THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF

CURRICULUMDEVELOPMENT
(PHILIPPINE CONTEXT)
 Principles of Education

Education should have a program based on an understanding and

assessment of social forces and conditions

Education should have a program both practical

and effective
Education should bring the school closer to people

• Education should focus in the child becoming

the center of education activities.
 Principles of Education
• Education requires the formulation of objectives in
terms of pupils growth and not in terms of subject
matter.
• Education should pay attention to articulation of the 3
levels of education.
• Education programs should provide opportunities for
all these types of learners
• Education should concern itself with the moral
rehabilitation of the youth
• Varied methods and materials need to be tried to
value learning more meaningful
• Education should stress love of democracy.
Curriculum

• “currere” which means to run

Course of Course of
the race the study
 Definitions of Curriculum

• Some authors define curriculum as the total

effort of the school to bring about desired
outcomes in school and out-of-school
situations.
• It is also defined as a sequence of potential
experiences set up in school for the purpose of
disciplining children and youth in group ways of
thinking and acting.
Definition(s) of Curriculum

• Curriculum – is a structured set of

learning outcomes or task that
educators usually call goals and
objectives. ( Howell and Evans 1995)
• Curriculum – is the “what” of
teaching.
• Curriculum – listings of subjects to be
taught in school.
 CURRICULUM
• A document which describes a structured series
of learning objectives and outcomes for a given
subject matter area

• Includes a specification of what should be

learned, how it should be taught, and the plan
for implementing/assessing the learning
Curriculum

• A body of courses and learning experiences

• A sum of total of all the experiences inside and
outside the school
• A plan or blueprint for activities in the school
includes learning that students will develop;
the means to assess what has been learned
• Articulates the relationships among its
different elements; objectives, contents,
evaluation and others
Curriculum

• A systematic group or courses or sequence of

subjects
• A general overall plan of the content or
specific materials of instruction that school
should offer the student by way of qualifying
her for graduations
• Planned courses or other activities or intended
opportunities or experiences or to what is
actualized for the leaner under the direction
of the school.
Curriculum articulation or
Curriculum alignment

• The process of matching learning activities

with desired outcomes, or matching what is
taught to what is tested.
Curriculum conceptions

• The way developers think and act about

curriculum particularly in terms of curriculum
development
Curriculum content

• Information that has been selected for

inclusion in the curriculum
Curriculum criticism

• The art of critiquing. It is the way of “seeing”

a curriculum; of viewing the innovation close
up.
• Criticism requires practitioners who are
capable of making knowledgeable and
informed statements and judgments about
curriculum intentions and resultant activities.
Curriculum decision making

• The process of making choices for curriculum

action, requiring selection from the range of
alternative curriculum directions.
Curriculum design

• The process of conceptualizing and arranging

the elements of curriculum into coherent
pattern
Curriculum development

• The process of planning learning opportunities

intended to bring about certain desired
changes in students, and the assessment of the
extent to which these changes have taken
place.
Curriculum dissemination

• The process of ensuring that a curriculum

reaches the target population, that is, the
deliberate intention to inform clients of an
innovation.
• The process includes such aspects as training
those who will present the materials,
sensitizing those who will monitor it, and
other goal-oriented activities to facilitate the
adoption of the innovation
Curriculum elements
(aims, goals, objectives)

• Those distinct, yet related, parts of the whole

curriculum including curriculum intents (aims,
goals and objectives), content, learning
activities and evaluation.
Curriculum evaluation

• The process of delineating, obtaining and

providing information useful in making
curriculum decisions and judgments.
Curriculum guide

• A written statement of objectives, content,

and activities to be used with particular
subject at specified grade levels.
Curriculum implementation

• Translating plans into action

Curriculum foundations

• Those basic forces that influence and shape

the content and organization of the
curriculum.
Curriculum management

• Involves activities associated with planning,

regulating, coordinating, developing,
implementing and evaluating the curriculum
Curriculum outcomes

• Intended results of the teaching-learning

process as identified in a curriculum document
(usually called syllabus) and expressed as a set
of broad, comprehensive, assessable and
observable indicators of student achievement
including attitudes and values.
Curriculum planning

• The preliminary phase of curriculum

development when the curriculum workers
make decisions and take actions to establish
the plan that teachers and students will carry
out.
Curriculum practice

• Precise activities teachers and curriculum

specialist engage in while, while inquiring
about planning or implementing the
curriculum
Curriculum presage

• Activities and forces that influence curriculum

developers in their curriculum decision making
tasks.
Curriculum process

• A continuous cycle of activities in which all

elements of the curriculum are considered and
interrelated.
 CURRICULUM

• All planned learning opportunities

offered by the organization to
learners and the experiences
learners encounter when the
curriculum is implemented; the total
experiences planned for a school or
students
 Curriculum Laboratory

• Curriculum laboratory is a place or workshop

where curriculum materials are gathered or
used by teachers or learners of curriculum.
• Resource Unit is a collection or suggested
learning activities and materials organized
around a given topic or area which a teacher
might utilize in planning, developing, and
evaluating a learning unit.
 Technological
innovations

Philosophy of
Factors which Education
Theories on
the learning influence curriculum
process approaches
TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ON
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

Progressive
School
 The Essentialist School

• It considers the curriculum as something rigid

consisting of discipline subjects.
• It considers all learners as much as the same
and it aims to fit the learner into the existing
social order and thereby maintain the status
quo
• Its major motivation is discipline and considers
freedom as an outcome and not a means of
education.
The Essentialist School

• Its approach is authoritative and the

teacher’s role is to assign lessons and
to recite recitations.
• It is book-centered and the methods
recommended are memory work ,
mastery of facts and skills, and
development of abstract intelligence.
The Essentialist School

• It has no interest in social action and

life activities.
• Its measurement of outcomes are
standard tests based on subject matter
mastery.
Traditional Points of View of
Curriculum
• Body of subjects or subject matter prepared
by the teachers for the students to learn.
• Synonymous to “course study”.
• “Permanent studies” where the rule
of grammar, reading, rhetoric, logic
and mathematics for basic education
emphasized.(Hutchins)
• Most of the traditional ideas view curriculum
as written documents or plan of action in
accomplishing goals.
The Progressive School

• It conceives of the curriculum as something

flexible based on areas of interest.
• It is learner-centered, having in mind that no
two persons are alike.
• Its factor of motivation is individual
achievement believing that persons are
naturally good.
The Progressive School

• The Role of the teacher is to stimulate

direct learning process.
• It uses a life experience approach to fit
the student for future social life.
The Progressive School

• Constant revision of aims and experimental

techniques of teaching and learning are
imperatives in curriculum development in
order to create independent thinking,
initiative, self-reliance, individuality, self-
expression and activity in the learner.
The Progressive School

• Its measurement of outcomes are now

devices taking into consideration
subject matter and personality values.
Progressive Points of View of
Curriculum

• Listing of subjects, syllabi, course of study and

list of courses or specific discipline can only be
called curriculum if these written materials are
actualized by the learner.
• Total learning experiences of the individual.
• All experiences children have under the guidance
of teachers. – Caswell & Campbell
• Experiences in the classroom which are planned
and enacted by the teacher, and also learned by
the students. – Marsh and Willis
 Different Theories

• Conflicting philosophies of education have influenced

curriculum principles and practices.
• A NUMBER OF “self-evident educational truths” in the
past are now seen to be rather educational myths; such
as teachers know, children or learners don’t; all
learners should be treated alike.
Different Theories

• The fundamental concepts of some curricula

have changed.
• In many areas, new methodologies:
programmed instruction, Computer Assisted
Instruction, Tutorials, Large and Small Group
Instruction, and a variety of individualized
instruction procedures have been developed.
Different Emphases

• There is the curricular emphasis on the

subject matter for the mind, with priority in
value to literature, intellectual history, ideas
of religion, philosophy, studies.
• There is the curricular emphasis on the
observable facts, the world of things.
Different Emphases

• Another curricular emphasis is the school’s

dependence on Scholasticism,
• Another curriculum stresses the importance of
experience – process.
Different Emphasis

• A recent curricular emphasis is that of

existing choice.
• The learner must learn skills, acquire
knowledge, and make decisions.
Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic
Principle

1. Purposes of the school

2. Educational experiences related to
the purpose
3. Organization of the experiences
4. Evaluation of the experiences
Hilda Taba : Grassroots
Approach

1. Diagnosis of learners needs and

expectations of the larger society.
2. Formulation of learning objectives.
3. Selection of the learning content.
4. Organization of learning content.
5. Selection of the learning experiences.
6. Organization of learning activities.
7. Determination of what to evaluate and
the means of doing it.
Curriculum Development

• Tyler’s Questions of Curriculum Development

will provide 4 steps:
• What educational purposes should the school
seek to attain?
• What educational experiences can be provided
that are likely to attain these purposes?
• How can these educational experiences be
effectively organised?
• How can we determine whether these
purposes are being attained?
Steps...
• In answering Tyler’s questions, we arrive the following
basic steps of curriculum development:

• Selection of aims, goals and objectives;

• Selection of learning experiences and content;
• Organisation of learning experiences; and
• Evaluation of the extent to which the objectives have
been achieved.

• The 4 steps above are basic, because they can be more

than 4
Curriculum Development
• Some curriculum
experts like Tyler say • Selection of Aims
that the steps are
1
followed in a sequence
or a straight line. • Selection of Content &
Learning Experiences
• This model that assumes 2
that curriculum decision
making follows a • Organizsation of
content & Learning
straight line is called 3 Experiences
linear model
• Evaluation of Learning
outcomes
4
Curriculum Development
• Other scholars argue that
curriculum decision making
is not a simple linear process
that necessarily starts with Aims, Goals
Evaluation
aims. & Objectives

• One of them is Wheeler

(1978) who believes that
curriculum decision making
can start from any point and Organisation
can come back to any of the & Integration
of Learning
Selection of
Learning
points e.g. like a cycle Experiences & Experiences
Content

Selection of
Content
Curriculum Development
• Kerr (1968) also
believes that curriculum
process is a very comlex
set of activities and Objective

decisions and they

interact a lot.
• Changes made in Evaluation Content
content may necessitate
changes in experiences,
which may again bring
about changes in Learning
evaluation etc. Experience
Selection of Aims and Objectives
• Every curriculum is aimed at developing in the learners
certain competencies or abilities. The curriculum process
must therefore clearly identify the aims that the curriculum
is intended to achieve.
• Curriculum aims range from the very broad to the more
specific. In fact, that is why we use the terms aims, goals
and objectives to refer to them. Aims are broad statements
which cover all of the experiences provided in the
curriculum; goals are tied to specific subjects or group of
contents within the curriculum; while objectives describe
the more specific outcomes that can be attained as a result
of lessons or instruction delivered at the classroom.
 Factors in Selecting Aims
• Analysis of our culture: we should take into account our cultural
values, norms and expectations when selecting aims,
• The present status of the learner: what has the learner already known?
What are his/her characteristics? What is he/she ready for?
• The state of our knowledge of the subject matter or content: We
should examine new developments in knowledge to see if they contain
things that are of real value to the learner and society.
• Relevance to school’s philosophy of education: each nation has its own
philosophy of education which its schools try to implement. Nigeria’s
philosophy of education is contained in its National Policy on
Education. We should ask whether the objectives we select are
relevant to this philosophy;
• Consistency with our theory of learning: at any time in any society,
there is a dominant conception of learning i.e. our understanding what
learning is and how it takes place. For instance, the National Policy on
Education anticipates that the Nigerian child is active, exploratory and
imaginative.
Selection of Content & Learning
Experiences
• Content is what we teach; learning experience is an activity
which the learner engages in which results in changes in his
behaviour;
• We should select those contents and learning experiences that
will in attaining the goals of the curriculum;
• There are some factors to consider in selecting both learning
experiences and content.
• We shall first examine those criteria for selecting learning
experiences
Factors in Selecting Learning
Experiences
• Validity: this refers to the relevance of the stated
learning experience to the stated goals of the
curriculum;
• Relevance to life: learning experience must be
related to the learner’s real life situations in and
out of school;
• Variety: learning experiences must cater to the
needs of different types of learners by providing
different types of experiences;
• Suitability: learning experiences must be suitable to
the learners present state of learning and
characteristics:
Selection of learning experiences…
• Cumulation: even though experiences provided may
be different, they should all lead to the attainment
of the same goal; subsequent experiences should
build on earlier ones;
• Multiple Learning: a single learning experience may
bring about multiple outcomes. Such learning
experiences are important because of their multiple
benefits.
 Factors in Selecting Content
• Validity: means two things, is the content related to the
objectives, and is the content true or authentic;
• Significance: is the content significant or will lead it to the
more mastery or more understanding of the course or
subject;
• Utility: here the question is whether the content selected
is useful i.e. will lead to the acquisition of skills and
knowledge that are considered useful by society?
• Interest: is the content interesting to the learner? Or can
the content be made interesting to learners?
• Learnability: is the content selected such that learners
can learn and understand given their present level/
CURRICULUM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Curriculum Development in the
Philippines
• Touched on the religion, economic, political, and social
influences and events that took place in the country.
• Colonial rules in the Philippines tailored the curriculum
to serve colonial goals and objectives.
The Need for Curriculum Framework
• What learning objectives should be included?
• What will be the bases for the choice of objectives?
• Will the choice be based on the learners’ needs and
interests, or rather on the needs of the society?
• Will the selection depend on tradition, the nature of
knowledge, or the learners’ characteristics?
• What philosophical and psychological theories regarding
the nature of learners as well as the learning process will
underpin the organization of the content?
• Will the choice of methodology be in line with accepted
teaching-learning principles?
• Will the evaluation procedure be able to measure the
learning that is taking place?
The result of lack of Framework
• Sari-sari (hodgepodge)
• Pira-piraso (piemal)
• Tagpi-tagpi (patchwork)
• Sabog (lack of focus)
• Malabo (vague)
• Lakas ng kutob (gutfeel)
• Hula-hula (hunches)
• Gaya-gaya (patterned from an existing model)
• Bahala na (by chance)
• Patama-tama (non-deliberate)
The Areas of Concern
• Cultural Values
• Knowledge of Learner
• Knowledge Of Teaching-Learning
Theories and Principles
• Body of Knowledge
Cultural Values
Visible
Non-Visible
• Rules
• Philosophy
• Food
• Beliefs
• Dress
• Value System
• Language
• Music
• Dance
• Means of Livelihood
• Political Behavior
• Family
• Community Norms
Knowledge of the Learner
• Program for
Decentralized • The Basic Education
Educational Curriculum (BEC) and
Development (PRODED) Secondary Education
- Content Based (not on Development Program
the learner and learning (SEDP) – addresses the
process) learner and learning
process
Determinants of Learning in Philippines

• Educational
Development Project Factors:
Implementing Task • Use of electricity
Force(EDPITAF) –
revealed that • Parental education
community and home • Parents’ perception of
variables have greater academic abilities and
impact on learning than interests of the
school factors.
children
• Parents’ attitude
• Geography (Region)
• School Type
• Socio economic status
of the Family
Knowledge of Teaching-Learning
Principles
• Behaviorism
The New Elementary School
• Cognitive
Curriculum (NESC) and New
Development
Psychology Secondary Education
Curriculum (NSEC) -
• Cognitive Field demonstrate ample evidence
Psychology
of the inclusion of
behaviorist psychological
principles through the use of
behavioral objectives, drills,
practices, and homeworks
reinforces learning.
 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• Before 1521 – Education before the coming of the
Spaniards
• 1521-1896 –Education during the Spanish Regime
• 1896 -1898 – Education during Philippine Revolution
• 1899 – 1935 – Education during the American Occupation
• 1935 – 1941 – Education during the Philippine
Commonwealth
• 1941 – 1944 – Education during the Japanese Occupation
• 1945 – 1946 – Education after WWII
• 1946 – present – Education under the Philippine Republic
The Pre-Spanish Curriculum

• The Filipino possessed a culture of their own.

• They had contacts with other foreign peoples
from Arabia, India, China, Indo-China, and
Borneo.
• The inhabitants were civilized people,
possessing their systems of writing, laws and
moral standards in a well organized
government.
The Pre-Spanish Curriculum

• As shown in the rule of Barangays, their code

of laws –the code of Kalantiao and Maragtas,
their belief in Bathala, and the solidarity of
the family were obedience and respect had
been practiced.
Pre-Spanish Devised-Curriculum

• The Spanish Missionaries aim to control of the

Filipinos, both body and soul.
• The curriculum then consisted of 3 R’s
(reading, writing and religion) to attain goals
were the acceptance of Catholicism and the
acceptance of Spanish rule.
The Spanish Devised Curriculum

• The schools were parochial or convent

schools.
• The main readings were the catecismo.
• The method of instruction was mainly
individual memorization.
AMERICAN Devised Curriculum

• The motive of the Americans was to conquer

the Filipinos not only physically but also
mentally.
• The public school system established and
headed by an American until 1935.
• The curriculum was based on the ideals and
traditions of America and her hierarchy of
values.
• English was the medium of instruction.
American Devised Curriculum

• The primary curriculum prescribed for the

Filipinos consisted of three grades which
provides training in two aspects:
1. Body Training – physical education
2. Mental Training – English, Nature Study, and
Arithmetic.
Commonwealth Curriculum

• (1935-1946) considered as the period of

expansion and reform in the Philippine
curriculum.
• The educational leaders expanded the
curriculum by introducing course in farming,
domestic science, etc.
Commonwealth Curriculum

• Commonwealth Act 586, also known as

educational Act of 1940, recognized the
elementary school system.
Japanese Devised Curriculum

• They devised a curriculum for the Filipinos to

suit their vested interest.
• They introduced many changes in the
curriculum by including Nippongo, and
abolishing English as the medium of instruction
and as a subject.
Japanese Devised Curriculum

• All textbooks were censored and revised.

• It caused a “black out” in Philippine
education and impeded the educational
progress of the Filipinos.
Liberation Period Curriculum

• (1945) Steps were taken to improve the

curriculum existing before the war, some
steps taken were to restore grade VII, to
abolish the double-single session, and most
especially to adopt the modern trends in
education taken from the U.S.
Liberation Period Curriculum

• The curriculum remained basically the same

as before and was still subject-centered.
Philippine Republic Curriculum

• Great experiments in the community school and the

use of vernacular in the first two grades of the
primary schools as the medium of instruction were
some of them.
Philippine Republic Curriculum

• An experiment worth mentioning that led to a

change in the Philippine Educational
Philosophy was that of school and community
collaboration pioneered by Jose V. Aguilar.
• Schools are increasingly using instructional
materials that are Philippine-oriented.
 Philippine Republic Curriculum

• Memorandum No. 30, 1966 sets the order of priority in

the purchase of books for use in the schools were as
follows:
• Books which are contributions to Phil. Literature
• Books on character education and other library
materials
• Library equipment and permanent features
Philippine Constitution
Education
Section I.

• The states shall protect and

promote the right of all citizens to
quality education at all levels and
shall take appropriate steps to
make such education accessible to
all.
Section 2

• Establish, maintain and support a

complete, adequate and integrated
system of education relevant to the
needs of the people and society.
• Establish and maintain a system of free
public education in the elementary and
high school levels. Without limiting the
natural right of parents to rear their
children, elementary education is
compulsory for all children of school
age:
• Establish and maintain a system of scholarship
grants, students loan programs, subsidies, and
other incentives which shall be available to
deserving students in both public and private
schools, especially to the underprivileged.
• Encourage non formal, informal and indigenous
learning systems, as well as self-learning,
independent, and out of school study programs
particularly those that respond to community
needs.
• Provide adult citizens, the dis abled, and out of
school with training in civics, vocational
efficiency, and other skills.
Section 3.

• All educational institutions shall include the

study of the constitution as part of the
curricula.
• They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism,
foster love of humanity, respect for human
rights, appreciation of the role of national
heroes in the historical development of the
country, teach the rights and duties of
citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual
values, develop moral character and personal
discipline, encourage critical and creative
thinking, broaden scientific and technological
knowledge and promote vocation efficiency.
Section 4.

• The state recognizes the complementary roles of

public and private institutions in the educational
system and shall exercise reasonable supervision
and regulation of all educational institutions.
• Educational institutions, other than those
established by religious groups and mission boards,
shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines
or corporations or association atleast 60 per
centum of the capital of which is owned by such
citizens.
Section 5.

• The state shall take into account regional and

sectorial needs and conditions and shall
encourage local planning in the development of
educational policies and programs.
• Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all
institutions of higher learning.
• Every citizen has a right to select a profession or
course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and
equitable admission and academic requirements.
Language
Section 6.

• The national language of the Philippines is

Filipino. As it involves, it shall be further
developed and enriched on the basis of
existing Philippine and other languages.
Section 7.

• For purposes of communication and

instruction, the official languages of the
Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise
provided by law, English.
Section 8.

• This constitution shall establish a national

language commission composed of
representatives of various regions and
disciplines which shall undertake, coordinate,
and promote researchers for the development,
propagation and preservation of Filipino and
other languages.
Science and Technology
Section 10.

• Science and technology are essential for

national development and progress. The state
shall give priority to research and
development, invention, innovation, and their
utilization, and to science and technology
education, training and services. It shall
support indigenous, appropriate, and self
reliant scientific and technological
capabilities,.
 Section 11.

• The congress may provide for incentives,

including tax deductions, to encourage
private participation in programs of basic and
applied scientific research. Scholarships,
grants in aid, or other forms of incentives
shall be provided to deserving science
students, researchers, scientists, inventors,
technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12.

• The state shall regulate the transfer and

promote the adaptation of technology from all
sources for the national benefit. It shall
encourage the widest participation of private
groups, and local governments.
Section 13.

• The state shall protect and secure the

exclusive rights of scientists inventors, artist,
and other gifted citizens to their intellectual
property and creations, particularly when
beneficial to the people for such period as
may be provided by law.
Arts and Culture
Section 14.

• The state shall foster the preservation,

enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a
Filipino national culture based on the principle
of unity in diversity in a climate of free
artistic and intellectual expressions.
Section 15.

• Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of

the state. The state shall conserve,
promote,and popularize the nations historical
and cultural heritage and resources, as well as
artistic creations.
Section 16.

• All the country's artistic and historic wealth

constitutes the cultural treasurer of the nation
and shall be under the protection of the state
which may regulate its disposition.
Section 17.

• The state shall recognize, respect, and protect

the rights of indigenous, cultural communities
to preserve and develop their cultures,
traditions and institutions., it shall consider
these rights in the formulation of national
plans and policies.
Sports
Section 19.

• The state shall promote physical education

and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports, including
training for international competitions, to
foster self discipline, team work, and
excellence for the development of a healthy
and alert citizenry.
The presidential decrees affecting
the curriculum can be summarized.

• A. presidential decree no. 6-A (September

29, 1972)
authorizing the undertaking of
educational development projects
providing for the mechanics of
implementation and financing thereof, and
for other purposes.
SECTION 1. Title- EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT DECREE OF 1972.
SECTION 2. Declaration of policy.
SECTION 3. Statement of
objectives.
• Section 4. Guiding principles of the ten year program:

a. improvement of curricular programs and quality of

instructions.
b. upgrading of academic standards.
c. democratization of access to educational
opportunities.
d. restructuring of higher education.
e. training middle level technical and agricultural
manpower.
• Section 5. Appropriations:
• B. presidential decree no. 146 (march 9, 1973)
upgrading the quality of education in the
philippines by requiring all high school graduates
seeking admission to post secondary degree
programs necessitating a minimum of four years’
study to pass a national entrance examination
and appropriating funds thereof.
• Section 1. Declaration of policy.
• C. presidential decree no. 176 ( april 16, 1973)
implementation section 8 (7), article XV, of
the new constitution.
The letters of instruction affecting the
curriculum can be summarized as follows:
• letter of instructions no. 47
integration of family planning in
curricula.
• Letter of instruction no. 48
encouraging the discussion of the
proposed constitution in universities, colleges.
• Letter of instruction no. 51
creation of special task force to study salary
promotion scheme for all public school teachers.
The department orders affecting the
curriculum can be summarized as
follows:

• A. department order no.16 s.1972 (June 27,

1972) - adoption of a work oriented
curriculum in our schools.
• B. department order no.15 s. 1973 ( April
27, 1973) - revised physical education and
health, preparatory military training and
scouting program in secondary schools.
• C. department order no. 16 s. 1973 (
February 21, 1973) - reorienting education
in the new society.
• D. department order no. 20, s. 1973 ( may 30,
1973 )
- revised secondary education programs,
1973.
• E. department order no. 21, s. 1973 ( June 1,
1973)
- clarification on the revised physical
education, and health, music, p.m.t., and
scouting program.
CURRICULUM APPROACHES
Curriculum Approaches

• 1. Technical – Scientific Approaches

• 2. Behavioral-rational Approach
• 3. System-managerial Approach
• 4. Intellectual –Academic Approach
• 5. Non-Technician / Non-Scientific Approach
• 6. Humanistic – aesthetic Approach
• 7. Re-conceptualist Approach
• 8. Reconstructionism
• 9. Eclectic Models
Technical – Scientific Approach

• The curriculum developers which may

include specialists, superintendents,
principals and coordinators are likened to
engineers and architects who use
instruments and empirical methods in
preparing a blueprint with well defined
elements orderly-sequenced procedures,
and quality control measures to increase
the probability of success in its
implementation
Bases of Technical Scientific Approach

• 1. The curriculum will improve as the professional

competence of teachers improves.
• 2. The competence of teachers will improve when
they participate in curriculum development
• 3. When teachers share in shaping the goals and
selecting the content and method of instruction as
well as evaluating results, their involvement is
assured.
• 4. When people interact during face-to-face
sessions, they will better understand one another.
 Behavioral-Rational Approach

• It is a means-end approach. Curricula

developed through this approach
become the actual blueprints which
prescribe the roles of key figures in
the educative process.
• Viewing the curriculum as the means
and instruction as the end is a
behavioral orientation.
Systems-Managerial Approach

• 1. Motivate interest of all stakeholders

• 2. Encourage participation and
involvement of all stakeholders
• 3. Synthesize divergent viewpoints
• 4. Monitor curriculum implementation
• 5. Create a climate of innovation and
change
Intellectual- Academic Approach

• Emphasizes the importance of theories and

principles in curriculum planning.
• This model is influenced by the philosophy of
John Dewey
Non-Technical /
Non-Scientific Approaches

• Flexible and less structured without

predetermined objectives to guide the
learning-teaching process
• Contends that not all ends of education can be
known nor indeed to be known in all cases.
Humanistic-Aesthetic Approach

• Argues that those who favor the rational approach miss

the artistic and personal aspects of curriculum and
instruction.
• It is rooted in progressive philosophy which promotes
the liberation of learners from authoritarian teachers.
Reconceptualist Approach

• Criticizes the technocratic – scientific models

as not sensitive to the inner feelings and
experience of individuals.
• Reflects on existentialist orientation.
• The aim of education is not to control
instruction in order to preserve existing order.
Reconstructionism

• The school is an institution of social reform.

• Criticizes the progressivists for putting too
much emphasis on the individual learner to
the neglect of the needs of society.
Eclectic Models

• Oftentimes, Filipino educators, in

particular, prefer eclectic models (halo-
halo) which are a combination of several
approaches, rather than commit
themselves to one particular approach
only.
• Eclectic models are not mere patchwork
(pagtagpi-tagpi) but a synthesis. (pagbuo o
paghahabi) where desired features from
several models are selected and integrated
into a new whole.
Curriculum Design

• The Subject-Area Design

• The Integrated Design
• The Core-Curriculum Design
• The Child-Centered Design
• The Social Reconstruction Design
• The De-schooling Design
Subject – Centered Design

• FOCUS - A group of subjects or subject matter

that represent the essential knowledge and
values of society that have survived the test
of time.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION – Essentialism
• PROPOENT / S – Adler, Hutchins
Integrated Design

• FOCUS - the integration of two or more

subjects, both within and across disciplines,
into an integrated course.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION –
Experimentalism
• PROPONENT / S – Broudy, Silberman
Core Curriculum Design

• FOCUS – a common body of curriculum content

and learning experience that should be
encountered by all students – The great books
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION – Perennialism
• PROPONENT /S – Goodlad / Boyer
Child-Centered Design

• FOCUS – Learning activities centered around

the interests and needs of the child, designed
to motivate and interest the child in the
learning process.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION – Progressivism
• PROPONENT / S – Dewey , Eisner
 Social Reconstructionist

• FOCUS – critical analysis of the political, social, and

economic problems facing society; future trends; social
action projects designed to bring about social change.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION – Social Reconstruction
• PROPONENT / S – Shane , Bramald
Deschooling

• FOCUS – in-school experiences,

primarily in the social sciences,
designed to develop the child’s sense
of freedom from the domination of the
political, social, and economic systems;
out of school experiences of equal
value.
• PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION – Social
Reconstructionism
• PROPONENT /S - Freire , Goodman
IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION MODELS

1. Overcoming Resistance to Change

(ORC)
2. Leadership Obstacle Course (LOC)
3. Linkage Model
4. Organizational Development (OD)
5. Rand Change Agent Model
ORC

* Focuses on overcoming staff resistance

to change that is present immediately
before, or at the time of the
introduction of the innovation.
LOC

• Extends the ORC model and puts emphasis on

the gathering of data to determine the extent
and nature of the resistance in order to deal
with it appropriately.
The Linkage Model

• The linkage process involves a cycle of

diagnosis, search, retrieval, formulation of
solution, dissemination and evaluation.
OD

• This model is an information-processing

change strategy that enables the system to
improve its operations and the quality of
interactions among its members to facilitate
the introduction of change.
Rand Model

• The Rand Model is based on the assumption

that the success of the implementation of new
program depends on:
• A. The characteristics of the proposed change
• B. Competencies of the teaching and
administrative staff
• C. The support of the local community
• D. The School organizational structure
Factors Affecting the Choice of
Implementation Model

1. Level of Resistance
2. Type of desired change
3. Available expertise
4. Available resources
5. Urgency of the situation
EVALUATION
DEFINITION OF EVALUATION

Curriculum evaluation is a systematic process

of determining whether the curriculum as
designed and implemented has produced or is
producing the intended and desired results.

It is the means of determining whether the

program is meeting its goals, that is whether
the measures / outcomes for a given set of
instructional inputs match the intended or
pre-specified outcomes. (Tuckman, 1979)
Types of Evaluation

1.Humanistic approach –
goal free
2.Scientific approach –
purpose driven
Objectives of Evaluation

1. Scope – (teaching –program-cost

effectiveness)
2. Timing – (formative, summative,
impact)
3. Method – ( quantitative, qualitative)
4. Level – (classroom, school, national)
5. Personnel involved – (individual
teachers, committees, consultants)
Role of Evaluation in
Curriculum Development
 Evaluation Studies in the
Philippines
1. 1925 Monroe Survey
2. 1959 Swanson Survey
3. 1969 Presidential Commission to Survey
Philippine Education (PCSPE)
4. 1976 Survey of Outcomes of Elementary
Education (SOUTELE)
5. 1982 Household and School Matching Survey
6. 1991 Congressional Commission on Education
(EDCOM)
7. 1991 National Evaluation and Impact Study of
PRODED
MONROE SURVEY

1. Administrative organization and supervision

2. Elementary education
3. Secondary Education
4. Higher Education
5. Teacher education and training
6. Language of instruction
7. Private education
8. Finance
9. Education of the non-Christians
SWANSON SURVEY

1. Elementary education
2. Secondary education
3. Vocational education
4. Teacher training
5. Organization and administration
6. Financing the public schools
7. The report included a deterioration of
performance in reading, language and arithmetic
due to poor instructional methods, large class
sizes, and inadequate supervision
Presidential Commission to Survey
Philippine Education (PCSPE)

1. Analyze performance of the educational system and its

relevance to national developmental goals
2. Ascertain the efficiency of the system
3. Identify areas which need more detailed investigation.
4. The report included findings on :
a. Mismatch between educational services and manpower
requirements
b. Mismatch between education priorities and the national
development priorities
c. Inequitable distribution of educational facilities and
resources across the regions
d. Lack of systematic planning and evaluation
SURVEY OF OUTCOMES OF ELEM
EDUCATION (SOUTELE)
1. Battery of achievement tests designed to measure the
outcomes of elementary education
2. General mental ability test of non-verbal type designed
to measure association
3. Student’s attitude inventory aimed to measure affective
objectives
4. Questionnaires in order to establish the profiles of
pupils, teachers, school heads, etc.
5. The study revealed deficiencies of elementary education
in terms of inputs (resources), processes (curriculum and
instruction), and outputs (students’ achievement).
These are affected by socio economic, school types,
quality of teaching.
The Household and School
Matching Survey (HSMS)

1. The survey hypothesized that learning is

predicated on the antecedent academic,
social, physiological variables.

2. The findings of the investigation showed that

home-related and community related
variables have greater influences on learning
than school related factors such as cost per
pupil and numbers of textbooks per students.
The Congressional Commission
on Education Study (EDCOM)
1. Enhancing the internal capability of the system
to satisfactorily implement the constitutional
provisions on education
2. Providing the system with necessary financial and
other infrastructure support
3. Strengthening the system’s linkages with
all sectors concerned in human resource
development
4. Assisting the system to achieve its sectoral goals
and targets through strategies that are consistent
with the nation’s development goals.
The National Evaluation and Impact
Study of PRODED
1. Teacher factor is crucial in the success of the
teaching-learning process
2. There is a need to improve the pre-service
and in-service training of teachers that
should include the development of skills in
classroom management, teacher-pupil
interaction, and the use of instructional aids,
etc.
 Monitoring and Evaluation of
RBEC
1. Defines what levels of learning students of
schools and divisions meet at various stages of the
basic education cycle based on the national
curriculum.
2. Setting of minimum national standards for
capabilities, structures, processes and output
based on a template for school improvement
processes from planning to implementation to
monitoring and evaluation
3. Nationally standardized student assessment,
outcomes measurement and reporting of basic
school statistics
Presidential Commission on
Educational Reform (PCER)

1. Created through E.O. in 1988 to define a

budget feasible program of reform, and
identify executive priority policy
recommendations and items for a legislative
agenda on education.
2. Comprised of multi sectoral group
3. Proposed the establishment of National
Education Evaluation and Testing System
(NEETS) that assumes responsibility for
educational assessment of all levels,
including technical and skills development
CURRENT TRENDS
AND ISSUES
BILINGUAL EDUCATION

1. Article 14, sect 7 of 1987 constitution – “for the

purposes of communication and instruction, the
official languages of the Philippines are Filipino
and until otherwise provided by law, English.”
2. DECS Order 52, s. 1987 – the policy of bilingual
education aims to make every Filipino competent
in both Filipino and English at the national level
3. DECS defines bilingual as “separate use of
Filipino and English as media of instruction in
specific subjects.”
Early Childhood Care and
Development (ECCD)
1. Art 15, Sec 2, 1987 Phil. Cons. – recognizes the
“right of children to assistance, including proper
care and nutrition, and special protection from
all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation
and other conditions prejudicial to their
development.”
2. UN Convention on the Rights of Child
3. Education for All (EFA) agenda of DECS, 1990
envisioned 90% in 2000 of early childhood care
and development either home-based services or
kindergarten / nursery classes
Other issues

1. Access to pre-school
education
2. Private Pre-school education
3. Global education
4. Environmental education