Trimming the ML Bot: A Study on the Effects of Code

Simplification on AI Efficiency in Schnapsen

Abstract

This research extends the investigation of a modified machine learning bot designed for the card game
Schnapsen, focusing on practical implementation and performance evaluation within a Python programming
environment. The modified bot, optimized through strategic feature sets reduction, is assessed alongside the
original machine learning bot to determine its efficacy in terms of similar game outcomes and computational
efficiency. The study leverages a Python-based framework to execute and evaluate the bots in a controlled
environment. The Python program facilitates consistent testing conditions and enables measurement of key
performance metrics, such as decision-making speed, memory utilization, and overall computational efficiency.
This empirical approach emphasizes the importance of seamless integration into practical applications. Results
obtained from extensive Python-based simulations are analyzed to assess the modified bot’s performance and
the performance of the original bot against another opponent. The findings not only validate the effectiveness
of the feature reduction strategy in maintaining competitive gameplay outcomes but also demonstrate the
practicality of the modified bot in terms of computational resource requirements.This research contributes
valuable insights into the implementation of machine learning bots for gaming applications, in this case
Schnapsen, emphasizing the significance of testing within a Python environment. The Python-based evaluation
provides a tangible and accessible framework for assessing the practical implications of the modified bot.
CCS Concepts: • Do Not Use This Code → Generate the Correct Terms for Your Paper; Generate the
Correct Terms for Your Paper; Generate the Correct Terms for Your Paper; Generate the Correct Terms for Your
Paper.
Additional Key Words and Phrases: Do, Not, Us, This, Code, Put, the, Correct, Terms, for, Your, Paper
ACM Reference Format:
. 2018. Trimming the ML Bot: A Study on the Effects of Code Simplification on AI Efficiency in Schnapsen:
Abstract. J. ACM 37, 4, Article 111 (August 2018), 10 pages. https://doi.org/XXXXXXX.XXXXXXX

1 INTRODUCTION
ACM’s consolidated article template, introduced in 2017, provides a consistent LATEX style for use
across ACM publications, and incorporates accessibility and metadata-extraction functionality
necessary for future Digital Library endeavors. Numerous ACM and SIG-specific LATEX templates
have been examined, and their unique features incorporated into this single new template.
If you are new to publishing with ACM, this document is a valuable guide to the process of
preparing your work for publication. If you have published with ACM before, this document
provides insight and instruction into more recent changes to the article template.
The “acmart” document class can be used to prepare articles for any ACM publication — confer-
ence or journal, and for any stage of publication, from review to final “camera-ready” copy, to the
author’s own version, with very few changes to the source.
Author’s address:

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee
provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the
full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored.
Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires
prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].
© 2018 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM 0004-5411/2018/8-ART111
https://doi.org/XXXXXXX.XXXXXXX

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111:2 Trovato and Tobin, et al.

2 TEMPLATE OVERVIEW
As noted in the introduction, the “acmart” document class can be used to prepare many differ-
ent kinds of documentation — a dual-anonymous initial submission of a full-length technical
paper, a two-page SIGGRAPH Emerging Technologies abstract, a “camera-ready” journal article, a
SIGCHI Extended Abstract, and more — all by selecting the appropriate template style and template
parameters.
This document will explain the major features of the document class. For further information,
the LATEX User’s Guide is available from https://www.acm.org/publications/proceedings-template.

2.1 Template Styles

The primary parameter given to the “acmart” document class is the template style which corresponds
to the kind of publication or SIG publishing the work. This parameter is enclosed in square brackets
and is a part of the documentclass command:
\documentclass[STYLE]{acmart}
Journals use one of three template styles. All but three ACM journals use the acmsmall template
style:
• acmsmall: The default journal template style.
• acmlarge: Used by JOCCH and TAP.
• acmtog: Used by TOG.
The majority of conference proceedings documentation will use the acmconf template style.
• acmconf: The default proceedings template style.
• sigchi: Used for SIGCHI conference articles.
• sigchi-a: Used for SIGCHI “Extended Abstract” articles.
• sigplan: Used for SIGPLAN conference articles.

2.2 Template Parameters

In addition to specifying the template style to be used in formatting your work, there are a number
of template parameters which modify some part of the applied template style. A complete list of
these parameters can be found in the LATEX User’s Guide.
Frequently-used parameters, or combinations of parameters, include:
• anonymous,review: Suitable for a “dual-anonymous” conference submission. Anonymizes
the work and includes line numbers. Use with the \acmSubmissionID command to print the
submission’s unique ID on each page of the work.
• authorversion: Produces a version of the work suitable for posting by the author.
• screen: Produces colored hyperlinks.
This document uses the following string as the first command in the source file:
\documentclass[acmsmall]{acmart}

3 MODIFICATIONS
Modifying the template — including but not limited to: adjusting margins, typeface sizes, line
spacing, paragraph and list definitions, and the use of the \vspace command to manually adjust
the vertical spacing between elements of your work — is not allowed.
Your document will be returned to you for revision if modifications are discovered.

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4 TYPEFACES
The “acmart” document class requires the use of the “Libertine” typeface family. Your TEX installa-
tion should include this set of packages. Please do not substitute other typefaces. The “lmodern”
and “ltimes” packages should not be used, as they will override the built-in typeface families.

5 TITLE INFORMATION
The title of your work should use capital letters appropriately - https://capitalizemytitle.com/ has
useful rules for capitalization. Use the title command to define the title of your work. If your
work has a subtitle, define it with the subtitle command. Do not insert line breaks in your title.
If your title is lengthy, you must define a short version to be used in the page headers, to prevent
overlapping text. The title command has a “short title” parameter:
\title[short title]{full title}

6 AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS

Each author must be defined separately for accurate metadata identification. Multiple authors may
share one affiliation. Authors’ names should not be abbreviated; use full first names wherever
possible. Include authors’ e-mail addresses whenever possible.
Grouping authors’ names or e-mail addresses, or providing an “e-mail alias,” as shown below, is
not acceptable:
\author{Brooke Aster, David Mehldau}
\email{dave,judy,[email protected]}
\email{[email protected]}
The authornote and authornotemark commands allow a note to apply to multiple authors —
for example, if the first two authors of an article contributed equally to the work.
If your author list is lengthy, you must define a shortened version of the list of authors to be
used in the page headers, to prevent overlapping text. The following command should be placed
just after the last \author{} definition:
\renewcommand{\shortauthors}{McCartney, et al.}
Omitting this command will force the use of a concatenated list of all of the authors’ names, which
may result in overlapping text in the page headers.
The article template’s documentation, available at https://www.acm.org/publications/proceedings-
template, has a complete explanation of these commands and tips for their effective use.
Note that authors’ addresses are mandatory for journal articles.

7 RIGHTS INFORMATION
Authors of any work published by ACM will need to complete a rights form. Depending on the kind
of work, and the rights management choice made by the author, this may be copyright transfer,
permission, license, or an OA (open access) agreement.
Regardless of the rights management choice, the author will receive a copy of the completed
rights form once it has been submitted. This form contains LATEX commands that must be copied
into the source document. When the document source is compiled, these commands and their
parameters add formatted text to several areas of the final document:
• the “ACM Reference Format” text on the first page.
• the “rights management” text on the first page.
• the conference information in the page header(s).

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Table 1. Frequency of Special Characters

Non-English or Math Frequency Comments

Ø 1 in 1,000 For Swedish names
𝜋 1 in 5 Common in math
$ 4 in 5 Used in business
Ψ12 1 in 40,000 Unexplained usage

Rights information is unique to the work; if you are preparing several works for an event, make
sure to use the correct set of commands with each of the works.
The ACM Reference Format text is required for all articles over one page in length, and is optional
for one-page articles (abstracts).

8 CCS CONCEPTS AND USER-DEFINED KEYWORDS

Two elements of the “acmart” document class provide powerful taxonomic tools for you to help
readers find your work in an online search.
The ACM Computing Classification System — https://www.acm.org/publications/class-2012 — is
a set of classifiers and concepts that describe the computing discipline. Authors can select entries
from this classification system, via https://dl.acm.org/ccs/ccs.cfm, and generate the commands to
be included in the LATEX source.
User-defined keywords are a comma-separated list of words and phrases of the authors’ choosing,
providing a more flexible way of describing the research being presented.
CCS concepts and user-defined keywords are required for for all articles over two pages in length,
and are optional for one- and two-page articles (or abstracts).

9 SECTIONING COMMANDS
Your work should use standard LATEX sectioning commands: section, subsection, subsubsection,
and paragraph. They should be numbered; do not remove the numbering from the commands.
Simulating a sectioning command by setting the first word or words of a paragraph in boldface
or italicized text is not allowed.

10 TABLES
The “acmart” document class includes the “booktabs” package — https://ctan.org/pkg/booktabs —
for preparing high-quality tables.
Table captions are placed above the table.
Because tables cannot be split across pages, the best placement for them is typically the top
of the page nearest their initial cite. To ensure this proper “floating” placement of tables, use the
environment table to enclose the table’s contents and the table caption. The contents of the table
itself must go in the tabular environment, to be aligned properly in rows and columns, with the
desired horizontal and vertical rules. Again, detailed instructions on tabular material are found in
the LATEX User’s Guide.
Immediately following this sentence is the point at which Table 1 is included in the input file;
compare the placement of the table here with the table in the printed output of this document.
To set a wider table, which takes up the whole width of the page’s live area, use the environment
table* to enclose the table’s contents and the table caption. As with a single-column table, this
wide table will “float” to a location deemed more desirable. Immediately following this sentence

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Table 2. Some Typical Commands

Command A Number Comments

\author 100 Author
\table 300 For tables
\table* 400 For wider tables

is the point at which Table 2 is included in the input file; again, it is instructive to compare the
placement of the table here with the table in the printed output of this document.
Always use midrule to separate table header rows from data rows, and use it only for this purpose.
This enables assistive technologies to recognise table headers and support their users in navigating
tables more easily.

11 MATH EQUATIONS
You may want to display math equations in three distinct styles: inline, numbered or non-numbered
display. Each of the three are discussed in the next sections.

11.1 Inline (In-text) Equations

A formula that appears in the running text is called an inline or in-text formula. It is produced by
the math environment, which can be invoked with the usual \begin . . . \end construction or
with the short form $ . . . $. You can use any of the symbols and structures, from 𝛼 to 𝜔, available
in LATEX [24]; this section will simply show a few examples of in-text equations in context. Notice
how this equation: lim𝑛→∞ 𝑥 = 0, set here in in-line math style, looks slightly different when set in
display style. (See next section).

11.2 Display Equations

A numbered display equation—one set off by vertical space from the text and centered horizontally—
is produced by the equation environment. An unnumbered display equation is produced by the
displaymath environment.
Again, in either environment, you can use any of the symbols and structures available in LATEX;
this section will just give a couple of examples of display equations in context. First, consider the
equation, shown as an inline equation above:

lim 𝑥 = 0 (1)
𝑛→∞

Notice how it is formatted somewhat differently in the displaymath environment. Now, we’ll
enter an unnumbered equation:
∞
∑︁
𝑥 +1
𝑖=0

and follow it with another numbered equation:

∞
∑︁ ∫ 𝜋 +2
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑓 (2)
𝑖=0 0

just to demonstrate LATEX’s able handling of numbering.

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12 FIGURES
The “figure” environment should be used for figures. One or more images can be placed within a
figure. If your figure contains third-party material, you must clearly identify it as such, as shown in
the example below.

Fig. 1. 1907 Franklin Model D roadster. Photograph by Harris & Ewing, Inc. [Public domain], via Wikimedia
Commons. (https://goo.gl/VLCRBB).

Your figures should contain a caption which describes the figure to the reader.
Figure captions are placed below the figure.
Every figure should also have a figure description unless it is purely decorative. These descriptions
convey what’s in the image to someone who cannot see it. They are also used by search engine
crawlers for indexing images, and when images cannot be loaded.
A figure description must be unformatted plain text less than 2000 characters long (including
spaces). Figure descriptions should not repeat the figure caption – their purpose is to
capture important information that is not already provided in the caption or the main
text of the paper. For figures that convey important and complex new information, a short
text description may not be adequate. More complex alternative descriptions can be placed in an
appendix and referenced in a short figure description. For example, provide a data table capturing
the information in a bar chart, or a structured list representing a graph. For additional information

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regarding how best to write figure descriptions and why doing this is so important, please see
https://www.acm.org/publications/taps/describing-figures/.

12.1 The “Teaser Figure”

A “teaser figure” is an image, or set of images in one figure, that are placed after all author and
affiliation information, and before the body of the article, spanning the page. If you wish to have
such a figure in your article, place the command immediately before the \maketitle command:
\begin{teaserfigure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sampleteaser}
\caption{figure caption}
\Description{figure description}
\end{teaserfigure}

13 CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

The use of TBibEX for the preparation and formatting of one’s references is strongly recommended.
Authors’ names should be complete — use full first names (“Donald E. Knuth”) not initials (“D. E.
Knuth”) — and the salient identifying features of a reference should be included: title, year, volume,
number, pages, article DOI, etc.
The bibliography is included in your source document with these two commands, placed just
before the \end{document} command:
\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}
\bibliography{bibfile}
where “bibfile” is the name, without the “.bib” suffix, of the TB ibEX file.
Citations and references are numbered by default. A small number of ACM publications have
citations and references formatted in the “author year” style; for these exceptions, please include
this command in the preamble (before the command “\begin{document}”) of your LATEX source:
\citestyle{acmauthoryear}
Some examples. A paginated journal article [2], an enumerated journal article [10], a reference
to an entire issue [9], a monograph (whole book) [23], a monograph/whole book in a series (see
2a in spec. document) [17], a divisible-book such as an anthology or compilation [12] followed
by the same example, however we only output the series if the volume number is given [13] (so
Editor00a’s series should NOT be present since it has no vol. no.), a chapter in a divisible book [35],
a chapter in a divisible book in a series [11], a multi-volume work as book [22], a couple of articles
in a proceedings (of a conference, symposium, workshop for example) (paginated proceedings
article) [3, 15], a proceedings article with all possible elements [34], an example of an enumerated
proceedings article [14], an informally published work [16], a couple of preprints [6, 7], a doctoral
dissertation [8], a master’s thesis: [4], an online document / world wide web resource [1, 28, 36], a
video game (Case 1) [27] and (Case 2) [26] and [25] and (Case 3) a patent [33], work accepted for
publication [30], ’YYYYb’-test for prolific author [31] and [32]. Other cites might contain ’duplicate’
DOI and URLs (some SIAM articles) [21]. Boris / Barbara Beeton: multi-volume works as books [19]
and [18]. A couple of citations with DOIs: [20, 21]. Online citations: [36–38]. Artifacts: [29] and [5].

14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Identification of funding sources and other support, and thanks to individuals and groups that
assisted in the research and the preparation of the work should be included in an acknowledgment
section, which is placed just before the reference section in your document.
This section has a special environment:

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\begin{acks}
...
\end{acks}
so that the information contained therein can be more easily collected during the article metadata
extraction phase, and to ensure consistency in the spelling of the section heading.
Authors should not prepare this section as a numbered or unnumbered \section; please use the
“acks” environment.

15 APPENDICES
If your work needs an appendix, add it before the “\end{document}” command at the conclusion
of your source document.
Start the appendix with the “appendix” command:
\appendix
and note that in the appendix, sections are lettered, not numbered. This document has two appen-
dices, demonstrating the section and subsection identification method.

16 MULTI-LANGUAGE PAPERS
Papers may be written in languages other than English or include titles, subtitles, keywords and
abstracts in different languages (as a rule, a paper in a language other than English should include
an English title and an English abstract). Use language=... for every language used in the paper.
The last language indicated is the main language of the paper. For example, a French paper with
additional titles and abstracts in English and German may start with the following command
\documentclass[sigconf, language=english, language=german,
language=french]{acmart}
The title, subtitle, keywords and abstract will be typeset in the main language of the paper. The
commands \translatedXXX, XXX begin title, subtitle and keywords, can be used to set these ele-
ments in the other languages. The environment translatedabstract is used to set the translation
of the abstract. These commands and environment have a mandatory first argument: the language
of the second argument. See sample-sigconf-i13n.tex file for examples of their usage.

17 SIGCHI EXTENDED ABSTRACTS

The “sigchi-a” template style (available only in LATEX and not in Word) produces a landscape-
orientation formatted article, with a wide left margin. Three environments are available for use
with the “sigchi-a” template style, and produce formatted output in the margin:
• sidebar: Place formatted text in the margin.
• marginfigure: Place a figure in the margin.
• margintable: Place a table in the margin.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Robert, for the bagels and explaining CMYK and color spaces.

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ctan.org/pkg/acmart

A RESEARCH METHODS
A.1 Part One
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metus nunc fermentum urna, id sollicitudin purus odio sit amet enim. Aliquam ullamcorper eu
ipsum vel mollis. Curabitur quis dictum nisl. Phasellus vel semper risus, et lacinia dolor. Integer
ultricies commodo sem nec semper.

A.2 Part Two

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pulvinar semper. Suspendisse nec lectus non ipsum convallis congue hendrerit vitae sapien. Donec
at laoreet eros. Vivamus non purus placerat, scelerisque diam eu, cursus ante. Etiam aliquam tortor
auctor efficitur mattis.

B ONLINE RESOURCES
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interdum orci quis metus euismod, et sagittis enim maximus. Vestibulum gravida massa ut felis
suscipit congue. Quisque mattis elit a risus ultrices commodo venenatis eget dui. Etiam sagittis
eleifend elementum.
Nam interdum magna at lectus dignissim, ac dignissim lorem rhoncus. Maecenas eu arcu ac
neque placerat aliquam. Nunc pulvinar massa et mattis lacinia.
Received 20 February 2007; revised 12 March 2009; accepted 5 June 2009

J. ACM, Vol. 37, No. 4, Article 111. Publication date: August 2018.