QUESTION BANK

INTERNAL TEST - II

PART - A (2 marks)
1. What is shape factor? (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The shape factor is defined as the ratio of the plastic moment of a section to the yield
moment of the section.
2. State upper bound theorem. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC May/June 2013)
Upper bound theorem states that “A load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism
is always greater than or equal to the true ultimate load”.
3. Define plastic modulus. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
The plastic modulus of a section is the first moment of the area above and below the equal
area axis. It is the resisting modulus of a fully plasticized section.
Z A (y y )
p 1 2
2
4. What are meant by load factor and collapse load? (AUC Nov/Dec 2011 & May/June 2012)
Load factor:
Load factor is defined as the ratio of collapse load to working load.
collapse load WC
Load factor,
working load W
Collapse load:
The load that causes the (n + 1) the hinge to form a mechanism is called collapse load where
n is the degree of statically indeterminacy. Once the structure becomes a mechanism.
5. Define plastic hinge with an example. (AUC May/June 2012 & 2013)
When a section attains full plastic moment Mp, it acts as hinge which is called a plastic hinge.
It is defined as the yielded zone due to bending at which large rotations can occur with a constant
value of plastic moment Mp.
6. What is difference between plastic hinge and mechanical hinge?
Plastic hinges modify the behavior of structures in the same way as mechanical hinges. The
only difference is that plastic hinges permit rotation with a constant resisting moment equal to the
plastic moment Mp. At mechanical hinges, the resisting moment is equal to zero.
7. List out the assumptions made for plastic
analysis. The assumptions for plastic analysis are:

 sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis before and
Plane transverse
after bending.
  
Effect of shear is neglected.
  
The material is homogeneous and isotropic both in the elastic and plastic state.
  
Modulus of elasticity has the same value both in tension and compression.
  
There is no resultant axial force in the beam.

  beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid and parallel to
The cross-section of the
the plane of bending.
8. List out the shape factors for the following sections.
  
Rectangular section, S = 1.5
  
Triangular section, S = 2.346
  
Circular section, S = 1.697
  
Diamond section, S = 2
9. Mention the section having maximum shape factor.
The section having maximum shape factor is a triangular section, S = 2.345.
10. State lower bound theory.
Lower bound theory states that the collapse load is determined by assuming suitable
moment distribution diagram. The moment distribution diagram is drawn in such a way that
the conditions of equilibrium are satisfied.
11. What are the different types of mechanisms?
The different types of mechanisms are:
  
Beam mechanism
  
Column mechanism
  
Panel or sway mechanism
  
Cable mechanism
  
Combined or composite mechanism
12. Mention the types of frames.
Frames are broadly of two types:
  
Symmetric frames
  
Un-symmetric frames
13. What are symmetric frames and how they analyzed?
Symmetric frames are frames having the same support conditions, lengths and loading
conditions on the columns and beams of the frame. Symmetric frames can be analyzed by:
  
Beam mechanism
  
Column mechanism
14. What are unsymmetrical frames and how are they analyzed?
Un-symmetric frames have different support conditions, lengths and loading conditions on its
columns and beams. These frames can be analyzed by:
  
Beam mechanism
  
Column mechanism
  
Panel or sway mechanism
  
Combined mechanism
15. How is the shape factor of a hollow circular section related to the shape factor of a ordinary
circular section?
The shape factor of a hollow circular section = A factor K x shape factor of ordinary circular
section. SF of hollow circular section = SF of circular section x {(1 – c3)/ (1 – c4)}
16. Give the governing equation for bending.
The governing equation for bending is given by
M
Iy
Where M = Bending moment

σ = Stress
y = C.G. distance
17. Give the theorems for determining the collapse load. The
two theorems for the determination of collapse load are:
  
Static Method [Lower bound Theorem]
  
Kinematic Method [Upper bound Theorem]
18. What is a mechanism?
When a n-degree indeterminate structure develops n plastic hinges, it becomes determinate
and the formation of an additional hinge will reduce the structure to a mechanism. Once a structure
becomes a mechanism, it will collapse.
19. What are the assumptions made in fully plastic moment of a section?

 plane and normal to the longitudinal axis after bending, the effect
Plane traverse sections remain
of shear being neglected.
  
Modulus of elasticity has the same value in tension and compression.
  
The material is homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic and plastic state.
  
There is no resultant axial force on the beam. i.e., total compression = total tension.

The cross-section 
of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid parallel to the
 plane of bending.

 fibres are free to expand and contract without affecting the fibres in the lateral
Longitudinal
dimension.
20. What are the limitations of load factor concept?

The analysis procedure does not give us any clue if at a load W u / load factor the
structure behaves well.

The stresses are within limit, so we have to check the stresses at crucial points by conventional
elastic method.

This is a peculiar and unrealistic assumption.

The assumption of monotonic increase in loading is a simplistic.

21. What is the basic aim of the stiffness method?

The aim of the stiffness method is to evaluate the values of generalized coordinates ‘r’
knowing the structure stiffness matrix ‘k’ and nodal loads ‘R’ through the structure equilibrium
equation.
{R} = [K] {r}

22. What is the displacement transformation matrix?

The connectivity matrix which relates the internal displacement ‘q’ and the external
displacement ‘r’ is known as the displacement transformation matrix ‘a’.
{q} = [a] {r}

23. How are the basic equations of stiffness matrix obtained?

The basic equations of stiffness matrix are obtained as:

 
Equilibrium forces
24. What is meant by generalized coordinates?
For specifying a configuration of a system, a certain minimum no of independent coordinates
are necessary. The least no of independent coordinates that are needed to specify the configuration
is known as generalized coordinates.

25. Write about the force displacement relationship.

The relationship of each element must satisfy the stress-strain relationship of the element
material.

26.Compare flexibility method and stiffness method.

Flexibility matrix method:

 
The redundant forces are treated as basic unknowns.

 The number of equations involved is equal to the degree of static indeterminacy of the
structure.

 
The method is the generalization of consistent deformation method.
 
Different procedures are used for determinate and indeterminate structures


 
The joint displacements are treated as basic unknowns

 The number of displacements involved is equal to the no of degrees of freedom of the
structure

 
The method is the generalization of the slope deflection method.
 
The same procedure is used for both determinate and indeterminate structures.


27.Is it possible to develop the flexibility matrix for an unstable structure?

In order to develop the flexibility matrix for a structure, it has to be stable and determinate.

28. What is the relation between flexibility and stiffness matrix?

The element stiffness matrix ‘k’ is the inverse of the element flexibility matrix ‘f’ and is
given by f = 1/k or k = 1/f.

29.List the properties of the stiffness matrix.

 The properties of the stiffness matrix are:
 
It is a symmetric matrix
 
The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero.

It is an unstable element therefore the determinant is equal to zero.


30.Why the stiffness matrix method is also called equilibrium method or displacement method?
Stiffness method is based on the superposition of displacements and hence is also
known as the displacement method. And since it leads to the equilibrium equations the method is
also known as equilibrium method.
 PART - B (16 marks)
1. Derive the shape factor for I section and circular section. (AUC Apr/May 2011)
I section:

Z
Shape factor, S = p = Plastic modulus
Z Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus (Z) :

Z I
Y

I BD 3 bd 3
12 12
D
Y
2

BD 3 bd 3
12 12 BD 3 bd 3 x 2
Z 12 12 D
D
2
BD 3 bd 3
Z
6D
Plastic modulus ( Zp ) :

Z =A ( y +y )
p
2 1 2
A = 2 (b1 d1 ) + b 2 d2
a 1 y1 + a 2 y2
y1 = y 2 = a
1 + a2

Z A (y +y )
S= p = 2
1 2

Z BD 3 - bd3
6D
Circular Section:

Z
Shape factor, S = p = Plastic modulus
Z Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus (Z) :

D4
I 64
Z
y D
2

Z D3
32
Plastic modulus (Z p ) :
A
Z y y
p 2 1 2

A D2
4
4r 2D
y 1 y 2
3 3

ZP
D 2 2D 2D D 2 4D D3
4 2 3 3 8 3 6

D3
ZP 6 D3 32 32
S
3 3
Z D 6 D 6
32
S 1.697
2. Find the fully plastic moment required for the frame shown in figure, if all the members have
same value of MP. (AUC Apr/May 2011)

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
= (1 x 3) – 0 = 3
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 3 = 2
Step 2: Beam Mechanism:

EWD = 5 ( 2 θ ) = 10 θ
IWD = Mp θ + 2 M p θ + M p θ = 4 M p θ
EWD = IWD
10 θ = 4 Mp θ
Mp = 2.5 kN.m
Step 3: Sway Mechanism:
 EWD = ( 2 x 4θ ) = 8θ
4θ 4θ
IWD = Mp θ + M p θ + M p +Mp = 3.33 M p θ
6 6
EWD = IWD
8θ = 3.33Mp θ
Mp = 2.4 kN.m
Step 4: Combined Mechanism:

EWD = ( 2 x 4 ) (5 x 2 θ ) = 18θ
IWD = M θ + M (2θ) + M θ+ 4 M 4 = 5.33M θ
p p p p p
6 6
EWD = IWD
18θ = 5.33Mp θ
Mp = 3.38kN.m
The fully plastic moment, MP = 3.38 kNm.
3. A simply supported beam of span 5 m is to be designed for an udl of 25 kN/m. Design a
suitable I section using plastic theory, assuming yield stress in steel as fy = 250 N/mm2.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
 IWD = 0 + M P (2θ) + 0 = 2 M P θ
EWD = Load intensity X area of triangle under the load
1 x 5 x 2.5θ
= 25 x
2
= 156.25 θ
IWD = EWD
2 MPθ = 156.25 θ
M P = 78.125 kNm
W.K.T.,
M P = σ y x ZP
M 78.125 x 106
ZP = P = = 3.12 x 10 5 mm3
σy 250
Assuming the shape factor for I - section as 1.15
Z
S= P

Z
ZP 3.12 x 10 5
3 3
Z= S = 1.15 = 271.74 x 10 mm .
Adopt ISLB 250 @ 279 N / m ( from steel table)
4. Analyse a propped cantilever of length ‘L’ and subjected to udl of w/m length for the entire
span and find the collapse load. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
Solution:
 Consider the moment at A as redundant and that it reaches MP. the second hinge will form
where the net positive BM is maximum.

V 0
RA R B WC
WC
RA RB
2
W X W X2
C C
Mx
2 2
M X W X W X2
P C C
MP
2 2
X WC X X
MP 1 1
2
M X WC X X
P
2
W X X W X X2
C C
MP
2 X 2 X

dMP
For MP to be maximum, 0
dx
dMP W ( x )( 2x) ( x x2 )(1)
C
0
dx 2 ( x )2
 ( x)( 2x) (x x2) 0
2 2x x 2x 2 x x2 0
2
2 2x x 0
2
x 2x 2 0
2 8 2
x
2
x 0.414
Mechanism :
0.586 0.414 1

1 1.4155
1 1.4155 2.4155
EWD WC x 1 x x 0.586 0.293 W
C
2
M
IWD P M P (2.4155 ) 03.4155 MP
EWD IWD
0.293 WC 3.4155 MP
11.66 MP
WC
5. Determine the shape factor of a T-section beam of flange dimension 100 x 12 mm and web
dimension 138 x 12 mm thick. (AUC May/June 2012)
Solution:
 ZP Plastic modulus
Shape factor, S =
Z Elastic modulus
i) Elastic modulus (Ze ) :
(100 x 12 x 6) (12 x 138 x 81)
yt 49.48mm
(100 x 12) (12 x 138)
yb 150 49.48 100.52 mm
bd3 b d3
I 1 1Ah2 2 2 Ah 2
xx 1 1 2 2
12 12
100 x 123 12 x 1383
(100 x 12 x 43.482 ) (10 x
12 12 138 x 31.522 )
I xx 6.27 x 106 mm4
I 6.27 x 106
Ze 62375.65 mm3
y
max 100.52
ii) Plastic modulus :

Equal area axis,

A Shape factor,
width of the flange X h ZP 137502.12
2 S
2856 Z 62375.65
100 h S 2.20
2
h 14.28 mm (from top)
(100 x 12 x (6 + 2.28)) (12 x 135.72 x 67.86)
y1 42.58m
(100 x 12)(12 x 135.72)
107.42
y2 53.71 mm
2
Z = A ( y +y ) 2856 (42.58 53.71)
p 1 2
2 2
Z p = 137502.12 mm3
6.A uniform beam of span 4 m and fully plastic moment MP is simply supported at one end and
rigidly clamped at other end. A concentrated load of 15 kN may be applied anywhere within
the span. Find the smallest value of MP such that collapse would first occur when the load is
in its most unfavourable position. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:
i) When the load is at centre:

Degree of indeterminacy = 4 – 3 = 1
No. of possible plastic hinges = 2
No. of independent mechanisms = 2 – 1 = 1

EWD 15 (2 ) 30
IWD MP M P (2 ) 3MP
IWD EWD
3M P 30
MP 10 kNm
ii) When the load is at unfavourable position:

1x 3x 1

1 3
 EWD 15

IWD M PM P (1 ) M P MP
3
7
M
3 P
IWD EWD
7
MP 15
3
M
P 6.43 kNm
The smallest value of MP is 6.43 kNm.

7. Find the collapse load for the frame shown in figure.

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = (No. of closed loops x 3) – No. of releases
= (1 x 3) – 1 = 2
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 2 = 3
Step 2: Beam Mechanism:

EWD = W
2
IWD = Mp θ + Mp (2θ) + Mp θ = 4 Mp θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4 Mp θ
2
8Mp
WC =
Step 3: Column Mechanism:

W
EWD =
4
IWD = 2Mp θ + 2M p (2θ) + M p θ = 7 M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 7 Mp θ
2
28M
WC= p

Step 3: Sway Mechanism:

W
EWD =
4
IWD = 2M p θ + Mp θ + Mp θ = 4M p θ
EWD = IWD
W
= 4M p θ
4
16 M
WC= p
 Step 4: Combined Mechanism:

W W 3W
EWD =
4 2 4

3W
= 6Mp θ
4
8M
WC= p

8 Mp
Hence the collapse load, WC =
8.A continuous beam ABC is loaded as shown in figure. Determine the required MP if the load
factor is 3.2.

Solution:
Step 1: Degree of indeterminacy:
Degree of indeterminacy = 5 – 3 = 2
No. of possible plastic hinges = 5
No. of independent mechanisms = 5 – 2 = 3
Step 2: Mechanism (1):
 EWD 16 x 1 x 12 x 6
2
576
IWD MP M P (2 ) MP
4 MP
IWD EWD
4MP 576
M P 144 kNm
Step 3: Mechanism (2):

8 16 1

1
2
3
1
2 2
EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 4 )2688
IWD M P 2M P ( 1 ) 4 MP
IWD EWD
4MP 2688
MP 672 kNm
Step 4: Mechanism (3):

16 8 1

2
1
 EWD (192 x 8 ) (288 x 16 ) 6144
IWD M P2M P (3 ) 7 MP
IWD EWD
7MP 6144
M
877.71 kNm
P

The required plastic moment of the beam section shall be MP 877.71 kNm.

9. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also draw the
bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

Step2: Fixed End Moment :

M w 30 x 5
FBC
8 8 18.75 kNm
M w 30 x 5
FBC
8 8 18.75 kNm
M M M M 0
FAB FBA FCD FDC

Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:

WO 18.75
18.75
Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:
00
10
10
A
01
01
00
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
Step 5: Stiffness matrix (K) :
4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

J ATKA
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
0 0
1 0
0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 1
0 0

AA EI 1.6 0.4
1.6

1 0.67 -0.17
J1
EI - 0.17 0.67
Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):
J1W

J1 W *W 0
1 0.67 -0.17 0 18.75
EI - 0.17 0.67 0 18.75
Z 15.75
EI15.75
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
P KA
0.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0 1 0 15.75
EI 0 0 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 1 15.75
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.8 0.4 0 0
0.4 0
0.8 0
0.8 0.4 15.75
0.4 0.8 15.75
AA 0.8
B 0.4

6.3
12.6
6.3
P
6.3
12.6
6.3
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):
0 6.3 6.3
0 12.6 12.6
18.75 6.3 12.5
M P
18.75 6.3 12.5
0 12.6 12.6
0 6.3 6.3
10. Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in figure by stiffness method and also sketch the
bending moment diagram. (AUC May/June 2012)

Solution:
Step1: Assign coordinates :

Step2: Fixed End Moment :

w w 2 30 x 4 30 x 42
M
FBC 8 12 8 12 55 kNm
w w 2 30 x 4 30 x 42
M
FCB 8 12 8 12 55 kNm

M M M M 0
FAB FBA FCD FDC

Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:

55
WO
55

Page 16
Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:
0 0
1 0
1 0
A
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
AT
0 0 0 1 1 0
Step 5: Stiffness matrix (K) :
4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0
EI 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0
K EI
L 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0.5
0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0.5 1

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

J ATKA
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0 0
1 0
0.5 1 1 0.5 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 1
0 1
0 0
2 0.5
J EI 0.5 2

1 0.53 -0.13
J1
EI - 0.13 0.53
Step 7:Displacement matrix ( ):
J1W

J 1 W *W 0
1 0.53 -0.13 0 55
EI - 0.13 0.53 0 55
= 36.3
EI36.3
Step 8 : Element forces (P):
P KA
1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
EI 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 1 0 36.3
EI 0 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 1 36.3
0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 1
0 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 0
0.5 0
1 0
1 0.5 36.3
0.5 1 36.3
T 1
5. 0.5

18.15
36.3
18.15
P
18.15
36.3
18.15
Step 9 : Final Moments (M):
0 18.15 18.15
0 36.3 36.3
55 18.15 36.3
M P
55 18.15 36.45
0 36.3 36.3
0 18.15 18.15
11.A two span continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and simply supported over the supports B
and C. AB = 10 m and BC = 8 m. moment of inertia is constant throughout. A single central
concentrated load of 10 tons acts on AB and a uniformly distributed load of 8 ton/m acts
over BC. Analyse the beam by stiffness matrix method. (AUC May/June 2013)
Solution:

Step1: Assign coordinates :

Step2: Fixed End Moment :

M w 10 x 10
FAB
8 8 12.5 kNm
M w 10 x 10
FBA
8 8 12.5 kNm

M w 2 8 x 82
FBC
12 12 42.67 kNm

M w2 8 x 82
FBC
12 12 42.67 kNm
Step 3: Fixed End Moment Diagram:

WO 30.17
42.67
Step 4: Formation of ( A ) matrix:
0 0
1 0
A
1 0
0 1
0 1 10
AT
0 0 01

Step 5: Stiffness matrix (K) :

4 2 0 0
EI 2 4 0 0
K
L 0 0 4 2
0 0 2 4
0.4 0.2 0 0
0.2 0.4 0 0
K EI
0 0 0.5 0.25
0 0 0.25 0.5

Step 6 :System stiffness matrix (J):

J ATKA
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0
EI
0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
0 0
0.2 0.4 0.5 0.25 1 0
EI
0 0 0.25 0.5 1 0
0 1

1 EI 0.9 0.25
0.25 0.5

1 1.29 0.65
J1
EI 0.65 2.32
Step 7:Displacement matrix ( )
J1W

J1 W * W0
1 1.29 0.65 0 30.17
EI 0.65 2.32 0 42.67
7. 66.65
EI118.60

Step 8 : Element forces (P):

P KA
0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
EI 0.2 0.4 0 0 1 0 66.65
EI 0 0 0.5 0.25 1 0 118.60
0 0 0.25 0.5 0 1
0.2 0
0.4 0 66.65
0.5 0.25 118.60
0.25 0.5

13.33
26.66
P
3.68
42.64

Step 9 : Final Moments (M):

12.5 13.33
12.5 26.66
M P
42.67 3.68
42.67 42.64

0.83
39.16
M
39
0
12.Using matrix stiffness method, analyze the truss for the member forces in the truss loaded as
shown in figure. AE and L are tabulated below for all the three members.
(AUC Apr/May 2011)

Member AE L
AD 400 400
BD 461.9 461.9
CD 800 800

Solution:
Step 1: Assign coordinates:
i) Global coordinates: ii) Local coordinates:

Step 2: Displacement diagram:

Step 3: Formation of [A] matrix:

Apply unit displacement in DD’.
Displacement along 1, AD = 0
Displacement along 2 and 3,
DD1 = cos 60o = 0.5 and DD2 = cos 30o = 0.866
 0
= 0.5
0.866
Step 4: Stiffness matrix (K):
K1 0 0 1 0 0
K AE 0 K 0 0 1 0
2
L
0 0 K3 0 0 1
Step 5: System stiffness matrix (J):
J AT KA
1 0 0 0
0 0.5 0.866 0 1 0 0.5
0 0 1 0.866

0
0 0.5 0.866 0.5
0.866
J 1
J 1 1
Step 6: Displacement matrix (
):
J1W
1 x 80 80
Step 7: Element forces (P):
PK A
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.5 80
0 0 1 0.866

0
0.5 80
0.866

0
Final forces, P 40
69.28