS-ßnb kpJ-hm-k-tI-{μ-߃ Chn-sS-bm-Wv.
9. ssiXy-Im-eØv kap-{Z-tØmSv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne
A\p-`h
- s∏Sp-tºmƒ DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ AXn-ssiXyw A\p-`h
- s
- ∏-Sp-∂p. Imc-Ws
- a¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ {][m-\-L-S-I-߃ A£mw-io-b-ÿm-\w, kap-{Z-km-an-]yw,
`q{]-IrXn, kap-{Z-\nc∏n¬ \n∂p-ff Dbcw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv.
” ssiXy-Im-eØv kap-{Z-`m-KØv Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂-Xm-]hpw Ic-`m-KØv Ipd™ Xm]hpw
A\p-`h
- s∏Sp-∂p.
” AXp-sIm≠v Db¿∂- Xm-]a
- p-ff kap{Z`mK-Øn-t\m-SS- pØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-iß
- f
- nepw Db¿∂-
Xm]w A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
” DØ- t c- ¥ y≥ ka- X ew kap- { Z- Ø n¬ \n∂pw AI- s e- b m- b - X n- \ m¬ Ahn- S psØ Xm]- \ ne
Xmc-Xt- ay\ hfsc Ipd-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.
10. th\¬°m-eØv C¥ybn-te-‰hpw IqSp-X¬ NqSv A\p-`h
- s
- ∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-it- aXv ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” cmP-ÿms‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mK-Øp-ff _ma¿
11. C¥ybn¬ th\¬Im-eØv hoip∂ {]mtZ-in-Ih
- m-Xß
- t- f-sXms° ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” eq, amwtKm jh¿ F∂nh
12 C¥y-bpsS Imem-hÿ
- , P\-Po-hnXw F∂nh cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X
- n¬ DØ-c]
- ¿Δ-Xt- a-Je sNep-Øp∂
kzm[o\w hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I.
As√-¶n¬
C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ lnam-ebw sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w hnh-cn-°pI
As√-¶n¬
lnam-eb
- ≥ ]¿Δ-X\
- n-cI
- ƒ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ
- a
- mb tIm´ F∂m-Wd- n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. {]kvXm-h\
km[q-Ic- n-°pI

106

111
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-`m-KØv Hcp h≥a-Xn¬ t]mse \o≠p InS-°p-∂p.
” sshtZ-in-Im-{I-aW
- ß
- f
- n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
” ssiXy-Im-eØv hS-°p-\n∂pw hoip∂ ioX-°m-‰ns\ C¥y-bn-te°v IS-°msX XS-bp-∂p.
” sshhn-[y-am¿∂ kky-P¥
- p-Pm-eß
- ƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂X
- n\v Imc-Wa
- mbn.
” \Zn-I-fpsS D¤h {]tZiw
” \Zn-Iƒ°v Pe-kº
- Øv \¬Ip-∂p.
13. lnameb≥ \ZnIfpsS Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
t]mj-I- Hgp-Ip∂ FØn-t®-cp∂
\Zn D¤-hÿ- m\w \ofw \-Zn-Iƒ kwÿm-\ß - ƒ kap{Zw
Qew
2880- In.-ao. PΩp-Im-ivao¿
Nn\m_v
1.............. Sn_-‰nse (C-¥y-bn-eqsS
chn lnam-N¬{]-tZiv a)
am\k ktcm-h¿ XSmIw 709 In.-ao.) ]©m_v
kXvePv
_nbmkv
bap\ DØ-cm-©¬
tkm¨ DØ¿{]-tZiv
2.............. KwtKm{Xn lnam-\n-bnse 2500 In.-ao. tImkn cmP-ÿm≥
tKmapJv Kpl KmWvUIv a[y-{]-tZiv b)
_olm¿
Lm{L ]›n-a_- w-Kmƒ
OØokvKUv
Qm¿JWvUv
XnkvX Acp-Wm-N¬{]-tZiv b)
Xn_-‰ nse 2900 -In.-ao. am\kv B mw
3.............. (C-¥y-bn-eqsS eplnXv kn°nw
sNa-˛b
- p-Mv˛- X
- pMv, lnam\n 725 In.-ao.) kphm≥kncn ]›n-a_
- w-Kmƒ
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” kn‘p a) Ad-_n-°-S¬
” KwK b) _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬
” {_“-]p{X c) _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬
14. _w•-mtZ-in¬ Pap\ F∂pw Sn_-‰n¬ kmßvt]m F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ lnam-e-b≥ \Zn GXv ?
CXns‚ D¬`hÿm\w GXv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” {_“-]p{X ˛ Sn-_-‰nse sNa- ˛ bpMv ˛ XpMv lnam\n
15. C¥y≥ kºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS \s´-√mWv DØc alm-k-a-X-ew-˛-{]-kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
As√-¶n-¬
DØ-ca- l
- m-ka
- X
- e
- Ø
- ns‚ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ Fs¥ms°?
As√-¶n-¬
C¥y-bpsS Im¿jnI kºZv hyh-ÿ-bn¬ DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ kzm[o\w F∂ hnj-b-
Øn¬ skan-\m¿ {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂ {][m-\ h - k
- vXp-XI
- s
- f-s¥ms° ?

112 107
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” lnam-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ \Zn-Iƒ hln-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂ F°¬ ASn™v
cq]w sIm≠Xv.
” kn‘p, KwK, {_“-]p-{X- \-Zo-hyq-l-߃ krjvSn-®-Xv.
” 7 e£w N.-Io.-ao-‰¿ hnkvXrXn
” Intem-ao-‰dpItfmfw I\-Øn¬ Ah-km-Z\ - n-t£-]ß
- ƒ
” kn‘p, KwK, {_“-]p-{X-ka - X
- ew F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
” temI-Ønse G‰hpw hnkvXr-X-amb F°¬k-a-X-e-ß-fn¬ H∂v
” ^e-]p-jvSn-bp-ff F°¬aÆv
” C¥y-bpsS [m\y-∏pc F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.
” temI-Ønse G‰hpw P\-\n-_n-V-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ H∂v
” DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv ag Xosc Ipd™ cmP-ÿm-\nse Ym¿ acp-`q-an.
16. DØ-ca - l- m-ka- Xew sdbn¬, tdmUv, I\m¬ irwJe G‰hpw IqSp-Xe
- p-ff C¥y-bnse `q{]-Ir-Xn-
hn-`m-Ka- m-Wv. F¥psIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” \nc-∏mb `qan-bm-bX
- n-\m-emWv.
” hnkvXr-Xa
- mb F°¬k-aX
- e
- a
- mWv DØ-ca
- l
- m-ka
- X
- ew
17. DØ-ca
- l
- m-ka
- X
- e
- sØ C¥y-bpsS [m\y-∏pc F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂s
- X-¥p-sIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” hf-sc-b[
- nIw ^e-]p-jvSn-bp-ff F°¬a-ÆmWv Chn-sS-bp-ff
- X
- v.
” s\√v, tKmX-ºv, tNmfw, Icn-ºv, ]cp-Øn, ]b¿h¿§-߃ XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n hnf-Iƒ ChnsS
Irjn sNøp-∂p.
18. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew a‰v `q{]-tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v P\-\n-_n-U-am-Wv. Imc-W-sa¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” F°¬aÆv ” \nc-∏mb `qan ” KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-߃ ” kº-∂-amb Im¿jn-I-ta-Je
” Pe-k-º-∂-amb lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ
19. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv P\-km-{μX hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Imc-W-sa¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv ag Xosc Ipd-hm-Wv.
” Cu `mKw Ym¿ acp-`q-an-bmWv
” NqSv hfsc IqSp-X-emWv
” Cu¿∏w Xosc-bn-√mØ eh-Wmw-ia
- p-ff aÆm-Wv.
20. D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bpsS khn-ti-jX
- I
- s
- f-s¥ms° ? Ipdn-∏p-Xø
- m-dm-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” G‰hpw hnkvXr-Xhpw ]g°w sN∂-Xp-amb `qhn-`m-Kw.
” Dd-t∏-dnb ine-Ifm¬ \n¿ΩnXw.
” [mXp-°f
- psS Ie-hd
” 15 e£w N.-In.-ao. hnkvXrXn

108 113
” ]¿Δ-X-߃, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, Xmgvhc-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp-ff `q{]-IrXn
” D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bnse G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb sImSp-apSn B\-apSn (CSp°n ˛tIcfw)
” Imen-I-ambn am{Xw ag e`n-°p-∂p.
” DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-I-fpw, DjvW-ta-Jem Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-Ifpw ss\k¿§nI
kky-Pm-eß - ƒ.
” emh s]mSn-™p-≠mb IdpØ aÆv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
” U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an-bnse Idp-Øa - Æv ]cp-Øn-Ir-jn-°\
- p-tbmPyw
” ^e-]pjvSn Ipd-hmb sNΩÆpw [mcm-fa - mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
” sNΩ-Æn¬ Ie¿∂ Ccp-ºns‚ Awi-amWv Cu aÆn\v Nph-∏p-\ndw \¬In-b-Xv.
” a¨kq¨ agbpw th\epw amdn amdn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ em‰-ssd‰v aÆv
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
” At\Iw \Zn-I-fpsS D¤-h-{]-tZ-i-amWv D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan
” Bc-h-√n, hn‘y, kmXv]p-c, ]›n-a-L-´w, ]q¿Δ-L-´w, I®v, IØn-b-hm¿, amƒh-]o-T-`q-an,
U°m≥]oT-`q-an, tOm´m-\m-Kv]q¿ F∂nh D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
21. D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS D¤-h-ÿm\w {][m-\-t]m-j-I-\-Zn-Iƒ sN∂p-tN-cp∂ IS¬ Ch
]´n-Is∏SpØn Fgp-Xp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
{][m\ sN∂p tNcp∂
\Zn D¤-hÿ
- m\w t]mj-I\
- Z- n-Iƒ IS¬
1. Imthcn {_“-Kncn Ip∂p-Iƒ I_-\n, Aa-cm-hXn _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬

2. IrjvW alm-_t- e-iz¿ Ip∂pIƒ `oa, XpwK-`{Z _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬

3. tKmZm-hcn \mknIv Pn√ (]-›n-a-L-´w) C{μm-h-Xn, i_cn _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬

4. alm-\Zn ssa°mem \nc-Iƒ C_v, sS¬ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬

5. \¿ΩZ ssa°mem \nc-Iƒ lnc¨, _≥P≥ Ad-_n-°-S¬

6. Xm]vXn ap≥Xmbv ]oT-`qan B\¿, Kn¿\ Ad-_n-°-S¬

22.D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-ansb [mXp-°f

- psS Ie-hd F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂s
- X-¥p-sIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” hnhn-[-Xcw [mXp-°-fpsS H´-\-h[n \nt£-]-߃ ChnsS Df-f-Xn-\m¬
23. D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bnse P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-am¿K-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Irjn, [mXp-J-\-\w, [mXp A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-߃, {][m-\-sXm-gn¬ taJ-e-Iƒ
” I¬°-cn, amwK-\okv t_mIvssk‰v, NpÆmºp-I√v F∂nh {][m\ [mXp-°ƒ

114
109
” ]cp-Øn, tNmfw, Icn-ºv, \ne-°-S-e, apf-Iv, dmKn, ]b¿ h¿K-߃ F∂nh {][m-\
I
- m¿jn-Ih
- n-fI
- ƒ
24.lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-fp-sSbpw D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-fp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-Iƒ
” lnam-eb ]¿Δ-X-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂p ” D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bnse ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
” AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb hrjvSn-{]-tZiw D¤-hn-°p-∂p.
” AXn-i-‡-amb A]-c-Z\ Xo{hX ” Xmc-X-tay\ hnkvXrXn Ipd™ hrjvSn {]tZiw
” ]¿Δ- X - t a- J - e - I - f n¬ Kncn- I - μ - c - ß ƒ krjv S n- ” A]-c-Z\ Xo{hX Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdhv
°p-Ibpw ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ hf™p ]pf™p Hgp- ” ImTn-\y-ta-dnb ine-I-fn-eqsS Hgp-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬
Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AKm[ Xmgvhc-Iƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
” Db¿∂ Pe-tk-N-\-tijn ” Ipd™ Pe-tk-N\tijn
” ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-X- ” Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-KX - m-KX
- Ø
- n\v km[yX Xmc-Xt- ay\
Øn\v km[yX IqSpX¬ Ipdhv

25.C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xocka-X-e-Øn-s‚bpw Ing-°≥ Xoc-k-a-X-e-Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ ]´n-Is
- ∏-Sp-ØpI
As√-¶n¬
C¥y-bpsS Xoc-ka- X
- e
- ß
- sf Xmc-Xayw sNøpI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” C¥y-bpsS Xoc-k-a-X-e-ßsf c≠mbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
]Sn-™m-d≥Xo-ck
- a- X
- e
- w, Ing-°≥Xo-ck
- a- X
- ew

]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-ka- X
- ew Ing-°≥ Xoc-ka- X
- ew
” dm≥ Hm^v I®v apX-¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc ” kpμ-c-h\w apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc
” Ad-_n-°-S-en\pw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ ” _wKm-ƒ Dƒ°-S-en\pw ]q¿Δ-L-´-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬
” Xmc-X-tay\ hoXn-Ip-dhv ” Xmc-X-tay\ hoXn IqSp-X¬
” KpP-dmØv Xoc-k-a-Xew, sIm¶¨ Xoc-k-a-X-ew, ” tImdaWv U ¬ Xoc- k - a - X - e w, hS- ° ≥
ae- _ m¿ Xoc- k - a - X ew F∂n- ß s\ aq∂mbn kn¿°m¿kv Xoc-k-a-Xew F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn
Xncn°mw Xncn-°mw.
” Imb-ep-Ifpw Agn-ap-J-ßfpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ” U¬‰ cq]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂p.
” sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ kzm[o-\-ta-Je ” hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ kzm[o-\-ta-Je

26.Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ \Zn-Isf ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip-∂-h, Ing-t°m´v Hgp-Ip-∂h F∂n-ßs\

]´n-Is
- ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Imth-cn, IrjvW, tKmZm-h-cn, alm-\-Zn, \¿Ω-Z, Xm]vXn, kn‘p, KwK, {_“-]p{X

110 115
DØ-c-kq-NnI

]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip-∂h Ing-t°m´v Hgp-Ip-∂h

” \¿ΩZ ” KwK
” Xm]vXn ” {_“-]p{X
” kn‘p ” Imthcn
” IrjvW
” tKmZmhcn
” alm\Zn

27. C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv U¬‰-Iƒ cq]w sImf-fp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥ XocØv
U¬‰Iƒ cq]w sImf-fp-∂n-√. Imc-Ws - a¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Ing-t°m´v Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ Xmc-X-tay\ sNcnhp Ipd™ `q{]-tZ-iØp IqSn Hgp-Ip-∂p.
” ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ Xmc-X-tay\ sNcn-hp-Iq-Snb (Ip-Ø-s\-bp-f-f) `q{]-tZ-i-Øp-IqSn
Hgp-Ip-∂p.
28. lnam- e - b ≥ \Zn- I ƒ Kncn- I - μ - c - ß ƒ krjv S n- ° p- t ºmƒ D]- Z zo- ] ob \Zn- I ƒ shf- f - ® m- ´ - ß ƒ
krjvSn-°p-∂p. ImcWw Is≠-Øp-I.
” lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ Hgp-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ine-Iƒ°v Xmc-X-tay\ ImTn\yw Ipd-hm-Wv.
” D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-Iƒ Hgp-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ine-Iƒ°v ImTn\yw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
” D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-ƒ Hgp-Ip∂ D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bpsS Acn-Ip-Iƒ IpØs\ Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬
shff-®m-´-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p.
29. e£-Zzo-]p-Isf Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
” Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p
” 36 Zzo]p-Iƒ
” 11 Zzo]p-I-fn¬ am{Xw P\-hmkw
” _wKm-cw, IS-a-Øv, an\n-t°m-bv, Ih-c-Øn, AK-Øn, Bt{¥m-Øv, Ievt]\n, Aan\n-Zn-hn, sNXvem-Øv,
_n{X, In¬Øm≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ
” Ih-cØn Bÿm\w
” eKq-Wp-Ifpw ]hn-g∏p-‰p-Ifpw aW¬Øo-c-ßfpw Cu Zzo] kaq-l-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
” a’y-_-‘-\w, hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw ˛ {][m-\-h-cp-am\ am¿K-߃
30. B≥U-am≥ Zzo] -k-aq-l-sØ-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
” GI-tZiw 200 B≥U-am≥ Zzo]p-Ifpw 19 \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-Ifpw tN¿∂Xv
” `qcn-`mKw Zzo]p-I-fnepw P\-hm-k-an-√.
” an° Zzo]p-Ifpw \n_n-U-h-\-߃
” C¥y-bnse GI A·n-]¿ΔXw _mc≥Zzo-]n¬

111
116
” t]m¿´vªs-b¿ Xe-ÿm\w
” \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-I-fpsS sXt° A‰-amb Cμn-cm-t]m-bn‚mWv C¥y-bpsS sXt° A‰w
31. C¥y-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {][m-\-a-Æn-\-ßsf Ipdn-®p-ff ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

DØ-c-kq-NnI
Db¿∂ ^e-]pjvSn
\Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnepw
F°¬ aÆv Xoc-{]-tZiw/DØc U¬‰m-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw
almkaXew ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Idp-Øa- Æv D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan Idp-Ø\

- ndw
(I-dpØ ]cpØn aÆv)

Xmc-X-tay\ ^e]pjvSn-Ip-dhv
sNΩÆv D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw Nph-∏p-
\ndw \¬Ip-∂p.

^e-]pjvSn Xosc Ipdhv

sN¶¬ aÆv D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan a¨kq¨ Imemhÿm
(em-‰-ssd-‰v) taJeIfn¬
cq]wsIm≈p∂p
ehWmwiw IqSpX¬
acp-`qan aÆv DØc almkaXew Cu¿∏w Ipdhv
Pew e`yambm¬ IqSpX¬
hnfhv \¬Im≥ Ignbpw
Ccp≠ Xhn´v \ndtam Idp∏v
]¿Δ-Xa- Æv DØ-c-]¿Δ-X-ta-Je \ndtam ImWs∏Sp∂p.
ssPhmwiw [mcmfw
XmcXtay\ ^e]qjvSn
IqSpX¬

32. C¥y-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ Fs¥ms° ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” A£mw-iob ÿm\w
” `q{]-IrXn
” kap-{Z-km-an]yw
” kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p-ff Dbcw

33. C¥y-bn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ \mev EXp-°ƒ GsXms° ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” DjvW-Imew

112 117
” ssiXy-Imew
” sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨Imew
” hS-°v-˛-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨Imew (a¨kqWns‚ ]n≥hm߬ Imew)
34. C¥y-bn-e-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ssiXy-Im-esØ Ipdn®v eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm-b-\-Im-e-Øp-fft∏mgmWv C¥y-bn¬ ssiXy-Imew
” DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ ]I¬ anX-amb NqSv, cm{Xn ssiXyw.
” I\Ø aqS¬a™v
” a™p-hogvN
” ssiXyIme ag e`n°p∂p
” ]›na Akz-ÿX F∂ {]Xn-`mkw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
” Unkw-_¿ apX¬ ^n{_-hcn hsc
35. ]›na Akz-ÿX F∂m-se¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” ssiXy-Im-eØv saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en¬ cq]w sImf-fp∂ i‡-amb \yq\-a¿±w {ItaW Ing-t°m´v
\oßn C¥y-bn-se-Øp-∂p.
” DØ-c-k-a-Xe {]tZ-iØv ioX-Im-e-ag e`n-°m≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
” ssiXy-Im-e-hn-f-Iƒ°v {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv.
” t{Smt∏m-∏m-kn-eq-sS-bp-ff AXn-i-‡-amb hmbp-{]-hm-l-amb P‰v {]hm-l-amWv ]›na Akz-ÿ-Xsb
C¥ybnse-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
36. C¥y-bnse DjvW-Im-e-sØ-Ip-dn®v eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” kqcys‚ DØ-cm-b\ Ime-ØmWv C¥y-bn¬ th\¬°m-ew.
” am¿®v apX¬ Pq¨ hsc
” cmPyØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ NqSv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv cmP-ÿms‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mK-Øp-ff _ma¿ F∂
ÿe-Øv.
” DjvW-Im-eØv hoip∂ {]mtZ-inI hmX-߃ ˛ eq, amwtKm jthgvkv F∂nh
37. C¥y-bn-e-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ ImesØ Ipdn®v hnh-cn-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb ag-°mew
” kqcy≥ DØ-cm¿≤ tKmf-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ DØ-tc-¥y≥ `mK-ß-fn¬ i‡-amb \yq\-a¿±w cq]w
sImf-fp-∂p.
” C¥y≥ kap-{Z-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Xmc-Xtay\ Db¿∂ a¿±w Bbn-cn°pw
” C¥y≥ kap-{Z-Ønse Db¿∂ a¿±-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønse \yq\-a¿±-ta-J-e-bn-
te°v Im‰p-ho-im≥ CS-bm-°p-∂p.
” tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`m-h-Øm¬ Znim-hy-Xn-bm\w D≠m-Ip-∂p.
” CXv sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Im‰mbn C¥y-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p.
” c≠p imJ-I-fmbn C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂p.
1. Ad-_n-°-S¬ imJ. 2. _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ imJ
” Ad-_n-°-S¬ imJ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ X´n ]Sn-™msd sNcn-hn¬ I\-Ø-a-gbv°p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
” tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]-I-amb ag e`n-°p-∂p.
” I¿Wm-S-Iw, tKmh, alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dmØv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]Sn-™mdv `mKØpw I\Ø ag
e`n-°p-∂p.
” tIc-f-Øn¬ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Imew Ime-h¿jw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

118 113
” ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-s‚, Ingt° sNcnhv ag \ng¬ {]tZ-i-am-bn-cn-°pw.
” \ocmhn ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv ag-bmbn s]bvX-Xn-\m¬ Ing°v `mKØv ag hfsc Ipd-bm-
\n-S-bm-Ip-∂p.
” KpP-dm-Øn-eqsS cmP-ÿm-\n¬ {]th-in-°p∂ a¨kq¨ imJ Bc-h-√n°v kam-¥-c-ambn IS-∂p-t]m-
Ip-∂p. AXn-\m¬ cmP-ÿm-\n¬ ag hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.
” _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ imJ IqSp-X¬ Cu¿∏w BKn-cWw sNbvXv kpμ-c-h\w ]n∂n´v ]›n-a-_w-Km-fn¬
{]th-in-°p-∂p.
” ]n∂oSv c≠v imJ-bmbn ]ncn-bp∂p
” Hcp imJ KwKm ka-X-e-Øn-te°pw as‰m-cp-imJ {_“-]p{Xm ka-X-e-Øn-te°pw \oßp-∂p.
” Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ I\Ø agbv°p Imc-W-am-Ip∂p
” {_“-]p{Xm ka-X-e-Øn-eqsS \oßp∂ imJ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \√ agbv° Imc-W-am-
Ip-∂p.
” KwKm ka-X-e-Øn-eqsS \oßp∂ imJ ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, _olm¿, DØ¿{]-tZiv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ I\Ø
ag \¬Ip-∂p.
” ]©m_v ka-X-e-Øn¬ sh®v Ad-_n-°-S¬ imJbpw KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn-eqsS hcp∂ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬
imJbpw IqSn-t®¿∂v hS-t°m´v \oßp-∂p.
” lnam-e-b-Øns‚ ASnhmc taJ-e-bn¬ I\Ø agbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
38. C¥y-bn-e-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ Ime-sØ-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” sk]vXw-_¿ ]n∂n-Sp-∂-tXmsS kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm¿≤ tKmf-Øn-te°v \oßp-∂p.
” C¥y-bpsS DØ-c-k-a-Xe {]tZ-iØv D®-a¿±w A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂p.
” C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ \yq\-a¿±w Bbn-cn°pw.
” C¥y-bpsS hS-°p-\n∂pw C¥y≥ kap-{Z-Øn-te°v Im‰v hoip-∂p.
” tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`m-h-Øm¬ Znim-hy-Xn-bm\w kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
” Ch hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ Im‰mbn hoip-∂p.
” CXv a¨kq-Wns‚ ]n≥hm-߬Imew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p
” hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨Im‰v hc≠ Im‰m-b-Xn-\m¬ s]mXpsh ag-bp-≠m-°p-∂n-√.
” ag-°m-e-Øn\pw ssiXy-Im-e-Øn\pw CS-bn-ep-ff Hcp CS-th-f-bmWv hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨Imew
” HIvtSm-_¿-˛-\-hw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ Db¿∂ Dujvamhpw B¿{Z-Xbpw C¥y-bn¬ ]I¬k-a-b-ßsf
Zp -l-am-°p-∂p. CXv HIvtSm-_¿NqSv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
” _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-ense \yq\-a¿±-Øn¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏´v Ic-bn¬ \n∂v IS-en-te°v Im‰v \oßp-∂p.
” _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ \n∂v Cu¿∏w BKn-cWw sNbvXv hS-°p-In-g-°v-˛-sX-°p-]-Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬
\oßp-∂p.
” C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥ XocØv (tIm-d-a-WvU¬ Xoc-Øv) \√ ag e`n-°p-∂p.
” Xan-gv\mSv XocØv I\Ø ag e`n-°p∂ Cu Ime-amWv Xan-gv\m-´nse {][m-\- a-g-°mew.
” tIc-fØnepw, I¿Wm-S-I-Øns‚ Nne `mK-ß-fnepw hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ e`n-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬
Xpem-h¿jw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
39. HIvtSm-_¿ NqSv F∂m-se¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” HIvtSm-_¿-˛-\-hw-_¿ amk-ß-fn-embn C¥y-sbm-´msI A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Db¿∂ Dujvamhpw B¿{Z-
Xbpw ]I¬k-a-b-ßsf Zp -l-am-°p-∂p. Cu {]Xn-`m-k-amWv HIvtSm-_¿ NqSv.

114 119
40. C¥y-bnse ag-bpsS hnX-c-W-`q-]Sw \nco-£n® Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI

tNmZyw : 48

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv 200 sk.-ao-‰-dn-e-[nIw ag e`n-°p∂p
” tIc-fw, I¿Wm-S-I, tKmh, alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 200 sk.-ao-‰-dn-e-[nIw ag e`n-°p-∂p.
” Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS `mKØv 200-sk.-ao-‰-dn-e-[nIw ag e`n-°p-∂p.
” hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 200 sk.-ao-‰-dn-e-[nIw ag e`n-°p-∂p.
” DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ hS-°pw, Ing-°pw 200 sk.-ao-‰-dn-e-[nIw ag e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
” ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Ing°pw ]q¿Δ-Xo-cØpw KwKm-k-a-X-e-Ønepw 100 sk.-ao-‰-dn\pw 200 sk.-ao-‰-dn-\p-an-S-
bn-ep-am-Wv ag
” Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw 100 sk.-ao-‰-dn\pw 200 sk.-ao-‰-
dn\pw CS-bn-emWv ag e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
” a[y-C-¥y-bn¬ 60 sk.-ao-‰-dn\pw 100 sk.-ao-‰-dn\pw CS-bn-emWv ag
” cmP-ÿm≥ U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an-bpsS a[y-`m-Kw, KpP-dm-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv, PΩp-Im-ivao-cns‚ hS°v F∂n-
hn-S-ß-fn¬ 60 sk.-ao-‰-dn¬ Xmsg-bmWv ag.

41. C¥y-bpsS ag-bpsS hnX-c-W-Øns‚ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS ImcW߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” `q{]-IrXn ” `qhn-kvXrXn ” ]¿Δ-X-ß-fpsS InS∏v ” Im‰ns‚ KXn ”kap-{Z-km-an]yw
” kap-{Z-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff AIew F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

120 115
42. C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI
1. Imth-cn, IrjvW, tKmZm-h-cn, alm-\-Zn, \¿Ω-Z, Xm]vXn, kn‘p, KwK, {_“-]p-{X, bap-\, lq•n, Qew,
Nn\m-_v, chn, kXve-Pv, _nbmkv
2. Imd-t°m-dw, eUm-°v, kkvI¿, lnam-{Zn, lnam-N¬, knhm-en-Iv, Kmtcm-Ip-∂p-Iƒ, Jmkn, Pb-¥nb
Ip∂p-Iƒ, ]mSvIm-bn-_pw, \mKm-Ip-∂p-Iƒ, antkm-Ip-∂p-Iƒ
3. Bc-h√n, amƒh, hn‘y, kXv]p-c, I®v IØn-b-hm¿, ]›n-a-L-´w, ]q¿Δ-L-´w, U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an, tOm´m-
\m-Kv]q¿ ]oT-`qan
4. KpP-dmØv Xoc-k-a-X-ew, sIm¶¨Xo-c-k-a-X-ew, ae-_m¿ Xoc-k-a-X-ew, tImd-am-WvU¬ Xocw, hS-°≥
kn¿°m¿kv
5. C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬ DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI

116 121
 C¥y
DØc]¿ΔX \ncIƒ

122 117
 C¥y
D]Zzo]nb ]oT`qan

♦ Bch√n ]¿ΔX\nc
♦ amƒh ]oT`qan
♦ hn‘y \ncIƒ
♦ kXv]pc \ncIƒ
♦ tOm´m\mKv]q¿ ]oT`qan
♦ U°m¨ ]oT`qan
♦ I®v D]Zzo]v
♦ IØnbhm¿
♦ ]q¿ΔL´w
♦ ]›naL´w

123
118
 119

124
120
125
 bqWn‰v : 8
C¥y ˛ kmºØnI `qanimkv{Xw
1. C¥y-bn¬ hyXy-kvXß
- f
- mb Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp∂Xn\v klm-bI
- a- mb `qan-im-kv{X-
L-SI
- ß
- ƒ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” `q{]-Ir-Xn-ssh-hn[yw
” aÆv
” Imem-hÿ
2. C¥y-bnse Im¿jnI Ime-߃ Nn{Xo-I-cn® Nn{Xw ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI

Jmcn^v
hnf-bn-d-°¬ :
hnf-sh-Sp∏v :
{][m-\-hn-f-Iƒ :
ƒ

dm_n sskZv
hnf-hnd-°¬ : ƒ Im¿jnI ƒ hnf-hnd-°¬ :
hnf-sh-Sp∏v : Ime-߃ hnf-sh-Sp∏v :
{][m-\-hn-f-Iƒ : {][m-\-hn-f- :

DØ-c-kq-NnI
Im¿jnI hnfshSp∏v
Imew hnfbnd°¬ Imew Imew {][m\ hnfIƒ
s\√v, Icnºv
Jmcn^v Pq¨ \hw_¿ NWw, tNmfw
a¨kq¨ Bcw`w a¨kq¨ Ahkm\w Xn\hnfIƒ
\ne°Se
]cnØn

\hw_¿ a[yw am¿®v tKmXºv, ISvIv,

dm_n ssiXyImeØns‚ th\ens‚ ]b¿ h¿K߃,
Bcw`w Bcw`w ]pIbne

am¿®v Pq¨ ]®°dnIƒ,

sskZv th\nens‚ Bcw`w a¨kqWns‚ Bcw`w ]gh¿§ßƒ

126
121
3. Im¿jn-I- hn-fI
- sf `£y-hn-fI
- ƒ \mWy-hn-fI
- ƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-°p-∂X
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\s- a¥v ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
`£y-hnf \mWy-hn-fI
- ƒ
”`£y hkvXp-°-fmbn t\cn´v D]-tbm- ”hmWnPy, hyh-km-bnI {]m[m-\y-ap≈
Kn-°m-hp∂ hnf-Iƒ. hnf-Iƒ
”DZm: s\√v, tKmX-ºv, tNmfw ”]cp-Øn, NWw

4. C¥y-bnse {][m\ `£y-hn-fI

- t- f-sXms° ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” s\√v ”tKmXºv ” tNmfw ”_m¿fn ”Xn\-hn-f-Iƒ ”]b-dp-h¿§-߃
5. C¥y-bnse {][m\ `£y hnf-Isf Ah-bpsS hf¿®-bv°m-h-iy-amb `qan-im-kv{X-L-S-I-߃
Is≠Øn ]´n-Is∏-Sp-ØpI?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hnf Im¿jnI aÆv Dujvamhv ag {]tZiw
Imew (Xm-]\
- n-e)
F°¬ Db¿∂ [mcmfw
1. s\√v (C-¥y-bnse Jmcn^v Xm]-\ne ag 1500CM ”\Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬
apJy-`£
- y-hn-f)
aÆv 0 IqSp-X¬ ”Xoc-ka- X
- e
- ß
- f
- n¬
(24 C \p apI-fn¬)
2. tKmXºv (`£y- dm_n \o¿hm¿®- 100C apX¬ 260C ”antXmjvW
hn-f-I-fn¬ c≠mw ioX-Im-eh
- nf bp≈ F°¬ hsc 75 CM ag taJ-e-bn¬
ÿm\w) Petk-N\w aÆv
\S-Øp-∂p.
3. tNmfw (`£y- Jmcn^v ” I¿Æm-SI
\o¿hm¿®-
hn-f-I-fn¬ aq∂mw DjvWI - m-eØpw bp≈ ^e-`q- 75 CM ag ”a≤y-{]-tZiv
ÿm\w) ioX-Im-eØpw bn-jvTa
- mb ”cmP-ÿm≥
Irjn-sN-øp∂p aÆv ”DØ¿{]-tZiv

6. C¥y- b nse {][m\ \mWyhnf- I sf Ah- b psS khn- t i- j - X - I - f psS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬

h¿Ko-Ic- n-°pI?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
\mWy-hn-fI
- ƒ
ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
ƒ
ƒ

\mcp-hn-fI
- ƒ ]m\o-bh
- nfIƒ kpK-‘-hy- a‰p hnf-Iƒ
RvP\
- ß
- ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
ƒ

]cpØn NWw tXbne Im∏n Gew Ipcp-ap-fIv Icnºv d_¿

7. C¥y-bnse {][m\ \mWy-hn-fI

- sf Ah-bpsS hf¿®-bv°m-hi
- y-amb `qan-imkv{X LS-Iß
- ƒ
Is≠Øn ]´n-Is- ∏-Sp-ØpI?

127
122
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hnf khn-ti-jX aÆv Dujvamhv ag {]tZiw
(Xm-]\
- n-e)
sNdnb �alm-cmjv{S
1. ]cpØn �IdpØaÆv � 200C apX¬ tXmXn¬ �KpP-dmØv
(bqWn-th-gk
v ¬ ss^_¿) \mcp-hnf 300 C hsc �a≤y-{]-tZiv
�F°¬ aÆv h¿j-]mXw
(C-¥ybv°v \memw ÿm\w �Xangv\mSv etc...

\o¿hm¿®- � 0
150 C ¬ �KwK,_“-]p-{X,
�Db¿∂-Xm-]-\ne
2. NWw \mcp-hnf bp≈ F°¬ �NqSpw Cu¿∏hpw
IqSp-X¬ U¬‰
ag �]›na _wKmƒ,
aÆv HUoj, B mw
�DØ¿{]-tZiv
3. Icnºv a‰phnf � F°¬ aÆv �NqSpw, agbpw �NqSpw, �alm-cmjv{S
(Icn-ºp¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ � IdpØ aÆv agbpw
DjvW-ta-Je hnf �I¿Æm-SI
C¥y°v c≠mw ÿm\w) �Xan-gv\mSv etc...

4. tXbne �ssPhmw-ia
- p≈ �B mw
� 250C apX¬ � 200Cm �tIcfw
(G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tXbne
]m\ob hnf Pew hm¿∂p-t]m- 300 C hsc apX¬ �Xan-gv\mSv
Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmPyw Ip∂ aÆv 250 Cm hsc �]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ
C¥y)
anX-amb Db¿∂ �I¿Æm-SI
5. Im∏n ]m\ob hnf Xm]-\ne �tIcfw
h¿j-]mXw
(Im∏n Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ (DjvW-ta-Jem �Xan-gv\mSv
C¥y°v 6˛mw ÿm\w) tXm´-hn-f) �aq∂n¬ 2 `mKhpw
I¿Æm-S-I-Øn¬
(]-›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-bn¬)
150 sk.ao. �tIcfw
6. d∫¿ a‰p-hnf em‰-ssd‰v aÆv 250C apX¬ (G‰hpw IqSpX¬)
IqSnb Xm]-\ne bn¬
IqSp-X¬ �Xan-gv\mSv
ag �B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-
_m¿ Zzo]v
7. Gew, h\-a-Æv, aW¬ DjvWtaJem
kpK‘ Imemhÿ [mcmfw ag ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-I-fn¬
IpcpapfIv, PmXn, hyRvP\߃ aÆv
{Kmºp, C©n
8. ]cp-Ønsb bqWn-th-gvk¬ ss^_¿ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂s
- X-¥p-sIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
� ]cpØn hkv{X \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v temI hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬
9. apwss_ "tIm´-tWm-t]m-fnkv' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂s
- X-¥p-sIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
� C¥y-bnse G‰hpw {][m\ ]cpØn XpWn tI{μ-am-b-Xn-\m¬
10. apwss_ {][m\ ]cpØn XpWn-tI-{μ-ambnamdm≥ D≠mb A\p-Iqe kml-Nc- y-߃ Fs¥ms°?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
� Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hmb ]cp-Øn-bpsS e`yX
� Ipd™ \nc-°n-ep≈ Du¿P-e-`yX
� Xpd-apJ kuIcyw
� ip≤-Pe e`yX

128 123
” am\h hn`h e`yX .....
11. Icn-ºp-ev]m-ZI taJ-e-Iƒ°v kao-]-am-bn-´p-X-s∂-bmWv ]©-km-c-an-√p-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Icnºv hnf-sh-SpØv \osc-Sp-°m≥ sshIn-bm¬ AXnse kpt{Im-kns‚ Afhv Ipd-bpw.
12. d_¿ hne-bn-Snhv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°p∂ kwÿm\w tIc-fa
- mWv F¥p-sIm≠v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” tIc-fa
- mWv C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ d_¿ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\w.
13. tIc-fØ
- n¬ d∫¿ Irjn hym]-Ia
- m-Im≥ A\p-Iq-ea
- mb `qan-imkv{X LS-Iß
- ƒ Fs¥ms°?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” d∫¿ Irjn°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb em‰-ssd‰v aÆv
” 250 c ¬ IqSnb Xm]-\ne
” 150 cm ¬ IqSnb ag
14. ]cpØn XpWn Dev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n¬ C¥y-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-Øp≈ \Kcw apwss_ BWv. apwss_
Ign-™m¬ c≠mwÿm\-Øp≈ \K-ct- aXv ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” KpP-dm-Ønse Al-ΩZ
- m-_mZv
15. C¥y-bnse {][m\ Irjn A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°pI?
As√-¶n¬
C¥y-bnse ]cp-Øn, NWw, ]©-kmc hyh-km-bsØ°pdn®v hnh-cn-°pI ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
1. ]cpØn
” C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb Irjn A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-bw.
” C¥y-bnse BZy ]cp-Øn-Xp-Wn-an¬ 1818 ¬ sIm¬°-Ø-bv°-SpØv t^m¿´v t•mÃ-dn¬.
” h≥tXm-Xn¬ Dev]m-Z-\-am-cw-`n-®Xv 1854 ¬ apwss_-bn¬
” C¥y-bnse G‰hpw {][m\ ]cp-Øn-XpWn Dev]m-Z\
- t- I{μw apwss_.
” AXp-sIm≠v apwss_sb tIm´-tWm-t]m-fnkv F∂-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
” apwss_-Ig
- n-™m¬ KpP-dm-Ønse Al-ΩZ- m-_m-ZmWv {][m\ ]cp-Øn-Xp-Wn-tI-{μw.
2. NW-hy-hk- mbw
” Xmc-Xt - ay\ hne-Ip-d™ \mcp-hnf
” NW Dev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n¬ C¥ybv°v temIØv c≠mw-ÿm\w
” ]›n-a-_w-Km-fnse sIm¬°Ø {][m\ NW hyh-km-b-tI{μw
” A¥mcmjv{S hym]mcØn¬ {][m\s∏´Xv

129
124
3. ]©-kmc hyh-kmbw
” ]©-kmc Dev]m-Z\ - Ø
- n¬ H∂mwÿm\-Øp≈ kwÿm\w DØ¿{]-tZiv
” Icn-ºn¬ \n∂pw ]©-km-cbpw i¿°-cbpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
” Icn-ºp-Ir-jn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-i-߃°-SpØp Xs∂ ]©-kmc hyh-kmb tI{μ-ßfpw
” Icnºv hnf-sh-SpØv ^mIvS-dn-bn¬ FØn®v \osc-Sp-°m≥ sshIn-bm¬ kqt{Imkv Ipd-bpw.
16. C¥y-bnse [mXp hn`-h-ß-fn¬ A[n-Ihpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`mKw ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” D]-Zzo-]n-b-]o-T-`qan
17. C¥y-bnse [mXp-°sf h¿Ko-I-cn®v hnh-cn-°pI ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI

[mXp-°ƒ

ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
teml [mXp-°ƒ Ateml [mXp-°ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
Ccp-ºns‚ Ccp-ºns‚ [mXp-C-‘- a‰p-[m-Xp-°ƒ
Awi- Awiw C√m- \-߃ DZm: A{`w
ap≈h Øh (DZm: (DZm:
(DZm: Ccp- kz¿Æw, I¬°-cn,
º-bncv, sh≈n) s]t{Sm-fn-
amwK-\o-kv) bw)

18. C¥y-bnse Ccp-ºb

- ncv \nt£-]ß
- sf°pdn®v eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” Ccp-ºb
- n-cn¬ \n∂mWv Ccpºv th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv
” am·-ssd-‰v, sla-ss‰-‰v, ensam-ssW-‰v, knU-ssd‰v F∂o \mep Xcw Ccp-ºp-\n-t£-]ß
- ƒ
C¥y-bn¬.
” temI-Ønse samØw Ccp-º-bncp \nt£-]-Øns‚ 20 % C¥y-bn¬
” Ccp-ºb
- ncv Ib-‰p-aX
- n-bn¬ C¥y \memw ÿm\-ØmWv
” C¥y≥ Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ 50 apX¬ 60 % hsc Ham≥, sImdn-b, bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃, Kƒ^v
cmPy-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂p.
” Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-kmb hnImkw C¥y-bnse Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ B`y-¥-c-D-]-tbmKw h¿≤n-∏n-®p.
” {][m\ Ccp-º-bncv J\\ taJ-e-Iƒ

130
125
 kwÿm\w {][m\ J\-\t- a-Je
- I
- ƒ
HUnj ˛ kpμ¿K-Uv, abq-¿`- R
- vPv, Qm¿
Qm¿Jfiv ˛ knwKv`w, Zp¿§v
I¿Wm-SI ˛ s_√m-cn, NnIvaKveq¿, jntam-K, Nn{X-Zp¿Kv
tKmh ˛ a¿Ω-tKmh
Xan-gv\mSv ˛ tkew, \oe-Kncn

19. Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-Øn¬ amwK-\o-kns‚ {]m[m-\y-sa¥v ? C¥y-bnse amwK-\okv

\nt£-]sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
� Ccp-ºp-cp°p hyh-km-bØ
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {][m\ teml-[m-Xp-hmWv amwK-\okv
� Ccp-º-bncp \nt£-]-߃°v kao-]-am-bn-´mWv amwK-\okv \nt£-]-߃ I≠p-h-cp-∂Xv
� amwK-\okv Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n¬ HUn-j-bm-Wv.
� I¿Wm-SI
- , alm-cm-jv{S, a≤y-{]-tZiv F∂n-hb
- mWv a‰v amwK-\okv \nt£-]k
- w-ÿm-\ß
- ƒ
� Ccp-ºp-ambn tN¿Øv k¶-ct
- emlw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
20. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

[mXp D]-tbmKw {][m\ Dev]m-ZI

- k
- w-ÿm-\ß
- ƒ
1. kz¿Æw B`-cW \n¿ΩmWw I¿Wm-SI
2.............................. sshZyp-tXm-]-I-cW hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ Qm¿J-fiv, cmP-ÿm≥, a≤y-{]-tZiv
Nme-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p
Aeq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ Abncv, hnam\w, Qm¿J-fiv, OØo-kvK-Uv, a≤y-{]-
sshZypX D]-I-c-W-߃, Km¿lnI tZiv, HUnj
3............................... D]-Ic
- W
- ß
- ƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
4.............................. sshZyp-tXm-]-I-cW hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ B{‘, cmP-ÿm≥, Qm¿J-fiv,
C≥kp-te-‰-dmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. _olm¿

DØ-ck
- q-NnI
1 kz¿Ww 2 sNºv 3 t_mIvssk‰v 4 A{`w
21. C¥y-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ {][m\ [mXp C‘-\-߃ GsXms° ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
� I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI
- ß
- ƒ F∂n-hb
- mWv
22. C¥y-bnse [mXp C‘\ß-sf-°p-dn®v (t^m-kn¬ C‘-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v) Ipdn-∏v X-øm-dm-°pI?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
� I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI
- ß
- ƒ F∂n-hb
- mWv {][m\ Du¿P-hn-`h
- ß
- ƒ.
� Irjn, hyh-km-bw, KXm-KXw F∂n-hbv°v Chsb B{i-bn-°p-∂p.
� t^mkn¬ C‘-\-߃ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.

131

126
I¬°cn
1. C¥y-bnse apJy Du¿Pt{km-Xkv
2. {][m\ hyh-km-bnI C‘\w
3. C¥y-bn¬ IqSp-Xepw _n‰p-an-\kv hn`m-KØ
- n¬s∏´ I¬°-cn-bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X
- v.
4. Qm¿J-≠nse Qmdn-b-bmWv {][m\ I¬°-cn-∏Sw
5. Qm¿J-fiv, OØokv KUv, HUn-j, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv {][m\ I¬°cn Dev]m-Z\
kwÿm-\-߃
6. Xan-gv\m-´nse s\bvthen-bn¬ enss·‰v F∂ C‘-\-£-aX Ipd™ I¬°-cn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.
s]t{Sm-fn-bhpw {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI
- hpw
1. KXm-K-X- taJe-bpsS apJy Du¿P-t{km-X v
2. s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬ IqSmsX cmk-hf- ß
- ƒ, Ir{Xn-ad- _
- ¿, Ir{Xn-a\
- m-cp-Iƒ, hmk-en≥ XpS-ßn-b-
hbpw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.
3. B m-anse UnKvt_m-bn-emWv C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn s]t{Sm-fnbw J\\w sNbvXXv
4. B mw, KpP-dm-Øv, alm-cmjv{S ˛ C¥y-bnse s]t{Sm-fnb Dev]m-ZI kwÿm-\-߃
5. apwss_ ssl C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb s]t{Sm-fnbw J\n
6. s]t{Sm-fn-bt- Øm-sSm∏w {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI
- hpw e`n-°p-∂p.
7. Xan-gv\mSv, B{‘mXoc-ß-fn¬ {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI \nt£-]-߃ D≠v.
BWh [mXp-°ƒ
1. bqtd-\n-bw, tXmdnbw ˛ {][m\ BW-h-[m-Xp-°ƒ
2. Qm¿J-fiv, cmP-ÿm≥, alm-cm-jv{S, kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ kº-∂-amb bptd-\nbw
\nt£-]-ß-fp≠v
3. tIc-fw, Xan-gv\mSv XocsØ aW-en¬ ImWp∂ tamW-ssk-‰v, C¬a-ss\-‰v, [mXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw
tXmdnbw
4. e`n-°tp-hm¿P
{][m\ BW- ∂p. \neb߃
1. Xmcm-]q¿ (a-lm-cm-jv{S)
2. dmh-Øv`´ (cm-Pÿ
- m≥)
3. I¬∏m°w, IqSw-Ipfw (X-an-gv\m-Sv)
4. ssIK (I¿Wm-S-I)
5. Im{Im]md (Kp-P-dm-Øv)
6. \tdmd (D-Ø¿{]-tZ-iv)
23. C¥y-bnse ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ skan-\m-
dn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m-\p≈ {]_-‘Ø
- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂ {][m\ hkvXp-°s
- f-s¥m-s°-bmhmw ˛
Ipdn-∏v X-øm-dm-°p-I.

132
127
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” kutcm¿÷w, Im‰n¬ \n∂p≈ Du¿÷w, Xnc-am-e-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Du¿÷w, then-tbm¿÷w,
ssPh- hm-XIw F∂n-hb
- mWv {][m\ ]mc-ºt- cy-Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
” ]p\-xÿm-]\
- t- i-jn-bp≠v
” sNe-hp-Ip-d™
- Xv
” ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-߃ D≠m-°p-∂n√
” C¥y-bn-en∂v Gsd {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂p
24. ]mc-ºcy Du¿P-t{km-X- p-It- f-sXms°? Ch-bv°p-]I
- cw ]mc-ºt- cy-Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
{]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂s
- X-¥p-sIm≠v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-fnbw XpS-ßn-b[
- mXp hn`-hß
- f
- mWv ]mc-ºcy Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
” Ch ]p\:ÿm]n-°s
- ∏-SmØ [mXp-°f
- mWv
” CØcw C‘-\ß
- ƒ IØn-°p-∂Xv h≥ tXmXn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-Ic
- W
- hpw krjvSn-°p-∂p.
25. C¥y-bnse Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-bs
- Ø-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb [mXp A[n-jvTnX hyh-kmbw
” Ccp-ºb
- n-c,v amwK-\o-k,v NpÆm-ºp-I√
- v, I¬°-cn, tUmf-ssa‰v F∂n-hb
- mWv {]Ym\ Akw-kI
v rX
hkvXp-°ƒ
” I¬°cn {][m\ C‘-\a
- m-bX
- n-\m¬ I¬°-cn-∏m-SØ
- n-\S- p-Ømbn Ccp-ºp-cp°p hyh-km-bß
- ƒ
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
” Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ, Du¿P-e`
- y-X, Pe-e`- yX, KXm-KX
- k
- u-Ic
- y-߃, Ib-‰p-aXn kuI-cy-
߃, sXmgn-em-fn-If
- psS e`yX Ch-sb√mw Ccp-ºp-cp°p hyh-km-bØ
- ns‚ ÿm\-\n¿W-bL
- S- I
- -
ß-fm-W.v

” C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb kzIm-cy-ta-Jem Ccp-ºp-cp-°p-hy-h-km-b-ime Pwj-Uv]q-cnse Sm‰m

Ccp-ºp-cp°v Iº\n ( TISCO)
” s]mXp-ta-Je- b
- nse BZy Ccp-ºp-cp-°p-ime ]›n-a_- w-Km-fnse Ipƒ´n, _c¨]q¿, lncm-]q¿ C¥y≥
Atb¨ B‚ v Ão¬ Iº\n (IISCO)
” Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse BZy Ccp-ºp-cp-°p-ime `{Zm-hX - n-bnse hntiz-iz-cø Ab¨ B‚ v Ão¬ h¿Ivkv
enan-‰Uv ( VISL)
” `nembv Ão¬ πm‚ v Zp¿Kn¬ djy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS 1959 ¬ ÿm]n-®p.
” dq¿t°-e-Ão¬ πm‚ v kpμ¿K-Un¬ P¿a-\n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS 1959 ¬ ÿm]n-®p.
” Zp¿Km-∏q¿ Ão¬ πm‚ v Zp¿Km-∏q-cn¬ bq.-sI ({_n´s‚) bpsS klm-b-tØmsS 1962 ¬ ÿm]n-®p.
” s_m°m-tdm-Ão¬ πm‚ v s_m°m-tdm-bn¬ 1964 ¬ djy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Bcw-`n-®p.
26. C¥y-bnse KXm-K-X-am¿§-߃ hni-Z-am-°pI

133
128
 KXm-KX
- a- m¿§-߃

ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
tdmUp-Iƒ sdbn¬ Pe-K-Xm-KXw thyma-K-Xm-
KXw

ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
ƒ
tZiob- kwÿm\ Pn√m- {KmaoW t{_mUv ao‰¿ \mtcm Dƒ\m-S≥ kap{Z Fb¿ C¥y≥
]m-XI
- ƒ sslsh tdmUv tdmUp-Iƒ tKPv tKPv tKPv - m- Pe-KX
Pe-KX - m- C¥y Fb¿
KXw KXw (A- ¥ m- sse≥kv
”\n¿ΩmW ”\n¿ΩmW ”Pn√m ”{Kma-ß-fnse
cmjv{S (BZy-¥c
Npa-Xe Npa-Xe Bÿm- tdmUp-Iƒ k¿Δo-kv) k¿Δo-kv)
tI{μ-K-h- kwÿm\ \sØ Pn√- ”\n¿ΩmW
s◊‚n\v. k¿°m-dp- bnse Npa-Xe Xt±-i-
” hnhn[ Iƒ°v {][m\ kz-bw-`-c-W-
kwÿm\ tI{μ-ßf- p- ÿm-]\ - -
”kwÿm\ ambn _‘n- ߃°v
Xe-ÿm-\- Xeÿm\sØ ∏n-°p-∂p.
߃, \K- ”C¥y-bnse
Pn√m Bÿm-
c-߃ tdmUp-If- psS
\-ßf- pambn ”\n¿ΩmW 80% hpw
F∂nhsb _‘n-∏n- Npa-Xe
_‘n-∏n- {KmaoW tdmUp-
°p∂ {][m\ Pn√m ]©m- I-fm-Wv.
°p∂p tdmUp-Iƒ b-Øp-
Iƒ°v

27. kph¿W NXp-jvtIm-Wk

- q-∏¿ sslthsbIpdn®v Ipdn-∏v X-øm-dm-°pI ?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
” C¥y-bnse saKm \K-c-ß-fmb U¬ln, apwss_, sNss∂, sIm¬°Ø F∂n-hsb XΩn¬
_‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.
” Bdp-hc
- n-]m-XI
- f
- mb kq∏¿sslth
” \mj-W¬ sslth AtXm-dn-‰n-°mWv Cu tdmUp-If
- psS Npa-Xe
28. C¥y-bn¬ DØ-ca- l - m-ka- X
- e
- Ø
- n¬ tdmUv km{μX IqSp-Xepw hS-°p-In-g°
- ≥ kwÿm-\ß
- f
- n¬
Ipd-hp-am-Wv. CXns‚ Imc-Wß - ƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
DØ-ck- q-NnI
” {]tZ-iØ - ns‚ `q{]-IrXn
” kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Xew ˛ Ch-bmWv CXns\ {][m-\-ambpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv
” DØc alm-ka - X
- ew \nc-∏m-bX- mWv
” hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-߃ ae{ºtZ-i-ß-fmWv
29. C¥y-bnse sdbn¬ KXm-K-XsØ Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-ck- q-NnI
” Gjy-bnse G‰hpw henb sdbn¬sh-irw-Je C¥y-bn¬
” C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb s]mXp-ta-J-em- kw-cw`w
” k©m-cØ - n\pw, Nc-°p-KX- m-KX- Ø
- n\pw {][m\w
” hyh-km-bnI hf¿®bv°v \n¿Wm-bIw
” BZy-sd-bn¬sh apwss_ apX¬ Xms\ hsc ˛ 1853 ¬
” C¥y-bn¬ 16 sdbn¬sh taJ-e-I-fp≠v

134
129
” ]mf-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AI-esØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n t{_mUvtK-Pv, ao‰¿tK-Pv, \mtcm-tKPv F∂n-
ßs\ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
” \K-c-߃ tI{μo-I-cn®v sat{Sm sdbn¬ ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp-∂p.
” Bhn F©n≥ am‰n Uok¬ F©n\pw Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ F©n-\p-I-fp-sams° {]Nmcw t\Sn.
30. Pe-KX - m-KX- Ø
- ns‚ ta∑-Is - f-s¥ms° ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” G‰hpw sNe-hp-Ip-d™ KXm-KX - a
- m¿§w
” h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Nc°p KXm-K-X-Øn\v DNnXw
” ]cn-ÿn-Xn-a-en-\o-I-cWw D≠m-Ip-∂n√
” A¥m-cm-jv{S-hym-]m-cØ - n\v tbmPn-®Xv
31. C¥y-bnse Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-XsØ°pdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” \Zn-Iƒ, Imb-ep-Iƒ, I\-mep-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Pem-i-b-ß-fmWv Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn\v D]-
tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v.
” {][m\ Dƒ\m-S≥ KXm-K-X-am¿K-߃
1. KwK, {_“-]p-{X \Zn-Ifpw t]mj-I- \-Zn-Ifpw.
2. tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW \Zn-Ifpw, t]mjI \ZnIfpw
3. B{‘, Xan-gv\mSv {]tZ-isØ _°nw-Kvlmw-I\ - m¬
4. tKmh-bnse amtfim-hn, kphmcn I\m-ep-Iƒ
5. tIc-f-Ønse Imb-ep-Iƒ
6. 1986 ¬ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-KX AtXm-dn-d-dn cq]w-sIm-≠p.
7. C¥ybn¬ 5 tZiob Pe]mXIƒ D≠v.
32. C¥ybnse tZiob Pe-]m-X-Iƒ GsX√mw?
DØc kqNnI
1. tZio-b-P-e-]mX 1 ( NW -˛ 1)
KwK-bn¬ Ae-l-_mZv apX¬ lm¬Un-b-hsc
2. tZiob Pe-]mX 2 ( NW ˛ 2)
{_“-]p-{X-bn¬ kZnb apX¬ [q{_n-hsc
3. tZio-b-]mX 3 ( NW ˛ 3) tIcfØn¬ sIm√w apX¬ tIm´∏pdwhscbp≈ ]›naXoc I\m¬
4. tZio-b-]mX 4 ( NW -˛ 4)
tKmZm-h-cn- IrjvW \Zn-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Im°n\S apX¬ ]pXp-t®cn hsc
5. tZio-b-]mX 5 (NW ˛ 5)
]q¿Δ-Xo-c-I-\m-ens\ _‘n-∏n®v {_“Wn apX¬ alm-\Zn U¬‰ hsc
” C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™mdpw Ing-°p-ambn 12 {][m\ Xpd-ap-J-߃ 185 sNdnb Xpd-ap-J-߃
33. C¥y-bnse thyma-KX - m-KX
- s- Ø-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Fgp-Xp-I.
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” Fb¿t]m¿´v AtXm-dn‰n Hm^v C¥y-bpsS \nb-{¥-WØ - n-emWv C¥y-bnse thyma-KX
- m-KXw.
” 11 A¥m-cmjv{S hnam-\Ø - m-hf - ß
- ƒ
” BsI 126 hnam-\-Øm-h-f-߃

130 135
” A¥m-cmjv{S k¿Δo-kn\v Fb¿ C¥y
” B`y-¥-c-k¿Δokn\v C¥y≥ Fb¿ ssek≥kv
” kzImcy Iº-\n-Ifpw hnam-\k
- ¿Δokv \S-Øp-∂p.
34. cmPy-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ KXm-K-X-Øns‚ ]¶v Fs¥∂v hni-Z-am-°pI ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” Dev]m-Z\ - t- a-Je
- b
- n¬ Bh-iy-amb ASn-ÿm-\L
- S- I
- ß
- ƒ Dd-∏m-°¬
” Dev]-∂-߃ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fn-te°v FØn-°¬
” bm{X-bv°pw, Nc°v ssIam-‰Ø - n\pw
35. C¥y-bpsS cq] tcJ-bn¬ C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™mdv `mKØpw Ing-°p-`m-K-Øp-ap≈ h≥InS Xpd-ap-
J-߃ AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-ck
- q-NnI

131

136
36. C¥y-bpsS cq] tcJ-bn¬ Xmsg-]d- b
- p∂ Ccp-ºp-cp°p hyh-kmb tI{μ-߃ AS-bm-fs
- ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
1) s_m°mtdm 2) dq¿t°e (kp-μ¿K-Uv) 3) `nembv (Zp¿Kv) 4) `{Zm-hXn 5) Zp¿Km-∏q¿
DØ-ck
- q-NnI

C¥ybnse
{][m\
Ccpºpcp°p
imeIƒ

1 5
3
2

37. C¥y-bnse BW-thm¿P \ne-bß

- ƒ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-Jb
- n¬ AS-bm-fs∏SpØpI?
DØ-ck- q-NnI

IqSwIpfw

137
132
38. C¥y-bnse Ccp-ºb
- ncp J\-\t- a-Je
- I
- ƒ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-Jb
- n¬ AS-bm-fs
- ∏-Sp-ØpI?

138
133
 bqWn‰v : 9
[\Imcy ÿm]\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw
1. `mc-Xob dnk¿Δv _m¶ns‚ {][m-\-[¿Ω-߃ hni-Z-am-°p-I.
DØ-ck
- q-NnI

`mc-Xob
dnk¿Δv _m¶v

ƒ
ƒ

ƒ
ƒ
t\m´v hmbv] k¿°m-cns‚ _m¶p-I-fpsS
A®-Sn-®n-dv°¬ \nb-{¥n-°¬ _m¶v _m¶v
”]eni \nc-°n¬ ”tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ ”F√m _m¶p-I-fp-
”Hcp cq] Hgn-sI-
am‰w hcpØn k¿°m-cp-I-fn¬ sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-
bp-ff F√m \n∂v \nt£-]-
Id≥kn-t\m-´p- hmbv]-Iƒ \nb- ßsf klm-bn-
{¥n-°p∂p ߃ kzoI-cn- °p∂p
Ifpw A®-Sn-®n-d- °p∂p
°p∂p ” _m¶p-Iƒ°v D]-
” tI{μ ˛kw-ÿm-
” t\m´-Sn-°p-∂- tZiw \¬Ip∂p
\-k¿°m-cp-
Xn\v \n›n-X- Iƒ°v hmbv] ” F√m _m¶p-I-fp-
aqeyw \¬Ip∂p sSbpw ]W-kw-_-
kz¿Wtam hntZ- ‘-amb Imcy-ß-
i-\m-Wytam ” k¿°m-cn\p fpsS Ah-km-\-B-
Icp-X-embn \¬Ip∂ {ibw
kq£n-°p∂p tkh\߃°v
bmsXmcp {]Xn- ” F√m _m¶p-I-fp-
” Hcp cq]-t\m´pw tSbpw \nb-{¥-I≥
^-ehpw hmßp-
\mW-b-ßfpw ∂n√
ASn-®n-d-°p-∂Xv
tI{μ-[-\-Imcy
hIp-∏m-Wv.

2. dnk¿Δv _m¶v Hm^v C¥y hmbv]Isf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-ßns\ ?

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” ]eni \nc-°n¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-bmWv RBI hmbv]I
- sf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X
- v. ]en-i\
- n-c°v IqSp-tºmƒ
hmbv]-I-fp-sS Afhv Ipd-bp-∂p. ]eni \nc°v Ipdbptºmƒ hmbv]-bpsS Af-hp-Iq-Sp-∂p.

3. C¥y-bnse _m¶p-I-fpsS hf¿®sb Ipdn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” C¥y-bnse _m¶nwKv cwKsØ hf¿®sb aq∂v L´-ß-fmbn Xncn-°mw.
H∂m-wL´w : 1770 apX¬ 1969 se _m¶v tZi-km¬°-cWw hsc
c≠mw-L´w: 1969 apX¬ 1990 hsc-bp-f-fXv
aq∂mw-L´w : 1991 apX-ep-f-fXv
” 1770 ¬ Bcw-`n® _m¶v Hm^v lnμp-ÿm≥ BZy-_m¶v
” _m¶v Hm^v _wKmƒ, _m¶v Hm^v t_mws_, _m¶v Hm^v a{Zmkv F∂o {]kn-U≥kn _m¶p-Iƒ
{_n´ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n ÿm]n-®p.

134 139
” Cu L´-Øn¬ _m¶nwKv cwKsØ hf¿® kmh-[m-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p
” c≠mw L´-Øn¬ _m¶v tZi-km¬°-cW
- a- p-≠mbn
” 1969- ¬ 14 _m¶p-Iƒ tZi-km¬°-cn®p
” 1980 ¬ 6 _m¶p-Iƒ tZi-km¬°-cn®p
” kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-KXn e£y-am-°n-bp-ff _m¶p-If
- psS {]h¿Ø\w
” _m¶p-I-fpsS hf¿® thK-Øn-embn
” aq∂mw L´-Øn¬ \nt£]w, hmbv] F∂n-hbv°v ]pdsa a‰-t\Iw tkh-\-ßfpw \S-∏n-em°n
” ]pØ≥ Xe-apd _m¶p-If
- p-≠mbn
” \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ Ffp-∏-am°n
” B[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy D]-tbm-Kn®p
” ka-b-em-`w, thKX F∂n-h-bp-≠mbn
” ]pXp-Xmbn kzIm-cy-_m-¶p-Iƒ°v ssek≥kv \¬In
” ]pXnb kzIm-cy-_m-¶p-Iƒ \qX-\{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ \S-∏n-em°n
” F.-Sn.-Fw., s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv, t^m¨ _m¶nw-Kv, s\‰v _m¶nw-Kv, tIm¿ _m¶nwKv XpS-ßnb
\qX-\k
- w-hn-[m-\ß
- ƒ \S-∏n-embn
” _m¶p-Isf hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ, kl-I-c-W-_m-¶p-Iƒ , khn-tij _m¶p-Iƒ F∂nßs\
Xncn®ncn°p∂p.
4. _m¶nwKv taJ-eb
- psS hf¿®-bpsS aq∂mw-L´- Ø
- n¬ 1991 apX¬ Bcw-`n® \qX\ kwhn-[m-\ß
- ƒ
Fs¥ms° ?
” F.-Sn.-Fw., s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv, t^m¨ _m¶nw-Kv, s\‰v _m¶nw-Kv, tIm¿_m-¶nwKv apX-em-bh
5. [\-Imcy ÿm]-\ß
- s
- f-∂m-se¥v ? Chsb Fßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn°mw ?
As√-¶n¬
C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnhn[ [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-tf-sXms° ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI
” \nt£-]w, hmbv] XpS-ßnb kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ ÿm]-\ß - f
- mWv [\-Im-cy-ÿm-
]-\ß
- ƒ
” _m¶p-Iƒ, _m¶n-Xc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-߃ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn°mw
” _m¶p-Isf hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ, kl-Ic - W
- _
- m-¶p-Iƒ, hnI-k\ - _
- m-¶p-Iƒ, khn-ti-j_
- m-¶p-Iƒ
F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn°mw
” _m¶n-Xc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]\ - ß
- sf _m¶n-Xc [\-Im-cy-Iº
- \
- n-Iƒ, ayqNz¬^≠v ÿm]-\ß - ƒ,
C≥jqd≥kv Iº-\n-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xncn°mw
6. _m¶p-If - psS {][m-\{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß- ƒ Fs¥ms° ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI
” hy‡n-Iƒ,-ÿm-]-\-߃, k¿°m¿ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v \nt£-]-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
” hy‡n-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-߃, k¿°m¿ F∂n-h-bv°v hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip∂p

140 135
” \nt£-]-ØpI ]en-i-tbmsS XncnsI \¬Ip∂p
” hmbv]-ØpI ]en-i-tbmsS XncnsI hmßp∂p
7. hnhn-[X
- cw hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Isf Hcp ^vtfmNm¿´n-eqsS Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hmWnPy
_m¶p-Iƒ

ƒ
ƒ

s]mXp-ta-Jem kzIm-cy-_m-¶p-Iƒ
_m¶p-Iƒ (D-S-a-ÿX kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-Iƒ°v)
” DS-a-ÿX k¿°m-cn\v dnk¿Δv _m¶v \nb-{¥Ww

ƒ
” dnk¿Δv _m¶v {]h¿Ø\w
\nb-{¥n-°p∂p kzImcy kzImcy hntZi
” `mc-Xob tÉv _m¶pw
C¥y≥ _m¶p-Iƒ
AXns‚ A\p-_‘ _m¶p- _m¶p-Iƒ
Ifpw tZi-km¬IrX _m¶p- C¥y-bn¬ cPn-ÿ
Ifpw doP-W¬ dqd¬ _m¶p- sNbvXn-´p-f-fXpw
Ifpw tN¿∂Xv Bÿm\w hntZ-iØp
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-amb
_m¶p-I-fmWv kzImcy
hntZihmWnPy _m¶p-
Iƒ
8. kzImcy hntZi hmWnPy _m¶p-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX F¥v ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” C¥y-bn¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p-f-fXpw Bÿm\w hntZ-iØv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-amb _m¶p-Iƒ
9. hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-If
- psS {][m-\- [¿Ω-ßs
- f-s¥ms° ? hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. \nt£-]-߃ kzoI-cn-°pI
” kºm-Zy-\n-t£]w (tk-hnwKvkv sUt∏m-kn-‰v)
” {]N-enX \nt£]w (I-d‚ v sUt∏m-kn-‰v)
” ÿnc-\n-t£]w (^n-IvkUv sUt∏m-kn-‰v)
” Bh¿ØnX \nt£]w (dn-°-dnwKv sUt∏m-kn-‰v)
2. hmbv]I - ƒ \¬I¬
”]W-hmbv]
” Hmh¿{Um^v‰v
3. a‰p-tk-h\ - ß
- ƒ
a) tem°¿ kuIcyw
b) Unam‚ v {Um^v‰v kuIcyw
c) sabn¬ {Sm≥kv^¿ kwhn-[m\w
d) sSen-{K-m^nIv {Sm≥kv^¿ kwhn-[m\w
e) F.-Sn.-Fw. kwhn-[m\w

136

141
f) sU_n‰v Im¿Uv
g) s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv
h) _n√pIƒ AS-bv°p-∂X
- n-\p-ff kuIcyw
(sS-e-t^m¨, sshZyp-Xn, C≥jz-d≥kv XpI AS-bv°m≥ kuI-cyw)
10. s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv kwhn-[m-\Ø - ns‚ khn-ti-jX- I- s
- f-s¥ms° ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” Hcp πmÃnIv Im¿Uv kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv
” ]Ww Iøn¬ kq£n-°msX km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw hmßn-°mw.
” A°u-≠n¬ ]W-an-s√-¶nepw Cu Im¿Up-]-tbm-Kn®v km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw hmßn-°mw.
\n›nX Znh-k-Øn-\Iw _m¶n¬ ]Ww \nt£-]n-®m¬ aXn.
” _m¶v A°u≠v \n¿_-‘a - m-Wv.
11. hnhn-[-Xcw \nt£-]-ßsf Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
As√-¶n¬
kºm-Zy-\n-t£-]hpw ÿnc-\n-t£-]hpw XΩn-ep-ff hyXym-kß - ƒ Fs¥ms° ?
As√-¶n¬
kºm-Zy-\n-t£-]hpw {]N-en-X\ - n-t£-]hpw XΩn-ep-ff hyXym-kß- s
- f-s¥ms° ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
1. kºm-Zy-\n-t£]w
” s]mXp-P\ - ß- ƒ°v Ah-cpsS kºm-Zy-߃ \nt£-]n-°m≥ kuIcyw
” Ipd-™] - e- ni \¬Ip∂p
” \nb-{¥-W-߃°v hnt[-b-ambn \nt£-]-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]Ww ]n≥h-en°mw
” Hcp Ime-b-f-hn¬ F{X{]mhiyw ]Ww ]n≥hen°msa∂Xn\pw F{X cq] hsc F∂Xn\pw
\n_-‘\ - I-fp≠v.
2. {]N-enX \nt£]w
” Hcp Znhkw Xs∂ \nc-h-[n-X-hW ]Ww \nt£-]n-°m\pw ]n≥h-en-°m\pw kuIcyw
” hyh-km-bn-Ifpw hym]m-cn-Ifpw Cu \nt£]w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
” ]eni \¬Im-dn√
3. ÿnc \nt£]w
” \n›nX Ime-b-f-hn-te-°p-ff \nt£]w
” \nt£-]- Im-em-h[n ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]eni \¬Ip∂p
” \n›nX Imem-h-[n°v tijw ]Ww ]n≥h-en-®m¬ \n›-bn® ]eni \¬Ipw
” \n›nX Imem-h-[n°v apºv ]n≥h-en-®m¬ ]eni \nc°v Ipdbpw
4. Bh¿ØnX \nt£]w
” \n›nXXpI hoXw {]tXyI Ime-b-f-hn-te°v {]Xn-amkw \nt£-]n-°p∂p
” kºm-Zy-\n-t£-]-ß-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂ ]eni \nc°v
” ÿnc\nt£-]-tØ-°mƒ Ipd™ ]eni \nc°v
” Imem-h-[n°v apºv ]n≥h-en-®m¬ ]en-i-\n-c°v Ipdbpw

12. ]W-hm-bv]bpw Hmh¿{Um^v‰pw XΩn-ep-ff hyXym-kß

- ƒ Fs¥ms° ?
DØ-ck- q-NnI
1. ]W-hmbv]

142 137
” `uXnI BkvXn-Iƒ, ÿnc \nt£-]-]-{X-߃ apX-em-bh kzoI-cn®v \¬Ip∂ hmbv]
2. Hmh¿{Um^v‰v
” _m¶v A°u-≠n-ep-ff XpI-tb-°mƒ ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°m-\p-ff Ah-kcw
” {]N-en-X-\n-t£]w (I-d‚ v sUt∏m-kn-‰v) Df-f-h¿°mWv Cu kuIcyw e`n-°pI
13. _m¶nwKv cwKsØ \qX\ {]h-WX - I - f- mWv Ce-Itv {Sm-WnIv _m¶nßpw tIm¿_m-¶n-ßpw. Ch-bpsS
khn-ti-jX - I - ƒ Fs¥ms° ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
1. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _m¶nw-Kv(C - ˛- _
- m-¶nw-Kv)
” s\‰v _m¶n-ßn-eq-sSbpw sSen-_m-¶n-ßn-eq-sSbpw CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øp∂p
” _m¶nwKv D]-Ic - W- ß- f - psStbm DtZym-Kÿ - c- p-tStbm klm-ba- n-√msX CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \SØmw
” F√m ka-bØpw _m¶nw-Kv, F√m-bn-SØpw _m¶nwKv˛- km-[y-am-Ip∂p
” _m¶n¬ t]mIm-sX-Xs∂ temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw ]Ww Ab-°m\pw _n√p-Iƒ AS-b° v m\pw kuIcyw
”Ipd™ kabw aXn
”Ipd™ k¿Δokv Nm¿Pv.
2. tIm¿ _m¶nwKv
” F√m _m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw imJ-Iƒ Hcp sk≥{S¬ sk¿h-dn\v Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Hcp _m¶n¬
\n∂pw as‰mcp _m¶n-te°v tkh-\-߃ km[y-am-Ip∂ kwhn-[m\w
” F.-Sn.-Fw., sU_n-‰vIm¿Uv, s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv, s\‰v _m¶nw-Kv, sSen-_m-¶nw-Kv, samss_¬ _m¶nwKv
XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Hcp IpS-bv°p-Io-gn¬
” Hcp _m¶v A°u-≠n¬ \n∂v as‰mcp _m¶v A°u-≠n-te°v ]Ww Ab-°m≥ km[n-°p∂p
14. kl-Ic- W - _ - m-¶p-If - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - s- f-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
As√-¶n¬
kl-Ic- W - _ - m-¶p-If - psS {][m\ Dt±-iy-ßs- f-s¥ms° ? hni-Za- m-°pI
” kl-Ic - W- w, kzbw-kl - m-bw, ]c-kv]c- k - l
- m-bw-˛{- ]-h¿Ø-\X
- Xzw
” \nt£-]w, hmbv] F∂nh kl-Ic - W- _ - m-¶p-If- p-sSbpw [¿ΩmWv
” km[m-cW - ° - m¿°v kmº-Øn-Ik - l- mbw \¬IpI F∂-XmWv {][m\ {]h¿Ø-\e - £yw
a‰v e£y-߃
” P\-߃°v hmbv] \¬IpI
” P\-ß-fn¬ kºmZyioew hf¿ØpI
” kzIm-cy-]W - a- n-S] - m-Sp-Im-cn¬ \n∂v P\-ßsf c£n-°pI
” Ipd™ ]eni \nc-°n¬ hmbv] \¬IpI
15. kl-Ic- W _m¶p-If - psS {]h¿Ø\w Hcp ^vtfm Nm¿´n-eqsS Ah-Xc- n-∏n-°p-I.

ƒ kwÿm\ kl-Ic- W - c- w-KsØ Db¿∂ LSIw

kwÿm\
kl-Ic- W ƒ Pn√m-kl
- I
- c- W
- _
- m-¶p-Iƒ°pw {]mY-anI kl-Ic- W
- _
- m-¶p-
_m¶v
Iƒ°pw kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
ƒ

ƒ Pn√m tI{μ-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p

Pn√m-kl
- I
- c- W
_m¶v {]mY-anI _m¶p-Iƒ°v klm-bhpw D]-tZ-ihpw \¬Ip∂p
ƒ
ƒ {Kma-ßf- n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p
ƒ

ƒ {]h¿Ø- \{- ]-tZ-iØ

- ns‚ ]cn-[n Ipdhv
{]mY-anI
kl-Ic- W ƒ {Kmao-Wc- psS kºm-Zy-ioew t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p
_m¶v ƒ {Kmao-W¿°p Ipd™ ]en-i-\n-c-°n¬ hmbv] \¬Ip∂p

143

138
16. hnI-k\ _m¶p-If - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - s - f-s¥ms° ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” hyh-km-bi - m-eI - f
- psS kmt¶-Xn-Ih - ¬°-cWw, \ho-Ic- Ww F∂n-hb - v°mbn Zo¿L-Im-e-
hm-bv]I - ƒ \¬Ip∂ _m¶p-Iƒ
” Irjn, hyh-km-bw, hmWnPyw XpS-ßn-b hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ff GP‚mbn
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]\w
” hoSp-\n¿am-Ww, sNdp-In-Sh - y-hk
- m-bw, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-hn-Ik - \w F∂n-hb- v°mbn hmbv]I
- ƒ
\¬Ip-∂p.
17. khn-ti-j_ - m-¶p-Is - f-∂m-se¥v ? DZm-lc - W
- k
- l - nXw hni-Za- m-°pI
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” Nne {]tXy-I-ta-J-e-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v am{X-ambn kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬Ip∂
ÿm]-\ß - f - m-WnXv.
DZm:˛ FIvknw _m¶v Hm^v C¥y
C¥y≥ sNdp-InS hyh-kmb hnI-k\ - _ - m¶v
\_m¿Uv etc
18. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ khn-ti-j_ - m-¶p-If - psS {]h¿Ø\ khntij-XI - ƒ Is≠Øn
]´n-Is- ∏-Sp-ØpI
1. FIvknw _m¶v Hm^v C¥y (EXPORT IMPORT BANK OF INDIA)
” Dev]-∂-߃ Ib‰n Ab-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-Xn\pw
hmbv] \¬Ip∂p
” Ib-‰p-aXn Cd°p-aXn taJ-eI - f - n-te°v IS-∂p-hc- p-∂h - ¿°v
Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-iß - ƒ \¬Ip-∂p.

2. C¥y≥ sNdp-InS hyh-kmb hnI-k\

- _
- m¶v
(SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA-SIDBI)
” sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw XpS-ßm\pw B[p-\n-Ih
- ¬°-cn-°m\pw
klmbw \¬Ip∂p
” {Kmao-Wh
- y-hk
- mbw DW¿ØpI e£yw

3. \_m¿Uv (NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT)
” Irjn ˛{Kma hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bp-ff ]c-tam∂X _m¶v
” {KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ _m¶p-Isf
GtIm-]n-∏n-°p∂p
” Irjn, ssIsØm-gn¬ sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-߃ XpSßnbhbv°v
kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬Ip-∂p.

144

139
 4. aln-fm-_m-¶p-Iƒ
” 2013 ¬ Bcw-`n®p
” h\n-Xm-im-‡o-Ic- Ww C¥y-bpsS im‡o-Ic
- Ww ˛ ap{Zm-hmIyw
” F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \nt£]w kzoI-cn-°p∂p
” hmbv] IqSp-Xepw \¬Ip-∂Xv h\n-XI- ƒ°v

5. s]bvsa‚ v _m¶p-Iƒ
” Ipd™ hcp- a m- \ - ° m- s cbpw sNdp- I nS hyh- k m- b n- I - s fbpw
IpSn-tb‰ sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw klm-bn-°m≥ cq]w sIm≠Xv
” Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp e£w cq] hsc am{Xw \nt£]w
kzoI-cn-°p∂p
” \nt£-]-߃°v dnk¿Δv _m¶v \n›-bn® ]eni \¬Ip∂p
” hmbv] \¬Ip-∂n√
” _m¶n-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v \n›nX ^okv IΩo-j-\mbn CuSm-°p∂p
” U_n‰v Im¿Uv \¬Ipw
” s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv \¬In-√.

19. ap{Zm_m¶v (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank)

DØ-c-kq-NnI
” sNdpInS hmbv] \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn Bcw`n® _m¶v.
” sNdpInS kwcw`Im¿°pw ssat{Im^n\m≥kn\pw kmºØnI klmbw \¬Ip∂p.
20. _m¶nwKv, _m¶n-Xc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]\
- ß
- ƒ XΩn-ep-ff hyXym-kß
- ƒ Is≠-ØpI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” dnk¿Δv _m¶ns‚ ta¬t\m´Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
” \nt£-]-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmWv
_m¶p-Iƒ
” [\-Im-cy-cw-KØv {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw \nt£-]-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-I, hmbv]-Iƒ \¬IpI F∂o
ASnÿm\ [¿Ω-߃ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ sN°v D]-tbm-Kn®v ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°¬, sabn¬
{Sm≥kv^¿, tem°¿ kwhn-[m\w F∂o tkh-\ß - ƒ H∂pw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNømØ ÿm]-\ß
- -
fmWv _m¶n-Xc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]\
- ß
- ƒ
21. _m¶n-Xc [\-Imcy Iº-\n-Isf Ipdn®v sNdp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
” 1936 se Iº\n BIvSv {]Imcw cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p-ff ÿm]-\-ß-fm-Wnh
” _m¶p-If - psS ASn-ÿm\ [¿Ω-ßf
- mb \nt£-]ß- ƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I, hmbv]I
- ƒ \¬IpI F∂nh
\n¿Δ-ln-°p∂p
” lb¿ ]¿t®kn\v hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip∂p
” kz¿W-∏W - b hmbv] \¬Ip∂p
” Nn´n-Iƒ \S-Øp∂p
” hoSp \n¿ΩmW hmbv]I - ƒ \¬Ip-∂p.
” DZm: tIcfm tÉv ^n\m≥jy¬ F‚¿ss{]kv (KSFE)

140
145
22.ayqNz¬^≠v ÿm]-\ß - f - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - s- f-Ip-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” \nt£-]-I-cn¬ \n∂v ]Ww kam-l-cn®v Hml-cn- I-tºm-f-߃, IS-∏-{X-߃, ASn-ÿm-\-hn-I-k\
taJe F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n-°p∂p
” em` \jvS-߃ \nt£-]-I¿°v hoXn-®p-\¬Ip∂p
” kzIm-cy-ta-Je - b
- nepw s]mXp-ta-Je - b- nepw CØcw ÿm]-\ß - ƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v
” DZm: bqWn‰v {SÃv Hm^v C¥y (UTI)
sse^v C≥jz-d≥kv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ayqNz¬ ^≠v (LICMF)
Fkv._ - n.-sF.-ayq-Nz¬ ^≠v
23. C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-If - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw kmº-ØnI kwc-£Ww \¬Ip∂p
” kmaq-ly-kp-c£ - n-XX- zhpw hy‡n-KX - t- £-ahpw Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øp∂p
” C¥y-bnse BZy-C≥jz-d≥kv Iº\n 1818 ¬ sIm¬°-Ø-bn¬ ÿm]n®p
” s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnepw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bnepw C≥jz-d≥kv ÿm]-\-߃ D≠v
” F¬.-sF.kn. hy‡n-If - psS Poh\pw Btcm-Kyhpw kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p
” P\-d¬ C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-Ifpw C¥y-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.
DZm. P\-d¬ C≥jz-d≥kv Iº\n
24.ssat{Im ^n\m≥kns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Ipdn®v Ipdn∏v Xømdm°pI
DØ-ck - q-NnI
” km[m-c-W-°m¿°v eLp-hm-bv]- Dƒs∏sS hnhn[ kmº-ØnI tkh-\-߃ \¬IpI F∂-XmWv
e£yw
” Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\° - m-cn¬ kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿Øp-∂X - n\pw kzbw sXmgn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂X - n\pw klm-
bn-°p-∂p.
” hy‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]Ww kzcq-]n®v Iq´mb kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂p
” kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿Øp∂p
” ]mh-s∏-´h - c- psS Pohn-X\ - n-eh- mcw Db¿Øp∂p
” hy‡n-KX - I - g- nhpIƒ {Kq∏v hnI-k\ - Ø- n\v {]tbm-P\ - s- ∏-Sp-Øp∂p
” AwK-߃°v hmbv] \¬Ip∂p
” sNdp-InS kwcw-`ß - ƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.
25.IpSpw-_{io / kzbw klm-bk - w-Lß - f
- p-sS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ F{]ImcamWv ?
DØ-ck - q-NnI 20¬ IqSmØ AwK-߃

sNdp-InS kwcw-`-߃ IpSpw-_{io / AwK-߃ \n›nX XpI

XpS-ßp∂p kzbw klm- \nt£-]n-°p∂p
bkwLw
AwK-߃°v Ipd™ _m¶p-Iƒ hmbv] \¬Ip∂p
]en-i-\n-c°n¬ hmbv]
146
141
 bqWn‰v : 10
D]t`m‡mhv :kwXr]vXnbpw kwc£Whpw
1. D]-t`mKw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv ?
DØ-ck
- q-Nn-I.
a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂X
- n-s\-bmWv D]-t`mKw F∂p ]d-bp-∂X
- v.
2. BcmWv D]-t`m-‡mhv?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
hne-sIm-SptØm sImSp-°m-sa∂ Icm-dntem GsX-¶nepw km[-\tam tkh-\tam hmßn D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ BfmWv D]-t`m-‡m-hv.
3. ""tkhn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-°n-Ø-cp-∂-Xp-hgn D]-t`m-‡mhv \ap°v Hcp HuZmcyw sNbvXp
XcnIbmWv.''
Km‘n-Pn-bqsS Cu hm°p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnev]\ tkh\ tI{μ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hcp D]-
t`m-‡mhv Fs¥ms°bmWv {]Xo-£n-°p-∂s - X∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.
As√¶n¬
D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kwXr]vXn F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v F¥mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv?
DØ-ck- q-NnI
Š KpW-ta∑
Š hnizm-kyX
Š hn¬∏-\m-\¥ - c
- t- k-h\w
Š \ymb-hne
Š icn-bmb Afhv, Xq°w
Š \√ s]cp-am‰w
Š Cu Bh-iy-߃ k^-eo-Ic- n-°p-∂X - n-s\-bmWv D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kwXr]vXn F∂-Xp-sIm≠v
A¿flm-°p-∂X - v.
4. D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-߃ Fs¥√mw? D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ NqjWw sNø-s∏-Sp-Itbm
I_-fn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂ kμ¿`-߃ ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-ck- q-NnI
Š KpW-ta-∑-bn-√mØ km[-\-߃ hnev°p∂Xv
Š ambw tN¿°p-∂Xv
Š Aan-Xh - ne CuSm-°p-∂Xv
Š Af-hnepw Xq°-Ønepw Ir{Xnaw ImWn-°p-∂X - v.
Š tkh-\ß - ƒ e`y-am-°p-∂X- n¬ Ime-Xm-akw hcp∂Xv.
5. 1986se D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-߃ GsXms°?
DØ-ck- q-NnI
Š Poh\pw kzØn\pw lm\n-I-c-am-Ip∂ km[-\-߃ hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v
kwc£Ww e`n°p∂Xn\p≈ AhImiw.
Š km[\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-ta∑ kw_‘n® hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

142
147
 Š \ymb-hn-ebv°v km[-\hpw tkh-\hpw e`n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
Š D]-t`m‡r hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
Š D]-t`m‡r X¿° ]cn-lmcw t\Sm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
6. D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-If - psS {]k‡n hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
DØ-ck - q-Nn-I.
Š 1986se D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nb-a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
Š D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ \nb-a] - c
- a- mbn klm-bn-°m≥ Npa-Xe - s- ∏´ kwhn-[m-\a- mWv D]-t`m-‡r-
tIm-SX
- n.
{]m[m\yw
Š D]-t`m-‡r-X¿°ßfn¬ CSs]´v \jvS] - c- n-lmcw Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øp-∂p.
Š D]-t`m-‡m-°f - n¬ Bfl-hn-izmkw krjvSn-°p-∂p.
7. Pn√m, kwÿm\, tZiob D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-I-fpsS LS-\, A[n-Imcw F∂nh ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-
ØpI.
DØ-ck - q-Nn-I.
D]-t`m‡r LS\ A[n-Imcw
tImS-Xn-Iƒ
Pn√m D]-t`m‡r ŠPn-√m-X-e-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p Š20 e£w cq]-h-sc-bp≈
X¿°-]c- n-lmc t^mdw Š{]-kn-U‚pw 2 AwK-ßfpw. D]-t`m‡r X¿°-ßfn¬
Š Hcw-K-sa-¶nepw h\nX Xo¿∏p-I¬]n-°p∂p
kwÿm\ D]-t`m‡r Š kwÿm-\-XeØn¬ 20 e£w apX¬ 1 tImSn
X¿°-]c- n-lmc t^mdw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. hsc-bp≈ X¿°-ß-fn¬
Š {]kn-U‚pw 2 AwK-ßfpw Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p∂p
Š Hcw-K-sa-¶nepw h\nX
tZiob D]-t`m‡r Š tZiob Xe-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p Hcp-tImSn cq]-b°
v p-ap-If- nep≈
X¿°-]c- n-lm-cI
- Ω
- o-j≥ Š {]kn-U‚pw 4¬ Ipd-bmØ AwK-ßfpw X¿°ßfn¬ Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°p∂p

8. km[m-cW tImSXn \S-]Sn {Ia-ßf - n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXa- mWv D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-If

- psS \S-]S- n-
{I-aß
- ƒ. hy‡-am-°p-I.
As√-¶n¬
D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-jX - I
- ƒ ]´n-Is
- ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-ck- q-Nn-I.
Š \S-]Sn {Ia-߃ efnXw
Š AXn-thKw \oXn Dd-∏p-hc - p-Øp∂p
Š hyh-lm-cs- ®-ehv hfsc Ipdhv
9. D]-t`m-‡r-X¿°-Øn¬ ]cmXn \¬Im-hp∂ kμ¿`-߃ hy‡-am-°p-I.
As√-¶n¬
GsXms° kml-Nc - y-ßf
- n-emWv D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-If- n¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n-°m-
hp-∂Xv?
DØ-ck- q-NnI
Š hnebv°p hmßnb km[-\-Øn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ kw`-hn-°p-I.
Š ambw tN¿°¬ \ntcm-[\ \nbaw ewLn-°p-I.

148 143
 Š Poh\v lm\n-I-c-am-btXm kpc-£n-X-a-√m-ØtXm Bb km[-\-߃ hn¬°p-I.
Š sX‰n-≤cn-∏n-°p∂ ]c-ky-߃ \¬Ip-I.
Š hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p e`n® tkh-\-Øn\v t]mcm-bva-Iƒ D≠m-hp-I.
Š IqSp-X¬ hne CuSm-°p-I.
Š \ymb-cl - n-Xhpw D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kzmX-{¥ysØ ]cn-an- Xs∏Sp-Øp-∂X - p-amb hym]mc \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ aqew \jvS-ap-≠m-°p-I.
10. D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-Iƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂X- n¬ F{X-tØmfw ]cm-
]vXa- mWv? hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
Bs√-¶n¬
D]-t`m-‡r-X¿°-ßf - n¬ D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-Iƒ hgn e`n-°p∂ ]cn-lm-cß
- ƒ Gs¥m-s°-bmWv?
DØ-ck - q-NnI
Š ]Icw km[-\-߃ \¬I¬
Š \¬In-b-]Ww / A[n-I-ambn CuSm-°nb ]Ww Xncn®p \¬I¬
Š \jvS] - c- n-lm-cØ - pI e`y-am-°¬
Š tkh-\-Ønse tIm´-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬I¬.
Š tZmj-Ic - a- mb hym]mc \S-]S- n-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°¬
Š lm\n-Ic - a- mb `£y-hk - vXp-°f- psS hnev]\ \ntcm-[n-°¬
Š ]cm-Xn-s®-ehv e`y-am-°¬
11. 1986se D]-t`m-‡r-kw-c£ - W \nb-aØ - n\p ]pdsa D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W - Øn-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈
\nb-a-߃ h¿jw, khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

h¿jw \nb-aß
- ƒ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ
1930 km[-\h
- n-ev]\ \nbaw Š km[-\-߃ hmßp-∂-
Øn-\p≈ hyh-ÿI - ƒ
Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p.
Š Kymc- ≠ n, hmd≠n,
hnev]\
- m\-¥c- t- k-h\w
F∂n-h-bpsS ewL\w
Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-
[n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
Im¿jn-tIm¬]∂ (t{KUnMv Im¿jn- t Im- e v ] - ∂ - ß -
1937 fpsS \ne-hmcw \n›-bn-
& am¿°-nw-Kv) \nbaw
°p-∂p.
1955 Ah-iy-km-[\ \nbaw Š sIm≈-em`w, ]qgvØn
shbv]v, Icn- © ¥
F∂n-hb
- n¬ \n∂v kwc-
£Ww
1976 Afhp ˛ Xq° \ne-hmc Š Afhnepw Xq°-Øn-ep-
\nbaw ap≈ I_-fn-∏n-°¬ XS-
bp-∂X
- n-\p≈ \nbaw

144 149
12. D]-t`m-‡m-°f
- psS Xmev]c- y-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂X
- n\v C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, ÿm]-
\-߃ F∂n-hsb ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
As√-¶n¬
D]-t`m-‡m-°f
- psS Xmev]c- y-߃°mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kYm-]\
- ß
- ƒ / hIp-∏p-Iƒ, \¬In-bn-
´p≈ hkvXp-XI-fpsS ASn-ÿm\Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn™v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

Npa-Xe
- I
- ƒ ÿm\w /hIp∏v
Š Afhv ˛ Xp°-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p A .............................
Š `£y-hk
- vXp-°f
- psS KpWta∑ Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øp∂p B .............................
Š acp-∂p-I-fpsS hne \nb-{¥n-°p∂p C .............................
Š acp-∂p-I-fpsS KpW-ta∑, kpc-£n-XXzw F∂nh D .............................
Dd-∏p-cp-Øp∂p
Š Dev]m-Z\
- w, hnX-cW
- w, kw`-cW
- w, hnev]\ E .............................
XpS-ßnb hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS
KpW-\n-eh
- mcw Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øp-∂p.

DØ-ck
- q-NnI
A eoK¬ sat{Sm-fPn hIp∏v
B `£y-kp-c£
- m-hI
- p∏v
C tI{μ Huj-[h
- n-e\
- n-b{- ¥-WI
- Ω
- ‰n
D {UKvkv I¨t{Smƒ hIp∏v
E ^pUv tk^v‰n B‚ v Ãmt‚¿Uv AtXm-dn‰n Hm^v C¥y.
13. D]-t`m‡r kwc-£-W-Øn\v kaq-l-Øn\v GsXms° coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ignbpw ?
As√-¶n¬
D]-t`m‡r kwc-£-W-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ens‚ {]k‡n hy‡-am-°p-I.
DØ-ck
- q-Nn-I.
Š D]-t`m‡r kwL-S\
- I
- f
- psS {]h¿Ø-\w.
Š D]-t`m‡r t_m[-h¬°-cW
- w.
Š s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°¬

150 145
14. D]-t`m‡r hnZym-`ym-kØ
- n\v GsX√mw am¿K-߃ D]-tbm-Ks- ∏-SpØmw?
DØ-ck
- q-Nn-I.
Š t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
Š D]-t`m‡r hnZym-`ymkw ]mTy-]≤
- X
- n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Spج.
Š D]-t`m‡r Zn\m-Nc- Ww
Š kwhm-Zß
- ƒ
15. D]-t`m‡r hnZym-`ymkw GsX√mw hn-[-Øn-emWv D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv ?
As√-¶n¬
D]-t`m-‡r-hn-Zym-`ym-kØ
- ns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am°n Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
Š Bh-iy-߃ IrXy-ambn \nP-s∏-SpØn D]-t`mKw \-SØm≥ Xbm-dm-hp-∂p.
Š Dev]∂
- ß
- s- fbpw tkh-\ß
- s- fbpw kw_-‘n®v Adnhv t\Sm≥ k∂≤cmhp-∂p.
Š icn-bmb Xnc-s™-Sp-°-en\v {]m]vXn t\Sp-∂p.
Š Ah-Im-it- _m-[a- p≈ D]-t`m-‡m-hmbn amdp-∂p.
Š D]-t`m‡r {]iv\ß
- f
- n¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ tijn-t\-Sp-∂p.
16. D]-t`m‡r hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂Xns‚ ^eambn cq]s∏Sp∂ D]t`m‡rioe߃ GsX√mw?
DØ-ck
- q-NnI
Š km[\߃ hmßptºmƒ _n√v tNmZn®phmßpI
Š Afhpw Xq°hpw icnbmsW∂v t_m[ys∏SpI
Š km[\ßfpsS \nehmcw kqNn∏n°p∂ Nn”߃ {i≤n°pI
Š hmßp∂ km[\ßfpsS D]tbmK{Iaw {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂ hn[w F∂nh a\knem°pI
Š ]m°v sNbvX km[\߃ hmßptºmƒ D¬]∂Øns‚ hniZmwi߃ Ds≠∂v
Dd∏phcpØpI

151
146
 C¥y

{io\K¿
PΩp

AarXk¿ jnwe
UdmUq¨

\yqU¬ln
C‰m\K¿
B{K eJv\u
Pbv]q¿ Im¨]q¿
lmPn]q¿ KphmlØn
amenKmthm¨
tIm´ Ael_mZv Nndm]q©n
jnt√mwKv sImlna
]m‰v\
hmcmWkn s_m°mtdm
AK¿Øe Cw^m¬
Km‘n\K¿ dm©n
Im≠ve Zp¿§m]q¿ sFkvhmƒ
AlΩZm_mZv t`m∏m¬ PwjUv]q¿ _c¨]q¿
_dqNv _nemkv]q¿ sIm¬°Ø
kqd‰v dmbv]q¿ dq¿t°e
I´Iv lmƒUnb
`nembv `pht\iz¿ ]mcZzo]v
\hn apwss_ sk°≠dm_mZv Nn¬°m XSmIw
apwss_
s\h tjh
sslZc_mZv
hnimJ ]´Ww
]\mPn lpªn hnPbhmU
a¿Ω tKmh
`{ZmhXn
_mw•q¿ Ft∂m¿ _mc≥Zzo]v
awKem]pcw sNss∂
tkew
t]m≠nt®cn
tImgnt°mSv tImbºØq¿
IhcØn a[pc X©mhq¿ t]m¿´v_vsfb¿
sIm®n
Xncph\¥]qcw XqØp°pSn
I\ymIpamcn
Cμnc t]mbn‚ v

152 147
C¥y

153
148
 ¢m v 10 amXrI tNmZy߃
kmaqlyimkv{Xw
1 apX¬ 8 hscbp≈ tNmZyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw 7 FÆØn\v DØcsagpXpI.
Hmtcm∂n\pw 2 kvtIm¿ hoXw. (7 x 2=14)
1. c≠pXcw ]ucXz߃ GsX√mw?
2. DØcmb\w, Z£nWmb\w hniZam°pI.
3. c≠mw temIalmbp≤Ønse ssk\nI kJy߃ GsX√mw?
4. c≠v {]mtZinIhmXßfpsS t]scgpXpI.
5. temImbp‡, temIv]m¬ F∂nh XΩnep≈ hyXymkw F¥v?
6. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ NpaØp∂ 2 \nIpXnIfpsS t]scgpXpI.
7. t\¿°mgvN km[yXIƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ 2 kμ¿`߃ Ipdn°pI.
8. C¥y≥ tZinb {]ÿm\hpw Jnem^Øv {]ÿm\hpw Hcpan®v {]h¿Øn®Xns‚ ^e߃
Fs¥√mw ?
9 apX¬ 15 hscbp≈ tNmZyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw 6 FÆØn\v DØcw FgpXpI.
Hmtcm∂n\pw 3 kvtIm¿ hoXw (6 x 3=18)
9. Nc°ptkh\ \nIpXnIƒ (GST) aq∂v Xcw ˛ GsX√mw?
10. C¥ybnse {][m\s∏´ BWthm¿÷ tI{μ߃ GsX√mw ?
11. GsX√mw Bhiy߃°mWv _m¶pIƒ hmbv] \¬Ip∂Xv ?
12. D]t`m‡r tImSXnbpsS aq∂v Xe߃ GsX√mw ?
13. 1986 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw apt∂m´psh® {][m\ \n¿tZi߃ Fs¥√mw ?
14. tIcfØnse kmaqlnI]cnjvIcWØn¬ {io\mcmbWKpcphns‚ ]¶v hniZam°pI.
15. IpdnNyIem]Øns‚ ImcW߃ Fs¥√mambncp∂p?
16 apX¬ 25hscbp≈ tNmZyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw 9 FÆØn\v DØcw FgpXpI.
Hmtcm∂n\pw 4 kvtIm¿ hoXw. (9 x 4=36)
16. tImfw F bv°v A\ptbmPyambh _n tImfØn¬ \n∂pw Is≠Øn FgpXpI.
F _n
t]m¿´pKokv B‰n߬ Iem]w
U®pIm¿ I¿Wm´nIv bp≤߃
{^©pIm¿ Ipf®¬ bp≤w
{_n´ojpIm¿ Ip™menac°mcpsS t]mcm´ßƒ

17. kmaqly imkv{XØnse ]T\coXnIƒ GsX√mw ?

18. ]uct_m[w t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ Fßs\ adnIS°mw ?

154 149
19. C¥ybpsS hntZi\bØns‚ {][m\ XXz߃ GsX√mw ?
20. cmjv{SØns‚ \n¿_‘nX NpaXeIƒ Fs¥√mw ?
21. BtcmKyap≈ hy‡nIƒ cmPyØns‚ ]ptcmKXnbn¬ ]¶mfnIƒ BIp∂sXßs\?
22. X∂ncn°p∂ amXrIm {KnUv \nco£n®v Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂ tNmZy߃°v DØcsagpXpI.

F) tIm´bpsS \me°{KnUv d^d≥kv kn) 8537 se `qkhntijX F¥v ?

_n) InWdns‚ Bd°{KnUv d^d≥kv Un) [cmXeob `q]Sßfn¬ ]m¿∏nSw
kqNn∏n°p∂ \ndw F¥v ?
23. BImiob hnZqc kwthZ\Øns‚ t]mcmbvaIƒ Fs¥√mw ?
24. X∂ncn°p∂ C¥ybpsS `q]SØn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂h ASbmfs∏SpØpI.
F) tOm´m\mKv]q¿ _n) Bch√n kn) IrjvW\Zn Un) hnimJ]´Ww
25. s\¬Irjn°v A\ptbmPyamb `qanimkkv{X LSI߃ hniZam°pI.
26. `mcXob dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ [¿Ω߃ GsX√mw ?

27, 28 tNmZy߃°v DØcsagpXpI. Hmtcm∂n\pw 6 kvtIm¿ hoXw. (2 x 6=12)

27. F) {]mtZinI kabw, {Ko\n®v kabw, C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv kabw F∂nh hniZam°pI.
As√¶n¬
_n) BtKmfhmX߃ GsX√mw? GsX¶nepw cs≠Æw hniZoIcn°pI.
28. F) djy≥ hnπhØns‚ ImcWßfpw ^eßfpw hniZam°pI.
As√¶n¬
_n) c≠mw temIbp≤Øns‚ ImcW߃, ^e߃ F∂nh hniIe\w sNøpI.

155
150
 DØc kqNnI
1. B¿÷nX ]ucXzw, kzm`mhnI ]ucXzw
2. DØcmb\w ˛ kqcys‚ Ab\w Z£nWmb\w tcJbn¬ \n∂pw DØcmb\tcJbnte°v
(Unkw_¿ 22 apX¬ Pq¨ 21 hsc)
Z£nWmb\w ˛ kqcys‚ Ab\w DØcmb\ tcJbn¬ \n∂pw Z£nWmb\tcJbnte°v
( Pq¨ 21 apX¬ Unkw_¿ 22 hsc)
3. kJyi‡nIƒ, A®pX≠v i‡nIƒ
4. eq, l¿am‰¨, s^m≥
5. temIv]m¬ ˛tZioeXeØn¬ AgnaXnXSbpI.
temImbp‡ ˛ kwÿm\XeØn¬ AgnaXnXSbpI.
6. `q\nIpXn, ÃmºvUyq´n, kwÿm\ Pn. Fkv. Sn
7. sshZypXn t]mÃpIƒ, samss_¬ ShdpIƒ, hb¿sekv {Sm≥kvanj≥ ShdpIƒ F∂nh
ÿm]n°m≥.
8. lnμp ˛ ap…ow sFIyw i‡ns∏´p.
{_n´ojv hncp≤ hnImcw C¥ybn¬ BIam\w hym]n®p.
9. sk≥{S¬ Pn. Fkv.Sn (CGST)
tÉv Pn. Fkv.Sn. (SGST)
C‚t{K‰Uv Pn. Fkv.Sn. (IGST)
10. Xmc∏q¿, dmhXv`´, ssIK, I¬∏m°w, IqSwIpfw
11. Im¿jnImhiy߃°v, hymhkmbnImhiy߃°v
hoSv \n¿Ωn°m≥, hml\w hmßm≥
12. Pn√m D]t`m‡rX¿° ]cnlmc t^mdw
kwÿm\ D]t`m‡rX¿° ]cnlmc IΩoj≥
tZiob D]t`m‡rX¿° ]cnlmc IΩoj≥
13. {]mYanI hnZym`ymkØn\pw XpS¿ hnZym`ymkØn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬IWw.
Hm∏tdj≥ ªm°v t_m¿Uv ]≤Xn
HmtcmPn√bnepw \thmZb hnZymeb߃
s]¨Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v t{]m’ml\w
14. 1888 ˛se Acphn∏pdw {]XnjvT
hn⁄m\Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬In
hnZymebßfpw hmb\imeIfpw ÿm]n®p
Bephbn¬ k¿ΔaX ktΩf\w
15. AanX\nIpXn
\nIpXn ]Wambv \¬Im≥ Bhiys∏´Xv
\nIpXn ASbv°mØhcpsS Irjn`qan ]nSnNnsNSpØXv
16. t]¿´pKokv ˛ Ip™menac°m¿
U®pIm¿ ˛ Ipf®¬bp≤w
{^©pIm¿ ˛ I¿Æm´nIv bp≤w
{_n´ojpIm¿ ˛ Bddn߃ Iem]w

151
156
17. tkmjy¬ k¿tΔ, A`napJw, \nco£Ww, tIkv Ubdn
18. s]mXp Xm¬]cy߃ l\n°msX kz¥w XmXv]cy߃°pth≠n ]cn{ian°pI.
a‰p≈hcn¬ \n∂v {]Xo£n°p∂ am‰ßƒ \Ωn¬ \n∂v XpSßpI.
AhImi߃s°m∏w NpaXeIƒ°pw Xpey ]cnKW\ \¬IpI.
kz¥w {]h¿Ø\ßsf hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØpI.
19. sFIycmjv{S k`bnep≈ hnizmkw
tNcntNcmbva, ]©ioeXXz߃
hwiob hmZtØmSp≈ hntZzjw, kam[m\]camb klh¿ØnXzw
20. AXn¿Øn kwc£Ww, B`y¥c kam[m\w, AhImi kwc£Ww
\oXn \S∏nem°¬
21. {]IrXn hn`h߃ icnbmbn hn\ntbmKn°m\mhpw.
sXmgn¬ Zn\ßfpsS FÆw h¿≤n°p∂Xv sIm≠pw Imcy£aX h¿≤n°p∂Xv sIm≠pw
D¸mZ\w IqSpw.
NnIn’ sNehpIƒ Ipd°m\pw AXphgn k¿°mdns‚ kmºØnI sNhev Ipd°m\pw
Ignbpw.
D¬∏mZ\ h¿≤\hneqsS kmºØnI hnIk\w km[yamhpw.
22 F) 8134
_n) 838 352
kn) sse‰v lukv
Un) Nph∏v
23. hnam\Øns‚ Ipep°w Nn{XØns‚ KpWta∑sb _m[n°p∂p.
hnkvXrXamb {]tZißfpsS Nn{XoIcWw {]mtbmKnIa√.
hnam\Øn\v Dbcm\pw Cdßm\pw Xpd mb ÿew BhiyamWv.
C‘\w \nd°p∂Xn\v hnam\w CSbv°nsS \neØndßp∂Xv sNehv h¿≤n∏n°pw.
24. `q]Sw (t]Pv 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 ImWpI)
25. s\¬Irjn, 150 sk.an IqSpX¬ ag, 24 Un{Knsk¬jykv apIfn¬ Dujvamhv
F°¬ aÆv, C¥ybnse apJy`£y hnf, Jmcn^v hnf
26. t\m´v A®Sn®nd°¬, hmbv] \nb{¥n°¬,
k¿°mdns‚ _m¶v, _m¶pIfpsS _m¶v
27. F) {]mtZinI kabw ˛ kqcys‚ D®\nesb B[mcam°n \n¿Æbn°p∂ kabw
kqcys‚ D®\ne D®°v 12 aWnbmWv.
{Ko\n®v kabw ˛ {Ko\n®v tcJbnse {]mtZinI kabw
{Ko\n®v tcJsb ASnÿm\am°nbmWv temIkabw \n¿Wbn°p∂Xv
C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv kabw ˛82.5 Ing°v tcJmwiw ChnSpsØ {]mtZinI kabw
C¥ybpsS a[b`mKØpIqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂ tcJmwi tcJbmWv 82.5 Ing°v.
_n) hmWnPyhmX߃, ]›na hmX߃, {[phoX hmX߃
hmWnPyhmX߃ ˛ Ccp A¿≤tKmfßfntebpw Dt]mjvW D®a¿±taJeIfn¬ \n∂pw
a[ytcJ \yq\a¿≤ taJebnte°v hoip∂ Im‰pIƒ.

152
157
 DØcm¿≤ tKmfØn¬ hS°pIng°≥ Znibn¬\n∂pw hoip∂Xn\m¬ Cu Im‰pIsf
hS°pIng°≥ hmWnPy hmXßsf∂pw Z£nWm¿∞tKmfØn¬ sX°pIng°p\n∂pw
hoip∂Xn\m¬ sX°v Ing°≥ hmWnPyhmXßsf∂pw ]dbp∂p.
Ccp A¿≤tKmfØn¬\n∂pw hoin FØp∂ hmWnPyhmX߃ kwKan°p∂ taJebmWv
C≥U¿t{Sm∏n°¬ I¨sh¿P‚ v tkm¨ (ITCZ).
]›na hmX߃ ˛ Dt]mjvW D®a¿±taJebn¬\n∂v D]{Zhob \yq\a¿± taJebnte°v
]Sn™mdv Znibn¬\n∂v Ccp A¿≤tKmfßfnepw \nc¥cambn hoins°m≠ncn°p∂
Im‰pIfmWv ]›nahmX߃.
CXn\v Z£nWm¿∞ tKmfØn¬ AXnthKXbmWp≈Xv.
AXn\m¬ 40 Un{Kn A£mwißfn¬ tdmdnwMv t^m¿´okv F∂pw 50 Un{Kn
A£mwißfn¬ ^yqcnbkv ^n^v‰okv F∂pw 60 Un{Kn A£mwißfn¬ jvdoInwKv
knIv‰okv F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
28. F) k¿ N{Ih¿ØnamcpsS GIm[n]Xy `cWw.
I¿jIcptSbpw sXmgnemfnIfptSbpw ZpcnX PohnXw.
henb \nIpXn `mcw.
Nn¥I≥amcpsS kzm[o\w.
1905 djy ˛ P∏m≥ bp≤Ønep≈ ]cmPbw
hyhkmb߃ hntZinIfpsS \nb{¥WØn¬
^e߃
USSR cq]oIcn°s∏´p.
s]mXp DSaÿXbv°v {]m[m\yw \¬In
tI{μoIrX Bkq{XWw \S∏m°n
djy H∂mw temIbp≤Øn¬ \n∂v ]n≥amdn
imkv{X ˛ kmºØnI ˛ kmt¶XnI ]ptcmKXn
]pXnb `cWLS\
_n) ImcW߃
ssk\oI kJyßfpsS cq]oIcWw
k¿Δ cmPykJyØns‚ ]cmPbw
^mknkw, \mknkw
{]oW\ \bw
P¿Ω\nbpsS t]mf≠m{IaWw
^e߃
Zie£W°n\mfpIƒ sIm√s∏´p.
bqtdm]y≥ cmPyßfpsS kmºØnI\ne XI¿∂p.
Gjy≥ ˛ B{^n°≥ cmPyßfn¬ kzmX{¥kacw i‡ns∏´p.
sFIycmjv{S kwLS\m cq]nIcn®p.
Atacn°bpw tkmhnb‰v bqWnb\pw h≥i‡nIfmbn.

158

153
 amXrI tNmZy߃
kmaqlyimkv{Xw
1 apX¬ 8hscbp≈ tNmZyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw 7 FÆØn\v DØcsagpXpI. Hmtcm∂n\pw
2 kvtIm¿ hoXw (7 x 2=14)
1. {_n´ojpIm¿ C¥ybn¬ \S∏m°nb GsX¶nepw c≠v `q\nIpXn k{ºZmb߃ FgpXpI.
2. ]Zkqcy≥ ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

B........................

B........................ Bkv{Snb˛lwKdn

{XnI£n kJyw

3. {Ko\n®v tcJsb ss{]w sadoUnb≥ F∂phnfn°p∂sX¥psIm≠v ?

4. Ic°m‰pw IS¬°m‰pw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw Is≠ØpI.
5. \nIpXnIsf c≠mbn Xncn°mw. Ah GsX√mw ?
6. 1929 se emtlm¿ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩf\Øns‚ {][m\ Xocpam\߃ GsX√mw ?
7. tIm≠q¿ tcJIfn¬ \n∂pw a\knem°m≥ Ignbp∂ Imcy߃ GsX√mw ?
8. kmaqlyimkv{XØnse Hcp ]T\coXnbmWv \nco£Ww. c≠pXcw \nco£W߃
GsX√mw ?
9 apX¬ 15 hscbp≈ tNmZyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw BsdÆØn\v DØcsagpXpI.
Hmtcm∂n\pw 3 kvtIm¿ hoXw (6 x 3=18)
9. Km‘nPn \SØnb BZyImekacßfpsS ]´nI NphsS tN¿°p∂p. hn´pt]mbh tN¿Øv
]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
kac߃ \S∂h¿jw ÿew
A
............................................... 1917 _olm¿
AlΩZm_mZv
XpWnan¬kacw 1918 B
.....................................
tJUbnse I¿jI
kacw C
....................................................... KpPdmØv

10. C¥ybnse {][m\ Im¿jnI Ime߃ GsX√mw?

11. aq∂pXcw _P‰pIƒ GsX√mw ? hniZam°pI.
12. PeKXmKXØns‚ ta≥aIƒ Gh?
13. \h km{amPyØns‚ Bib߃ hniZam°pI.

154 159
14. {_n´ojv `cWImeØv C¥ybn¬ \nbaw aqew \ntcm[n® A\mNmc߃ GsX√mw ?
15. cmjv{SØns‚ LSIßfpambn _‘s∏´ ]Zkqcy≥ ]q¿ØoIcn°pI.

]cam[nImcw cmjv{SØns‚
LSI߃ A........................

C........................
B........................

16 apX¬ 25hscbp≈ tNmZyßfn¬ GsX¶nepw 9 FÆØn\v DØcsagpXpI. Hmtcm∂n\pw

4 kvtIm¿ hoXw (9 x 4=36)
16. s]mXp`cWØns‚ {]m[m\ysa¥v ?
17. D]t`m‡mhv NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂ 4 kμ¿`߃ FgpXpI ?
18. Pn.Fkv.Sn kanXn \¬Ip∂ ip]m¿iIƒ Fs¥√mw ?
19. C¥ybnse tdmUpIsf \membn Xncn®ncn°p∂p. Hmtcm∂pw hniZam°pI.
20. X∂ncn°p∂ C¥ybpsS `q]SØn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂h ASbmfs∏SpØpI.
a) Im≠ve b) alm\Zn c) ]›naL´w d) amƒh ]oT`qan
21. kaqlimkv{XØnse ]T\taJeIƒ GsX√mw ?
22. kzX{¥ym\¥c C¥y t\cn´ {]m[m\ sh√phnfnIƒ GsX√mw ?
23. am\hhn`htijnbpsS KpW]camb khntijXIƒ GsX√mw ?
24. ]uct_m[Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hniZam°pI.
25. F tImfØn\v A\ptbmPyambXv _n tImfØn¬ \n∂pw Is≠Øn {Ias∏SpØpI.
F _n
{io\mcmbWKpcp tbmKt£ak`
ktlmZc≥ Aø∏≥ {io\mcmbW [¿a]cn]me\ tbmKw
Aø¶mfn ktlmZc {]ÿm\w
hn. Sn. `´Xncn∏mSv km[pP\ ]cn]me\ kwLw

26, 27 tNmZy߃°v DØcsagpXpI. Hmtcm∂n\pw 6 kvtIm¿ hoXw (2 x 6=12)

26. {^©v hnπhsØ°pdn®v hniZoIcn°pI.
ImcW߃
{][m\ kw`h߃
hnπhØns‚ kzm[o\w
As√¶n¬
_n) H∂mw temI bp≤Øns‚ ImcWßfpw ^eßfpw hniZam°pI.
27. BtKmf a¿±taJeIƒ GsX√mw? GsX¶nepw 2 a¿±taJeIsf°pdn®v hniZam°pI.
As√¶n¬
_n) `qÿnc D]{Kl߃, kucÿnc D]{Kl߃ F∂nhsb XmcXayw sNbvXv Ipdn∏v
Xømdm°pI.

160
155
 DØckqNnI
1. imizX `q\nIpXn hyhÿ
db´vhmcn hyhÿ
al¬ hmcn hyhÿ
2. F) P¿Ω\n
_n) C‰en
3. {Ko\n®v tcJsb ASnÿm\am°nbmWv temI kabw \n¿Æbn°p∂Xv.
{Ko\n®v tcJsb ASnÿm\am°n temIsØ 24 kabtaJeIfmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂p.
4. Ic°m‰v ˛ Icbn¬ \n∂pw ISente°v cm{Xn kabßfn¬ hoip∂ Im‰v.
IS¬Im‰v ˛ ISen¬ \n∂pw Icbnte°v ]I¬ kabßfn¬ hoip∂ Im‰v.
5. {]Xy£ \nIpXn
]tcm£\nIpXn
6. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y kacØns‚ A¥nae£yw ]q¿ÆkzcmPv BsW∂v {]Jym]n®p.
Km‘nPnbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ knhn¬ \nba ewL\w Bcw`n°m≥ Xocpam\n®p.
7. `q{]tZiØns‚ Dbcw
Ncnhns‚ kz`mhw
`q{]tZiØns‚ BIrXn
8. ]¶mfnØ \nco£Ww
]¶mfnØ clnX \nco£Ww
9. F) Nmºmc≥ kXym{Klw _n) KpPdmØv kn) 1918
10. Jmcn^v dm_n skbvZv
11. F) an®_P‰v ˛hchv IqSpX¬, sNehv Ipdhv _n)IΩn_P‰v ˛ hchv Ipdhv
sNehv IqSpX¬ kn) k¥penX _P‰v ˛ hchpw sNehpw Xpeyw
12. ]cnÿnXn aen\oIcWw Ipdhv
Nc°pKXmKXØn\v, sNehv Ipdhv
13. BtKmf hXv°cWw
DZmc hXvIcWw
kzImcy h¬°cWw
14. kXn \n¿Øem°n
ssiih hnhmlw \ntcm[n®p
ASnaXzw \ntcm[n®p
s]¨iniplXy \ntcm[n®p
15. F) P\߃ _n) `q{]tZiw kn) Kh¨sa‚ v
16. P\t£aw Dd∏v hcpØp∂p.
Kh¨sa‚ v \b߃ cq]s∏SpØp∂p.
P\Iob {]iv\߃°v ]cnlmcw ImWp∂p.
km[\ßfpw tkh\ßfpw e`yam°p∂p.
17. ambw tN¿°p∂Xv
AanXhne CuSm°p∂Xv
Afhnepw Xq°Ønepw Ir{Xnaw

156 161
 tkh\߃ \¬Ip∂Xn¬ ImeXmakw
]gInb km[\߃ \¬I¬
18. Pn.Fkv. Snbn¬ ebn∏nt°≠ \nIpXnIƒ, sk pIƒ, k¿Nm¿÷pIƒ
\nIpXn \nc°pIƒ \n›bn°¬
Pn.Fkv.Sn ]cn[nbn¬ hcptØ≠Xpw Hgnhmt°≠Xpamb Nc°pIfpw tkh\ßfpw
samØw hn‰phchns‚ ASnÿm\Ønep≈ \nIpXn Hgnhns‚ ]cn[n \n›bn°¬.
19. tZiob ]mXIƒ
kwÿm\ ]mXIƒ
Pn√m ]mXIƒ
{KmaoW ]XmIƒ
20. `q]Sw ˛ t]Pv 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 ImWpI.
21. kmaqly ÿm]\߃
kmaqlnI _‘߃
kmaqlnI kwLS\Iƒ
kmaqlnI {]iv\߃
kapZmb߃
22. A`bm¿∞n {]hmlw
\m´pcmPyßfpsS kwtbmP\w
`mjmSnÿm\Øn¬ kwÿm\ßfpsS cq]oIcWw.
`cWLS\ cq]oIcWhpw BZy s]mXpsXcs™Sp∏pw.
23. hnZym`ymkw
BtcmKyw
km£cXm\nc°v
Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw
24. s]mXp kaqlw t\cnSp∂ {]iv\߃°v ]cnlmcw ImWm≥ ]uct_m[w klmbn°p∂p.
t£acmjv{S cq]oIcWw
kaql ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw
kam[m\hpw kpc£nXXzhpw Dd∏v hcpØp∂p.
25. {io\mcmbWKpcp ˛ {io\mcmbW [¿Ω ]cn]me\tbmKw
ktlmZc≥ Aø∏≥ ˛ ktlmZc{]ÿm\w
Aø¶mfn ˛ km[pP\]cn]me\ kwLw
hn.Sn. `´Xncn∏mSv ˛ tbmKt£a k`
26. ImcW߃
F) GIm[n]Xy `cWw kmaqlnI ˛ kmºØnI AkaXzw
Nn¥I≥amcpsS kzm[o\w
{][m\ kw`h߃
sS∂okv tIm¿´v {]Xn⁄
a\pjymhImi {]Jym]\w
_mÃn≥ Pbnens‚ ]X\w
kzm[o\w
tZiobXbpsS Bhn¿`mhw

162 157
 a[yh¿§Øns‚ hf¿®
P\Iob ]cam[nImcw F∂ Bibw
^yqU¬ hyhÿbpsS A¥yw
]n¬°me hnπh߃°v {]tNmZ\w
tkzmOm[n]Xy `cWIqS߃°v `ojWnbmbn.
As√¶n¬
26. _n) ImcW߃
ssk\nI kJy߃
Xo{htZiobX
_mƒ°≥ {]Xnk‘n
B¿®v Uyq°ns‚ h[w
^e߃
Zie£IW°n\v BfpIƒ sIm√s∏´p.
bqtdm∏ns‚ kmºØnI XI¿®
k¿ΔcmPy kJyØns‚ cq]oIcWw
Zmcn{Zyw sXmgnen√mbva
27. F) 0 ˛ `qa[ytcJ \yq\a¿≤taJe
h¿jw apgph≥ kqcy civanIƒ ew_ambn ]Xn°p∂ Cu taJebn¬ hmbp NqSv G‰v
hnIkn®v apIfnte°v Dbcp∂p. AXn\m¬ \yq\a¿≤ taJe cq]s∏Sp∂p.
hmbphns‚ Ne\w ew_ZnibnembXn\m¬ ChnSw \n¿hmX taJe F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
30˛ sX°v, hS°v ˛ Dt]mjvW D®a¿≤taJe
a[ytcJm {]tZiØp\n∂v NqSp]nSn®v Dbcp∂ hmbp XWpØv {`aWkzm[o\Øm¬ 30
Un{Kn sX°v ˛ hS°v A£mwi taJeIfnte°v Xmgp∂p AXn\m¬ ChnsS
D®a¿≤taJe cq]s∏Sp∂p.
60 ˛ (sX°v˛hS°v) ˛ D]{[phob \yq\a¿±taJe
90˛ (sX°v,hS°v) ˛ {[phob D®a¿±taJe

As√¶n¬
27. _n) `qÿnc D]{Kl߃
`qanbpsS {`aWØns\m∏w k©cn°p∂p.
k©mc]Yw 36000In.ao. DbcØn¬
`qanbpsS 1/3 `mKw \nco£W ]cn[nbn¬
INSAT ˛ DZmlcWw

kucÿnc D]{Kl߃
{[ph߃°v apIfneqsS `qansb hew sh°p∂p.
k©mc]Yw 900 In.an.DbcØn¬
Ipd™ \nco£W ]cn[n
Bh¿Øn®p≈ hnhctiJcWw
IRS, LANDSAT D]{Kl߃

163

158
 amXrI tNmZy߃

1 apX¬ 5 hscbp≈ tNmZy߃°v DØcw sXcs™SpØv FgpXpI. (1 kvtIm¿ hoXw)

1. C¥ybnse tZiob kacØntebv°v Km‘nPn IS∂phcm≥ ImcWamb {_n´ojv \nbaw GXv
F¥v??
a) h\\nbaw
b) due‰v \nbaw
c) ZØhImi \ntcm[\ \nbaw
d) {]mtZinI ]{XamcW
{]mtZinI `mj ]{X \nbaw
\ntcm[\ \nbaw
2. cmjv{S cq]oIcW kn≤m¥ßfn¬ G‰hpw kzoIcyambXv GXmWv ?
a) ssZhZØ kn≤m¥w
b) i‡n kn≤m¥w
c) kmaqlyDSºSn kn≤m¥w
d) ]cnWma kn≤m¥w
3. C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb Irjnb[njv
Irjnb¥njvSTnX
n-X hyhkmbw
hy-h-km-bwGXmWv ? ?
G-XmWv
a) NW hyhkmbw
b) ]©kmc hyhkmbw
c) ]cpØnXpWn hyhkmbw
d) Ib¿ hyhkmbw
4. hnhcmhImi \nbaØns‚ cq]oIcWØn\v ImcWambXv GXv kwLS\bpsS {]h¿Ø\amWv?
a) AJnte¥y Inkm≥ k`
b) a{Zmkv sse_¿
a{Zmkv te_À bqWnb³
bqWnb≥
c) AJnte¥ym t{SUv bqWnb≥
d) akvZq¿ Inkm≥ i‡n kwLmX≥
5. Xmsg \¬Inbhbn¬ tI{μ k¿°m¿ NpaØp∂ \nIpXn GXmsW∂v Is≠ØpI.
a) `q \nIpXn
b) hkvXp \nIpXn
c) Ãmºv Uyq´n
d) tIm¿∏td‰v \nIpXn
6 apX¬ 15 hscbp≈ tNmZy߃°v 3 kvtIm¿ hoXw GsX¶nepw 8 FÆØn\v DØcw FgpXpI.
6. s]mXp `cWsØ Ne\mflIam°p∂Xv DtZymKÿcmWv . DtZymKØ DtZymÿ¿ hrµ¯nsâ
hrμØns‚
khntijXIƒ Gh ?
7. {_n´ojv°m¿s°Xnsc hb\m´nse IpdnNy¿ \SØnb Iem]Øns‚ ImcW߃ hy‡am°pI.
8. Pn.Fkv.Sn. kanXn GsX√mw ImcyßfnemWv ip]m¿iIƒ \¬Ip∂Xv ?
9. C¥ybnse P\PohnXhpw Imemhÿbpw cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ DØc]¿ΔX taJebpsS
{]m[m\yw hniZam°pI.
10. kzmX¥ym\¥c C¥y A`napJoIcn® {][m\ sh√phnfnIfn¬ H∂mWv `mjbpsS
ASnÿm\Øn¬ kwÿm\ßsf ]p\kwLSn∏n°pI F∂Xv. `mj ]p\kwÿm\
]p\kwLS\]p\kwLS\
hy‡am°pI.
11. tKmXºv Irjn°v A\ntbmPyamb `qan imkv{X LSI߃ Gh ?
12. kzmX{¥ym\¥c C¥y _lncmImi cwKØv ssIhcn® t\´ßƒ hnhcn°pI.
13. a¨kq¨ Im‰pIfpsS cq]oIcWØn\v ImcWamIp∂ LSI߃ GsX√mw ?
14. kaqlimkv{XØnse {][m\ ]T\coXnIfn¬ H∂mWv A`napJw. A`napJØn¬ {i≤nt°≠
Imcy߃ Fs¥√mw ?
15. kacm{X Zn\߃ hniZam°pI.

164
159
16 apX¬ 26 hscbp≈ tNmZy߃°v 4 kvtIm¿ hoXw GsX¶nepw 10 FÆØn\v DØcw FgpXpI.
16. hnZym`ymkhpw ss\]pWnbpw sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn \ΩpsS cmPyØv \S∏nem°p∂ c≠v
]≤XnIfmWv kwtbmPnX inip hnIk\ tkh\ ]cn]mSn (sF.kn.Un.Fkv.), cmjv{Sob D®X¬
in£m A`nbm≥ (B¿.bp.Fkv.F.) F∂nh. ChbpsS e£y߃ Fs¥√mw ?
17. {_n´ojv NqjWsØbpw AhImi \ntj[ßtfbpw Ipdn®v C¥y≥ P\Xsb
t_m[hm∑mcm°p∂Xn¬ ]{X߃ hln® ]¶v hniZam°pI.
18. au≠v _m‰¨ ]≤Xn hnhcn°pI.
19. tNcpw]Sn tN¿°pI.
kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Øm°ƒ {]kvXm\߃
F) {io \mcmbW Kpcp km[p P\ ]cn]me\ kwLw
_n) h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ auehn tbmK t£a k`
kn) Aø¶mfn {io\mcmbW [¿Ω ]cn]me\tbmKw
Un) hn.Sn.`´Xncn∏mSv XncphnXmwIq¿ ap…ow˛almP\ k`
20. Xmsg \¬Inbn´p≈ {KoUnse khntijXIfpsS ÿm\w {KnUv d^d≥kneqsS Is≠ØpI.

a) InWdns‚ 6 A° {KnUv d{^≥kv Is≠ØpI.

b) tIm´bpsS 4 A° {KnUv d{^≥kv Is≠ØpI.
c) 2142 se {KnUv d{^≥knep≈ khntijX F¥mWv ?
d) tSmt∏mjo‰n¬ tdmUns\ kqNn∏n°p∂ \ndw GXmWv ?
21. `qhnhc hyhÿbnse hniIe\ km[yXIƒ Fs¥√mw ? H∂ns\Ipdn®v hnhcn°pI.
22. NphsS X∂ncn°p∂ `qhnhcßsf \¬Inbncn°p∂ C¥ybpsS cq] tcJbn¬
ASbmfs∏SpØpI.
F) alm\Zn
_n) Bch√n
kn) amƒhm ]oT`qan
Un) s\hmtih
s\htjh
23. cmjv{SØns‚ hnthN\]camb NpaXeIƒ GsX√mw ?
24. ]uct_m[w hf¿Øp∂Xn¬ hnZym`ymkw hln°p∂ ]¶v hniZam°pI.
25. D]t`m‡m°fpsS Xm¬∏cy߃ kwc£n°p∂Xn\v hnhn[ hIp∏pIfpw ÿm]\ßfpw
{]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. Ahsb kqNn∏n°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.

165
160
 hIp∏v / ÿm]\w {]h¿Ø\w
eoK¬ sat{SmfPn hIp∏v ........................(F)...............................
......................(_n)....................... `£yhkvXp°fpsS KpWta∑ Dd∏phcpØp∂p.
tI{μ Huj[ hne \nb{¥W IΩn‰n ...........................(kn).............................
.........................(Un)...................... acp∂pIfpsS KpWta∑, kpc£nXXzw Dd∏v
hcpØp∂p.

26. ssat{Im^n\m≥kns‚ e£y߃ Fs¥√mw ?

27. F) `qanbnse kab\n¿WbØn¬ {Ko\n¨v
{Ko\n®vtcJ,
tcJbv °pw, A¥mcmjv
A´mcm{ã {SZn\m¶
Zn\m¦tcJ tcJbv°¡
XpS§nbhbv pwpÅ
{]m[m\yw hniIe\w sNøpI. 5
As√¶n¬
_n) BtKmf a¿ZtaJeIƒ hniZoIcn°pI.

28. F) Atacn°≥ kzmX{¥ykacØns‚ ImcWßfpw ^eßfpw kqN\If\pkcn®v

hniZoIcn°pI.
kqN\ sa¿°‚enÃv \nba߃
Nn¥I∑mcpsS kzm[o\w
^e߃
As√¶n¬
(_n) H∂mw temIbp≤Øns‚ ImcWßfpw ^eßfpw hniZoIcn°pI. (6)

166
161
 DØc kqNnI
D¯ckqNnI
1. b) due‰v \nbaw
2. d) ]cnWma kn≤m¥w
3. c) ]cpØnXpWn hyhkmbw
4. d) akvZq¿ Inkm≥ i‡n kwLmX≥
5. d) tIm¿∏td‰v \nIpXn
6. t{iWn]camb kwLmS\w
kwLS\
ÿncX
tbmKyXmSnÿm\am°n \nba\w
cmjv{Sob \n£v]£X
sshZKv≤yw
7. AanX \nIpXn
\nIpXn ]Wambn ASbv°Ww
Irjn`qan {_n´ojpIm¿ ]nSns®SpØXv.
8. skkpIÄ, k¿Nm¿÷pIƒ
˛ ebn∏nt°≠ \nIpXnIƒ, sskkpIƒ,
˛ Dƒs∏SptØ≠Xpw Hgnhmt°≠Xpamb Nc°pIfpw tkh\ßfpw
˛ \nIpXn \nc°pIƒ \n›bn°¬
˛ Hgnhm°s∏´ncn°p∂ Nc°pIfpw tkh\ßfpw Pn.Fkv.Sn.bn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠ kabw.
˛ \nIpXn Hgnhns‚ ]cnXn \n›bn°¬
9. ˛ sshtZinI B{IaWßfn¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°p∂p
˛ a¨kq¨ Im‰pIsf XS™v DØtc¥ybn¬ ag s]øn°p∂p.
˛ hc≠ ioX°m‰ns\ sNdp°p∂p.
˛ sshhn[yam¿∂ kkyP¥pPme߃
˛ \ZnIfpsS D¬`h {]tZiw
10 ˛ 1920 ˛ \mKv]q¿ tIm¨{Kkv ktΩf\w
˛ t]m´n {iocmaephns‚ \ncmlmchpw acWhpw
˛ 1953 ˛ B{‘m{]tZiv kwÿm\ cq]oIcWw
˛ kwÿm\ ]p\kwLS\ IΩoj≥
˛ kwÿm\ ]p\kwLS\ \nbaw
˛ 14 kwÿm\߃ 6 tI{μ`cW {]tZiw
11 ˛ `£yhnfIfn¬ c≠mw ÿm\w
˛ \o¿hm¿®bp≈ F°¬ aÆv
˛ 10ºc apX¬ 26ºc hsc
˛ 75 cm ag
-˛ antXm^vW taJebn¬
12. ˛ 1962 ˛ C¥y≥ tZiob _lncmImi KthjW kanXn
˛ 1969 ˛ sF.Fkv.B¿.H.
˛ 1975 Bcy`´
˛ Xpº tdm°‰v hnt£]W tI{μw
˛ _lncmImi hnt£]W hml\߃
˛ anssk¬ kmt¶XnI hnZy
˛ N{μbm≥, awK¬bm≥
13. -˛ kqcys‚ Ab\w
˛ tImdntbmenkv {]`mhw
Xm]\Ønsh hyXymk߃
167
162
14. hy‡nIsf Is≠ØpI
˛ DNnXamb tNmZy߃
˛ kab {IaoIcWw
˛ Bib hn\nabw
˛ tiJcnt°≠ hnhcsØ Ipdn®v [mcW.
15 kacm{XZn\߃
˛ am¿®v 21 kqcys‚ ÿm\w `qa[ytcJbn¬
˛ Xpeyamb cmhpw ]Iepw
16. sF.kn.Un.Fkv. ˛ 6 hb phscbp≈ inip°fpsS ka{KhnIk\w
K¿`nWnIfpsSbpw apebq´p∂ AΩamcpsSbpw BtcmKy ]cn]me\w
RUSA - D∂X hnZym`ymk e`yX h¿≤n∏n°pI.
D∂X hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw Db¿ØpI.
17. ˛ {_n´ojv `cWØns‚ NqjWßsf°pdn®v t_m[h∑mcm°n
˛ tπKv, £maw aqeap≈ acW߃ C¥ybnse F√mbnSØpw FØn®p.
˛ temIØp \S°p∂ kzmX{¥y t]mcm´ßsf Ipdn®v hnhcw \¬In.
˛ kmaqly Xn∑Iƒs°Xncmbn {]XnIcn°m≥ P\ßsf t{]cn∏n®p.
˛ C¥ybnse kmaqly ]cnjv°cW {]ÿm\ßsf Ipdn®v t_m[h∑mcm°n.
18. ˛ ap…o߃°v {]tXyI cmPyw
˛ ]©m_pw, _wKmfpw hn`Pn°pI
˛ hS°p]Sn™md≥ AXn¿Øn kwÿm\sØ kw_‘n®v lnX]cntim[\
˛ ]©m_v, _wKmƒ AXn¿Øn \n¿Æb IΩojs\ \nban°pI.
19. F) Fkv.F≥.Un.]n.
_n) XncphnXmwIq¿ ap…ow˛almP\ k`
kn) km[pP\ ]cn]me\ kwLw
Un) tbmK t£a k`
20 (a) {KnUv ˛ 235425
(b) 2041
(c) ih∏dºv
(d) Nph∏v

21. -˛ irwJem hniIe\w

˛ BhrØn hniIe\w
˛ Hmh¿ hniIe\w
22 `q]Sw
23. ˛ BtcmKy kwc£Ww
˛ hnZym`ymk kuIcyw
˛ t£a ]≤XnIƒ \S∏nem°¬
˛ KXmKX kuIcyw
24. ˛ t\XrXz KpWw
˛ klnjvWpX
˛ aqeyt_m[w
˛ imkv
imkv{{Xmht_m[w
XmwKt_m[w
˛ {]mtbmKnI Adnhv
˛ ]cnÿnXn t_m[w
25. eoK¬ sat{SmfPn hIp∏v (F) Afhv ˛Xq° \ne Dd∏p hcpØp∂p.
(_n) `£y kpc£ hIp∏v `£y hkvXp°fpsS KpWta∑ Dd∏p hcpØp∂p.
tI{μ Huj[ hne \nb{¥W
IΩn‰n (kn) acp∂pIfpsS hne \nb{¥n°p∂p

168 163
 (Un) {UKvkv I¨t{Smƒ hIp∏v acp∂pIfpsS KpW ta∑, kpc£nXXzw F∂nh Dd∏v
hcpØp∂p.
26 ˛ kºmZyioew hf¿Øp∂p.
˛ km[mcW°m¿°v eLphmbv] Dƒs∏sS hnhn[ tkh\߃ \¬Ip∂p.
˛ ]mhs∏´hcpsS PohnX\nehmcw Db¿Øp∂p.
˛ sNdpInS kwcw`߃ Bcw`n°p∂p.
27. {Ko\n®v tcJ
- 0º tcJmwitcJ
-˛ Cw•≠nse {Ko\n®neqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂p.
˛ temIkabw \n¿Æbn°m≥ B[mcam°p∂p.
˛ ss{]w sadoUnb≥ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
˛ {Ko\n®v tcJsb ASnÿm\am°n temIØw 24 kabtaJeIfmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂p.
A¥mcmjv{S Zn\m¶tcJ
- 180º tcJmwitcJ
˛ Ic`mKØp IqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂n√
˛ Hcp t\¿ tcJb√.
˛ tcJbpsS Ing°pw ]Sn™mdpw XΩn¬ Hcp ZnhksØ hyXymkap≠v.
˛ tcJ apdn®v IS°p∂v ]Sn™mtdm´v t]mIp∂h¿ Hcp Znhkw Iq´nbpw Ingt°m´v t]mIp∂h¿
Hcp Znhkw Ipd®pw IW°m°p∂p.
As√¶n¬
BtKmf a¿±taJeIƒ
0º ˛ a[ytcJm \yq\ a¿±taJe
30º ˛ Dt]mjvW D®a¿±taJe
60º ˛ D]{[qhob \yq\a¿± taJe
90º ˛ {[qhob D® a¿± taJe
28. F) ˛ bqtdm]y∑m¿ Atacn°≥ tImf\nIfn¬ \S∏m°nb \nbaw.
˛ I∏epIƒ°p≈ \nb{¥Ww
˛ Ib‰paXn \nb{¥Ww
˛ Ãmºv \nbaw
˛ Cw•ojv ssk\yØn\v tImf\nIfn¬ klmbw
˛ Cd°paXn Nq¶w
˛ tPm¨ tem°v, tXmakv s]bn≥
˛ \nehnencp∂ hyhÿsb am‰n adn®p.
˛ ]n¬°me kzmX{¥ykac߃°pw hnπh߃°pw {]tNmZ\w \¬In.
˛ dn∏ªn°≥ `cW coXn
˛ FgpXs∏´ `cWLS\
˛ s^Ud¬ kwhn[m\w
_n) ImcW߃
˛ km{amPyXz a’cw
˛ Xo{h tZiobX
˛ ssk\oI kJyw
˛ km{aPyXz {]Xnk‘nIƒ
˛ s]s´∂p≠mb ImcWw ({^m≥knkv s^¿Un‚ns‚ h[w)
^e߃
˛ Pohlm\n
˛ bqtdm∏ns‚ kmºØnIm[n]Xyw Zp¿_eambn

164 169
 ˛ Zmcn{Zyw
˛ sXmgnen√mbva
˛ \mWys]cp∏w
˛ kzmX{¥ykac߃ i‡ns∏´p.
˛ Irjn, hyhkmbw, hm¿Ømhn\nabw XI¿∂p.
˛ k¿hcmjv{SkJyw cq]oIcn®p.
˛ Atacn° kmºØnI i‡nbmbn amdn.

170
165
NphsS X∂ncn°p∂ `qhnhcßsf C¥ybpsS cq]tcJbn¬
ASbmfs∏SpØn ]cnioen°pI.

F) alm\Zn _n) U°m≥ ]oT`qan

kn) apws_ XpdapJw Un) I®v D]Zzo]v

171
172
NphsS X∂n´p≈ `qhnhcßsf C¥ybpsS cq]tcJbn¬ ASbmfs∏SpØn
]cnioen°pI.

F) \¿ΩZm\Zn _n) Ing°≥ Xoc kaXew

kn) XqØp°pSn XpdapJw Un) hn‘y ]¿ΔX\nc

172
173
NphsS X∂n´p≈ `qhnhcßsf C¥ybpsS cq]tcJbn¬ ASbmfs∏SpØn
]cnioen°pI.

F) Imthcn \Zn _n) tOm´m \mKv]q¿ ]oT`qan

kn) IØnsbhm¿ D]Zzo]v Un) Imct°mdw ]¿ΔX\nc

173
174
NphsS X∂n´p≈ `qhnhcßsf C¥ybpsS cq]tcJbn¬ ASbmfs∏SpØn
]cnioen°pI.

F) Bch√n ]¿ΔX\nc _n) IrjvW \Zn

kn) amƒhm ]oT`qan Un) lm¬Unb XpdapJw

174
175
NphsS X∂n´p≈ `qhnhcßsf C¥ybpsS cq]tcJbn¬ ASbmfs∏SpØn
]cnioen°pI.

F) tKmZmhcn \Zn _n) ]›na L´ ]¿ΔX\nc

kn) sNss∂ XpdapJw Un) amƒhm ]oT`qan

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( Printing & Layout @ Vismayam Mananthavady )