BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI

Hyderabad Campus
FIRST SEMESTER 2022 - 2023

MATHEMATICS - III
Tutorial Sheet - 7

1. Find the general solution of the differential equation x2 y00 + xy0 + (x2 − 1/4)y = 0 near the
singular point x = 0.

2. Show that the differential equation x2 y00 + xy0 + (x2 − 1)y = 0 has only one Frobenius series
solution. Then find it.

3. For what values of p0 and q0 , the roots of the indicial equation (for x = 1) of the following
differential equation
! !
1 1
(x − 1) y + (x − 1) p0 + x y + q0 + x y = 0,
2 00 0
2 4

is differ by 2 if the smaller root is −1. Are there two linearly independent Frobenius series
solutions at x = 1 exists ? Justify your answer.

4. Verify  x
e x = lim F a, b, a, .
b→∞ b
5. Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations, near the indicated
singular point, in terms of Hypergeometric functions.

(i) (x2 − 1)y00 + (5x + 4)y0 + 4y = 0, x = −1,

(ii) (x − x2 )y00 + 5y0 + 2y = 0, x = 0.

ab
6. Show that F 0 (a, b, c, x) = F(a + 1, b + 1, c + 1, x).
c
*********
 e honwe

(2) 1

n q n h e noO1 malized o we hove

11

nane
P,1)1
Pa2)=l -
SMce P) aad Pa) beth oil to beaualydic
Comelude- t
a=o
i siagulov1
a =0 we

peint.
d the
w Censida1-ue fniows deiue

porda 1a) 1 P,2)= -

Bon of hnese botoduut fnityp a1e aaslyi
aMd Ro 0 a neguda srgulaj

peitthe dloitaial eyuudion.

Snte =0 a negulcor siugeloo psind oftoe
Acek Ralro
difa1aial 29ualiou d
we

O R, , we aRome

Cu i whan Cot0
h=

we obla
DiHane nhatij u),
+-1

n+1-

ntu)n+M-1) C

hto dieneoia
D uhalukina i) a d ii),
puatou,we objefu
n+1-1

,
h+M-2
+7
tea-)
Chzo

+ (7-

+O +142
+2
A (M401-1) Cn2 +2h+) C

Rwwi-He the t d
Cat fhese 8Upow adran u hove tine ?ponect ha)
aU Considas tne hind Somwaio
h+1+2

To Suwde ne om mati tn 8o hadt ill haye

Htne desined e a t n+o1 we tondneplare

he +2 w Vatable m, Hti,we
aAd Siute
2 M .than = m-

80 Hhe
n - o hen m-

Sommatiou akes ne soct

mto
m-
m-
Now Sinte the vaijable ol Somahioun s
dumM eejccble Hepla te

Z Cn-2

N 91plare neuo So moui on wtnhind

8owvetitm we obfahn
 Cn-
+
C O
ho

we may i d e i s
ap
1+01

+1

btt1)+t-4x+ 1 )+ +1) -7C

A)
lawest
do 7aoLd -Hhe Coeiciet dhe
g
of"),
pe 2 (Mal ip,dne toelficitud
w e asomed

81-1)+ - o

-1) 131-1) +1 - =
ip tue Rdicial elpuadi'on o the

we gct
 -=0

1 h
hese core he ko-calltd mpontw h e

ro0dial eitiou aMd ae the ou

pessble auts gon rtuebo1euioA uuknewn

Cowstaut 1.
Nele hett Any ane eal cmd neul

to 70oe he toeicins o ne highe

brsRopo A), we oblaiu ne

1)1 + b41) = o
()
311

4
 tue d1e Ciun areeo1mula
tu alRo oblafu

(und-1) (M+-
n) t t Cu-2 Oz

= V2 oe cbt«fu

n22

ha)
tn-a1) -
C u t Cu- 0

t Cn-20
+ t n -4

C n-

F o hi). we
nd uccesAively
Co
12

C
Cu 2
Co
126
C 3C
 Ccvnes ponding o ne
e obtefue Aoluto
O1ga1 u t =12. Thi olu tiou
aohan e
00 n+

,)
C + C,x +C,+ ,1+ 2 .
L

ot x + 0+ z+
Ct 6 20

C71-Lt
120
wMauw Consid ay ue Amallan t 1, = -)a

Sfnte 2-1 apesive fMegny

thad tno
heoo1tm 6.3) S.L. RrasdoeR nett astbo1e ys
iveallyndependot zoloBion
difaeuial egjalion ho a

n e aSsumed tonm C Ceenonespou dun

to tip Small u t . Cam clusion 2 ef thoct-

Hneesnem manel flls p Hhact thane is a Jineeu

Fadepondet olotion a Hhe seem

M+

whne C mauy Cu may hol be Z ANO

C = o hen we will have -ne asuvmed eum

2Cn
h=o

= f ) ,we obtaln

a ) +,+1)-=
 -ut'h4)°

we C9n teke oy chafce oCthp C C

i mdepondot oHhe aobitay Coupta
C o t p a Becod aobitaay Couatant

i n ) o e obtain

2 2

-)n- Cn+Cy-20

-+/y- Cy+ Cy-20

C n-
M2
 (10
em , we md Autreiuy
C
C -C C
Co C
Cu 2 20

. C
C Cs
62
CT 20 9 2
30

tue tmd
we obtain ne &olion Coueptmding do s1

1
9a), whao

C2

6
CtC,r+Ca+ C+2

t t a+ - 2e2
L
 tM
toe , we obdoin
we na Ant Co=|
Hne batitlan oluiom-J,12) , whase

y,10)="-12, 20

ad
Cenon@cponding to he tcgR S1at
f y, l2).we
o e AntCol cud Co
obdafn he botiulo Roludian = y2,12)
who1e
8a)= 1- 2

Ccno12Spondig to hemallan 1 Unt-y,

hes e tuo po icadlan Aalutio , which COe

beath the con

o agsovntd y =
2 Aje

nty Ridependet. Ahep e gonayual

Roluien 4 he ditehial euoteiou

o h e twoHen

n ) + K.V»,-
qd k, ao0 abitpayy
Cup-oas
Now a t op amine meene tcaoneu t 0 Slu tfow , ()

+ (aL-1
20
202
Fn yl) moy
which C, i> tne Cotgiciet
bo weito u

6
6 +L,. L+
"- 20 20

|2 2042

ad p poeciseiy Y,1a)Thp we me weite

3,1)=c h )+ C, )-(E)
wheote Co ad C do1e dbiHaau Conp-te nts

Now Compa1eE) md F) ,we Aee ratthe

oluion -91) by idsu p aefually tne

g0neoal Aolution od the dilfatwhal eyuadio

evan thou y,) w cbtoined usfug the
he Smallan l tot ly
we h obsovethotithe di|frone 1,- 12

bowean the
bwetn 91004ps o -he fuditial euahoy

iaC hoci iv e fmtegeu, 14 ip Aowmt times

obtafin the Aengnalo utiou
besgible to

he
USinthe nalay S1oat alme , wihaut

bothastig to d aplidt y -tne Reludie

1 vot
Coonoespondng do the la1gA
 Show that the differe ntiq
equ ation
eqyation
ha s on one Frob eniuS
Ser'ieS Sblution. Then find It.

Solution iven differential quat ion is

"+ +(-1) }:0 (0)

divide quation (t) we 9et

Compafre t h i s
differential quaion th

w 9e

(r) = - 1
P(x)

Sin(e p(1) and xq) = x2-1

Sindar P0 i n t foT given

o is a YeudaT
differe ntial t9ugtion

iven ditferential quatio

Let Series Solution for

is of the form

ktm
- (a)
thatis. 2 m
0
 ktm-

(tm) Cm gnd
m:o

ktm-2
-(3)
Ktm) (ktm-1) Cm
mo

in tquation (i)
h valsof , 3 and "
putting th
Putting

we get
k t m -1
kt m-
t m) Cm
5 (tm) (**m-i) Cm t
m-o

Ktm

Cm
+(1) mco

tm
+ (+m Cm
(**m) (*tm -1) Cm m:o

SCm
m

we
we 9 et
9et
m n
by Ym
M0

then Change
m by
powers of *
to yate ktm
Put mm-2
Ktm 5 (Ktm) (m
(ktm) (ktm -1) Cm m- 0

Cm .0
m-2
m-2
 t
k (k-1) (o**+ (kAu) kC, t +k(. 4(*+1) C
t
Co - + ( t ) (ktm-i) C 5(ktm)°m
+S(ktm)Cm

M:2 m: 2

+5 m-2 Cm
m:L m: 2

kt

(k3)+x-i) Cox' +[(k+1) k +(r41)

-1

tm
o
Cmtm-2
Skm) (tim-1) + (tim) -] -(4)
m: 2

ot-fficitnt of SnallesE poweY of

the
on equating

k= 1.
unequal and difftr a n 1mtge
These qY

kt m
aa d Coftfit ient to zero we get
NO q uahn

-()
Cm Cm-2
1 ) (ktm+1)

NOw on om
pairing Geffitient of a 2eYo

et k (kt) C, 0

C 0
Puttin m= 3,S n equqt ion ) w Can
nott that

No Puttinng m 2,4 6 'in (s) we 9et

Co
(k+) (k+3) C2
( (+3) (k+ 5)

Co from (t)
(k+1) (k43) (k+ss)
and S on

puthnnq these Val 4es n qahon (2) we get

2 4
1 -)
(kt)(K+3) (k+1D (k4 3)" (k+5)

Now i wetake k= -I in the above ser ie S, the

Coe fficients beco me infinite be caule of the fattor

Kt) in the denom inatoY.

To 9et Yid of this iffitulty we put Co= dok+1)

n
(8) and get the mod tfitd Solution aS

4 a) - kt3t

k+3)(K+5) ()
 Pqrtia l
Differentiating 1quation (4) w.. to k we get

4
eg(+1)(rt1)-2 k+3 (k+3)K+s) T

2 +
(k+3)2 (eta) (k5) (k+3) (k+s5)

-(10)

uttin
Putting K= -i in equation (1) nd Teplcing do bya

et

- 4 2426
qu (sa

Putting k= i and replating do b in equation (1)

wR9et

(24 +
1 2.46

+b

Now b using q uat i on () t

 2
bu logxt bx -

k1
{12)

Putting k n quation (9) we get

do 1 - + 426t + - 13)

From 4uat ion ) and (1) the Ytquirtq

neval Sotution isS

"
2.4

bulegt b" 92

hat is = qutbv.

and
+
2426
4

Vulo t * + 4
)*"