VIVEKANANDA MISSION
HIGH SCHOOL
E MAIL: [email protected]
uttar Mechogram, Panskura, Purba Medintpur
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
TOPIC: Rusting Of IRON
«NAME: Ananya Manna
} CLASS: 11
“> SECTION: A
ROLL: 08
SUBJECT: Chemistry
+ TEACHER: G MondalINTRODUCTION
GALVANIC CORROSION
MECHANISM OF RUSTING
RUSTING IN NON METALS
RUSTING IN GLASS
PREVENTIONS
EXPERIMENT (RUSTING OF IRON)
REQUIREMENT
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION TABLE
CONCLUSION
FACTOR PROMOTING RUST
MEATHODS OF PREVENTION
BIBLOGRAPHYRust is an iron oxide, usually
red oxide formed by
the redox reaction
of iron and oxygen in the
presence of water or air
moisture. Several forms of
rust are distinguishable
both visually and
by spectroscopy,
and form under
different
circumstances. Rust
consists of
hydrated iron
‘oxides Fe;0,-nl,0 and iron (tt) oxide hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH),).
Given sufficient time, oxygen and water, any iron mass will eventually convert
entirely to rust and disintegrate. Surface rust is flaky and friable, and provides no
protection to the underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces.
Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron and its alloys, such as steel. Many
other metals undergo equivalent corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not
commonly called rust.
Other forms of rust exist, like the result of reactions between iron and chloride in an
environment deprived of oxygen ~ rebar used in underwater concrete pillars is an
example - which generates green rust.
Lah
AeGALVANIC RUSTING
DEFINATION Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an
electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in
electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte.
EXAMPLE - A common example of galvanic corrosion occurs in corrugated iron, a
sheet of iron or steel covered with a zinc coating. Even when the
protective zinc coating is broken, the underlying steel is not attacked. Instead, the
zinc is corroded because itis less noble; only after it has been consumed can rusting
of the base metal occur in earnest. By contrast, with a traditional tin can, the
opposite of a protective effect occurs: because the tin is more noble than the
underlying steel, when the tin coating is broken, the steel beneath is immediately
attacked preferentially.
uddup of voluminous
Corrosion Prowucte
Statue of Liberty-a spectacular
‘example of galvanic corrosion
‘occurred in the Statue of
Liberty when regular maintenance
cchecks in the 1980s revealed that
corrosion had taken place between
trough ron
the outer copper skin and “Armature
the wrought iron support structure.
‘Although the problem had been
anticipated when the structure was 77" ""*"*
built by Gustave Eiffel to Frédéric
Bartholdi's design in the 1880s, the
insulation layer of shellac between
the two metals had failed over time and resulted in rusting of the iron supports. An
extensive renovation requiring complete disassembly of the statue replaced the
original insulation with PTFE. The structure was far from unsafe owing to the |
‘number of unaffected connections, but it was regarded as a precautionar
to preserve a national symbol of the United States.MECHANISM OF RUSTING
OVERVIEW - The theory of rust can be explained by taking the example of
rusting of iron. The theory is called electrochemical theory because it explains
the formation of rust on the basis of formation of electrochemical cells on the
surface of the metal.
The overall rusting involves the following steps:
(i) Oxidation occurs at the anodes of each electrochemical cell. Therefore, at each
anode neutral iron atoms are oxidised to ferrous ions.
At anode:
Fa(s) ——> Fe "*(aq) +20”.
Thus, the metal atoms in the lattice pass into the solution as ions, leaving electrons:
on the metal itself. These electrons move towards the cathode region through the
metal.
{ii) At the cathodes of each cell, the electrons are taken up by hydrogen ions
(reduction takes place). The #* ions are obtained either from water or from acidic
substances (e.g. “) in water
HyO—>H* +OH™ ,, CO, +HyO—> H* + HCO;
At cathode:
H'+e°-—9H
The hydrogen atoms on the iron surface reduce dissolved oxygen.
4H+0,—>2H,0
Therefore, the overall reaction at cathode of different electrochemical cells may be
written as,
4H* +0, +4e" —>2H,O
(iii) The overall redox reaction may be written by multiplying reaction at anode by
2 and adding reaction at cathode to equalise number of electrons lost and gained -Oxidation half reaction:
Fe(s) > Fe™*(aq)+ 20] x2 (E=-0.44/)
Reduction half reaction:
4H" 40,446" 9210 (eo 23)
Overall cell reaction
2Fa(s)+4H* 40, 2Fe™(aq)+2H,O
The ferrous ions are oxidised further by atmosphe:
4Fe™*(09) + O4(g) +4H,O—+ 2F 4,0,
FaxQ, *8O—> Fay, 31,0
(uy = 1.67%)
ric oxygen to form rust.
+8HtRUSTING IN NON METALS
INTRODUCTION - Corrosion is often thought of asthe oxidation of metals such
as iron, but ceramics also corrode, or react with their environment. Concrete, for
example, generally is very stable, but it contains calcium hydroxide and calcium
aluminate, which are attacked by sulphates, such as calcium sulphate often
present in ground water. Tungsten carbide, usually highly resistant to corrosion,
is destroyed in less than a week of contact with sulphuric acid, H:SOs.
CERAMICS - Most of the ceramics material are almost immune to corrosion. The
strong ionic/covalent bonds that hold them together leave very little free chemical
energy in the structure. So, they can be thought of as already corroded.
‘An example of corrosion protection in ceramics is the lime added to soda-lime glass
to reduce its solubility in water.
POLYMERS - Corrosion on polymers, both plasti
cases similar to metals but in other cases it looks very
polymers are often hard to discover, the material may
‘embrittled and have lost its mechanical strength.
Mechanical stressed polymers applied in chemical environments may initiate cracks
on the surfaces. These cracks can thereafter propagate through the material either
the mechanical stresses or in combination with continuing chemical
vided into either chemical reaction or
ics and rubber materials, is in many
different. Corrosion attacks on
look normal but can in fact be
asa result of
attack. Corrosion of polymers can be di
physical interaction.
‘cupmicat REACTION - Polymers consist of a network with molecular chains mainly
consisting of carbon, hydrogen ‘and oxygen. Corrosion by chemical reaction changes
the configuration of the polymer chains. Listed below are some of the environments
that cause chemical reactions in polymers.
1 Heat: Chain scission will occur when polymers are ‘exposed to heat above a specified
temperature limit, which is unique for each type | of polymer.
Nie2 UV caution: Wo the presence of oxygen, UV-radiation can cause 2 breakdown of the
polymer chains
* Ocane: Attacks from ozone on unsaturated polymers (e.g. natural rubber) under stress,
‘causes characteristic cracks.
4. Water: Absorption of water at elevated temperatures causes hydrolysis of certain groups in
‘2 polymer chain (e.g. urethane and ester groups). Hydrolysis weakens the polymer since
the backbone structure is altered.
PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS - Physical effects on polymers are caused by interaction with
the environment. This may lead to swelling, dissolving or leakage of additives. The
interaction is dependent on diffusion of substances into the polymer, and the
process is in some cases reversible.
Organic substances usually affect polymers through physical interaction, while
substances like strong acids or bases normally result in an irreversible breakdown of
polymers.PREVENTION OF RUSRING IN GLASS - Laboratory scale procedures and practical tests
were used to study the problem of glass ware corrosion (Permanent Filling) in
domestic mechanical dishwashers. Result of these tests showed glassware
corrosion to be caused by alkali attack of the glass structure. It was also found,
that sequestrates such a sodium triphosphates greatly accelerate the corrosive
action of alkali. Silicates, certain metals and metal oxides were found to inhibit
glassware corrosion. The basis for this inhibiting effect is believed to be
adsorption on the glass surface of reaction products of these materials in an
alkaline solution.EXPERIMENT - RUSTION OF IRON NAIL
OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF METAL
COUPLING ON RUSTING OF IRON.
AIM ~in this project the aim is to investigate effect of the metals coupling on the
crusting of iron, Metal coupling affects the rusting of iron. ifthe nail is coupled with 2
more electro-positive metal like zinc, magnesium or aluminium rusting is prevented
but if on the other hand, it is coupled with less electro ~positive metals like copper,
the rusting is facilitated.
Pottasium hexacyanoferrate}) solution
Phenoiphthaiein indicator
"APPARATUS - COUPLING ON RUSTING OF IRONEQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein
Potassium Ferricyanide Solutionx
»
we
_PROCEDURE
At first we have to clean the surface of iron nails with the help of
sand paper.
After that we have to wind zinc strip around one nail, a clean
Copper wire around the second and clean magnesium strip
around the third nail. Then to put all these three and a fourth nail
in Petri dishes so that they are not in contact with each other
Then to fill the Petri dishes with hot agar-agar solution in such a
‘Way that only lower half of the nails are covered with the liquids
Keep the covered Petri dishes for one day or so.
The liquids set to a gel on cooling, Two types of patches are
observed around the rusted nail, one is blue and the other pink.
Blue patch is due to the formation of potassium Ferro-
ferricyanide where pink patch is due to the formation of
hydroxyl ions which turns colourless phenolphthalein to pink.
Zine strip wrapped around one nail,OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO METAL PAIR COLOUR OF | NAIL RUSTS
PATCH OR NOT
1 IRON- ZINC PINK | NO
2 TRON: MAGNESIUM [PINK — | NO
3 IRON-COPPER | BLUE YES
CONCLUSION
It is clear from the observation that coupling of iron
with more electropositive metals such as zinc and
magnesium resists corrosion and rusting of iron.
Coupling of iron with less electropositive metals such as
copper increases rusting.FACTORS PROMOTING RUSTING
Hlectively
Four elements need to be present for corrosion to occur and col
referred t
ductor
‘0 as the corrosion cell: an anode (+), a cathode (-), a metallic con
and an electrolyte. Chany
f
‘ging the potency of the electrolyte affects the rate of
facta Corrosion rates are determined by a variety of :
factors do play an. ‘overwhelmingly important role in determini 8
rates.
owever, five
corrosion
a8. hygroscopic material (ie. it
(tracts moisture from the air), which then i
immersed areas,
The wetter the envi
occur,
Pollutants: Aci
emical by-product fro
Processing plants), and chlorides (i
Bases, such as carbon dioxide,
with the metal,
id rain (a ch_METHODS OF PREVENTION OF RUSTING
1. Barrier Coatings - One of the easiest and cheapest ways to prevent corrosion
is to use barrier coatings like paint, plastic, or powder. Powders, including
epoxy, nylon, and urethane, are heated to the metal surface to create a thin film.
Plastic and waxes are often sprayed onto metal surfaces. Paint acts as a coating
to protect the metal surface from the electrochemical charge that comes from
corrosive compounds. Today's paint systems are actually a combination of
different paint layers that serve different functions. The primer coat acts as an
inhibitor, the intermediate coat adds to the paint’s overall thickness, and the
finish coat provides resistance to the environmental factors.
2. Hot-Dip Galvanization- This corrosion prevention method involves dipping
steel into molten zinc. The iron in the steel reacts with the zinc to create a
tightly-bonded alloy coating which serves as protection. The process has been
| around for more than 250 years and has been used for corrosion protection of
| things like artistic sculptures and playground equipment. Compared to other
corrosion prevention methods, galvanization is known for lower initial costs,
sustainability, and versatility.
3. Alloyed Steel (Stainless) - Alloyed steel is one of the most effective corrosion
| prevention methods around, combining the properties of various metals to
provide added strength and resistance to the resulting product. Corrosion-
resistant nickel, for example, combined with oxidation-resistant chromium
results in an alloy that can be used in oxidized and reduced chemical
environments. Different alloys provide resistance to different conditions, giving
companies greater flexibility.
4. Cathodic Protection - Cathodic protection protects against galvanic
corrosion, which occurs when two different metals are put together and exposed
toa corrosive electrolyte. To prevent this, the active sites on the metal surface
need to be converted to passive sites by providing electrons from another
source, typically with galvanic anodes attached on or near the surface. Metals,
used for anodes include aluminium, magnesium, or zinc.