International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews

Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421

Thermal Performance Evaluation of Cool Roof in Different Climate

Zones: A Review
1Tayseer Goiw, 2Professor Saud Sadig Hassan
1,2
Sudan University of Science &Technology

A b s t r a c t:

The roof is one of the most critical components of the building envelopes, and it achieved maximum heat flux in door building, and it covered nearly 20–25% of
overall urban surface areas. In this paper, cool roofs are considered one of the environmental solutions to preserve thermal comfort in buildings, reduce emissivity
and mitigation Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, reduced greenhouse gases emission and reduced energy consumption. Many studies revealed from the literature
review that cool roof application reduced energy use in the buildings and improves thermal performance. This paper summarizes cool roof thermal performance
with different configuration of roof and different surface coatings materials in different climatic zones and different types of buildings, this benefits for engineers,
researchers, and architectures to have make good decision of buildings, also cool roofs mitigate energy consumption demand in buildings as per the literature survey
results.

Key word: cool roof, climate, thermal performance evaluation, energy consumption, temperature.

1. Introduction:

The roof is an essential component of the building envelope which is exposed direct solar radiation and contributes to the maximum load of the total
cooling load of the building [1], and is an essential interface between the indoor and outdoor environments and to be strong enough to withstand all
weather conditions. Also contribute nearly 50 to 60% load in a total cooling load of the building reaching inside form the outdoor in hot- dry, warm, and
humid and composite climatic zones. Recently, many studies were revealed and showed that there can be different solutions to the excessive heat problem
through the roof [2, 3, 4], passive cooling, cool roof, use of low emissivity material in the attic of a building and green roof these concepts were used to
design the roofs for reducing the cooling load in buildings.

2.Cool roof working:

The cool roof building has the characteristic of high solar reflectance (ability to reflect solar radiation) and high infrared emittance (faster release of
absorbed heat in the form of infrared radiation). It reduced the heat transfer to the building through the roofs as compared to the traditional roofs. The
cool roof’s basic working principle is given by the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) shown Fig. 1.

The most of the solar radiation incidents on a cool roof surface reflected due to the higher reflectivity of the roof. This cool roof phenomenon makes it
most convenient when solar radiation’s intensity is very
high, and maximum diurnal variation occurs. The flow chart of
characteristics of cool roof had shown in Fig. 2 [5,6].
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2324

Fig1. 1Working principle of cool roof

Fig. 2: The flow chart of characteristics of cool roof

3.Over view:

A basic calculator was created for cool rooftops (high albedo rooftops) and energy simulation was carried out for input parameters such as location,
building type, roof type, and surface properties. This calculator performed comfort simulations for unconditioned buildings and a para-
metric simulation between insulation thickness and roof albedo to discover ideal roof insulation. The result appeared that for New Delhi climate around
23 kWh/m 2 -year power may be spared with application of high albedo roof with 0.80 solar reflectance and most
extreme temperature decrease watched was 3.9 °C in May for unconditioned buildings. The calculator moreover performed a simulation
between insulation thickness and roof albedo. [7]. The examiners created show based on the Cool Roof Heat Transfer (CRHT) component in tropical
climatic zone. The demonstrate was approved with exploratory information of two identical apartments of concrete roofs in Singapore. The study appeared
that the cool coating with the reflectance of 0.74 on concrete roof decreased the top roof temperature by 14.1 °C, indoor reduced temperature by 2.4 °C,
and daily heat gains by 0.66 kWh/m 2 (or 54%). Daily warm pick up decrease was moreover accomplished when cool coating connected on galvanized
steel (metal) rooftops and this demonstrate indeed to roof and wall [8]. A study conducted for combination of efficient roof techniques (skylights and
cool roof) in Commercial low-rise buildings using simulations in terms of impacts on energy demand and comfort in buildings. The study revealed that
the impact of passive cooling within a 99.8% drop in degree-hours above the discomfort temperature in summer period. Beside saving energy-using cool
roof was 33.8% in terms of cooling energy demand [9]. The study analyzed the impact of the passive cool roof on the cooling loads
of air conditioning frameworks in a hot climate. An algorithm hybrid matrix was planned to simulate 37 rooftops with different shapes, materials,
and construction to evaluate the saving energy in air conditioning frameworks. The comes about of simulation appeared that the vaulted roof with high
albedo coating reduced 53% discomfort hours and saved 826 kWh in a year amid the summer season in comparison with an ordinary level roof.
The study moreover suggested that the combined impact of cool roof and common ventilation expanded indoor thermal comfort [ 10]. The investigators
used the numerical methods to validate the experimental results of the cool roof performance of a laboratory building in Greece. A TRNSYS simulation
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2325

model was developed for the building and validated against real data with or without the cool coating. The analysis of the simulation results revealed that
annual and peak energy savings in summer reported 19.8% and 27% from cool roof technology, respectively, and were found better than insulated roof
[11]. The impact of cool rooftops examined non-conditioned, institutional building in a composite climate in India, and the observing period was six
months (January to June 2012) on connecting areas of continuous concrete roof surface with the coated and uncoated surface. Measured solar reflectance
was 0.28 and 0.57 respectively. In the event that reflectivity expanded at that point the seasonal normal indoor air temperature and heat flux decreased by
1.07 °C and 14.4 W m−2, respectively, with peak decreases of 1. 38 °C and 18.3 W m−2 in the month of April 2012. The number
of adaptive comfort hours increased up to 8% compared to the dark roof which gives a significant enhancement in human comfort [12].Cool roof
application treated on a 700 m2 roof of office/laboratory building having a place to a school campus in Trapani Sicily, Italy. The numerical
and exploratory examinations revealed the surface temperature of the roof decreased up to 20 ˚C with profile amid the 24 h period cycle and a
54% reduction of the cooling energy demand accomplished using the cool roof. The roof painted with white double layer paint on primer finished with
a washable gleam emulsion coating and calculated solar reflectance was 85.9% of the sphere. Study moreover suggested that insulation level have to be
compelled to be decided accurately for climatic conditions as per demand of heating and cooling 13]TRNSYS software was used to evaluate the impact
of the cool roof in term of thermal comfort, peak power, and surface temperature of a non-cooled school building in Athens, Greece. The solar reflectance
of 0.89 of the roof resulted in a lower an air temperature of 2.8 °C and an annual cooling load by 40% [14] The experimental study has been carried out
on room made of a concrete roof having a vertical cylindrical hole of 0.5 × 0.5 m and an array of 3 × 3 filled with phase change material (PCM) Chloride
Hex hydrate (CaCl26H2O and low thermal conductivity, the purpose reduced the heat gain in a steady-state condition and control the indoor air
temperature to achieve better thermal comfort level. Result proved that PCM decreased the indoor air temperature maximum by 4 °C with the reduction
in indoor surface heat flux is about 51%. On the other hand, this developed model was useful for simulation when this PCM used in different wall structure
with varying materials of buildings. [15]. A numerical model show created based on the limited volume strategy connected for six variations of a roof
structure in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The consider reveals the temperature and heatf1ux varieties with time and the relative significance of
the different heat-transfer components as well as every day found the middle value of roof heat-transfer stack. The result demonstrated that the 5 cm thick
polystyrene layer diminishes the roof heat-transfer stack to one-third of its esteem in an indistinguishable roof area without separator [16]. In hot arid
climate a vapor-reflective roof used to improve space cooling in buildings. The consist of roof design is composed of a concrete ceiling over which lies
a bed of rocks in a water pool, an aluminum plate also covered over this bed, which improve an air gap to the external air and painted with a white
titanium-based pigment to enhance the solar radiation reflection during day time. At night, the temperature of the aluminum sheet drops down the
temperature of the rock bed mixed with water. Water vapor inside the roof condenses and falls by gravity. This effect carries heat outwards and cold
inwards. Numerical calculations were carried out for a typical summer day of June for Laghouat in Algeria. It found the possibility of reducing the air
temperature in buildings, and it was lowered by 2 to 3 °C if night natural ventilation is allowed. [17]. In tropical climates ,dwellings are made of cement-
based materials like concrete . However, cement-based materials have low thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity , a new passive cooling system
consists of a corrugated aluminum sheet with insulation layer polyurethane is used to minimize heat transfer. Experimental show that the well-designed
roof insulation system can reduce the typical thermal load by over 70%.[18].

Table 1 presents that there are several studies based on cool roof with in different method used in climates zone, the studies showed that the reflectivity
of cool roof 57% to up 89% and reduction surface temperature 1.070 c to up 14.1C.

Ref. Climate Variables Objectives Methods Result

[9] Temperate skylights and cool Enhance temperature simulations energy saving 33.8%
roof) Saving energy Reduction tem.

15 tropical Chloride Hex decreased the top roof experimental Reduction indoor air
hydrate temperature temperature maximum by 4 °C
(CaCl26H2O indoor discuss
temperature

[17] hot arid Cool roof Enhance temperature Examinations Reduction temp. 2 to up 3

[10] Hot shapes, materials, Reduce cooling loads algorithm hybrid matrix vaulted roof with high albedo
and construction of air conditioning coating diminished 53%

[18] tropical passive cooling minimize heat transfer Experimental reduce the typical thermal
load by over 70%

[7] Temperate reflective roof Different reflective roof comparative study 0.63-0.83 Reflective 22-54
In three type buildings. Energy Saving
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2326

Hot dry cool coating+5 cm Reduced heat flex. A numerical model Reduce of heat-
[16] thick polystyrene transfer stack to one-third of
layer conventional roof

[8] Tropical Cool coating Reduced heat gain CRHT model reduced indoor temperature
2.4 °C, reduced daily heat
gains by 0.66 kWh/m 2

[11] composite with or without the Reduced energy TRNSYS simulation 27% from cool roof
cool coating consumption model technology

[12] composite coated and uncoated enhancement in observation reflectance was 0.28 and
surface human comfort 0.57 respectively.
heat flux decreased by 1.07 °C
and 14.4 W m−2, respectively

[14] composite cool roof Enhance thermal TRNSYS software solar reflectance 0.89 of
comfort reduction air temperature of
2.8 °

Table 1 Summarized of details of the different types of cool roofs and different methods.

3.1 Materials applied on cool roof surfaces:

In North Australia, simple calculator carried out. The effect of light and dark-colored in roof surfaces. In term of heat gain and R-values, by integrating
the equation for the steady-state downward heat transfer and an equation for the sunlit roof derived for the average daily downward heat flux. This studied
revealed that a light-colored roof has reduced about 30% heat gains than a dark-colored one. [19] .Lightweight Cement Composite (LCC) using hollow
ecospheres and a photocatalytic coating with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and solar reflectance to reduce cooling energy consumption, study showed that a
reduction of 80% in the thermal conductivity and increased in solar reflectance from 0.41 to 0.78 using a photocatalytic coating, also reduce heat gain up
to 33% lower than concrete and coating combined heat gain reduced by 69% [20] Two procedures surface treatment and roof insulations were most useful
for an energy-efficient roof, and these two procedures utilized for a single-story building of office building having 200 m2area have simulated for five
climatic zones in India. Simulated results come about for five climatic zone of India and an add up to 88 diverse roof combinations utilized for each
climatic zone to recognize appropriate roof thickness with tall albedo. The Optimized R-value for the roof in hot-dry climate and composite climate,
warm and muggy climate, and mild climate and cold climate were 0.49 m2 K/W, 0.31 m2 K/W, and 1.02 m2 K/W individually [21]. On a metal
roof, warm separator coating titanium dioxide shade with Chicken Egg Shell (CES) squander introduced and coordinates with an arrangement of
aluminum tubes and reused aluminum cans orchestrated into tubes that act as a Moving-Air-Cavity (MAC). Four sorts of cool roofs designed with
and exhibitions of the same carried out inside by utilizing halogen light bulbs taken after by a comparison of the roof and attic temperatures.
The encompassing discuss temperature amid testing was around 27.5 °C and the lessening within the loft channel temperature up to 13 °C (from 42.4 °C
to 29.6 °C) utilizing cool roof which was joined both Warm Cover Coating (TIC) and Moving-Air-Cavity (MAC) with comparison of customary roof
[22]. Examine the potential of an urban roof by changing the reflectivity and utilizing green roof and recreation modeling performed to infer the results. In
case the reflectivity of the roof expanded up to 0.45, at that point reduce the summer temperature by 0.25 °C within the thickly built-up environment, and
it advance decreased up to 0.5 °C to improve the roof reflectance up to 0.7. In any case, more than 50% of the building rooftops of Vienna were not
favorable for the planting of vegetation. So ideal arrangement found to provide consolation level in buildings was combining the green rooftops with
high-reflective materials that offer distant better; a much better; a higher; a stronger; an improved">a higher arrangement to diminish urban heat load of
buildings [23]. Warm execution of three rooftops, one ordinary red and two white reflective rooftops utilizing two open air test cells was carried out in
Cuernavaca, Mexico. Result concluded that the white roof decreased the surface temperature between 10 °C and 14.6 °C compared with the gray
roof. Moreover, the warm gains between 59 and 80% lower than the gray roof. The warm pick up of the ruddy roof was 22% higher than the white roof.
So white roof

Table 2 Different types of materials using coat on roofs

 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2327

With tall reflectivity was a cost-effective technique to reduce building vitality utilization [24]. In Shanghai, China, dark coating color with NIR-
transmitting perylene dark and dioxazine purple colorants and expansion of chrome titanium yellow dark coating created. Assessed surface
temperature decrease and yearly cooling vitality reserve funds were 13.8 °C and 3.9 kWh m−2yr−1 with perylene dark colorant and 10.2 °C and 2.24
kWh m−2yr−1 with dioxazine purple colorant separately [25] The sunbased intelligent roof innovations were
analyzed utilizing the farther detecting image information combined with building vitality computer simulation. For this reason, 932 government and
commercials, buildings roofs examined in an urbanized zone of Arizona State College, USA. This cool
roof innovation essentially improved the vitality efficiencies in buildings and decreased crest electrical demand up to 555 kW. This study has been
evaluated the natural benefits and the evaluated (GHG mission diminishments almost 3823 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), 5.29 tons of nitrogen oxide
(NOx), and 3.52 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions annually [26]. The high albedo coatings connected on the rooftops of one house and two school
buildings in Sacramento, California. The impact of changing roof albedo from 0.18 to 0.73 analyzed in terms of top control and cooling energy savings.
The test and recreation comes about surveyed that the regular cooling vitality investment funds achieved approximately 2.2 kWh/d and
estimated about 264 kWh for the complete season. The top peak was also reduced to 0.6 kW during the summer period [27].
The examiners created and considered the impact of models of roofing materials. The 24 cool colored model tiles and 24 cool colored models shingles
were arranged by white basecoat with mono-color topcoats. The cool colored of different shades of ruddy, brown, green, and blue tiles and shingles
was tried and found the reflectance from 0.26 to 0.57 and 0.18 to 0.34, individually [28]. The anti-solar coating on the protects roof was analyzed
to survey the decrease of energy consumption in an air-conditioning room and gas warming machines. The exploratory comes about of roof area 20.8
m2 appeared the Vitality sparing in air conditioning was found about 45 kWh/day in expansion to the decrease in heat loss in winters [29] analyze the
changes in heat gain and R-values. An equation for the sunlit roof derived for the average daily downward heat flow by integrating the equation for the
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2328

steady-state downward heat transfer for north Australia. This equation suggested that a light-colored roof has about 30% lower heat gains than a dark-
colored one [30]. The color coatings of Fe3+ doped a2Mo2O7 colors with cubic fluorite colors created in shinning yellow color with high Near Infrared
Reflectance (NIR). The warm execution of this created reflective color coating found in a higher run of 61–75% compared with a customary coating of
the same color. The tests performed within the control environment in boxes with the coatings painted roofs.
The recreated tests appeared the difference of more than 4.5 °C in indoor temperatures in comparison to conventional coating [31]

The solar reflectance of 0.89 of the roof resulted in a lower air temperature of 2.8 °C and an annual cooling load by 40% [35].

Table2 is present different types of materials using coat on roofs, figure3 show Average temperature and Compression study carried out between Solar
Heating Reflective Coating Layer (SHRCL and asphalt pavement surface SHRCLs and standard pavements for their cooling performance, study revealed.
SHRCL reduced the temperature around 10 °C in comparison to the regular pavement. Also temperature difference was 5 °C not only in SHRCLs but
also in normal pavements. [32]. The thermos chromatic coating was developed and tested experimentally to analyze the effect of highly reflective, cool,
and standard coatings on roof surface temperatures. The color-changing temperature was kept constant at 30 °C in samples of eleven thermochromics
layers. The maximum solar reflectance reached 43% during the colored to colorless phase. The two groups of these coatings were developed without
TiO2 and with TiO2 to examine the properties of thermochromics pigments. Mean daily surface temperatures were found the variation from 23.8 to 38.4
°C for the thermochromics samples and surface temperatures from 28.1 °C to 44.6 °C for the cool and from 29.8 °C to 48.5 °C for the typical samples
respectively [33]. Acomparitive study between A pale-yellow color Nano pigment Bi4Ti3O12 (BTO 0) and conventional infrared-reflective white
pigment TiO2 demonstrated in term of thermal study using the IR lamp exposure by coating on to the steel substrate to reduced energy consumption,
BTO coated steel substrate reduces the interior temperature by almost 10 °C while the TiO2 coated steel reduces the internal temperature of nearly 7 °C
respectively [34].TRNSYS software was used to evaluate the impact of the cool roof on thermal comfort, peak power, and surface temperature of a non-
cooled school building in Athens, Greece.

Table 3 Solar reflectance and infrared emissivity properties of typical roof types

Roof surface type Solar reflectance Infrared Roof surface temperature rise
emissivity (°C)
Ethylene propylene diene monomer 0.06 0.85 46.1
(EPDM)–black
EPDM White 0.69 0.87 13.9
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)–white 0.83 0.92 6.11
Bitumen–smooth surface 0.06 0.86 46.1
Bitumen–white granules 0.26 0.92 35.0
Built-up roof (BUR)–dark gravel 0.12 0.90 42.2
BUR–light gravel 0.34 0.90 31.7
Asphalt shingles–generic black granules 0.05 0.91 45.6
Asphalt shingles–generic white granules 0.25 0.91 35.6
Shingles–white elastomeric coating 0.71 0.91 12.2
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2329

Shingles–aluminum coating 0.54 0.42 28.6

Steel–new, bare, galvanized 0.61 0.04 30.6
Aluminum 0.61 0.20 26.7
Siliconized polyester–white 0.59 0.85 20.6

4. Configuration of different cool roof:

Acomparitive experimental was obtained between Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) roof with and without cool paint in term of thermal comfort for
indoor temperature room, out surface roof temperature, inner surface roof temperature, the study was conducted on residential buildings located in
composite, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. The study revealed that the roof’s interior and exterior surface temperature reduced about 4.1 C and 9.2 C,
respectively, while indoor room temperature reduced about 2.4 C [36]. In India, concrete buildings have 150 mm thick Reinforced Cement Concrete
(RCC) with Weathering Course (WC) having 75–100 mm thick lime brick mortar used. Heat transmitted into the buildings about 40–75%, that increased
energy consumption, so the alternate concept was used Hollow Clay Tiles (HCT) laid over RCC instead of weathering course (WC) proposed. The study
has been conducted four types of roof structures and typical Indian climatic conditions found that energy savings obtained with the use of the HCT roof
was 38-63% compared with conventional WC roof. [37]. For the study, the effect of cavity ventilation in the occupied zone of the factory and a computer
program developed for comparison between the cavity roof and a single roof in the Japanese climate. The study proved that the cavity roof was much
more effective as compared to a single roof for lower the operative temperature by about 4.4 °C and when air condoning system used with an operative
temperature of 26 °C in the factory cooling load reduction achieved approximately 50% during the summer using cavity roof. So the result proved [67]
[45] [38]. A simple calculator was developed for cool paint applied on roofs and energy simulation was carried out in three countries, around equator
Jamaica, Northeast Brazil (Recife) and Ghana, and a single-story home in Jamaica analyzed before and after cool paint applied on roofs. Internal ceiling
surface temperature and indoor air temperature reduced by 6.8 °C and 2.3 °C respectively, Energy Plus software model used to develop similar models
for Northeast Brazil (Recife) and Ghana. The results indicate that air temperature reduced to 3.2–5.5 °C and 0.75–1.2 °C respectively. The application of
cool paint on roofs improved thermal comfort in building and energy saving, and reduction achieved up to 22-26kWh/m2/Year. [39]. In a warm and
humid tropical climate, concrete slabs roof unbearably hot during summer and very cold during winter to cut down this problem, robust roof slab insulation
system is the perfect solution, Experimental study sing small and large-scale models was investigated and found The poor thermal performance of concrete
slab can be significantly improved in a tropical climate using an insulation thickness of only 25 mm, and it reduced the slab soffit temperature. On the
other hand, the study proved that insulated rooftop slabs with robust insulation can be good method to provide thermal comfort in buildings [40]. The
investigators developed a model based on the Cool Roof Heat Transfer (CRHT) mechanism

in tropical climatic zone. The model was validated with experimental data of two identical apartments of concrete roofs in Singapore. The results showed
that the cool coating with the reflectance of 0.74 on concrete roof reduced the peak roof temperature by 14.1 °C, indoor air temperature by 2.4 °C, and
daily heat gain by 0.66 kWh/m2 (or 54%). Daily heat gain reduction was also achieved when cool coating applied on galvanized steel (metal) roofs and
this model even to roofs and walls [41]. A Cool Roof Heat Transfer (CRHT) model was used to compare the performance of a double skin roof and a
double-skin roof combined with a cool roof on two identical configured naturally ventilated apartments in the tropical climate of Singapore. The roof
temperature difference between test rooms without the coating and with coating was found to be 15 °C. White coatings applied on double skin roof
reduced daily heat gain by 0.21 kWh/m2 (or 51%) with peak indoor temperature decrease it up to 2.4 °C. It was also found that the double-skin roof is
about 6% more effective than a cool roof for reducing annual heat gain. The experimental results proved that the purposed CRHT model is generally
applicable to any climatic zones of the world rather than tropical climate [42]. A study carried out for the roof switch the small-sized-thickness duct in
which the airflow is laminar (micro ventilation), and turbulent and performance of terracotta roofs compared with copper ones with same thermal
resistance for a no ventilated air gap. 30% energy saving achieved using ventilated roofs in summer concerning the non-ventilated structure in the case
of small thicknesses of the air duct, and airflow is laminar [43].

Table 4 Details of the different configuration of cool roofs

 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2330

Table 5 Thermo-physical properties of roofs in different climatic zones

Location and Thickness (m) Thermal Conductivity Density (kg/m3) Specific Heat (J/kg K) U-value (W/m2 K) Reference
Climatic Zone (W/m K)

Madhya Pradesh Cool Paint 0.002 0.09 800 1.053 ----- 36

India Laminated Ply 0.0513 0.11 545 1.214
composite climate Plaster 0.012 0.72 840 1.762
Reinforced 0.150 1.58 846 2.288
Cement Concrete (RCC
Laghouat Algeria, Concrete slab NA 1.8 2400 1080 ----- 17
Hot and Semi-Arid Rocks NA 2.3 2600 800
Water NA 0.613 1000 4175
Aluminum NA 0.026 1.22 1008
Perundurai, Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) 0.15 1.28 1130 NA 37
Tamilnadu, India, Weathering course (WC)
Warm and Humid Hollow Clay Tile 0.075 0.25 800 NA
Air Gap
0.075 0.25 800 NA
NA .O26 1005 NA
Toyohashi, Japan Tiles 0.014 0.96 NA 1450 1.26 38
Warm and Board 0.012 0.15 NA 700
Temperate Roof 0.37 NA NA NA
Moratuwa, Tropical, Concrete 0.125 1.7 NA NA 1.01 40
hot dry Polyethylene insulation 0.025-.050 0.035 NA NA

Jamaica, Tropical White reflective paint 0.004 NA NA NA 0.618 39

Riyadh, Saudi Tiles 0.025 1.73 2243 920 ------------ 16

Arabia, Hot-Dry

Mortar bed 0.02 0.72 1858 837

Sand 0.05 0.33 1515
Water proofing membrane 0.04 0.19 1121 800
Reinforced concrete 0.15 1.73 2243 1675
Cement plaster 0.015 0.72 1858 837
Foam Concrete-I 0.075 0.52 1600 837
Foam Concrete-II 0.075 0.08 300 837
Extruded polystyrene 0.05 0.029 35 1213
Molded polystyrene 0.05 0.036 24 1213
Poly Urethane 0.05 0.022 32 1590
Catania, Italy, Clay shingle 0.012 0.72 1800 840 34
Warm and
Temperate
Mortar 0.02 1.4 2000 840
Sand 0.02 0.6 1700 840
Polyester membrane 0.008 0.16 1120 1460
Light cement screed 0.1 0.65 1600 880
Mineral wool 0.03 0.044 35 840
Reinforced base 0.06 1.14 2000 840
Prefabricated slab 0.06 1.16 2000 840
Air gap 0.3 NA 1.2 1000
False ceiling 0.02 0.21 900 840
Catania, Italy, Brick tiles 0.04 0.75 1800 NA 33
Warm and
Temperate Wooden planking 0.01 0.12 450 NA
Air (ventilation layer) 0.80 0.025 NA
Rigid fiberglass panels 0.04 0.038 100 NA
Cement mortar 0.02 1.40 2000 NA
Brick and concrete floor slab 0.30 0.81 1600 NA
Lime mortar and cement plastering 0.02 0.90 1800 NA

Singapore, Tropical Air NA 0.025 1.28 1008 42

Plaster 0.001 1.5 600 750

Polystyrene NA 0.09 1050 1300
Concrete 0.100 0.85 2350 675
Galvanized Steel 0.008 15.3 4800 500
Cool Coating 0.0005 0.045 1053 0
Pisa, Italy, Warm Copper plates 0.006 380 8900 NA 43
and Temperate
Polyethylene sheet 0.001 0.35 950 NA
Fir boarding 0.040 0.12 450 NA
Brick tiles 0.025 0.90 2000 NA
Tile-lintel floor 0.180 0.60 1800 NA
Lime plaster coat 0.015 0.70 1400 NA
Singapore, Tropical Concrete 0.1 0.65 2450 840 41
Cool Coating 0.0005 0.05 1053
Glazing 0.0035 0.7 NA NA
Plaster concrete block 0.125 1.1 800 920
Plaster 0.001 0.25 850 1000
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 3, no 11, pp 2323-2333 November 2022 2331

Conclusion:

According to literature review, it is clear that 50-60% of the total heat gain indoor building comes from the roof, Therefore, heat flux enters in buildings
through the roof, so, the suitable design of the roof would decrease the thermal load and energy consumption in the different climates. The used of cool
roofs technology in buildings encourage sustainable and attracts energy scientists, architects, and urban planners to make better decision toward thermal
comfort conditions and energy conservation and urban quality improvement. According to the literature review outlined, the research can be achieved:

• The roof surface treatments with different coatings also a useful technique to achieve comfort level in buildings and energy efficiency measures
in different climatic zones.

• Cool roof applications do not require complex maintenance in building roofs and easily applied on the existing roofs by conventional methods
with low cost as per the requirement of users.

• The average roof surface temperature reductions are 4.7 ˚C, 2.4 ˚C, 2.3, and 1.4 ˚C for temperate, tropical, hot-dry, and composite climatic
zones, respectively.

• The study shows that average energy saving achieved using the cool roof for temperate, tropical, hot-dry, and composite climatic zones are
32.8%, 35.7%, 15.0%, and 25.01%, respectively.

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