Predilla, Justine Aaron G.

Section: G281
Assignment Module 3
Research:
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES

a. Minimum Spacing

The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be 𝑑𝑏 (nominal
diameter of bar, wire or prestressing strand, mm) but not less than 25 mm.

Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers. Bars in the upper layers
shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with a clear distance between
layers not less than 25 mm.

In spirally reinforcement or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance

between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5 𝑑𝑏 (nominal diameter of bar, wire
or prestressing strand, mm) or less than 40 mm.

Clear Distance limitation between bars shall apply also to the clear distance between
a contact lap splice and adjacent splices or bars.

In wall and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement
shall not be spaced farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther
than 450 mm.

Bundled Bars

• Group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contract to act as a unit shall be

limited to four bars in one bundle.
• Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties.
• Bars larger than Φ36 𝑚𝑚 shall not be bundled in beams.
• Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members
shall terminate at different points with at least 40lb stagger.
• Where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar
diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter
derived from the equivalent total area.

Prestressing Tendons and Ducts

 • Center-to-center spacing of pre-tensioning tendons at each end of member
shall not be less than 5𝑑𝑏 for wire, 4𝑑𝑏 for strands, except that if concrete
strength at transfer of prestress, 𝑓𝑐𝑖 is 28 MPa or more, minimum conter to
center spacing of strands shall be 45 mm for strands of 12 mm nominal
diameter or smaller and 50 mm strands of 16 mm nominal diameter. Closer
vertical spacing and bundling of tendons shall be permitted in the middle portion
of a span.
• Bundling of post-tensioning ducts shall be permitted if it is shown that concrete
can be satisfactory placed and if provisions is made to prevent the tendons,
when tensioned, from breaking through the duct.

b. Standard Hooks, Seismic Hooks, and Crossties

Standard hooks for the development of deformed bars in tension shall conform to
Table 25.3.1.

[1] A standard hook for deformed bars in tension includes the specific inside bend
diameter and straight extension length. It shall be permitted to use a longer straight
extension at the end of a hook. A longer extension shall not be considered to increase
the anchorage capacity of the hook.

Minimum inside bend diameters for bars used as transverse reinforcement and
standard hooks for bars used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and spirals shall conform
to Table 25.3.2. Standard hooks shall enclose longitudinal reinforcement.
 Table 25.3.2—Minimum inside bend diameters and standard hook geometry for
stirrups, ties, and hoops

[1] A standard hook for stirrups, ties, and hoops includes the specific inside bend diameter
and straight extension length. It shall be permitted to use a longer straight extension
at the end of a hook. A longer extension shall not be considered to increase the
anchorage capacity of the hook.

Minimum inside bend diameters for welded wire reinforcement used as stirrups or ties
shall not be less than 4𝑑𝑏 for deformed wire larger than D6 and 2𝑑𝑏 for all other wires.
Bends with inside diameter of less than 8𝑑𝑏 shall not be less than 4𝑑𝑏 from nearest
welded intersection.

Seismic hooks used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and crossties shall be in
accordance with (a) and (b):
(a) Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135 degrees for all other
hoops
(b) Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement and the extension shall project into
the interior of the stirrup or hoop.
 Crossties shall be in accordance with (a) through (e):
(a) Crosstie shall be continuous between ends.
(b) There shall be a seismic hook at one end.
(c) There shall be a standard hook at the other end with a minimum bend of 90
degrees.
(d) Hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars.
(e) 90-degree hooks of two successive crossties engaging the same longitudinal
bars shall be alternated end for end.

c. Development length

Calculated tension or compression in reinforcement at each section of a member shall

be developed on each side of that section by embedment length; hook, headed
deformed bar, mechanical device, or a combination thereof.

Hooks and heads shall not be used to develop bars in compression.

Development lengths do not require a strength reduction factor ϕ.

The values of √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 used to calculate development length shall not exceed 100 psi.

Development length ℓ𝑑 or deformed bars and deformed wires in tension shall be the
greater of (a) and (b):
(a) Length calculated in accordance with 25.4.2.3 or 25.4.2.4 using the applicable
modification factors of 25.4.2.5
(b) 12 in.

For bars with 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 80,000 psi spaced closer than 6 in. on center, transverse
reinforcement shall be provided such that 𝐾𝑡𝑟 shall not be smaller than 0.5 𝑑𝑏 .

For deformed bars or deformed wires, ℓ𝑑 shall be calculated in accordance with Table
25.4.2.3.

Table 25.4.2.3—Development length for deformed bars and deformed wires in tension
For deformed bars or deformed wires, ℓ𝑑 shall be calculated by:

in which the confinement term (cb + Ktr)/db shall not exceed 2.5, and

where n is the number of bars or wires being developed or lap spliced along the plane
of splitting. It shall be permitted to use 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0 as a design simplification even if
transverse reinforcement is present or required.

For the calculation of ℓ𝑑 , modification factors shall be in accordance with Table

25.4.2.5.

Table 25.4.2.5—Modification factors for development of deformed bars and deformed

wires in tension
[1] The product Ψ𝑡 Ψ𝑒 need not exceed 1.7.

Development length ℓ𝑑ℎ for deformed bars in tension terminating in a standard hook
shall be the greater of (a) through (c):

(a)

with Ψ𝑒 ′ , Ψ𝑟 ′ , Ψ𝑜′ , Ψ𝑐 ′ , and λ given in 25.4.3.2

(b) 8 𝑑𝑏
(c) 6 in.
d. Splices

Splices of reinforcement shall be made only as required or permitted on design

drawings, or in specifications, or as authorized by the engineer.

Lap Splices
(a) Lap splices shall not be used for 36 mm φ bars and larger, except as provided
in 8.2.14.2 & 6.8.8.2.3.
(b) Lap splices of bundled bars shall be based on the lap splice length required for
individual bars within the bundle, increased in accordance with 8.2.5. Individual
bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap. Entire bundles shall not be lap
spliced.
(c) Bars spliced by noncontact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced
transversely farther apart than one‐fifth the required lap splice length, nor 150
mm.

Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections

(a) Welded splices and other mechanical connections are allowed.
(b) Except as provided in this Code, all welding shall conform to "Structural
Welding Code ‐ Reinforcing Steel" (AWS D1.4).
(c) Welded splices shall be butted and welded to develop in tension at least 125
per cent of specified yield strength 𝑓𝑦 of the bar.
(d) A full mechanical connection shall develop in tension or compression, as
required, at least 125 percent of specified yield strength 𝑓𝑦 of the bar.
(e) Welded splices and mechanical connections not meeting the requirements of
(c) or (d) above are allowed only for 16 mm φ bars or smaller and in accordance
with 8.2.13.4.

Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension

The minimum length of lap for tension splices shall be as required for Class A or B
splice, but not less than 300 mm, where the classification shall be as follows:
Class A splice 1.0 𝑙𝑑
Class B splice 1.3 𝑙𝑑

Where 𝑙𝑑 is calculated in accordance with 8.2.3 to develop 𝑓𝑦 , but without the 300 mm
minimum of 8.2.3.1 and without the modification factor of 8.2.3.5.

Lap splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension shall be class B splices
except that Class A splices are allowed when the area of reinforcement provided is at
least twice that required by analysis over the entire length of the splice, and one‐half
or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the required lap length.
Where the area of reinforcement provided is less than twice that required by analysis,
welded splices or mechanical connections used shall meet the requirements of
8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d) above.

Welded splices or mechanical connections not meeting the requirements of

8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d) shall be permitted for 16 mm ɸ bars or smaller if the following
requirements are met:
(a) Splices shall be staggered at least 600 mm and, in such manner, as to develop
at every section at least twice the calculated tensile force at the section but not
less than 140 N/mm2 for total area of reinforcement provided.
(b) Spliced reinforcement stress shall be taken as the specified splice strength, in
computing tensile force developed at each section, but not to exceed 𝑓𝑦 .
Unspliced reinforcement stress shall be taken as a fraction of 𝑓𝑦 defined by the
ratio of the shortest actual development length provided beyond the section to
𝑙𝑑 but not to be taken greater than 𝑓𝑦

When bars of different size are lap spliced in tension, splice length shall be the larger
of 𝑙𝑑 of larger bar and tension lap splice length of smaller bar.

Splices in tension tie members shall be made with a full welded splice or full
mechanical connection in accordance with 8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d) and splices in
adjacent bars shall be staggered at least 750 mm.

Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression

The minimum length of lap for compression splice shall be 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 for 𝑓𝑦 equal to
420 N/mm2 or less or (0.13𝑓𝑦 - 24)𝑑𝑏 for 𝑓𝑦 greater than 420 N/mm2 , but not less
than 300 mm. For 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 less than 21 N/mm2 , length of lap shall be increased by one‐
third.

When bars of different diameters are lap spliced in compression, the splice length
shall be the larger of the development length, 𝑙𝑑𝑐 of the larger bar, and the
compression splice length of the smaller bar. Lap splices of 40 mm ɸ, 43 mm ɸ, 50
mm ɸ and 57 mm ɸ bars to 36 mm φ and smaller bars shall be permitted.

Welded splices or mechanical connections used in compression shall satisfy the

requirements of 8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d).

End Bearing Splices

(a) Compression splices for bars required to transmit compressive stress only may
consist of end bearing of square cut ends held in concentric contact by a
suitable device.
 (b) Bar ends shall terminate in flat surfaces within 1.5 degrees of a right angle to
the axis of the bars and shall be fitted within 3 degrees of full bearing after
assembly.
(c) End bearing splices shall be used only in members containing closed ties,
closed stirrups or spirals.

Special Splice Requirements for Columns

Lap splices, butt welded splices, mechanical connections, or end‐bearing splices shall
be used with the limitations of 8.2.15.2 through 8.2.15.4 below. A splice shall satisfy
the requirements for all load combinations for the column.

Lap Splices in Columns

(a) Lap splices shall conform to 8.2.14.1, 8.2.14.2, and where applicable to
8.2.15.2(d) or 8.2.15.2(e) below, where the bar stress due to factored loads is
compressive.
(b) Where the bar stress due to factored loads is tensile and does not exceed 0.5𝑓𝑦
in tension, lap splices shall be Class B tension lap splices if more than one‐half
of the bars are spliced at any section, or Class A tension lap splices if half or
fewer of the bars are spliced at any section and alternate lap splices are
staggered by 𝑙𝑑 .
(c) Where the bar stress due to factored loads is greater than 0.5𝑓𝑦 in tension, lap
splices shall be Class B tension lap splices.
(d) In tied reinforced compression members, if throughout lap splice length ties
have an effective area of at least 0.0015 hs in both directions, lap splice length
is permitted to be multiplied by 0.83, but lap length shall not be less than 300
mm. Tie legs perpendicular to dimension h shall be used in determining
effective area.
(e) For spirally reinforced compression members, lap splice length of bars within a
spiral is permitted to be multiplied by 0.75, but lap length shall not be less than
300 mm.

Welded Splices or Mechanical Connectors in Columns: Welded splices or mechanical

connectors in columns shall meet the requirements of 8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d).

End Bearing Splices in Columns: End bearing splices complying with 8.2.14.4 may
be used for column bars stressed in compression provided the splices are staggered
or additional bars are provided at splice locations. The continuing bars in each face of
the column shall have a tensile strength at least 0.25𝑓𝑦 times the area of the vertical
reinforcement in that face.

Splices of Plain Bars

 For plain bars, the minimum length of lap shall be twice that of deformed bars specified
in 8.2.12 through 8.2.15 above.

e. Bundle reinforcement

Nonprestressed Reinforcement

Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited
to four in any one bundle.

Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement. Bundled bars in

compression members shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement at least No. 4
in size.

Bars larger than a No. 11 shall not be bundled in beams.

Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with at least 40𝑑𝑏 stagger.

Development length for individual bars within a bundle, in tension or compression,

shall be that of the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a three-bar bundle, and 33
percent for a four-bar bundle.

A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area equivalent to that
of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of the bundle. The diameter of the
equivalent bar shall be used for 𝑑𝑏 in (a) through (e):
(a) Spacing limitations based on db
(b) Cover requirements based on db
(c) Spacing and cover values in 25.4.2.3
(d) Confinement term in 25.4.2.4
(e) Ψe factor in 25.4.2.5

Lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for
individual bars within the bundle, increased in accordance with 25.6.1.5. Individual bar
splices within a bundle shall not overlap. Entire bundles shall not be lap spliced.

Post-Tensioning Ducts

Bundling of post-tensioning ducts shall be permitted if shown that concrete can be

satisfactorily placed and if provision is made to prevent the prestressed reinforcement
from breaking through the duct.
f. Transverse reinforcement

Stirrups

Stirrups shall extend as close to the compression and tension surfaces of the member
as cover requirements and proximity of other reinforcement permits and shall be
anchored at both ends. Where used as shear reinforcement, stirrups shall extend a
distance d from extreme compression fiber.

Between anchored ends, each bend in the continuous portion of a single or multiple
U-stirrup and each bend in a closed stirrup shall enclose a longitudinal bar or strand.

Anchorage of deformed bar and wire shall be in accordance with (a), (b), or (c):
(a) For No. 5 bar and D31 wire, and smaller, and for No. 6 through No. 8 bars
with fyt ≤ 40,000 psi, a standard hook around longitudinal reinforcement
(b) For No. 6 through No. 8 bars with fyt > 40,000 psi, a standard hook around a
longitudinal bar plus an embedment between midheight of the member and the
outside end of the hook equal to or greater than 0.014dbfyt/(λ ), with λ as
given in Table 25.4.3.2
(c) In joist construction, for No. 4 bar and D20 wire and smaller, a standard hook.

Anchorage of each leg of welded wire reinforcement forming a single U-stirrup shall
be in accordance with (a) or (b):
(a) Two longitudinal wires spaced at a 2 in. spacing along the member at the top
of the U
(b) One longitudinal wire located not more than d/4 from the compression face and
a second wire closer to the compression face and spaced not less than 2 in.
from the first wire. The second wire shall be permitted to be located on
the stirrup leg beyond a bend, or on a bend with an inside diameter of bend of
at least 8db.

Stirrups used for torsion or integrity reinforcement shall be closed stirrups

perpendicular to the axis of the member. Where welded wire reinforcement is used,
transverse wires shall be perpendicular to the axis of the member. Such stirrups shall
be anchored by (a) or (b):
(a) Inner longitudinal wire at least the greater of d/4 or 2 in. from d/2
(b) Outer longitudinal wire at tension face shall not be farther from the face than
the portion of primary flexural reinforcement closest to the face

Stirrups used for torsion or integrity reinforcement shall be

closed stirrups perpendicular to the axis of the member. Where welded wire
reinforcement is used, transverse wires shall be perpendicular to the axis of the
member. Such stirrups shall be anchored by (a) or (b):
Except where used for torsion or integrity reinforcement, closed stirrups are permitted
to be made using pairs of U-stirrups spliced to form a closed unit where lap lengths
are at least 1.3ℓd. In members with a total depth of at least 18 in., such splices
with Abfyt ≤ 9000 lb per leg shall be considered adequate if stirrup legs extend the full
available depth of member.

Ties

Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar with spacing in accordance with
(a) and (b):
(a) Clear spacing of at least (4/3)dagg
(b) Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of 16db of longitudinal
bar, 48db of tie bar, and smallest dimension of member.

Diameter of tie bar shall be at least (a) or (b):

(a) No. 3 enclosing No. 10 or smaller longitudinal bars
(b) No. 4 enclosing No. 11 or larger longitudinal bars or bundled longitudinal bars.

As an alternative to deformed bars, deformed wire or welded wire reinforcement of

equivalent area to that required in 25.7.2.1 shall be permitted subject to the
requirements of Table 20.2.2.4(a).

Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy (a) and (b):

(a) Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided
by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135 degrees.
(b) No unsupported bar shall be farther than 6 in. clear on each side along the tie
from a laterally supported bar.

Anchorage of rectilinear ties shall be provided by standard hooks that conform to

25.3.2 and engage a longitudinal bar. A tie shall not be made up of interlocking headed
deformed bars.

Circular ties shall be permitted where longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle.

Anchorage of individual circular ties shall be in accordance with (a) through (c):
(a) Ends shall overlap by at least 6 in.
(b) Ends shall terminate with standard hooks in accordance with 25.3.2 that
engage a longitudinal bar.
(c) Overlaps at ends of adjacent circular ties shall be staggered around the
perimeter enclosing the longitudinal bars.
Ties to resist torsion shall be perpendicular to the axis of the member anchored by
either (a) or (b):
(a) Ends shall terminate with 135-degree standard hooks or seismic hooks around
a longitudinal bar.
(b) In accordance with 25.7.1.3(a) or (b) or 25.7.1.4, where
the concrete surrounding the anchorage is restrained against spalling.

Spirals

Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire with clear
spacing conforming to (a) and (b):
(a) At least the greater of 1 in. and (4/3)dagg
(b) Not greater than 3 in.

For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire diameter shall be at least 3/8 in.

Except for transverse reinforcement in deep foundations, the volumetric spiral

reinforcement ratio ρs shall satisfy Eq. (25.7.3.3).

where the value of fyt shall not be taken greater than 100,000 psi.

Spirals shall be anchored by 1-1/2 extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end.

Spirals are permitted to be spliced by (a) or (b):

(a) Mechanical or welded splices in accordance with 25.5.7
(b) Lap splices in accordance with 25.7.3.6 for fyt not exceeding 60,000 psi

Spiral lap splices shall be at least the greater of 12 in. and the lap length in Table
25.7.3.6.

Table 25.7.3.6—Lap length for spiral reinforcement

 [1] Hooks shall be embedded within the core confined by the spiral.

Hoops

Hoops shall consist of a closed tie or continuously wound tie, which can consist of
several reinforcement elements each having seismic hooks at both ends.

The ends of the reinforcement elements in hoops shall be anchored using seismic
hooks that conform to 25.3.4 and engage a longitudinal bar. A hoop shall not be made
up of interlocking headed deformed bars.

References:

[1] “Detailing of reinforcement in concrete structures: 8.1 scope,” Scribd,

https://www.scribd.com/document/565971448/Gov-bnbc (accessed Nov. 12,
2023).

[2] “National structural code of the Philippines,” Scribd,

https://www.scribd.com/doc/59237413/National-Structural-Code-of-the-Philippines
(accessed Nov. 12, 2023).
[3] “Chapter 25: Reinforcement details, Oregon Structural Concrete Code 2019,”
UpCodes, https://up.codes/viewer/portland/aci-318-
2019/chapter/25/reinforcement-details#25.3 (accessed Nov. 12, 2023).