Week 4 | Lesson 1

MODULE 1 | WEEK 4

LESSON 1
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TWO MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS IN CONCRETE DESIGN

1. SERVICEABILITY – the deflections, deformations and stresses of any member should be

below the allowable stresses in concrete.
2. STRENGTH – the ultimate Strength (φMn) should be equal or greater than the ultimate
loads (Mu)

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REVIEW OF FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS

STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:

a. Uncracked Concrete
b. Cracked Concrete
c. Elastic Stage
d. (Yield Stage) Ultimate Strength

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STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:
a. Uncracked Concrete
Modulus of Rupture – the stress that can be developed on the extreme concrete
fiber by which cracks will begin to form. Meaning at this stage, the maximum
stress is below the Modulus of Rupture.

F – Modulus of Rupture (Mpa)

M – Cracking Moment (Moment needed to cause a cracking on concrete) (N-mm)
Y – extreme compression fiber (mm)
Ig – gross moment of Inertia of the section (mm4)

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STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:

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STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:
b. Cracked Concrete Stage
Cracks will start to develop at the bottom of the beam. Moment here is greater
than the Cracking Moment. As the external loads (and so the moment) is
increased, the cracks propagate until it reaches a point of “neutral axis”.
Neutral Axis – is the point where the compression and tension zone meet.

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STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:
c. Elastic Stage/Nominal Stage
The cracks will continue to propagate until the concrete compression block will
increase in stress up to half its compressive strength (0.5f’c) and the steel will
“activate” to resist the tension stress. (SERVICE LOADS or UNFACTORED LOADS or
NOMINAL LOADS)

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STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:
c. Elastic Stage/Nominal Stage
During the elastic stage, the tension concrete has lost its inertia therefore the
effective moment of inertia changes. The steel will be the only one resisting the
moment and therefore its “inertia” will be the only one contributing to the stress.
We will then “transform” the steel to its equivalent “concrete section”

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STAGES of CONCRETE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR:
d. Ultimate Strength Stage
Further increase in the loads will lead to exceed the compressive strength to more
than 0.5f’c and tensile load will begin to reach the yield limit of steel. (ULTIMATE
LOADS or FACTORED LOADS)

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

a. Steel Stress in Prestressing Steel

fps – stress in prestress tendons at ultimate flexural failure
fpe – effective prestress (obtained after all losses were considered)
fpu – tensile strength.

During flexural failure (Ultimate Loads), fps will always be greater than the
effective stress fpe in steel tendons. However, it is lower than fpu.

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

a. Steel Stress in Prestressing Steel

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

a. Steel Stress in Prestressing Steel

Beta Coefficient

= 0.85 - 0.008(35-30) = 0.81

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

a. Steel Stress in Prestressing Steel

S/D = 19/1

=19

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

b. Nominal Flexural Strength and Ultimate Strength (Mn, ΦMn)

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

b. Nominal Flexural Strength and Ultimate Strength (Mn, ΦMn)

Depth of compression block:

Nominal Moment Capacity

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

b. Nominal Flexural Strength and Ultimate Strength (Mn, ΦMn)

Moment Capacity for Flanged Beam Sections

where:

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS
c. Strength-Reduction Factor, Φ
The type of concrete failure determines the strength-reduction factors to be used.
Compression Controlled – 0.75 (spirally-reinforced members);
0.65 (others)
Transition:

Tension Controlled – 0.90 (all members)

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

CE175-5S Resources in
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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

CE175-5S Resources in
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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

CE175-5S Resources in
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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

CE175-5S Resources in
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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

CE175-5S Resources in
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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

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 Week 4 | Lesson 1
PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

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PARAMETERS in ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRE-STRESSED SECTIONS

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BRIDGE DESIGN PROBLEM
EXAMPLE: A 3-pier, 90 meter continuous beam serves as a bridge structure. On each span between piers is 45 meters long
and there are 3 primary beams/girders carrying the slab spaced at 2.00 meters on center. The girders are Type IV AASHTO
Girders. The slab is a reinforced concrete with thickness of 150mm thick. It has a 50mm thick asphalt topping as a wearing
course protection. The bridge structure is expected to carry a highway truck loading of HS20.

For AASHTO Girder specs, see next page

Density of concrete – 24 kN/cum
Density of asphalt – see table
For HS20 loading – see diagram.
FIND:
1. Maximum Moment that can be developed on the slab
2. Design the Slab as per Non-prestressed Reinforcement in RCD
3. Maximum Moment that can be developed on the girders.
4. Determine the amount of prestress steel such that concrete stresses at Transfer, Transfer + SW, Transfer + SDL/LL is
within allowable limits.
5. Determine the Ultimate Moment Strength and check if non-prestressed bars are needed.

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