&um A

talbu (Truth- adder:

(A.e)
adder) CMaltcirwit: G
Coyy
Sum B A
(Truhtabl adder: Hall 7
carry equatons the hite gat..
and Som vSIng adder Implenent
oRone and addes hale two tol 01)
HENT3 SSIGN A
 Page No.
|Date

Sum = A'8'c+ A'B c' AB'c' + ABC

c(A'B'+AB)+ e'CA'e +AB')
= C( A XNOR B) t C'(A xoR B)
+ c'(A B)

= A B C

A'sc t AB'C + ABc + ABC

= AB c+ c) + A'BC + AB'c
= AB + A'Bc AB'c
AB + c(A'e +t AB')
AB + c(A XOR B)
= AB + c(A B).

Implmentahion PoUaddeY using half adder.

Hal- addr 4 Half addey 2
AB AB
-4
Sum
A.B
efalea)

c (A©B +AB
-Car}

02) pu ment Halt -adder ürwit

’ Half addy yuth tabe:

A B Su m
Car4
 Sum A'B+ AB'
A XOR B
= A 8.

Caryy A.8
’ iTuwit diagr am.
AB
SUm
B

3) what is an
dde system ? Conmp are Emn bed ded
Em beddedd
sys tent witkh Gneral compuing
sydtens.
An: " An embed ded bem is an
electroeeto - ne chan ica
pey form dpeuhe fun chion and a
cON binaton 9g both har d ware and eirmw aYe
Evevy embedded
em be System ia and tA
sp ceializd to he Ppllcaton do main,
. vsed in
household appances, tedecomm Ncaho ns
me dical cquipment, cte.
" It has a conubi naion
Hard ware, So frwase
echanieal
toy: washing machine , Air comporenh.
condiione, ete.
D}jerenceo
and Enbed ded syrem.
blo cqeneed Porposce Compuhng systm
 Page No.
Date

Cene xa CoMpu hing sys. Embedded

tonbinaion qeneic hardng

hardware - Con binahion
spedal popose
and GPoS for exeew fing hardware and embedded os
applicatio ns. for execuhing spea ie cppicar
Con toin s GPos
tpplica boná can be alfered by Maylay is
- Soffware
nor contan Os.
pre-po og ranamed,
he ws<r. So it cant be alfered by use o,
- Agplicahion spe efic sequnenue
factor nts are key tacHors.
less tou lore d tow ards educed
Higudy tailore d t take adu.
Opkrahng power requireentsq pouwe Saving Suposted
phons foy det. euel power gn. by hard ware! 0s.
Kes pon s requirem ents are Retpe Fask reaponge inae id
hot inne ihal. ciica or few Es.
Need not be deteruinishe Execuhon is de tarninishc for
certain Es.

au) wite anote on claseification embedde d

lassihed inho 4
- henerahon
TequiTe men ty
Deteminis ke behaviour
Triggeving
P GENERATION:
Figtrgen:
Built aound s-bit iefopro ceso r
g. 4-bik icro controleYs.
Sinplu har dware ircwits with embedded solhware.
E: Telepkong keypad
 GBeond- Gen: iexopvo ceOYs
"Buile avound lb-bit & 8bit
erocontro lers
E. I6 bi
" Moe han tirst gen.
power ful then
* Contained am bedded 0sos for cp erahon.
SCADA.
syehunat,

Buit aou rd 3y-bit wero pro cesors

&. lb-bit tyol ers
micvo contol ers
DSP and As|C were intro d ced.

E.s. appied to voboice med'a, networking1 ete

L FouT h Gen
System on chip (Soc), ve con higu rabe procemors ave
bringing high perfoY nane and iniatisahon inbo
mark ef.
Use Wgh per tor mand Teal hnue embe dd ed-os
tg- Smaphon.
’ oM PLE KlTY AD

Snual sa: PERFORHAN CE :

sui table tor sinapu
Hayl may
Not tme -cihc.
not hare 0s.applicaHons
Cavqe seale:
Medium saleI
Rigdy compe
Res pon se id hine
sugtly contplux
Containz
to - Inds tiad nadhines ppu'cakon4.
 Page Na.
Date

pETER MINIS71e BEHAVI DUR:

Miss ing deadline is not czik'eal

Can lolerate estan damaye,
y Hard- rea tine:
dissing dead ana wil have
"Missing eiiealconsequences,
TeiGGE RING:

Ackutet Pepend on OccUa n e dife. even ls.

Activihs folow computed sehe due.

Aloted to tiue sots.

as) ist major appicah ateas

Embedded systennd.
Ans I. Consuer
Household TV DVD,
2.

3.
washing Machin

Hoae autoMahonl Sewity - ccTV, detechion olarm

Au tomo hye indosty- Engine contae naigakon.
S.
Teleco Phon TV Switch

Computer Pzinters fae SCannes.

7.
Compute -netwovking kys tens
Heal hcare -
Measurements - Muthueters
Ban king ATM
Cand readers Bayco de 8uart ca d Yeader
12. wearabu derices - Fitn es byacker, smatt wath.
13. Coud
 le nuents ) an Embeddol
ab) wiHh a neat
and aso
gurewn're a note ore
on Core the E.s.
ystem
CAS1c/pse/<oc)
Mtroproctor MamoTY commUn cahonsk
lontroley
nterfau

Sen sDYS
syilem
Actuato

o her
istyrate dGycuit&
and aub sy kemt

system Core (an be a

cinte chp ontyoler. (AsIc, DsP)
syetam Core at as loain ytm
Input siqnala Bensed are <en SoYS in
G.s tarough
inpu t po.
System protusea Hhe siqnals
tignals and provdes cont signd
to
otput port Cachuoo
Eq: kayb oard, sitches ete
Some em bedded
sd ed solems ia awb
in put throgh
Core
ely,
manva
8ense
intervenhon.
embeded sotiare in operaons on inpJk data
Mamory
84atem id
There are vpnsibe to ho ld he code.
RoM - used oy Used in E.s
chong Aboing
o de. .
USr Cant
in sotwaYe
Common memprY yps used RoM.
PRoM, EEPROM etein ES -
 Page Na.
Date

’ Core G9 Embe dded System

are built ato und
und a a eentral cove.
- core 9 E.s one tho Polo wing caregon
) Cheneral Por þose e Porman speohe Bocetors

MicYo contooUers
DSP sh

) Psoram mable cogic device (PLDs

u) comnmer ial ofe the-shelf cempone nts Ccors)

D Gpos /Domain SpeiheproceHorS:

80 ES ave conkoley based n

Micy opro ceser

A siicon shp epescnhng a CPU T can

arithnacti ce logical epryahiond

CPU contans :
Uniks (ALU)
contr Unik
woyking Tegistrs.
Micro procudbr id a depen dant enit.
s MicYD co ntoley
serateh
sil con chip contaihg CPU

pad RAM ROM and edieate d /o poyts

lonsidered Soper cet
M-C contans all ne cesJ arY funchona blo ck hen e
eplaee d cTopoceders.
Cheap and rea y avoilasu in maket
d1) utthe e en cas blw.
i) Mieroprocesorg MiOCotyo Ues.

Micvopiocesor Micxo contoler

- siicon chip epraen hng Migwy ineoraed silion chip

with cpu, 2ort, ce?aleh pod RAM
anilhne he logea opevatons. Tines & de dieated I/o pots,
De pendant unit. ndependant unt.
Nee ds com bi haton Doess veg uire external
ontroles.
Gencva popos ein duih Apeieahon omiented /donain
operaho n Speuhic.
Dount have buiE in contains mlkp a Ilo pov.
/o pott.
Perfor manu is inpostant
untted foNY caving Many pow es Savìng
ophons.

and Po cesoYS,inu

RISC
CASC.
no. 9instruchion s -reates no. inshue
ins truchon pipelivg - No instruchon
instyuchon sat. paing
- Nonro vthogona inskuchon set.
Operahons Per formed en Operabont per bor med en
mqisher ony:
tenory ophon - load, chore,
rgistevs
no.
iuited no. 9egisters.
sing ,tin ed length ins huchons.-Va'abl lengh instruchiona.
- More eii con us
age
- wi th Harvasd architec tore, - lan be Hasvavd/Non- Neune
Archhtecture.
 Page No.
Date

s) wih nead block diag Tam, caplain arangemeth og in

in sstoomen -
- kahon 9 ond cont syatem
inskrumentahon Systeon

Display.

Phy si ca SenseY Signal sinad proceasi ng Data

quonhiy cordioni ng output
Reosding|
Contno l syatem,

Powcr aplherontreed devica

Cho laag

glana condi hondngsngoy

Sensor

Physical quan hty needed fo be MeasUYed ats

that produ ces slectical outpt si nd.
Signal i6 eleet'cod anado que be physical
sal o
in pt
ay suey
serso
noise.
from presenee
Furkhe signd condiioning rquire d.
Signe pro casing vather than analeg sigyrda
con vesion is caried ost
hput dve d fom a Sinapu poten ometeY connected acooss
a volase &oUrce
kT7-sejene i)7 iüSe)n Transduces! )
61)
Temperetue
senaor.t: Sensors: -
t: - SosSen Converts Trans wite
eists
atSersors
puin
any loudspeake-
Micro convet
Devices
in tha
laopiona " Micro
gdis p Sugmente s D Sey Aehve
dwcers
ko
Passive
sensoY
Di ment
is
phon- pho dechica short
ita aYe sensoy dassihed
deimal bor ne
aye 5D aso used note
SSD docke -
displaying
Display low? - input
inpu inptnpul Bound signd -
clasi low on:
point arvenged ealw
nearly latos nalogy ino output
3uncrat
ked
e. frequeney or
tran predure
Cogh brom bo
deimal as
th via
4 trans
dcar
sinpos
sane in phgica one
duces Gormin
cug ro wstant intoelecic
lanted s
ment) shap numeras. hr
by 4
voltage
/volta quankty m
emangement. lkage
rent|vo to
outpuks. curent
ia
vsed size e another. lwment.
outpt (tanap b
fov d
b
sound
 iv)Noise : it)Tansi
tte: A10)Draw
vi)
v)|Recwer: Chanlki) )
Outpuk nfoY ornahon (n brde
Un Medi Souru
Pskraion
inb Reproduceó
Ofp wante
Natre Only nahon Hy
iz tronstrans the
d exp
ele toreugh savx bock
doch
mginal sducer
tran
i4dwcedwce?. inputIn
fo ain
final ongine ca
'cal end diagranm
converte wich each
forM slage and
trans
le
m signad TransilterChan
and
hin sage aehage sleld
used dwcer:s eeny lbasic
lectn'ced wkich
desinaoni
to tho travds and
ranshed
signa.
Rieved eomMuveaion
cohve do
biodk
to
8gh Noise
communcated.
t non- ot nells
denodu hom ission.
trans to safem
eahonon
e
eleletric have Receive
eon transnui Date|| PageNo.
lahon/detechion. usefol Raaver
oinaled
cad rans.
al op
ay in ter and
aes Gornaton.
to Final.
 Disws!&)
’3ased en
G ’
?) Boed Based
i) :)
Baseband Simpa line
Trans Analogy anoHhe to
camrier Used
on Onway-d
e Tuoup on Topa
CoMmo
diAu
o Audo, telephon.
land-i
natre natre
speahe
signad
ahons. way eomnuro Physica
-
natre
- power of
- gen
hgo
gher
Baseband signas HDTV. bchange
vido. - d comaunicah
chand2as smple. point. syataaon
cahon 'ned in
toonsmted in eere frasochrt.
tornah'on sydten:
uew
9 trans on
into. wy
treqeny..lFg:an signale
lreavny withour fer
suited
ran throsignal.
gnal tansssien.
ugh daa

anoo tro
mwxed
&ine,
fan. y one
with ig
na point
e.
 An& A12)

AM
" AM
is Ik AM vawe Mo what
nnesdagesigna, Van lt
Ampütyde stanLCon dw
varì is ¢A Message lahon FM is
Constant. amad is
ed de deno
Ve accox the and modo
in
hined ow
sin te e
Mat accordan sanal, dingprocesa no lahon
PM
modulahon
(FM): wc d Anspihde dulokon whichin
as t a6 Prequeny procest
where wih 7
t toto in
pis
proteds 2 whercas
MÌn. ce Ma e (aM):
thethwhch ware s.
wss
anp wih di'stanco Ve Lwlate d masuge
in os insan the
lho (w
the frequen ampude
d which need
e
instan omm
taneoS signal,
cem) -
and freo ey Ccoo a For
neahon. t- 9
ph tan and vawes meycar kesping ding modolahon.
2
as eous ency MaVe
e phade to
cre awes q cos JDat | PageNo.

he (w, Signal is inskantin

skex Ep
kept are
twm)t. paranto aln
constarn. caieT
kept eous
 i) a13) " FM
lt FM Modulahon s(t)
ransnH
antena amas ware amCaier
p Carrie index i js
Ground Prepagaton Radio Enplain
nodelahion
(PM):
Phace
is vsed
hround litude denoted
=
tronsmiss the A
pheie /sur Swing:
Propagaion sien pro
kor ain
fae itk 9 acess
andite d Phase-
lated
Modu shor 21Ttt s.
faceEas th con ion Can a the iis
fmae
neat vaned in
di vaied
mowhch
Propagaton hons. ie be ie du is t
vey used diagram tan Fin - mp
he
typd.
jerent atud in in e sin
accor
veliabl hor (21t4nt))
sigma.stantaneovscOMnuncahon, =
coneethept dane 2
radio a
sniting
radithrano
ining
na comn wihphase

uhieahon. the
Radio
oave
in
slantaneout he
Grnd
 i)Spae
spherie
trepp-
rarsnita andthe Sky b) a) Fransmittng
antenna. Frequn
ange within
0n
way e
Dixect
di Distana
e |2km
c
vecciving wave
earh's wave wave nei30k H2
GreUnd
wawe iret
wae.In :Bor
3MHe
h'sEa veAponsiblu
Suylac antenna, fvam
Srtace. bgam waves
adio
Nave.
successive Diveet
wave (o00km to
tran surtauthe Hz.3M
ho
for
Snhirg oMHz. fo
Reciyer shost
Telechons
to
wave antenna.
g700nd e earh's
trans eash,
at
strato
here sp the |Date PageNa.
posptTt
Co-12km) Megosphere
tonesplare i'ssion andantenna tsposphere
ionosphere kM. 12
roHete hoposhere
d