BDwbU

5
†PŠ¤^K c`v_© I f‚-Py¤^KZ¡
(Magnetic Sabstance and Terestrial Magnetism)

f~wgKv

eû cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB †jŠn I Aw·‡Rb Øviv ˆZwi g¨vM‡bUvBU (Magnetite) bvgK LwbR c`v‡_©i K_v
gvby‡li Rvbv wQj| m¤¢eZ c`v_©wU Gwkqv gvBb‡ii g¨vM‡bwkqv A‡j cÖPyi cwigvb cvIqv †hZ e‡j Gi
bvg n‡q‡Q g¨vM‡bUvBU| †jŠn †K AvKl©Y Kivi ¶gZv Gi wQj| g¨vM‡bUvBU‡K Ôg¨vM‡bU' ev evsjvq Py¤^K
ejv nq| †h a‡g©i Rb¨ GwU Ab¨ GKwU †jvnvi UzKiv‡K AvKl©b K‡i †m ag©‡K ejv nq Py¤^KZ¡
(Magnetism) †jvnv‡K AvKl©Y Kiv QvovI cÖvK„wZK Py¤^K me©`v DËi-`w¶b w`‡K gyL K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e
cÖvK…wZK Py¤^‡Ki G‡K‡Zv we‡kl †Kvb AvKvi †bB Zvi Ici Py¤^KZ¡ Lye kw³kvjx bq| d‡j K‡qKwU we‡kl
cÖwµqvi mvnvh¨ wKQy avZe c`v_©‡K Py¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv nq| G‡`i ejv nq| K…wÎg Py¤^K| Giv wewfbœ
AvKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i Ges Py¤^KZ¡ I Lye kw³kvjx n‡q _v‡K|

Py¤^K Avevi mKj c`v_©‡K AvKl©Y K‡i bv| †h mKj c`v_© Py¤^K Øviv cÖejfv‡e AvK…ó nq Zv‡`i‡K †PŠ¤^K
c`v_© ejv nq| †hgbÑ †jvnv, wb‡Kj, †Kvevë BZ¨vw`| G mKj †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K mn‡R Py¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv
hvq| Avevi, †h mKj c`v_© Py¤^K Øviv Av‡`Š cÖfvweZ nq bv ev hv‡`i‡K Py¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq bv
Zv‡`i‡K A‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j| †hgbÑ KvV, KuvP, KvMR, †mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv wcZj BZ¨vw`| †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K
Avevi †d‡iv †PŠ¤^K, c¨viv †PŠ¤^K I Wvqv †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_© fvM Kiv hvq| GB Aa¨v‡q Gme welq wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1 †PŠ¤^K c`v_© (Magnetic Substance)

 D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Py¤^K m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †PŠ¤^K †¶Î I Kzj‡¤^i m~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i K‡qKwU we‡kl ag© m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb
 †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i cÖKvi‡f` ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Py¤^K Pµ m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.1.1 : Py¤^K msµvš— K‡qKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq msÁv

(1) Py¤^KZ¡ (Magnetism) t †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki AvKlYx© I w`K wb‡`©kK ag©‡K Gi Py¤^KZ¡ e‡j| GwU Py¤^‡Ki GKwU
†fŠZ ag©|
(2) †gi“ (Pole) t †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki `yB cÖv‡š—i wbK‡U †h msKxY© A‡j AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y ej me©v‡c¶v †ekx
Abyf‚Z nq Zv‡`i‡K Py¤^‡Ki †gi“ e‡j|
(3) †gi“kw³ (Pole strength) t †Kvb GKwU Py¤^K †gi“i AvKlY©x I weKlYx© kw³‡K Gi †gi“kw³ e‡j|
(4) †PŠ¤^K A¶ (Magnetic axis) t †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki †gi“؇qi ms‡hvRK KvíwbK mij †iLv‡K †PŠ¤^K A¶ e‡j|
(5) †PŠ¤^K ˆ`N©¨ (Magnetic length) t †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki A¶ eivei †gi“؇qi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡‡K †PŠ¤^K ˆ`N©¨ ev
Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ e‡j|
(6) R¨vwgwZK ˆ`N©¨ (Geometrical length) t †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki `yB cÖv‡š—i ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡‡K R¨vwgwZK ˆ`N©¨ e‡j
†PŠ¤^K ˆ`N©¨
R¨vwgwZK ˆ`N©¨ = 0.85.
(7) †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj (Magnetic Meridian) t c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î gy³fv‡e ivLv †Kvb GKwU w¯’i Py¤^‡Ki
†PŠ¤^K A¶ eivei KwíZ Dj−¤^ Zj‡K †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj e‡j|
(8) †fŠ‡MvwjK ga¨Zj (Geographical Meridian) t c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡b †fŠ‡MvwjK DËi I `w¶Y †gi“ eivei
KwíZ Dj−¤^ Zj‡K †fŠ‡MvwjK ga¨Zj e‡j|
(9) †PŠ¤^K åvgK (Magnetic moment) t GKwU Py¤^‡Ki †h †Kvb GKwU †gi“i †gi“ kw³i gvb I †PŠ¤^K
ˆ`‡N©¨i ¸Ydj‡K H Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K åvgK e‡j|

5.1.2 : †PŠ¤^K‡¶Î I Kzj‡¤^i m~Î (Magnetic field and Coulomb's Law)

†Kvb Py¤^‡Ki Pviw`‡K A_ev GKwU Zworevnx Zv‡ii PZzw`©‡K †h AÂj Ry‡o Py¤^‡Ki AvKl©Y ej Abyf‚Z nq †mB
AÂj‡K H Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K †¶Î ejv nq| ZvwË¡K fv‡e †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Zvi Pviw`‡K Amxg ch©š— aiv
n‡jI ev¯—‡e †`Lv hvq Py¤^K †_‡K hZ `~‡i hvIqv hvq Py¤^KZ¡ ZZB `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K| †PŠ¤^K †gi“i †h a‡g©i Rb¨
wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y ej we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡K †gi“kw³ e‡j|
Py¤^‡Ki `ywU †gi“i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y ej †gi“؇qi kw³, G‡`i ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡ Ges †gi“Øq †h gva¨‡g ¯’vwcZ
Zvi cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i|
1785 L„óv‡ã divmx weÁvbx Kzj¤^ Py¤^‡Ki `ywU †gi“i g‡a¨ AvKl©Y weKl©Y ej m¤ú‡K© GKwU m~Î Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i GB m~ÎwU‡K K‚j‡¤^i m~Î e‡j|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-154

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

m~Î : wbw`©ó gva¨‡g `ywU c„_K Py¤^‡Ki †gi“i g‡a¨ wµqvkxj AvKl©Y ev weKl©Y ev e‡ji gvb †gi“؇qi kw³i
¸Yd‡ji mgvbyycvwZK, G‡`i ga¨Kvi `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i e¨v¯—vbycvwZK Ges GB ej †gi“؇qi ms‡hvM mij‡iLv eivei
wµqv K‡i|
aiv hvK, †gi“؇qi kw³ h_vµ‡g m1 I m2 Ges G‡`i ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ (wPÎ : 5.1) | †gi“؇qi ga¨Kvi wµqvkxj
ej F n‡j,
m d m
1 2
wPÎ t 5.1
F = ∝ m1m2
1
F∝ 2
d
m1m2
A_©vr F = C 2
d
GLv‡b C GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“yeK| Gi gvb †gi“`ywUi ga¨eZ©x gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZ I ivwk ¸wji cwigv‡ci GK‡Ki
Ici wbf©i K‡i|
µo
Avš—R©vwZK c×wZ‡Z k~b¨¯’v‡b C =
4π
µ0 m1×m2
‰ G‡¶‡Î Kzj‡¤^i m~ÎwU n‡e F =
4π d2
GLv‡b, µ0= 4π×10-7 Weber/Amp-m.
GK Avš—R©vwZK GKK †gi“ = 1 Amp-m.
evqy ev k~b¨¯’vb wfbœ Ab¨ gva¨‡gi †¶‡Î Kzj‡¤^i m~ÎwU nq,
µ m1×m2
F=
4π d2
GLv‡b, µ= GKwU aª“eK, hvi gvb †gi“ `ywUi ga¨eZ©x gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i| µ ‡K gva¨‡gi †PŠ¤^K
cÖ‡ek¨Zv (permeability) e‡j|
GKB `~i‡Z¡ k~b¨ gva¨‡g †Kvb †gi“؇qi ga¨Kvi wµqvkxj ej Fo Ges Ab¨‡Kvb gva¨‡g D³ ‡gi“؇qi ga¨Kvi
wµqvkxj ej F n‡j cÖ‡ek¨Zv
F× gva¨‡g ej
µ = F = k~b¨ gva¨‡g ej
o

‡PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z GKwU GKK kw³ m¤úbœ wew”Qbœ DËi †gi“ (Isolated N- pole) ¯’vcb Ki‡j H †gi“
†h ej Abyfe K‡i Zv‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi H we›`y‡Z †PŠ¤^K cÖvej¨ e‡j|
aiv hvK, m †gi“kw³ wewkó †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi g‡a¨ †gi“ n‡Z d `~‡i †Kvb we›`y‡Z ¯’vwcZ GKK DËi
†gi“i Ici wµqvkxj ej A_©vr D³ we›`yi †PŠ¤^K cÖvej¨,
m×1 m
H= 2 = 2
µd µd
‡PŠ¤^K cÖve‡j¨i GKK nj Weber/m2 ev Tesla.

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-155

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

5.1.3 : †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i K‡qKwU we‡kl ag© (Some special properties of magnetic materials)
K. †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek (Magnetic Induction) :
GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶Î m„wóKvix GKwU `Û Py¤^‡Ki wbKU Avb‡j †PŠ¤^K c`v_©wU Py¤^K Øviv AvK…ó
nq| Gi KviY nj, Py¤^K c`v_©wU `Û Py¤^‡Ki wbKU Avbvi d‡j wbKUeZ©x cÖv‡š— wecixZ †gi“ Ges `~ieZ©x
cÖv‡š— mg‡gi“i m„w÷ n‡q GwU A¯’vqxfv‡e K…wÎg Py¤^‡K cwiYZ nq| Avevi Py¤^K c`v_©wU `~‡i mwi‡q wb‡j
c`v_©wUi Py¤^KZ¡ †jvc cvq| GB cÖwµqv‡K †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek e‡j|
†PŠ¤^K c`v_©wU †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î ¯’vc‡bi d‡j `y'ai‡bi ej‡iLv cwijw¶Z nq|
†PŠ¤^K ej‡iLv Øq nj :
K. Av‡ek m„w÷Kvix †PŠ¤^K †¶ÎwUi ej‡iLv| G‡`i ejv nq †PŠ¤^K ej‡iLv|
L. Av‡e‡ki d‡j m„ó Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi ej †iLv hv‡`i‡K ejv nq Py¤^Kb †iLv(Lines of
magnetisation)
†PŠ¤^K ej‡iLv nj KZ¸‡jv KvíwbK †iLv hv Py¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“ n‡Z j¤^fv‡e †ei n‡q `w¶b †gi“‡Z
j¤^fv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i| †PŠ¤^K ej‡iLvi cÖ‡Z¨K we›`y‡Z AswKZ ¯úk©K †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi jw×igvb I w`K wb‡`©k
K‡i|
‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©wUi †Kvb we›`y‡Z †PŠ¤^K cÖvej¨, Av‡ek m„wóKvix †PŠ¤^K‡¶‡Îi cÖvej¨ I †PŠ¤^K c`v_©wU‡Z
Avweó Py¤^K RwbZ cÖvej¨Ø‡qi jw×i mgvb †PŠ¤^K ej‡iLv I Py¤^KY †iLv¸‡jvi mgwó‡K ejv nq Av‡ek
†iLv (Lines of induction)| GKwU †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z †PŠ¤^K †¶Îkw³ ev cÖvej¨ GB Av‡ek
†iLvi IciB wbf©i K‡i|
†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î iw¶Z GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †Kvb we›`yi PZzw`©‡K GKK †¶Îd‡ji ga¨w`‡q j¤^fv‡e hZ¸‡jv
Av‡ek †iLv hvq Zv‡K H we›`y‡Z †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek (Magnetic induction) ev d¬v· NbZ¡ (Flux density)
ejv nq|
aiv hvK, A ‡¶Îd‡ji Py¤^‡Ki ga¨w`‡q φB msL¨K ej‡iLv j¤^fv‡e AwZµg K‡i| AZGe, †PŠ¤^K d¬v·
NbZ¡,
φB
B=
Α
Gi GKK nj Weber/m2 ev tesla
L. Py¤^K‡bi gvÎv ev cÖvej¨ (Intensity of magnetisation) t †Kvb †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K mylg †¶‡Î ¯’vcb Ki‡j
Av‡e‡ki d‡j Py¤^K †gi“i D™¢e nq| d‡j Gi GKwU †PŠ¤^K åvg‡Ki m„wó nq| Py¤^‡Ki †h †Kvb GKwU †gi“i
kw³ Ges Gi †PŠ¤^K ˆ`‡N©¨i ¸Ydj‡K cÖ`Ë Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K åvgK e‡j| m~lg fv‡e Py¤^wKZ †Kvb `Û Py¤^‡Ki
GKK AvqZ‡bi †PŠ¤^K åvgK‡K Py¤^K‡bi gvÎv ev cÖvej¨ ejv nq|
aiv hvK, m ‡gi“kw³, l ‡PŠ¤^K ˆ`N©¨, A cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i †¶Îdj I V AvqZ‡bi †Kvb `Û Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K åvgK
M.
M m×l
∴ Py¤^K‡bi gvÎv, I = V = A×l
m
=A
A =1 n‡j I = m
A_©vr †Kvb `Û Py¤^‡Ki Py¤^K‡bi gvÎv H Py¤^‡Ki GKK cÖ¯’‡”Q` wewkó †¶Îd‡ji †gi“ kw³i mgvb|
†PŠ¤^K åvgK †f±i ivwk weavq †PŠ¤^K‡bi gvÎvI †f±i ivwk|
H cÖve‡j¨i GKwU mylg †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î †Kvb Py¤^K c`v‡_©i Avweó Py¤^K‡bi gvÎv hw` I nq Ges †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek
→
hw` B nq Zvn‡j,
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-156
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

→ → →
B = H + 4π I
M. †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZv (Magnetic Susceptibility) : †Kvb †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi mgvš—iv‡j †Kvb GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i
`Û ivL‡j Gi Ici Py¤^KZ¡ Avweó nIqvi d‡j `ÛwU Py¤^‡K cwiYZ nq| GB †PŠ¤^K‡¶‡Î wewfbœ †PŠ¤^K
c`v_© ivL‡j G‡`i Py¤^KY gvÎv wewfbœ nq| c`v‡_©i †h a‡g©i Ici Gi Py¤^K‡Yi gvÎv wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K Py¤^K
cÖeYZv (Magnetic susceptibility) e‡j| c`v_©wUi Py¤^KY-gvÎv I Ges Gi ga¨w¯’Z †PŠ¤^K cÖvej¨ H-Gi
AYycvZ‡K c`v_©wUi †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZv ejv nq| G‡K K A¶i Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
I
A_©vr, †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZv, K = H
k~b¨¯’vb ev evqyi †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb k~b¨| Gigvb c`v‡_©i cÖK…wZ, Ae¯’v I cÖhy³ †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi gv‡bi
Ici wbf©i K‡i| DòZvi mv‡_I Gi gvb cwiewZ©Z nq| wb‡Kj ev †Kvev‡ëi Zzjbvq big †jvnvi †PŠ¤^K
cÖeYZv A‡bK †ewk| G‡K A‡bK mgq †PŠ¤^K MÖvwnZvI e‡j _v‡K|

N. †PŠ¤^K cÖ‡ek¨Zv ev †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv (Magnetic permeability)

†Kvb †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î GKLÛ big †jvnv ivL‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †jvnv ivLvi c‡i evqy‡Z GKK †¶Îd‡ji
ga¨w`qv mÂvwjZ ej‡iLv evq~‡Z †jvnv ivLvi c~‡e©i mÂvwjZ ej‡iLv A‡c¶v A‡bK¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
†Kvb †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î ¯’vwcZ †Kvb †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i GKK †¶Îd‡ji ga¨w`‡q hZ¸wj †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek †iLv (B)
AwZµg K‡i Ges c`v_©wUi AeZ©gv‡b H GKB †¶Îd‡ji evqy‡Z ga¨w`‡q hZ¸‡jv ej †iLv (H) AwZµg
K‡i G‡`i AbycvZ‡K †PŠ¤^K cÖ‡ek¨Zv ev †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv e‡j|
A_©vr †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv ev cÖ‡ek¨Zv,
B
µ=H
‡f`¨Zv GKwU msL¨vgvÎ Gi †Kvb GKK †bB|
O. †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ (Magnetic Retentivity)
wewfbœ †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K Py¤^wKZ K‡i †i‡L w`‡j Gi Py¤^KZ¡ Avcbv Avcwb n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| GB Py¤^KZ¡ n«v‡mi
cwigvY wfbœ wfbœ c`v‡_© wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| c`v_© ¸‡jvi GKwU we‡kl a‡g©i ev ¸‡Yi ZviZ‡g¨i Rb¨
Giƒc n‡q _v‡K| e¯—zi GB we‡kl ag©‡K ejv nq †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡|
A_©vr, †PŠ¤^KbKvix ej‡¶Î Avcmvib K‡i †bqvi ci †Kvb †Póv‡K c`v_© c~‡e© m„ó, Py¤^KZ¡ a‡i ivLvi †h
¶gZv Zv‡K †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ e‡j|
hvi †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ †ekx Py¤^K ˆZwi‡Z †mwUB †ewk Dc‡hvMx| D‡j−L¨ †h, big †jvnvi †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡;
†Kvevë, wb‡Kj ev B¯úvZ A‡c¶v A‡bK †ewk, d‡j Py¤^KYKvix ej AcmviY Kivi c‡iI big †jvnvi
g‡a¨ AwaK cwigvY Py¤^KZ¡ Aewkó _v‡K|
†PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv I cÖeYZvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© (Relation between permeability and susceptibility)
Avgiv Rvwb, †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek B, †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖvej¨ H I Py¤^Kb gvÎv I Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©wU nj,
B = H + 4πI
B H I
or H = H + 4πH

ev, µ = 1+ 4πK
B I
†Kbbv, µ = H Ges K =H
P. †PŠ¤^K mnbkxjZv ev wbMÖn‡ivwaZv (Coercivity) : Py¤^KY ej Acmvi‡bi ci †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i Aewkó
Py¤^KZ¡ bvbvfv‡e bó Kivi ev †jvc cvIqvi cwigvY wewfbœ †¶‡Î wewfbœ| Py¤^KY m„wóKvix ej AcmviY Kivi

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-157

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

ci GKwU Py¤^b c`v‡_©i Aewkó Py¤^KZ¡ †h †Kvb Kvi‡Y wK cwigv‡Y webó n‡e Zv c`v_©wUi †h we‡kl a‡g©i
Ici wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K †PŠ¤^K mnbkxjZv ev wbMÖn‡ivwaZv e‡j|

5.1.4 : wewfbœ cÖKvi †PŠ¤^K c`v_©© (Different types of magnetic substances)

weÁvbx gvB‡Kj d¨vov‡W AwZ D”P kw³kvjx Py¤^K‡¶‡Î c`v_© mgy‡ni AvPiY we‡ePbv K‡i hveZxq c`v_©‡K wZwb
wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡ib| h_v -
K. c¨viv-†PŠ¤^K ev civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v_©
L. Wvqv-†PŠ¤^K ev wZi‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_©
M. †d‡iv-†PŠ¤^K ev Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_©
wb‡æ †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi wfwˇZ G‡`i ag© m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
K. c¨viv-†PŠ¤^K ev civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© (Paramagnetic substances): ‡h mKj c`v_© †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î ivL‡j
c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ `ye©j †PŠ¤^K‡Z¡i Avwef©ve nq Ges Av‡eó Py¤^‡Ki AwfgyL I Av‡ekx Py¤^‡Ki Awfg~L GK w`‡K
nq Zv‡`i c¨viv-†PŠ¤^K ev civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j| G‡`i †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv µ>1 Ges †PŠ¤^K MÖvwnZv abvZ¥K
wKš—z wbægv‡bi| G‡`i †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb Kg nIqvq Py¤^Kb gvÎv Kg n‡e| d‡j c`v_© g‡a¨ †PŠ¤^Kb
†iLvi msL¨v Lye †ewk n‡e bv| †mB Kvi‡Y c`v_©wUi g‡a¨ Av‡ek †iLvi NbZ¡ ej‡iLvi NYZ¡ A‡c¶v Lye
mvgvb¨B †ewk nq|
civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i cig ZvcgvÎv (T) e„w× Ki‡j Gi †PŠ¤^K cÖebZv (K) e¨¯—vbycv‡Z n«vm cvq A_©vr,
1
K ∝ T , G‡K Kzix m~Î e‡j|

g¨v½vwbR, c−vwUbvg, A¨vjywgwbqvg, †mvwWqvg, evqy, Aw·‡Rb cÖf…wZ c`v_©¸‡jv civ‡PŠ¤^Kfz³|

L. Wvqv-†PŠ¤^K ev wZi‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_© (Diamagnetic substanceds) : †h mKj c`v_©‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î e¨vL¨v
c`v_©wU‡Z `ye©j Py¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq Ges Avweó †PŠ¤^K‡Z¡i Awfg~L, Av‡ekx Py¤^K‡Z¡i Awfg~‡Li wecixZ w`‡K
nq, Zv‡`i‡K Wvqv †PŠ¤^K ev wZi‡ðŠ¤^K e‡j| G‡`i †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv µ<| Ges †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb
FYvZ¥K| G‡`i †Kvb fzwi we›`y †bB| G‡`i †Kvb †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ ag© †bB| Amg †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î G‡`i Szwj‡q
ivL‡j †PŠ¤^K‡¶‡Îi AwaKZi kw³kvjx As‡ki w`K †_‡K Kg kw³kvjx As‡ki w`‡K hvq|
A¨vw›Ugwb, wemgv_, Zvgv, cvi`, †mvbv, cvwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj BZ¨vw` Wvqv-†PŠ¤^K c`v_©|
M. †d‡iv-†PŠ¤^K ev Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_© (Ferromagnetic substances): †h mKj c`v_©‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î
ivL‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ kw³kvjx Py¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq Ges DËi I `w¶b †gi“i m„w÷ nq| Zv‡`i‡K †d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K ev
Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j| †d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv A‡bK †ekx| G‡`i †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvI abvZ¥K I
D”Pgv‡bi nq| †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZv c`v‡_©i DòZv-e„w×i mv‡_ n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| †d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †h wbw`©ó
DòZvi †ewk DòZvq †d‡iv-†PŠ¤^KZ¡ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e web÷ nq Ges GwU c¨viv †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K
Kzix-we›`y DòZv (Curie point temperature) ejv nq| mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq Kzix DòZvi Ic‡i †Kvb
†PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K wb‡q †M‡j †mwU A‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i cwiYZ nq|
D‡j−L¨ †h, †d‡iv-†PŠ¤^K c`v_©¸‡jv Zwor mycwievnx| wKš—z eZ©gv‡b †divBU bvgK GK cÖKvi †PŠ¤^K c`v_©
Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q hv‡`i †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zvi gvb Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i b¨vq AwZ D”Pgv‡bi n‡jI ev¯—‡e Giv Zwor
Kzcwievnx| d‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ Zwor kw³i AcPq cÖvq nqbv ej‡jB P‡j| D”P K¤úvs‡Ki Zwor-Py¤^Kxq
†¶‡Î †PŠ¤^K c`v_© wn‡m‡e G‡`i e¨envi Kiv nq| UªvbwR÷vi Ô‡iwWI'i ga¨w¯’Z MÖvnK KzÛjxwU Avm‡j
†divBU wbwg©Z `‡Ûi Ic‡i Zvgvi Zvi Rwo‡q ˆZwi Ki n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-158

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

5.1.4 : civ‡PŠ¤^K, wZi‡ðŠ¤^K I Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Distinetion between paramagnetic
diamagnetic, and ferromagneteic substances) :
civ †PŠ¤^K c`v_© wZi‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_© Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_©
1| KwVb, Zij I evqexq Ae¯’vq 1| KwVb, Zij, I evqexq 1| KwVb I ù‚wUKv-Kvi nq|
cvIqv hvq| Ae¯’v _vK‡Z cv‡i|
2| †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv ¶wbKfv‡e 2| †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv ¶xb 2| †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv cÖejfv‡e
AvK…ó nq| weKl©Y †`Lv hvq| AvK…ó nq|
3| cÖ‡ek¨Zvi gvb 1 A‡c¶v 3| cÖ‡ek¨Zvi gvb 1 A‡c¶v 3| cÖ‡ek¨Zvi gvb Lye †ewk|
mvgvb¨ †ewk| Kg nq|
4| †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb 1 4| cÖeYZvi gvb 1 A‡c¶v 4| ‡PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb abvZ¥K
A‡c¶v Kg wKš—z FYvZ¥K| Kg wKš—z FYvZ¥K| Ges 1 -Gi †P‡q A‡bK
†ekx|
5| †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ ag© †bB| 5| †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ ag© †bB| 5| †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ ag© Av‡Q|
6| DòZv e„w× †c‡j †PŠ¤^K 6| DòZvi Ici †PŠ¤^K 6| †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb DòZvi
cÖeYZvi gvb n«vm cvq| cÖeYZvi gvb wbf©i K‡i| cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ RwUj fv‡e
cwiewZ©Z nq|
7| wbw`©ó Kzixwe›`y †bB| 7| wbw`©ó Kzix we›`y †bB| 7| wbw`©ó Kzix we›`y Av‡Q|
8| civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †Kvb 8| GwU †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi ej 8| GwU †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi ej‡iLvi
`Û‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi g‡a¨ †iLvi j¤^fv‡e _vK‡Z mgvš—iv‡j _vK‡Z Pvq|
Szwj‡q ivL‡j GwU †PŠ¤^K Pvq|
†¶‡Îi ej‡iLvi mv‡_ mgvš—
iv‡j _v‡K|

5.1.6 : Py¤^Kb Pµ ; wn÷vwiwmm (Cycle of magetisation; Hystaresis) : APy¤^wK©Z Ae¯’vq †Kvb †PŠ¤^K c`v_©
wb‡q hw` ax‡i ax‡i Py¤^KY †¶Î H Gi gvb e„w× Kiv nq Ges D³ c`v‡_©i AvYylw½KPy¤^K‡Yi cwigvÎv (I) wbY©q
Kiv hvq Ges Df‡qi g‡a¨ †jL AsKb Kiv hvq Z‡e GwU BD ‡jL Gi b¨vq n‡e (wPÎ : 5.2) | hw` Py¤^KY †¶‡Îi
gvb C we›`y A‡c¶v AviI e„w× Kiv hvq| Z‡e I-Gi gvb Avi e„w× cvq bv- w¯’i _v‡K| A_©vr cix¶vaxb c`v_©wU
†PŠ¤^K m¤ú„³Zv jvf K‡i|
GLb, C we›`y‡Z †cŠQvi ci, Py¤^‡Ki †¶Î H- Gi gvb ax‡i ax‡i
Kgv‡j Ges cÖwZ‡¶‡Î I-Gi gvb wbY©q Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †jL
CAO c‡_ wd‡i bv G‡m D we›`y‡Z c„_K n‡q CD c_ AYymiY
K‡i| Py¤^Kb †¶‡Îi gvb k~Y¨ Ki‡jI Py¤^KY gvÎv k~Y¨ nq bv| Gi
wKQy gvb OD cwigvY †_‡K hvq| H=O n‡j I-Gi GB gvb‡K
Ae‡kl Py¤^KZ¡ (Residual magnetism) ejv nq| Gevi H- Gi
Awfg~L Iëv‡q ax‡i ax‡i Gi gvb e„w× Ki‡j DEG ‡jL cvIqv
hv‡e|
wPÎÑ5.2
F we›`y‡Z †cŠQvi c‡i H- Gi gvb µgvb¦‡q Kwg‡q H=O Ki‡j Ges c‡i H-Gi g~j ev cÖv_wgK Awfg~L eRvq
†i‡L H-Gi gvb c~Yivq ax‡i ax‡i e„w× Ki‡j FGPC ‡jL cvIqv hvq| †jL n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, me©¯—‡i Py¤^K‡Yi
cwigvÎv Py¤^KY †d‡Îi cðvreZ©x n‡”Q wKš—z KLbI mgvb ev AMÖeZ©x nq bv| Py¤^K‡Yi cwigvÎvi GB cðvreZ©xZv‡K
ejv nq wn÷vwiwmm (Hystaresis Ges CEFGC GB e× jyc‡K ejv nq wn÷vwim jyc (hysteresis loop) | G
Qvov mgMÖ Pµ‡K ejv nq wn÷vwiwmm Pµ (hysteresis cycle)| cwi‡k‡l c`v‡_©i Ae‡k‡l Py¤^KZ¡ `~i Kivi R‡b¨

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-159

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

†h Py¤^KY †¶‡Îi (OE A_ev OG) cÖ‡qvRb nq A_©vr hLb I=O ZLb H-Gi gvb‡K ejv nq cÖ`Ë c`v‡_©i wbMÖn
ej (Coercive force)|

mveavbZv : †j‡Li OEC mn Ab¨ CEFGC Ask †c‡Z n‡j

cix¶vaxb c`v_©wU‡K m¤ú~Y© A‡PŠ¤^K Ae¯’v n‡Z ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e|
OEC Ask †c‡Z n‡j we‡kl cÖwµqvq c`v_©wU m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c we¤^wK©Z
(demagnetised) K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
GKB fv‡e †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek B Ges †PŠ¤^K †¶Î H- Gi g‡a¨I j~c
AsKb Kiv hvq| wPÎ 5.3) B-H j~‡ci AvKvi I-H j~‡ci c~e© Abyiƒc
n‡e Z‡e I-H j~‡ci b¨vq B-H jy‡c C we›`yi ci AYyf‚wgK Ask
cvIqv hv‡e bv| Gi KviY nj H e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ B µgvMZ e„w×
cvq| wPÎÑ5.3

mvims‡¶c
†PŠ¤^K Av‡ek : GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v_©‡K GKwU kw³kvjx `Û Py¤^‡Ki wbKU G‡b ¶Y¯’vqx Py¤^‡K cwiYZ Kivi
c×wZ‡K †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek e‡j|
†PŠ¤^K d¬v· NbZ¡ t †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î iw¶Z GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †Kvb we›`yi GKK †¶Îd‡ji ga¨w`‡q j¤^fv‡e
hZ¸‡jv Av‡ek †iLv hvq Zv‡K H we›`y‡Z †PŠ¤^K d¬v· NYZ¡ e‡j|
†PŠ¤^K‡Yi gvÎv : m~lgfv‡e Py¤^wKZ †Kvb `Û Py¤^‡Ki GKK AvqZ‡bi †PŠ¤^K åvgK‡K Py¤^K‡Yi gvÎv e‡j|
†PŠ¤^K cÖeYZv : c`v‡_©i †h a‡g©i Ici †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i Py¤^K‡Yi gvÎv wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K Py¤^K cÖeYZv e‡j|
†PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv : †Kvb †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î ¯’vwcZ †Kvb †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i GKK †¶Îd‡ji ga¨w`‡q hZ¸‡jv †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek
†iLv AwZµg K‡i Ges c`v_©wUi AeZ©gv‡b H GKB †¶Îd‡ji evqyi ga¨w`qv hZ¸‡jv ej‡iLv AwZµg K‡i -
G‡`i AbycvZ‡K †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv e‡j|
†PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ : †PŠ¤^KbKvix ej‡¶Î AcmviY K‡i †bqvi ci †Kvb †PŠ¤^K c`v_© Zvi c~‡e© m„ó Py¤^KZ¡ a‡i ivLvi
†h ¶gZv Zv‡K †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ e‡j|
†d‡iv-†PŠ¤^K ev Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_©- †h mKj c`v‡_©‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î ivL‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ kw³kvjx Py¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq
Ges DËi I `w¶b †gi“i m„wó nq| Zv‡`i‡K †d‡iv‡PŠ¤^K ev Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_© e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. mylg †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î †PŠ¤^K c`v_© wb‡j GwU AvK…ó nq G NUbv‡K e‡j (K) †PŠ¤^K mnYkxjZv (L) †PŠ¤^K
m¤ú„³Zv (M) †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek N) †PŠ¤^K cÖ‡ek¨Zv
2. Py¤^K‡bi gvÎv nj-
V M
(K) I = M (L) I = V
A K
(M) I = m (N) I = H
3. †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv GKK nj-
(K) I‡qi‡÷W (L) I‡qevi/wgUvi2
(M) I‡qevi (N) †Kvb GKK †bB|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-160
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

4. †PŠ¤^K †¶Î weKl©Y K‡i Zv nj-

(K) civ †PŠ¤^K c`v_© (L) wZi‡ðŠ¤^K c`v_©
(M) †d‡ivPy¤^K c`v_© (N) †divBU|
5. DòZvi Ici †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi gvb wbf©i K‡i bv-
(K) civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i (L) wZi‡ðŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i
(M) Aq‡ðŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i (N) †divB‡Ui|

msw¶ß DËi- cÖkœ

1. †PŠ¤^ d¬v· NYZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j ?
2. Py¤^‡K‡Yi gvÎv ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
3. †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv wK ?
4. †PŠ¤^K aviKZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j ?
5. wewfbœ cÖKvi †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i bvg wjLyb|
6. civ‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© Kv‡K e‡j ?
7. K‡qKwU wZi‡ðŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i D`vniY w`b|
9. Kzix we›`y ZvcgvÎv wK ?
10. c¨viv-Py¤^K, Wvqv-†PŠ¤^K I †d‡iv-†PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-161

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 2 f‚-Py¤^KZ¡ (Tereestrial Magnetism)

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


c„w_ex †h GKwU weivU Py¤^K G m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
fz-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Dcv`vb ¸‡jvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 f‚-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Dcv`vb¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 webwZ P‡µi mvnv‡h¨ weYwZ wbY©‡qi c×wZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

5.2.1 : c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K ag© (Magnetic Property of the earth)

hw` GKwU Py¤^K †¶‡Î, Aev‡a N„Y©b¶g Ab¨ GKwU Py¤^K‡K ¯’vcb Kiv nq Z‡e GwU †¶ÎwUi ej‡iLv eivei wb‡R‡K
¯’vwcZ K‡i| Avevi D³ †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î GKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i `Û ivLv n‡j `ÛwUi Dfq cÖv‡š— Py¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq|
†Kvb †PŠ¤^K kjvKv ev `Û Py¤^K‡K AbyfzwgKfv‡e Gi fvi‡K‡›`ª gy³ Ae¯’vq ¯’vcb Ki‡j mvg¨e¯’vq GwU me mgqB
†gvUvgywU DËi `w¶b w`K eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i| GgbwK, c„w_exi c„‡ó GKwU big †jvni `Û DËi-`w¶b w`K eivei
ivL‡j `ÛwUi Dci Py¤^KZ¡ Avweó nq| m~Zivs ejv hvq- c„w_exi c„‡ó GKwU †PŠ¤^K †¶Î eZ©gvb 1600 L„óv‡ã
wPwKrmv weÁvbx Wv: wMjevU© wewfbœ cix¶vi gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡ib †h, c„w_ex GKwU Py¤^‡Ki b¨vq AvPiY K‡i| Zuvi
cix¶vq GKwU †MvjvKvi Py¤^K cÖ¯—zZ K‡i wKQy ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Py¤^K‡K H †MvjvKvi Py¤^KwUi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb K‡i †`Lvb
†h Giv c„w_exi c„‡ó wewfbœ RvqMvq ¯’vwcZ Py¤^‡Ki b¨vq AvPiY K‡i|
myZivs c„w_ex GKwU weivU Py¤^K Ges Py¤^‡Ki b¨vq `ywU †gi“
Av‡Q| cieZ©xKv‡j weÁvbxMY Av‡iv †`Lvb †h- c„w_exi `w¶b
†gi“ KvbvWvi †evw_qv †dwj· A‡j Ges Ab¨wU A‡÷ªwjqvi
`w¶b wf‡±vwiqv A‡j|
fz‡MvjK wnmv‡e c„w_exi DËi cÖv‡š—i †gi“i bvg †fŠMwjK
DËi †gi“ Ges `w¶b cÖv‡š—i †gi“i bvg †fŠMwjK `w¶b
†gi“| ‡h‡nZz wecixZ †gi“‡Z AvKl©b N‡U, myZivs gy³fv‡e
Szjš— †PŠ¤^KkjvKv ev mvaviY Py¤^‡Ki DËi Ges `w¶Y †gi“
h_vµ‡g fzPy¤^‡Ki `w¶Y Ges DËi †gi“i w`‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i|
GRb¨ ej nq, f‚Py¤^‡Ki `w¶Y †gi“ †fŠMwjK DËi †gi“i wPÎÑ5.4
w`‡K Ges f‚Py¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“ †fŠMwjK `w¶Y w`‡K _v‡K
wPÎ (5.4)|
cÖK…Z c‡¶ f‚Py¤^‡Ki `w¶Y †gi“ †fŠMwjK DËi †gi“ n‡Z cÖvq 2400 wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g Ges f‚Py¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“
†fŠMwjK `w¶Y †gi“ n‡Z 2500 wK:wg: c~‡e© Aew¯’Z| G Py¤^K †iLv c„w_exi †K›`ª n‡Z cÖvq 1200 wK.wg. c~‡e©
Aew¯’Z| fz-Py¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“‡K bxj †gi“ Ges `w¶Y †gi“‡K jvj †gi“ e‡j| D‡gi“i ms‡hvwRZ †iLv‡K †PŠ¤^K
ga¨‡iLv ev †PŠ¤^K A¶-Ges G †iLvi ga¨eZ©x Dj¤^ Zj‡K c„w_exi †fŠMwjK Zj‡K c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj e‡j|
Dciš—, c„w_exi †fŠMwjK †gi“Øq ms‡hvMRb Kvix mij †iLv‡K †fŠMwjK ga¨‡iLv Ges Gi ga¨Mvgx Dj¤^ Zj‡K
†fŠ‡MvwjK ga¨Zj e‡j| †fŠ‡MvwjK ga¨Z‡ji mv‡_ †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj cÖvq 18° †KvY K‡i _v‡K| Py¤^‡Ki b¨vq f‚
Py¤^‡Ki evqygÛ‡ji ga¨w`qv `Û Py¤^‡Ki `w¶Y †gi“‡Z †cŠ‡Q| DËi †gi“ n‡Z wbM©Z nevi mgq ev mv‡_ AvbZ
Ae¯’vq _v‡K| †h‡nZz †Kvb ¯’v‡bi ej †iLvi Dci Aew¯’Z ¯úk©K H ¯’v‡bi †PŠ¤^K cÖve‡j¨i AwfgyL wb‡`©k K‡i,
myZivs c„w_exi `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a©i †Kvb ¯’v‡b †PŠ¤^K cÖve‡j¨i AwfgyL c„w_exi c„ó n‡Z Dc‡ii w`‡K n‡e| †PŠ¤^K
cÖve‡j¨i AwfgyL †gi“‡Z Dj¤^ ev Lvov Ges †PŠ¤^K wel~e‡iLvi Dc‡i AbyfzwgK n‡e †h‡nZz †Kvb †QvU †PŠ¤^K GKwU
†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i w`‡K wb‡R‡K ¯’vwcZ K‡i, †m‡nZz †Kvb GKwU †PŠ¤^K kjvKv‡K µgvMZ †fŠMwjK DËi
†gi“i w`‡K wb‡q †M‡j Zvi DËi †gi“ µgk: f‚c„‡ói w`‡K Su~‡K hvq Ges fz-Py¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“‡Z Gi †PŠ¤^K A¶
DËi †gi“ bx‡P †i‡L w¯’i fv‡e Lvov Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-162

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

wKš—z welye‡iLv Ges cvk¦eZ©x GjvKvq gy³fv‡e S‚jš— Py¤^K kjvKvi †PŠ¤^K A¶ cÖvq AbyfzwgK Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb
Ki‡e|
cvw_©e Py¤^K‡Z¡i mwVK aviYv GLbI ARvbv Ges cÖw_exi Avf¨š—‡i †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki Aw¯’Z¡ Av‡Q wKbv ZvI AÁvZ|
Z‡e c„w_ex GKUv weivU Py¤^‡Ki b¨vq AvPiY K‡i Ges Gi †PŠ¤^K‡¶Î c„w_exi c„ó n‡Z cÖvq 107000 wK.wg. ch©š—
we¯—„Z| Z‡e Py¤^KI †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i Dci f‚-Py¤^‡Ki AvPiY †Kej w`K`kx©, AvKl©Yx b‡n|

5.2.2 : f‚-Py¤^K‡Z¡i †PŠ¤^K Dcv`vb mgyn (Magnetic elements of earth's magnetism) :

†Kvb ¯’v‡b c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K †¶Î mwVK fv‡e Rvbvi R‡b¨ †h mKj ivwk Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡`i‡K f‚-Py¤^K‡Z¡i
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb ejv nq| fz-Py¤^K‡Z¡i †gŠwjK Dcv`vb wZbwU-
1. weP~¨wZ (Declination) 2. webwZ (Dip or inclination) G¦es 3. f‚-†PŠ¤^K cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvsk
(horigontal component of earth's magnetic intensity)|

1. weP~¨wZ (Declinatin)
gy³ fv‡e mvg¨ve¯’vq Szjv‡bv †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K A‡¶i Ici KwíZ Dj−¤^ Zj‡K †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj (Magnetic
meredian) ejv nq| Avevi, c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡b †fŠMwjK DËi I `w¶b †gi“ eivei Dj−¤^ KvíwbK Zj‡K
†fŠMwjK ga¨Zj (Geographical meridian) e‡j|
c„w_ex c„‡ói Ici †Kvb ¯’v‡b †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj I †fŠMwjK ga¨Z‡ji Aš—M©Z †KvY‡K H ¯’v‡bi weP~¨wZ ejv nq|
myZivs c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡bi †fŠMwjK ga¨Zj I †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡jB wePy¨wZ Rvbv hvq|
e¨vL¨ : †Kvb ¯’v‡bi wePy¨wZ‡K mvaviYZ θ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| †Kvb ¯’v‡b hw` †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj †fŠMwjK ga¨Z‡ji
c~e©cv‡k _v‡K Z‡e wePy¨wZ‡K θ c~e© ev θ°E ev θ°W Ges hw` cwðg cv‡k _v‡K Z‡e θ° cwðg ev θ°W ejv nq|
5.5 bs wP‡Î O c„w_ex c„‡ô GKwU ¯’vb| D³ ¯’v‡b OPNM ‡fŠMwjK ga¨Zj Ges OQRM ‡PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj cÖKvk
Ki‡j `yB Z‡ji ga¨eZ©x †KvY ∠POQ= θ †K weP~¨wZ e‡j|
1 1
Zvrch© t XvKvi wePy¨wZ 2 ° c~e© ev 2 ° E ej‡Z eySvq
1
XvKvq †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj †fŠMwjK ga¨Z‡ji mv‡_ 2 °
‡KvY K‡i c~e© w`‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i|

wPÎ : 5.5
2. webwZ (Dip or inclination)
fvi‡K›`ª w`‡q gy³fv‡e Szjš— †Kvb Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K A¶ Abyf‚wgK Z‡j bv †_‡K wKQyUv Sz‡K c‡o (wPÎ 5.6) |
c„w_exi DËi †Mvj‡a© Gi“c GKwU Py¤^‡Ki DËi †gi“wU wb‡Pi w`‡K Ges †Mvjv‡a© Zvi `w¶b †gi“wU wb‡Pi w`‡K
Suy‡K c‡o| G Suy‡K covi cwigvYI wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ| c„w_exi Dfq †gi“‡Z G Suy‡K covi cwigvY 90°| A_©vr
D³ `yB †gi“‡Z gy³fv‡e Sujš— GKwU Py¤^K Dj−¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| welye A‡j mvgv¨e¯’vq g³fv‡e Syjš— Py¤^‡Ki
Sz‡K covi cwigvY 0°| A_©vr welye A‡j gy³fv‡e Szjv‡bv GKwU Py¤^K Abyf‚wgKfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡b fz-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ Abyf‚wgK Z‡ji mv‡_ †h †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K H ¯’v‡bi weYwZ
e‡j| 5.6 bs wP‡Î δ webwZ wb‡`©k K‡i|
†Kvb ¯’v‡b fvi‡K‡›`ª gy³fv‡e S‚jš— Py¤^‡Ki DËi †giIwU wb‡Pi w`‡K Sz‡K co‡j H ¯’v‡bi webwZ abvZ¥K e‡j
MY¨ nq| abvZœK weYwZ N Øviv I FYvZ¥K webwZ S Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-163

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

Zvrch© : XvKvq webwZ 24° N ej‡Z eySvq XvKvq fvi‡K›`ª

†_‡K gy³fv‡e Szjv‡bv GKwU Py¤^K kjvKvi A¶ w¯’i Ae¯’vq
AbyfzwgK Z‡jj mv‡_ 24° †KvY K‡i AvYZ _vK‡e Ges
kjvKvi DËi †gi“ wb‡Pi w`‡K Szu‡K _vK‡e|

wPÎ : 5.6
3. f‚-Py¤^K cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvsk (Horizontal Components of earth's magnetic intensity)
¯’v‡b †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvsk‡K H ¯’v‡bi f‚-Py¤^K cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK
Dcvsk e‡j|
c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡b GKwU wew”Qbœ GKK kw³i DËi †gi“ f‚-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Rb¨ †h ej jvf K‡i Zv‡K H ¯’v‡bi †gvU
cÖvej¨ e‡j| †h‡nZz †Kvb ¯’v‡b c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ Abyf‚wgK Z‡j wµqv K‡i bv, Abyf‚wgK Z‡ji
mv‡_ GKwU wbw`©ó †KvY K‡i wµqv K‡i| G wbw`©ó †Kv‡Yi bvgB weYwZ| †PŠ¤^K cÖvej¨ GKwU †f±i ivwk| m~Zivs
†gvU cÖvej¨‡K `y'wU Dcvs‡k wef³ Kiv hvq| †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j Abyf‚wgK eivei †gvU cÖve‡j¨i †h Dcvsk cvIqv hvq
Zv‡K f‚-Py¤^‡Ki cÖve‡j¨i AYyfzwgK Dcvsk e‡j| G‡K H Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Avevi Dj−¤^ †iLv eivei cÖve‡j¨i †h
Dcvsk cvIqv hvq ZvB Dj−¤^ Dcvsk| G‡K V Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
aivhvK, c„w_ex c„‡ó 0 Ae¯’v‡bi OABC ‡PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj| D³¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ I, OB ‡iLv
eivei wµqv K‡i| OA Ges OC eivei h_vµ‡g AbyfzwgK I Dj−¤^ Dcvsk wµqv K‡i| (wPÎ : 5-7)| †gvU cÖvej¨
I AbyfzwgK cÖve‡j¨i ga¨eZ©x BOA = δ D³ ¯’v‡b webwZ wb‡`©k Ki‡j, Avgiv cvB|

H= I Cosδ ----------------------------(1)
Ges V=I Sinδ-------------------------(2)
Zvrch© : L~jbvq f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvsk 0.36
µT ej‡Z e~Svq L~jbvq †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU
cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvs‡ki gvb 0.36 µT.

wPÎ : 5.7
5.2.3 †gvU cÖvej¨, AbyfzwgK cÖvej¨, Dj−¤^ cÖvej¨ I webwZi g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© : (Relation among total
intensity, Horizontal itensity, Vertical intensity and Dip) Avgiv Rvwb,
H = I Cosδ
Ges V= I Sin δ
mgxKiY : (1) I (2) †K eM© K‡i Ges †hvM K‡i cvB,
H2 = I2 Cos2δ
V2 = I2 Sin2δ
or, H2+ V2 = I2Cos2δ + I2 Sin2δ
or H2 + V2 = I2(Cos2δ + Sin2δ)
or H2 + V2 = I2∞1 = Ι2
∴ Ι= H2 + V2

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-164

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

Avevi, mgxKiY (2) †K (1) Øviv fvM K‡i cvB

V ISinδ
H = ΙCosδ = tan δ
or V = H tan δ
or H = V cot δ

5.2.4 webwZ wbY©q (Determination of dip or inclination)

webwZ e„Ë ev Pµ (Dip circle) t †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ c„w_ex c„‡ôi †Kvb ¯’v‡bi webwZ my¶fv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K
webwZ e„Ë e‡j| wb‡æ GKwU webwZ e„‡Ëi wewfbœ As‡ki eY©bv †`qv nj|
eY©bv :- (1) GB h‡š¿ GKwU Py¤^K kjvKv NS _v‡K hvi fvi‡K›`ª w`‡q GKwU `Û ci¯ú‡ii A‡¶i mwnZ mg‡Kv‡Y
Ave× _v‡K| `ÛwU GKwU Dj¤^ †d«g R Gi Dci ivLv `ywU wÎwki UzKivi Dci Abyf‚wgK fv‡e ivLv nq| d‡j
kjvKvwU webv evavq Abyf‚wgK A‡¶i Pvwiw`‡K Dj¤^ Z‡j Nyi‡Z cv‡i [wPÎ : 5.8]|
(2) GKwU e„ËvKvi cvZ S ‡K Ggbfv‡e hy³ Kiv nq †hb cvZwUi †K›`ª kjvKvwUi †K›`ª w`‡q hvq Ges Py¤^K
kjvKvwUi `ycÖvš— cvZ eivei Nyi‡Z cv‡i| cvZwUi cwiwa PviwU mgvbfv‡M wef³| cÖ‡Z¨Kfv‡M 0°-90° ch©š— `vM
KuvUv _v‡K| GKB †¯‹‡ji 0°- 0° †iLv AbyfzwgK Ges 90°-90° †iLv Dj¤^|
(3) e„ËvKvi †¯‹jmn Py¤^K kjvKvwU GKwU KuvP wbwg©Z ev· G Gi g‡a¨
emv‡bv _v‡K| hš¿mn ev·wU‡K Py¤^K kjvKvi †K›`ªMZ Ej¤^ A‡¶i
Pviw`‡K Nyiv‡bv hvq| Gi N~Y©‡bi cwigvb myPK P Gi mvnv‡h¨ Aci
GKwU AbyfzwgK e„ËvKvi †¯‹j H n‡Z Rvbv hvq| G †¯‹j 0° n‡Z 360°
ch©š— `vM KvUv _v‡K|
(4) GKwU Ab~fzwgK cvVvZb W Gi Dci mgMÖ hš¿wU Lvovfv‡e ¯’vwcZ
Ges H ‡¯‹j Aw¼Z| ev·wU enbKvix Dj¤^ A‡¶i mv‡_ GKwU myPK`Û
P jvMv‡bv _v‡K| cvUvZ‡bi bx‡P wZbwU ¯Œz _v‡K hv‡`i Dci fi K‡i
ev·wU emv‡bv _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a ¯Œz wZbwUi mvnv‡h¨ cvUvZb‡K
AbyfzwgK Kiv hvq| wPÎ : 5.8
Kvh©cÖYvjx :
cÖ_‡g hš¿wUi wbKU n‡Z meai‡Yi Py¤^K I †PŠ¤^K c`v_© mwi‡q †bqv nq| AZ:ci hš¿wU‡K †j‡fwjs ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨
AYyf‚wgK Kiv nq|
†Kvb ¯’v‡b me© evavgy³ Py¤^K kjvKv †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j f‚-Py¤^‡Ki †gvU cÖvej¨ eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i| weYwZ wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡j Py¤^K kjvKv‡K cÖ_‡g †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j Avb‡Z nq| †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j Aew¯’Z Py¤^K kjvKv Abyfzwg‡Ki mv‡_ †h
†Kvb Drcbœ K‡i ZvB H ¯’v‡bi weYwZ|
Abyf‚wgK A‡¶i Pvwiw`‡K Dj¤^ Z‡j N~Y©b¶g †Kvb Py¤^K kjvKv hw` †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡ji mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv nq
ZLb Gi Dci f‚-Py¤^‡Ki cÖve‡j¨i AY~fzwgK Dcvs‡ki cÖfve _v‡K bvÑ cÖfve _v‡K ïay Dj¤^ Dcvs‡ki Ici| ZvB
†PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡ji mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y ¯’vwcZ Py¤^K kjvKv m¤ú~Y© Dj¤^ _v‡K|
Kuv‡Pi ev·wU‡K Ej¤^ A‡¶i Pviw`‡K ZZ¶b ch©š— Nyov‡bv nq hZ¶b bv Py¤^K kjvKv m¤ú~Y© Dj¤^ nq| A_©vr Py¤^K
kjvKvi `yB cÖvš— e„ËvKvi †¯‹‡ji 90°-90° eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i| d‡j Py¤^K kjvKvi A¶ †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡ji Dci
j¤^fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| G Ae¯’vq AY~fzwgK e„ËvKvi †¯‹j H-Gi Dci m~PK P Gi cvV †bqv nq| Gici ev·wU‡K
Abyf‚wgK †¯‹‡ji m~PK P-Gi Ae¯’vb †_‡K Av‡iv 90° †Kv‡Y Nyov‡bv nq| G‡Z Py¤^K kjvKvwUi N~Y©bZj †PŠ¤^K
ga¨Z‡ji Ae¯’vb K‡i| Py¤^K kjvKvwUi A¶ ZLb f‚‡PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i|
GB Ae¯’vq Py¤^K kjvKv Ges A e„‡Ëi 0°-0° ‡iLvi Aš—f©~³ †KvYB weYwZ| GB †Kv‡Yi gvb A ‡¯‹‡ji Dci
kjvKvi Ae¯’v‡bi cvV †_‡K †bqv nq|
cix¶vi ΓwU mg~n I Zv‡`i ms‡kvab:-

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-165

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

1. Dr‡K›`ªZv ΓywU t weYwZ e„‡Ëi †PŠ¤^K kjvKvi N~Y©b A¶ Dj¤^ e„ËvKvi †¯‹‡ji †K›`ª w`‡q bvI †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi
d‡j †h ΓwU j¶¨ Kiv hvq ZvB Dr‡K›`ªZv ΓwU| GB ΓywUi Rb¨ kjvKvi GK cÖvš— cÖK…Z cvV A‡c¶v hZUzKz
†ekx cvV †`q Aci cÖvš— wVK ZZUzKz Kg cvV †`q| G ΓywU ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡j kjvKvi Dfq cÖv‡š—i cvV
wb‡q Mo Ki‡Z nq|
2. k~b¨‡iLv ΓwU : e„ËvKvi †¯‹‡ji 0°-0° ‡iLv AYyf‚wgK bv n‡j †h ΓywU nq Zv‡K ïY¨ †iLv ΓywU e‡j| GB ΓywU
_vK‡j kjvKvi `yB cÖv‡š—i cvV cÖK…Z cv‡Vi †P‡q nq †ewk bv nq Kg nq| G ΓywU cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ Dj¤^
e„ËwU‡K 180° N~wo‡q c~Yivq cvV †bqv nq| GB PviwU cv‡Vi Mo wb‡j cÖK…Z cvV cvIqv hvq|
3. A¶Î“wU : Py¤^K kjvKvi †PŠ¤^K A¶ I R¨vwgwZK A¶ GKB †iLv bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| G ΓywUi `i“b kjvKvi
`yB cÖv‡š—i cvV cÖK…Z cv‡Vi †P‡q Kg ev †ewk n‡e| Py¤^K kjvKvi cvV GKevi †bIqvi ci Py¤^K kjvKv w`K
cybivq Dëv nq| kjvKvi `yB cÖv‡š—i cvV †bqv nq | GB cvV ¸wji Mo wb‡j G ai‡bi ΓywU ms‡kvwaZ nq|
4. fvi‡K›`ª ΓwU : Py¤^K kjvKvi N~Y©b A¶ fvi †K›`ª w`‡q bvI †h‡Z cv‡i| GB ai‡bi ΓwU‡K fvi‡K›`ª ΓwU
e‡j| Gi d‡j Py¤^K kjvKvi Dfq cÖvš—B cÖK…Z cv‡Vi †P‡q †ekx ev Kg cvV †`q| G ai‡bi f‚j ms‡kvab
Ki‡Z n‡j Py¤^K kjvKv‡K wePy¤^wKZ K‡i Avevi wecixZ w`‡K Py¤^wKZ Ki‡Z nq| d‡j `yB cÖv‡š— †gi“
cvëvq| G PviwU cv‡Vi Mo wb‡j cÖK…Z cvV cvIqv hvq|
5.2.5 K¤úb g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUvi ev K¤úb Py¤^Kgvb hš¿ (Vibration Magnetometer)
MVb : GB h‡š¿ GKwU AvqZvKvi Kv‡Vi ev· B -Gi g‡a¨ GKwU `Û
Py¤^K Szjv‡bvi e¨e¯’v _v‡K (wPÎ : 5.9) | ev‡·i `yB cv‡k KuvP jvMv‡bv
_v‡K hv‡Z evB‡i †_‡K Py¤^‡Ki †`vjbKvj j¶¨ Kiv hvq G‡`i GKwU
†Lvjv hvq|
Ic‡ii XvKbvi wVK gvSLv‡b GKwU mi“ †Pv½vK…wZ bj N _v‡K hvi
gv_vq GKwU Lvov ¯Œz S emv‡bv _v‡K| GB ¯Œzi mv‡_ GKwU ûK _v‡K hv
n‡Z GKwU cvKnxb †ikg myZv P -Gi GK cÖvš— AvU‡K Aci cÖv‡š—
GKwU A‡PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i †`vjbv _v‡K| G †`vjbvi gv‡S `Û Py¤^K
Abyf‚wgK fv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j GwU gy³fv‡e AbyfzwgKZ‡j `yj‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ : 5.9
†`vjbvi bx‡P ev‡·i Zj‡`‡k GKwU mij †iLv AvuKv _v‡K| h‡š¿i Dc‡ii Z‡j `yBwU AvqZvKvi wQ`ª _v‡K hvi
ga¨ w`‡q bx‡Pi †iLvwU‡K †`Lv hvq| ev·wUi bx‡P wZbwU †j‡fwjs ¯Œz _v‡K hv‡`i mvnv‡h¨ hš¿wU‡K †j‡fwjs Kiv
hvq| ev·wU‡K †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj eivei †i‡L †j‡fwjs ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ GwU Ab~fzwgK Kiv nq|
e¨envi :
K¤úb g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ MH wbY©q|
D‡Ïk¨:-
GB cvV I cix¶Y mgvwßi ci Avcwb-
1. K¤úb - g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ MH wbY©q ZË¡ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
I
2. MH = 4 π2 2 m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|
T
3. cix¶‡Y e¨eüZ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZi bvg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
4. cix¶‡Y wK wK mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
5. h‡š¿i eY©bv, ZË¡ I Kvh© cÖYvjx n‡Z cix¶v msµvš— wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
ZË¡ : †Kvb Py¤^K‡K GKK †¶Î cÖvej¨ wewkó m~lg †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Î Gi ej †iLvi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e ivL‡Z ev ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
†h hvwš¿K `‡›`¡i †gv‡g‡›Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K Gi †PŠ¤^K †gv‡g›U ejv nq| G‡K M cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Avevi †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi jw× cÖve‡j¨i Abyf‚wgK Dcvsk‡K G ¯’v‡bi Abyf‚wgK cÖvej¨ e‡j| G‡K H
cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-166
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

K¤úb g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUv‡ii †`vj‡bi Ici Py¤^KwU‡K AvY~f‚wgK fv‡e †i‡L Py¤^KwU‡K w¯’ive¯’vb n‡Z AwZ Aí cwigv‡Y
weP~¨Z K‡i `yj‡Z w`‡j GwU f‚Py¤^K †¶‡Îi AbyfzwgK cÖve‡j¨i cÖfv‡e mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z `~j‡Z _vK‡e| GB
†`vjbKvj ÷c Iqv‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv nq|
hw` †`vjb Kvj T nq Z‡e,
I
T = 2π MH ------------------- (1)
GLv‡b, I = N~Y©b A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ `Û Py¤^‡Ki RoZvi †gv‡g›U
M = e¨eüZ `Û Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K †gv‡g›U
H = ch©‡e¶b ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Abyf‚wgK cÖvej¨
hw` `Û Py¤^KwU AvqZ †¶wÎK e¯—z nq Z‡e, RoZvi †gv‡g›U
L2 +b2
I =  12  ∞ m'
 
GLv‡b, L = `Û Py¤^‡Ki R¨vwgwZK ˆ`N©¨
b = `Û Py¤^‡Ki cÖ¯’
m' = `Û Py¤^‡Ki fi|
GLb mgxKib (1) Gi Dfq c¶‡K eM© K‡i cvB,
I
T2 = 4π2MH
I
MH = 4π2 2 ------------------- (2)
T
Kvh©cÖYvjx t
1. cÖ_gZ: `Û Py¤^‡Ki ˆ`N©¨ Ges cÖ¯’ wbY©q Ki“b| Zvici wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ Gi fi cwigvc Ki“b| ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ I
fi wbY©q Kivi ci G‡`i mvnv‡h¨ `Û Py¤^KwUi RoZvi †gv‡g›U †ei Ki“b|
2. cix¶bxq `Û Py¤^KwU K¤úb g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUv‡ii †`vjbvi Dci Abyf‚wgK fv‡e ¯’vcb Ki“b| (wPÎ 5.9)| hv‡Z
GwU w¯’i Ae¯’v‡b A_©vr †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
3. Ab¨ GKwU `Û Py¤^‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cix¶bxq `Û Py¤^KwU‡K Gi w¯’ive¯’vb ev ga¨Zj n‡Z AwZ Aí cwigv‡Y wePy¨Z
K‡i †Q‡o w`‡j GwU `yj‡Z _vK‡e| ÷c Iqv‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ Gi †`vjbKvj T wbY©q Ki“b|
cÖvß gvb¸‡jv 2bs mgxKi‡Y emvb Ges MH wbY©q Ki“b|
mZK©Zv :-
1. cix¶v ïi“i c~‡e© mKj Py¤^K I †PŠ¤^K c`v_© g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUvi n‡Z `y‡i ivLyb|
2. Py¤^K `Û w¯’ive¯’v‡b A_©vr c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡j ivLyb
3. cix¶bxq Py¤^‡Ki ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ I fi mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Ki“b|
4. g¨vM‡b‡UvwgUv‡ii †`vjbvi Ici `Û Py¤^KwU‡K Abyf‚wgK fv‡e emvb|
5. Py¤^KwU‡K w¯’ive¯’vb n‡Z Aí we¯—v‡i †`vj w`b|

D`vniY 5.2.1 : †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-Py¤^K‡Z¡i AbyfzwgK cÖvej¨ 0.36 µT Ges webwZ 45° n‡j H ¯’v‡b f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi
†gvU cÖve‡j¨i gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
aiv hvK, f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖve‡j¨i gvb = I
Avgiv Rvwb, H = I Cosδ
GLv‡b f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~f‚wgK cÖvej¨,

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-167

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

H = 0.35 µT, webwZ δ = 45°

H 0.36
∴ I= = Cos45°
Cosδ
= 0.509
wb‡Y©q f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ 0.509 µT
D`vniY 5.2.2: †Kvb ¯’v‡b webwZ I f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU ZxeªZvi gvb h_vµ‡g 60° I 0.30 µT n‡j f‚-Py¤^K
†¶‡Îi Ab~fzwgK ZxeªZvi gvb KZ|
aiv hvK, f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~f‚wgK
ZxeªZvigvb = H GLv‡b,
Avgiv Rvwb, I = 0.30 µT
H=I Cosδ δ = 60°
H .30 .30
or, I = = = = 0.6
Cosδ Cos 60° .5
wb‡b©q f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ 0.6 µT|
D`vniY 5.2.3 : †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖve‡j¨i gvb 0.36 µT I Gi Ab~fzwgK Dcvs‡ki gvb 0.18
µT| H ¯’v‡b webwZ I Dj−¤^ Dcvsk wbY©q Ki“b|
aiv hvK, webwZ = δ Ges Dj−¤^ Dcvsk = V
Avgiv Rvwb,
H=I Cosδ GLv‡b,
H 0.18 1
or, Cosδ = I = 0.36 = 2 = Cos 60°I = 0.36 µT

or, δ = 60° H = 0.18 µT

Avevi, H2+V2 =I2
ev, V2 = I2- H2
ev, V= I2- H2
= (0.36)2 - (0.18)2 = 0.311 µT
Dj¤^ cÖvej¨ 0.311 µT

D`vniY 5.2.4 : †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~f‚wgK cÖvej¨ 0.25µT Ges weYwZ 60°| H ¯’v‡bi f‚-†PŠ¤^K
†¶‡Îi Dj−¤^ cÖve‡j¨i gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
aiv hvK, f‚‡PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Dj−¤^ cÖvej¨ = V
Avgiv Rvwb,
V
H = tanδ GLv‡b,
H = 0.253 µT
ev, V = H tanδ δ = 60°
= 0.25 tanδ 60° = 0.25 ∞ 1.732 = 0.433
wb‡Y©q Dj−¤^ cÖve‡j¨i gvb 0.433 µT

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-168

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

D`vniY 5.2.5 : `y'wU wfbœ ¯’v‡b GKwU Ab~fzwgK K¤úb Py¤^K gvb h‡š¿i GKwU `Û Py¤^K cÖwZwgwb‡U h_vµ‡g 27 I
18 wU c~Y© K¤úb m¤úbœ K‡i| cÖ_g ¯’v‡b H -Gi gvb 0.36 µT n‡j wØZxq ¯’v‡b Gi gvb KZ n‡e †ei Ki“b|
aiv hvK, wØZxq ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Abyf‚wgK cÖvej¨ = H
60 I
cÖ_g ¯’v‡b, T = 27 = 2π
M∞0.36
60 I
Ges wØZxq ¯’v‡b; 18 = 2π
MΗ

60 18 Η
∴ 27 ∞ 60 = 0.30
60 18 2
or, H = 27∞60 ∞ 0.36
= 0.16 µT
wb‡Y©q wØZxq ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi AY~f‚wgK cÖvej¨ 0.16 µT|

mvims‡¶c
weP~¨wZ: c„w_ex c„‡ói Ici †Kvb ¯’v‡b †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj I †fŠ‡MvwjK ga¨Z‡ji Aš—©MZ †KvY‡K H ¯’v‡bi weP~¨wZ
e‡j|
webwZ : c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ AYyf‚wgK Z‡ji mv‡_ †h †Kvb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K H ¯’v‡bi
webwZ e‡j|
f‚-Py¤^K cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvsk : †Kvb ¯’v‡b †PŠ¤^K ga¨Zj f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖve‡j¨i AbyfzwgK Dcvsk‡K
H ¯’v‡bi f‚-Py¤^K cÖve‡j¨i Ab~f‚wgK Dcvsk e‡j|
webwZ e„Ë : †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ c„w_ex c„‡ôi †Kvb ¯’v‡bi webwZ my¶èfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K webwZ e„Ë e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) `vI
1. c„w_ex c„‡ôi Ici †Kvb ¯’v‡bi †fŠ‡MvwjK ga¨Zj I †PŠ¤^K ga¨Z‡ji ga¨eZ©x †Kvb †K e‡j-
(K) webwZ (L) weP~¨wZ
(M) b~¨bZg weP~¨wZ (N) AvcZ webwZ
2. wb‡æi †KvbwU †PŠ¤^K Dcv`vb bqÑ
(K) webwZ (L) weP~¨wZ
(M) f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~f‚wgK cÖvej¨ (N) †jvnv
3. c„w_exi Dfq †PŠ¤^K †gi“‡Z weYwZi gvb-
(K) 0° (L) 45°
(M) 90° (N) †KvbwU bq
4. Py¤^‡Ki RoZvi åvgK wbY©‡qi mwVK m~Î-
L2 r2 
(K) I = M/ 12+ 4
L r
(M) I = M/  I2 + 12
L2 r2
(L) I = M/  4 + 12 (N) I = M/  4 + 12
L r
 
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-169
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

5. K¤úb Py¤^K gvb h‡š¿i GKwU Py¤^‡Ki †`vjb Kvj †hwUi Ici wbf©i K‡i bv-
(K) Py¤^‡Ki RoZvi åvgK (L) †`vjbvi †¶Îdj
(M) f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi AbyfzwgK cÖvej¨- (N) Py¤^‡Ki †PŠ¤^K åvgK

msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ:

1. weP~¨wZ Kv‡K e‡j ?
2. webwZ ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
1
3. XvKvi weP~¨wZ 2 ° c~e© ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
4. XvKvi webwZ 24° N ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
5. f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~fzwgK cÖvej¨ Kv‡K e‡j|
7. †`vjb P~¤K^ gvb h‡š¿i †`vjb Kv‡ji mgxKiYwU wjLyb|

Pyovš— g~j¨vqb
wek`-DËi cÖkœ
1. wnm‡Uªwmm Pµ eywS‡q wjLyb|
2. f‚-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
3. ‡PŠ¤^K Av‡ek ej‡Z wK eySvq ? †PŠ¤^K ej‡iLv I †PŠ¤^K Av‡ek †iLvi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ wK ?
4. c`v‡_©i †PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv I †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZv ej‡Z wK eySvq ? wKfv‡e G‡`i cwigvc Kiv nq ? †Kvb c`v‡_©i
†PŠ¤^K †f`¨Zv I †PŠ¤^K cÖeYZvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK ?
5. c„w_ex wb‡R GKwU weivU Py¤^K Giƒc wm×vš— Kivi KviY wK ? c„w_exi Py¤^KZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
6. GKwU weYwZ e„‡Ëi eY©bv Ki“b ? Gi mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e †Kvb ¯’v‡bi webwZ wbY©q Kiv hvq eY©bv Ki“b|
7. GKwU †`vjb Py¤^Kgvb h‡š¿i eY©bv Ki“b Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e MH -Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq Av‡jvPbv
Ki“b|

MvwbwZK mgm¨v :
1. †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU cÖvej¨ 0.5 µT2 Ges cÖve‡j¨i Ab~f‚wgK Dcvs‡ki 0.4 µT |
(K) H ¯’v‡bi webwZ KZ? (L) H ¯’v‡b f‚-Py¤^K †¶‡Îi Dj−¤^ cÖvej¨ KZ?
DËi : (K) 36°52' (K) 0.3 µT
2. †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~f‚wgK cÖve‡j¨i gvb 0.35 µT Ges webwZ 45° H ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi
cÖve‡j¨i gvb KZ ? DËi 0.495 µT |
3. †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Dj−¤^ I Ab~f‚wgK cÖvej¨ h_vµ‡g 0.4 I 0.3 µT webwZ I f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †gvU
cÖve‡j¨i gvb wbY©q Ki“b| DËi: 53°8' I 30.5µT
4. †Kvb ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Ab~f‚wgK cÖvej¨ 0.25µT Ges webwZ 60°| H ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi Ej−¤^
cÖve‡j¨i gvb wbY©q Ki“b| DËi: 0.433µT
5. A ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖvej¨ 0.54µT Ges webwZ 60°| B ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖvej¨ 0.27µT Ges
webwZ 30° | H `yB ¯’v‡b f‚-†PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi cÖve‡j¨i Ab~fzwgK Dcvs‡ki AbycvZ wbY©q Ki“b| DËit 2: 3
6. †Kvb K¤úb Py¤^Kgvb h‡š¿ Ab~f‚wgKfv‡e Szjš— GKwU P~¤^K cÖwZ wgwb‡U 30 wU c~Y© †`vjb †`q| hw` H Py¤^‡Ki
†gv‡g›U 1200 GKK nq Ges H ¯’v‡b Py¤^KwUi Abyf‚wgK cÖvej¨ 0.4µT nq Z‡e Py¤^KwUi RoZvi †gv‡g›U
wbY©q Ki“b| DËi : 48.63 MÖvg-†mwg2
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-170