VIVEKANANDA MISSION HIGH SCHOOL E MAIL: [email protected] uttar Mechogram, Panskura, Purba Medintpur CHEMISTRY PROJECT TOPIC: Rusting Of IRON «NAME: Ananya Manna } CLASS: 11 “> SECTION: A ROLL: 08 SUBJECT: Chemistry + TEACHER: G MondalINTRODUCTION GALVANIC CORROSION MECHANISM OF RUSTING RUSTING IN NON METALS RUSTING IN GLASS PREVENTIONS EXPERIMENT (RUSTING OF IRON) REQUIREMENT PROCEDURE OBSERVATION TABLE CONCLUSION FACTOR PROMOTING RUST MEATHODS OF PREVENTION BIBLOGRAPHYRust is an iron oxide, usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron ‘oxides Fe;0,-nl,0 and iron (tt) oxide hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH),). Given sufficient time, oxygen and water, any iron mass will eventually convert entirely to rust and disintegrate. Surface rust is flaky and friable, and provides no protection to the underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces. Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron and its alloys, such as steel. Many other metals undergo equivalent corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not commonly called rust. Other forms of rust exist, like the result of reactions between iron and chloride in an environment deprived of oxygen ~ rebar used in underwater concrete pillars is an example - which generates green rust. Lah AeGALVANIC RUSTING DEFINATION Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte. EXAMPLE - A common example of galvanic corrosion occurs in corrugated iron, a sheet of iron or steel covered with a zinc coating. Even when the protective zinc coating is broken, the underlying steel is not attacked. Instead, the zinc is corroded because itis less noble; only after it has been consumed can rusting of the base metal occur in earnest. By contrast, with a traditional tin can, the opposite of a protective effect occurs: because the tin is more noble than the underlying steel, when the tin coating is broken, the steel beneath is immediately attacked preferentially. uddup of voluminous Corrosion Prowucte Statue of Liberty-a spectacular ‘example of galvanic corrosion ‘occurred in the Statue of Liberty when regular maintenance cchecks in the 1980s revealed that corrosion had taken place between trough ron the outer copper skin and “Armature the wrought iron support structure. ‘Although the problem had been anticipated when the structure was 77" ""*"* built by Gustave Eiffel to Frédéric Bartholdi's design in the 1880s, the insulation layer of shellac between the two metals had failed over time and resulted in rusting of the iron supports. An extensive renovation requiring complete disassembly of the statue replaced the original insulation with PTFE. The structure was far from unsafe owing to the | ‘number of unaffected connections, but it was regarded as a precautionar to preserve a national symbol of the United States.MECHANISM OF RUSTING OVERVIEW - The theory of rust can be explained by taking the example of rusting of iron. The theory is called electrochemical theory because it explains the formation of rust on the basis of formation of electrochemical cells on the surface of the metal. The overall rusting involves the following steps: (i) Oxidation occurs at the anodes of each electrochemical cell. Therefore, at each anode neutral iron atoms are oxidised to ferrous ions. At anode: Fa(s) ——> Fe "*(aq) +20”. Thus, the metal atoms in the lattice pass into the solution as ions, leaving electrons: on the metal itself. These electrons move towards the cathode region through the metal. {ii) At the cathodes of each cell, the electrons are taken up by hydrogen ions (reduction takes place). The #* ions are obtained either from water or from acidic substances (e.g. “) in water HyO—>H* +OH™ ,, CO, +HyO—> H* + HCO; At cathode: H'+e°-—9H The hydrogen atoms on the iron surface reduce dissolved oxygen. 4H+0,—>2H,0 Therefore, the overall reaction at cathode of different electrochemical cells may be written as, 4H* +0, +4e" —>2H,O (iii) The overall redox reaction may be written by multiplying reaction at anode by 2 and adding reaction at cathode to equalise number of electrons lost and gained -Oxidation half reaction: Fe(s) > Fe™*(aq)+ 20] x2 (E=-0.44/) Reduction half reaction: 4H" 40,446" 9210 (eo 23) Overall cell reaction 2Fa(s)+4H* 40, 2Fe™(aq)+2H,O The ferrous ions are oxidised further by atmosphe: 4Fe™*(09) + O4(g) +4H,O—+ 2F 4,0, FaxQ, *8O—> Fay, 31,0 (uy = 1.67%) ric oxygen to form rust. +8HtRUSTING IN NON METALS INTRODUCTION - Corrosion is often thought of asthe oxidation of metals such as iron, but ceramics also corrode, or react with their environment. Concrete, for example, generally is very stable, but it contains calcium hydroxide and calcium aluminate, which are attacked by sulphates, such as calcium sulphate often present in ground water. Tungsten carbide, usually highly resistant to corrosion, is destroyed in less than a week of contact with sulphuric acid, H:SOs. CERAMICS - Most of the ceramics material are almost immune to corrosion. The strong ionic/covalent bonds that hold them together leave very little free chemical energy in the structure. So, they can be thought of as already corroded. ‘An example of corrosion protection in ceramics is the lime added to soda-lime glass to reduce its solubility in water. POLYMERS - Corrosion on polymers, both plasti cases similar to metals but in other cases it looks very polymers are often hard to discover, the material may ‘embrittled and have lost its mechanical strength. Mechanical stressed polymers applied in chemical environments may initiate cracks on the surfaces. These cracks can thereafter propagate through the material either the mechanical stresses or in combination with continuing chemical vided into either chemical reaction or ics and rubber materials, is in many different. Corrosion attacks on look normal but can in fact be asa result of attack. Corrosion of polymers can be di physical interaction. ‘cupmicat REACTION - Polymers consist of a network with molecular chains mainly consisting of carbon, hydrogen ‘and oxygen. Corrosion by chemical reaction changes the configuration of the polymer chains. Listed below are some of the environments that cause chemical reactions in polymers. 1 Heat: Chain scission will occur when polymers are ‘exposed to heat above a specified temperature limit, which is unique for each type | of polymer. Nie2 UV caution: Wo the presence of oxygen, UV-radiation can cause 2 breakdown of the polymer chains * Ocane: Attacks from ozone on unsaturated polymers (e.g. natural rubber) under stress, ‘causes characteristic cracks. 4. Water: Absorption of water at elevated temperatures causes hydrolysis of certain groups in ‘2 polymer chain (e.g. urethane and ester groups). Hydrolysis weakens the polymer since the backbone structure is altered. PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS - Physical effects on polymers are caused by interaction with the environment. This may lead to swelling, dissolving or leakage of additives. The interaction is dependent on diffusion of substances into the polymer, and the process is in some cases reversible. Organic substances usually affect polymers through physical interaction, while substances like strong acids or bases normally result in an irreversible breakdown of polymers.PREVENTION OF RUSRING IN GLASS - Laboratory scale procedures and practical tests were used to study the problem of glass ware corrosion (Permanent Filling) in domestic mechanical dishwashers. Result of these tests showed glassware corrosion to be caused by alkali attack of the glass structure. It was also found, that sequestrates such a sodium triphosphates greatly accelerate the corrosive action of alkali. Silicates, certain metals and metal oxides were found to inhibit glassware corrosion. The basis for this inhibiting effect is believed to be adsorption on the glass surface of reaction products of these materials in an alkaline solution.EXPERIMENT - RUSTION OF IRON NAIL OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF METAL COUPLING ON RUSTING OF IRON. AIM ~in this project the aim is to investigate effect of the metals coupling on the crusting of iron, Metal coupling affects the rusting of iron. ifthe nail is coupled with 2 more electro-positive metal like zinc, magnesium or aluminium rusting is prevented but if on the other hand, it is coupled with less electro ~positive metals like copper, the rusting is facilitated. Pottasium hexacyanoferrate}) solution Phenoiphthaiein indicator "APPARATUS - COUPLING ON RUSTING OF IRONEQUIPMENTS REQUIRED Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein Potassium Ferricyanide Solutionx » we _PROCEDURE At first we have to clean the surface of iron nails with the help of sand paper. After that we have to wind zinc strip around one nail, a clean Copper wire around the second and clean magnesium strip around the third nail. Then to put all these three and a fourth nail in Petri dishes so that they are not in contact with each other Then to fill the Petri dishes with hot agar-agar solution in such a ‘Way that only lower half of the nails are covered with the liquids Keep the covered Petri dishes for one day or so. The liquids set to a gel on cooling, Two types of patches are observed around the rusted nail, one is blue and the other pink. Blue patch is due to the formation of potassium Ferro- ferricyanide where pink patch is due to the formation of hydroxyl ions which turns colourless phenolphthalein to pink. Zine strip wrapped around one nail,OBSERVATION TABLE S.NO METAL PAIR COLOUR OF | NAIL RUSTS PATCH OR NOT 1 IRON- ZINC PINK | NO 2 TRON: MAGNESIUM [PINK — | NO 3 IRON-COPPER | BLUE YES CONCLUSION It is clear from the observation that coupling of iron with more electropositive metals such as zinc and magnesium resists corrosion and rusting of iron. Coupling of iron with less electropositive metals such as copper increases rusting.FACTORS PROMOTING RUSTING Hlectively Four elements need to be present for corrosion to occur and col referred t ductor ‘0 as the corrosion cell: an anode (+), a cathode (-), a metallic con and an electrolyte. Chany f ‘ging the potency of the electrolyte affects the rate of facta Corrosion rates are determined by a variety of : factors do play an. ‘overwhelmingly important role in determini 8 rates. owever, five corrosion a8. hygroscopic material (ie. it (tracts moisture from the air), which then i immersed areas, The wetter the envi occur, Pollutants: Aci emical by-product fro Processing plants), and chlorides (i Bases, such as carbon dioxide, with the metal, id rain (a ch_METHODS OF PREVENTION OF RUSTING 1. Barrier Coatings - One of the easiest and cheapest ways to prevent corrosion is to use barrier coatings like paint, plastic, or powder. Powders, including epoxy, nylon, and urethane, are heated to the metal surface to create a thin film. Plastic and waxes are often sprayed onto metal surfaces. Paint acts as a coating to protect the metal surface from the electrochemical charge that comes from corrosive compounds. Today's paint systems are actually a combination of different paint layers that serve different functions. The primer coat acts as an inhibitor, the intermediate coat adds to the paint’s overall thickness, and the finish coat provides resistance to the environmental factors. 2. Hot-Dip Galvanization- This corrosion prevention method involves dipping steel into molten zinc. The iron in the steel reacts with the zinc to create a tightly-bonded alloy coating which serves as protection. The process has been | around for more than 250 years and has been used for corrosion protection of | things like artistic sculptures and playground equipment. Compared to other corrosion prevention methods, galvanization is known for lower initial costs, sustainability, and versatility. 3. Alloyed Steel (Stainless) - Alloyed steel is one of the most effective corrosion | prevention methods around, combining the properties of various metals to provide added strength and resistance to the resulting product. Corrosion- resistant nickel, for example, combined with oxidation-resistant chromium results in an alloy that can be used in oxidized and reduced chemical environments. Different alloys provide resistance to different conditions, giving companies greater flexibility. 4. Cathodic Protection - Cathodic protection protects against galvanic corrosion, which occurs when two different metals are put together and exposed toa corrosive electrolyte. To prevent this, the active sites on the metal surface need to be converted to passive sites by providing electrons from another source, typically with galvanic anodes attached on or near the surface. Metals, used for anodes include aluminium, magnesium, or zinc.