eed (BBS) UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE 7 aoe os mene erate First -rtificate Student’s Book AS initoy Weebly ilar te WS on lad ‘lassFirstCertifi certificateM« fastercla: pssFirstCertific rtificateMa M crcl biCertificateMastercla: iteMasterclassFirstCerti Mc -MasterclassFirsi( « ertificateMastercla: ifeMasterclassFirstCertis tifa a Mastercl aeContents 1 the sexes 2 compulsion 3 Talents 4 Appearances 5 Foreian parts 6 The mind 7 Free time 8 Media 9 Around us 10 innovation 1] communication 12 society Reference Section 48 23 35 49 6 78 87 101 13 125 137 149 Reading Part 1 Multiple choice Space travel Group nouns, Exam techni Part 3 Multiple matching Smoking Part 2 Gapped text-sentences Orlando Bloom 1 Phrasal verbs with turn Bram techniaues Part 1 Multiple choice Fraudsters Part 2 Gapped text-sentences ‘Going it alone 1 Phrasal verbs: vel Exam techniques Part 2 Gapped text-sentences Noture’s cheats » Collcatons: verbs and nouns Part 3 Muttple matching Holicays with a difference 1 Prefixes Part 2 Gopped text-sentences The iPod generation vy Soand such Part 1 Multiple choice Volesroes 1 Word building Part 3 Muitple matching Pioneers of Fight Part 2 Gapped text-sentences “Vknow just how you feel Part 3 Multiple matching Overcoming crime 1 Crime vocabulary Listening Exam techniques Part 3. Multiple matching + Phasal vers with bring Part 4 Multiple choice Muittasting Part 2 Sentence completion Teens and digital technology ¥ Mods ad attitudes Exam techniques Part 1 Multiple choice Patt 2 Sentence completion Hyper-perenting Confusing verbs: rise, ars, aise Part 3 Multiple matching (thing and fashion Confusing adverbs Exam techniques Part 4 Multiple choice Part 3 Muitple matching Going abroad Phrasal verbs with fook Part 2 Sentence completion Factors influencing success Personal qualities Exam techniques Part 2 Sentence ‘completion Part 1 Muttipl choice Lstening to music Part 3 Multiple matching How people use the internet Part 4 Multiple choice ying and the environment Part 2 Sentence competion Gadgets Part 1 Multiple choice Teng les ¥ Colccations with soy speck, talk and tel Confusing verbs: hope, wait expect. look forward to Part 3 Multiple matching Problems reates to money Extra material 161 Writing guides 162-172 Grammar reference Speaking Part 1 Giving personal information Looking for a penfiend Part 2 Long ture Fans and enthusiasts Parts 3 and 4 Twosway task and Discussion Choosing 2 job Part 2 Long turn “The appearance of a place Parts 3 and 4 Two-way tast and Dscusion| ‘Getting to know a country Parts 3 and 4 Two-way tsk and Discusion Sires relief Parts 3 and 4 Two-way tsk and Diseussion| ‘camping holiday Pare 2 Long turn averting Parts 3 and 4 Two-way task and Discusion Improving the environment Parts 3 and 4 Two-way tsk and Discusion Historie! breakthroughs Part 2 Long turn Ways of earning Part 2 Long turn People and society 173-191Writing Part 1 Email Formal and informal language Pat 2 Ante Creating interest art 2 Letter of application Punctuation Part2 Report Impersonal Inguage Part 2 Informal eter Creating interest Port 2 ‘Short story Dramatic effect Part 1 Formal leer Contrasting language Part 2 Essay Connecting ideas Part Email Asking for information Part2 Review Evaluative adjectives Part 1 Foumal eter Focusing expressions Pat 2 Report Complex sentences Grammar and Practice The future, Future continuous and future perfect Part 2 Open cloze 1m techniques Use of English Part 4 Key word transformations Habits, Repested action, Used to Part 2 Open cloze (Can, beable to, Other ability structures Part 2 Open cioze Exarn techniques Use of English Part 3 Word formation Modal verbs of obligation, don’ need to/ needa’ have, beallowed to | cont Part 2 Open cloze Pst time, Patciple lauses Part 4 Key word transformations niques Use of English Pat 2 Open cane ‘Gerunds and infniives Part 4 Key word transformations Passive vers, Hove Get sorething done Part 2 Open cioze Exam techniques Use of English Par 1 Mutiple-choice level coze Reporting statements, Reporting questions Time and other references in reported speech, Reporting functions Pare 4 Key word wensformetions Relative clauses Part 2 Open cloze Wishes and regrets father and Its time Part 2 Open cloze Conditionals 0, 1,2, and 3, Mixed conditions, Unless, ‘slong as Provided that Part 4 Key word transformations Probabity and possiblity Ariles Vocabulary Fesonality nouns and adjectives, Confusing vers fyi Fermal and informal language, Meanings of get Phrasal verbs (Comparison Fim vocabulary Noun suffices Part 1 Multpe-choce lexical cloze Parts ofthe body, Sing verts Negative adjectives Confusing words, Extreme adjectives Collation Part 1 Multiple-choce levies clone Sports vocabulary Prvasal verbs with come Which word? Compound nouns Part 3 Word formation Dependent prepositions Part 4 Key word transformations Adjective suffixes Compoure adjectives ‘Adjectives: positive or negative? Part 1 Muttipe-choce lexical eat Overview Part 1 Multiple choice lexical doze, Phrasal verbs with bring, Mearings of get Part 2 Open coz. Used 0, Fersonalty adjectives Part 3 Word formation, Bolt expressions, Pras verbs with eurn Part 4 Key word transformations, Modal verbs of ebigaton, Phrasal vers with put Part 2 Open close, Past time, Prrasl verbs Part 3 Word formation, Gerunds and infinitive, Colacation Part 4 Key word transformations, Prefises Part 3 Word formation, Reported and direct speech, Soand such Part Key word ‘vansformations, Felatve pronouns, Dependent prepositions Part 3 Word formation, Wishes and egrets voter and It time Part 2 Open cloze, Conditionals, Confusing verbs Part 4 Key word warsfermations, ArticlesExam Introduction Paper 1 Reading Part Task type ctfile ‘The Fitst Certificate in English corresponds to Level Three in the Caml ESOL five-level system. It also corresponds to the Association of Language _ Teachers in Europe (ALTE) level 3 and Council of Europe B2 Vantage. The examination consists of five papers. Each of these papers is worth twenty per cent of the total. A, B and C are pass grades, D and E are fail grades, and U is an unclassified result. ‘This paper consists of three parts and takes one hour. Each part contains a text and a comprehension task of some kind. There are 30 questions in total. The texts are taken from newspaper and magazine articles, advertisements, brochures, guides, leters, fiction, messages, and reports Number | What do you do? What does it test? | Exam techniques. 1 Multiple choice 8 ‘Answer each question by | Your understanding of detailed | page 54 choosing one option froma points intext, ineluding setof four opinions and attitudes | 2 Gapped 7 Choose sentences tocompete | Your understanding of how | page 80 text-sentences gapsin a text texts are structured | 3 Multiple matehing | 15 Answer questions by identifying | Your ability to scan and locate | page 28 Remember! 4 EXAM FACTFILE acta information in short texts specific information in a text ‘Read and follow all instructions carefully. ‘Read each text through quickly before doing the related tasks * You will not have time to read all texts in detail, and it isn't necessary. Skim and scan texts for answers where possible.Paper 2 Writing This paper takes one hour 20 minutes and consists of two part. In Part 1, you must answer the question, which is always a letter or email. In Patt 2, you must choose one of four questions. These may include articles, non-transactional letters, reports, essays, reviews and stories. Part | Task type Number | What do you do? | What does it test? oF words | Be 7) Gestion T"1a0-150 | Read he contest and) | Your bly to Wey Key infomation Compulsory letter or emi | | tas instucions and | and then wite alter or eral fora | write your letter or email partcuar purpose, eg. requesting an action, giving information, and in an | appropriate syle forthe reader 2 Questions 2-4 120-180 | Choose one from Your ability to put together ideas on 2 Asclecon of tee om tesa | Questions 2-5, Read the topic and express them clearly forthe types: atc, non-transactionl letter, task instructions ard reader within the format of the tsk report, essay, review, o story | | write your answer | Question § | | ‘Two tasks, (2) and (b), from the list above | | feted ie se tos fr Fe | j In First Certificate Masterclass, examples of each Paper 2 question type can be found in the Writing Guide pages 162-172. Remember! * Spend a few minutes making a simple plan for each piece of writing. Decide on an appropriate style, layout and organisation. Think about the content of paragraphs and the language you will use, e.g. verb tenses. Keep your plan in mind while writing, * Don’t spend more than half the time on your first answer. © Make sure you answer all the points in the question appropriately. © Check your writing by reading it through. Try to hear your own voice and ‘listen’ for mistakes. Check grammar, spelling, and punctuation. EXAM FACTFILE 5Paper 3 Use of English ‘This paper consists of four parts and ‘You will be tested on your knowledge of grammar and vocabulary. takes 45 minutes. Part Task type Number | What do you do? Winat dos i test? Exam | |ortems techniques 1 Wate “12 | Choos ane werd or pase | Your acurary with vocabulary, | page 95 cle froma set of fur options to | including differences in meaning | fila gapinatet between smiar word and how | words fit with the grammar of a | sentence a Ta inosine wo wih |Your acy wit nar nd | ae 8 | | | bests in each space in text | vocabuary in context, fice | u i 3 | Word formation 10 | Use a given root word to form | Your accuracy in word-building, | page 43 | arather word which fts na | ncluing compound words | | tex the we of pele and sutfiaes 4 | Key word le | Read a prompt sentence, then | Your accuracy with a wide range page 17 | wastomations complete second sentence, of svucturts 5 wells pas | | ith between two and five | vers are lexical phrases | | || wor nclaing a given word | Remember! © Spend no more than ten minutes on each task. 6 EXAM FACTFILE © If there’s a question you can't answer, don't waste time worrying about it Go on to something elsePaper 4 Listening ——— This paper consists of four parts and takes about 40 minutes. ‘The recorded texts may include the following: Single speakers: answerphone messages, commentaries, documentaries, instructions, lectures, news, public announcements, advertisements, reports, speeches, stores, talks ‘Two or more speakers: chats, conversations, discussions, interviews, quizzes, radio plays, transactions. ‘The speakers will have a variety of accents. Background sounds may be included before the speaking begins to provide contextual information. Part | Task type Number | What do you do? What does it test? Bam I of Items | aH techniques _ 1 | Multiple choice 8 listen to eight short unrelated | Your understanding of general | page 41 | ideas or detailed points ina text, incuding opinions and attitudes extracts. For each one, you answer a question by choosing ‘one option from a set of three "Your sity ose inermaton | page 93 2 | Sentence completion | 10 Listen and complete the spaces | | wt he missing information | and ake nots whi Istering | 3 | Mutiple matching 5 | Usten to fie reated extracts |Your understanding of general | page 15 | and match them with given | ideas or deta point ina tex, | | Prompts Indung epnon and ates | 4 | Multiple choice 7 Listen and answer each Your understanding of general | page 68, | | {question by choosing one | ideas or detailed points ina text, | ‘option from a set of three | including opinions and attitudes Remember! * Listen carefully to the instructions on the recording. * Thy to predict as much about the recording as you can from the question Paper. * Don't panic if you don't understand everything the first time. © Answer all the questions. EXAM FACTFILE 7 —Paper 5 Speaking ‘This paper consists of four parts and takes approximately 14 minutes. ‘There are normally two candidates and two examiners. One examiner assesses, while the other gives instructions and talks to the candidates. In certain circumstances, three candidates may sit the test together, which takes approximately twenty minutes. You will be assessed on + accurate use of grammar «+ range and use of vocabulary + pronunciation + communication «+ successful completion of tasks Part | Task type | Timing | What do you do? What does it test? Masterclass Bie | trimutes) Siti example 1 Interview 3 ‘Answer the eaminers ‘Your abiity to give basic personal page 18 questions about personal information about yours information | 2 Individual iong turn | a 4 ‘Speak individually for one | Your ability to organise your page §7 ‘minute without interruption | thoughts and ideas and express, | osteo shtans|ynaeaheety | Two-way collaborative | 3 Talk together and work towards | Your ability to interact with page 79 task raking @ decision based on @ | another speaker give and ask for visual stimulus opinions, ard work towards | | completing the task 4 | Three-way discussion | ‘ Remember! @ EXAM FACTFILE 7 [Ds the tp vend in | Yur aby og opinions abou | page 94 | rena |evervdeystuatinsendcurent | | evens nfl ut aura anes | © At first the examiner will ask you a few general questions about yourself. This is to help you relax. ‘© In Part 2, when you are given the pictures, don’t spend too long talking about physical details. Move on to the theme of the pictures. * Don’t dominate the conversation. Allow your partner the opportunity to talk, © In all parts of Paper 5, try to show how good your English is. This means speaking correctly and fluently with good pronunciation, using a range of vocabulary and communicating successfully. © Above all, keep talking and stay calm.Introduction 1. Work in pairs or small groups. Choose two of these photographs and discuss what they have in common and how they are different, 2 Discuss these questions. 2 What do these photographs show about the roles of men and women in todays society? Saree b Think of a word or short phrase which sums up your reaction to each photograph. — Examples: normal, everyday, strange, funny, not what I expect to see, etc. © How have the roles of men and women in your country changed over the last 100 years? How do you think they will change over the next 100 years? 4 Are there any particular changes that you would like to see in men’s and women’s roles? THESEXES UNTT 9acing No role for men in space exploration Read the extract from a newspaper article Woven will set sil forthe stars on the right. How do you react to the meee BY yess ae idea of an all-female spaceship crew? wal aot beeen female crew will have children 2 What problems might a single-sex crew by artificial means. face on a forty-three-year space journey? The spaceships will carry the first interstellar travellers to 3. Why might a mixed-sex space crew be a Alpha Centauri at a tenth the speed of light. The journey will better idea? Read the article below to roel as check your ideas. space kids properly, think one day they might say, Fol aerogenes You are used to seeingin fms ~ space travel to ‘According to Moore, a staring population of 150 © feraway solar systems wil probably be family affair ro 120 would best sustain hse atthe same rae over conducted by maried couples andtheirkids S24 sito eight generations Every person would have + USanthropologist, John Moore s the opportunity to be maried~ witha choice “The family has the kindof natural Gosh, ofatieast en possible spouses within three organsatentodal wihthetersonstkeyt© Tm gue yeoroftherage-andtobeaparen. characters space tps of 200 years or longer 5 Ideal, the group should share socal toseitleremote planets’ saysMoore. we Gad Tm Of] and cutural values. Having some people we arelesskeyto go gazuinspaceand more ‘tis spaceship accustomed to monogamy and othersto likely to accomplisl Sur missions by using url marriages woud create some crews thavareetganisedalong amily ines: ANID DaCK Confusion when becomes imeforthe 50 ‘Whenever colonsatonis done on Earth of] GHPtY Of sons and davohters of tre frst generation isahvaysby zope woking forabereie ll "fara * ro mam soysMoore Desgnng mors 1c clthecnlonsadonsthatItnow ebourhavebeen © COVTENe: or peonteon sucha feast voyages done by families, especially young couples. problematic because people on Earth wouldhave In the past, astronauts had to be specially trained ce influence once the crewison tsown.fthe 58 «and physeallyvery Seto survve in verysmallspace space crew decides ona system of slavery for some suis butepaccrat ares no lnger acon, ha privege for cers, heres tthe lanes on re making possi take ordinary peoplesuchas ' Earthwilbeableto do to prevent” dwvel Sees andceares ora spacecew —“Thrking about these noses fartetched as that Tgolngto colonise space and reproduce for _yournight think Experts predic that sucha space many generations thesekinds ofpeoplewlbelist_ mission wltake place within the nxt hundred yeas ‘as important as space technologists. . =. 4. 5 es 128 Starting with a population of childiéss married couples also works best on board a spaceship Q because it will gve the intial crew a few years to adjust to thelr new surroundings without the distraction and responsibilty of caring for children. 3» People may be horrified a the idea that children will beliving and dying in space, with their only mages of Earth coming from pictures and videos. But, ays John Moore, parents have always made choices affecting their children's lives. 26 "We change obs, we move to another town, we emigrate toa foreign country. if we educate our 10 UNIT 1 THE SEXESMultiple choice Group nouns 4 Read the article again, For questions 1-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to the text. 1 What makes families especially suited to long-distance space travel? A They are good at organising, B They are naturally better than other groups of people. © They will be able to cope with the stress of space travel. D They can settle down better in new situations. 2. Why will more ordinary people probably go on space flights in the future? A Space travellers will no longer need to be specially trained B There will be a greater need for people with useful abilities. © Space travellers will not need to be especialy fit D Modem spacecraft will be much bigger than spacecraft in the past. 3. Why is it better for the first crews of space flights to be childless couples? ‘A. Childless couples are more responsible than couples with children 8 Childless couples work harder than couples with children. C Crews need to get used to their environment before having children D Couples with children would always put their children fist 4 Why is it dificult to design morals for space travellers? ‘A. People on carth will be unable to affect the behaviour of space travellers. 8 Noone knows what isthe correct way for space travellers to behave. © Space travellers may have different ideas and values. D Travellers may be confused by their experience in space. 5. The article suggests that long-distance space travel A isa theoretical possibility 8 will probably start within the next century. © could be a disaster, D will be a fantastic adventure Would you like to be a space traveller setting out to colonise another planet? Why? Why not? What kinds of people would be most suitable for this role? Make a list of specific personal qualities they would need. 5 Group nouns are singular nouns which can be followed by singular or plural verbs. Complete sentences 2-f with the correct word audience class cromd jury staff team In my frst year at school, there were thirty children in my b The found the man guilty of thef, and he was sent to prison for two years. © Iwas always good at sport. I used to play for the university football 4 The company is having a hard time, About half the are going to lose their jobs. It was a brilliant concert, but only a small was there to hear it ‘After the match, the police found it difficult to control the - they were so excited What other group nouns do you know? THESES UNITY 11The future 12 UNIT THE SEXES ‘There are many different ways of talking about the future in English. Match these future sentences a-g with the appropriate meaning 1-7 below. a The space rocket blasts off in precisely forty-eight hours The crew is meeting to discuss final preparations on Friday evening, ¢ My sister is going to have a baby. Its due in three weeks. a The astronauts are going to send regular reports back to Earth. e The journey to Alpha Centauri will take forty-three years. f That's the phone. I'l get it Space travel to faraway solar systems will probably be a family affair. 1 an action or event that has been arranged 2. aprediction or expectation 3. an offer of help or an instant decision about the immediate future 4 ascheduled or timetabled event 5 a prediction based on evidence or knowledge 6 a future fact 7 an intention or plan to do something a GE EFEREN Read this eter Fill spaces 1-12 with the appropriate form ofthe verbs in brackets. On Friday we tree up) for the boliays. My friends ard Thave got a great weakerd planed. On Friday evering we 2 have) a party t celebrate the ov of the cllage yor, Then 2 (arty ur wi edvertre~ on Saturday wornrg we 4 (get up) early - that's the plan arguay - to deve to Dever to atch the Fory to France. The bat». eave) at 4.20 When we get there, I expect we 8 (step) at « café for sowetng to eat, arc. then we? Give) straight to Paris. We're nt sure hw lng it fake). Thre’ a rick cvcert thore that evening which we ® (probably go) to. We. catch) the Tuasday merning ferry back to Dover. 19 (oend) you a postoard if 1 have tive Hope you have a goad simmer, 2___ (yeu de) anything exciting? Live, Sue PS. By the way, tis is an alicgils trip. We all wart a break fron cur bgfriends! How would you respond in the following situations? Use appropriate future forms in your answers. Write your answers or make conversations in pars. a You think that your boyfriend / girlfriend may be secreily going out with someone else, Tell a friend what you plan to do about it. b Accollege friend invites you to go on holiday with them. Apologise and tell them that you have already arranged to visit relatives. © One of your friends is having a party this evening, They haven't got time to do everything themselves. Think about all the things that need doing, then offer to help.Cloze 6 4. Someone asks your age on your next birthday. Give your answer. € Predict how your personal life will be different in five years’ time. £ Ithas been raining all day. Suddenly the temperature drops to zero, Make a prediction. and future perfect The will future can also be used in the continuous or the perfect form. Match examples a-c with their meanings 1-3, a People may be horrified at the idea that children will be living and dying in space. b_ By the year 2100, people will have visited other planets. © This time next year, we'll be living and working in the USA to refer to actions or events which will be in progress ata specific time in the future. to predict future trends, developments or tendencies. —_ to 1efer to actions or events which will be completed by a particular time in the future. Look into your own future. Complete these sentences with your own ideas and then compare ideas with a partner. a This time next week I'll be ¢ This time next year I'll be b By this time next year ll have... d In five years’ time I'l have Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space 1-12. Use only one word in each space. RACE TO SAVE WORLD’S ONLY WOMEN’S LANGUAGE Experts have called °__fer__ efforts to save a language used only ' women of an ethnic group in central China's Hunan Province. ‘The language, used among women of the Yao ethnic group in Hunan Province, 2___ believed to be the world’s only women's language. ‘Some experts believe that the language is related to inscriptions 2, animal bones from more than 3,000 years ago, but no conclusions have 4___ reached on when the language originated. The Central-south China Institute for Nationalities in Hubei Province began 5_____ study the language in 1983. So *_____, about 2,000 characters have been identified. However, as the small number of women 7___ use the lenuage die off, it draws closer to extinction. Yang Huanyi, 93, and He Yanxin, in her sixties, ®. ‘among the few women who *___ read and write the language. ______ Is believed that the language was handed "_ from mothers to daughters. For unknown reasons, men seem !2__ to have been interested in learning I. THESEXES UNIT1 13Personality Read these statements about boys and girls. Do you think any of them are true? Boys grow their ingemails long because they're too lazy to cut them, Girls grow their fingernails long so they can dig them into aboy's arm. Most baby gis talk before boys do. Before boys talk, they learn how to ‘make machine-gun noises. Giristurn into women, Boys tum into bigger boys. 2 Which of these adjectives do you associate with boys and which with girls? adventurous competitive confident cooperative emotional generous independent lazy materialistic optimistic possessive self-centred sensitive sincere sociable stubborn 3. What are the nouns related to these adjectives? awrle confident ~ confidence 4. Write a description of a young boy or girl. It could be your younger brother or sister, or it could be you when you were younger. Use some of the personality adjectives and nouns above. Confusing verbs: lay/lie Match the verbs in italic in sentences a-c with the correct definitions 1-3 below. 14 UNITY THE SEXES a He didn't look at me while he was speaking. I'm sure he was lying. b As soon as he laid his head on the pillow, he fell asleep. For the first three days of the holiday, she just Jay on the beach reading and sunbathing. 1 putor place something in position, 2 be ina flat resting position 3. the opposite of telling the truth 6 Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in 5. a Td hada hard day. All I wanted was to down and go to sleep. She knew he was upset, so she just her hand on his shoulder and said nothing, ¢ When police officers broke down the door, they found three people ‘on the floor. 4d Tcouldn’t get to sleep last night. 1 just con my back and stared at the ceiling Tknow you to me last night! Now I want to know the truth! £ When we were kids, my sister and I took turns to the table and wash up. 7 Work with a partner. Compare your answers to these questions. a What is your favourite sleeping position? b_ Have you ever lied to protect someone's feelings?Exam Read the instructions and the six options carefully Don't forget ~ one option is not needed. ‘The first time you hear the recording, listen for general understanding. Note key words and make a first choice of answers. The second time you hear the recording, listen for words associated with the options Make your final choice of answer, using any notes you have ‘made. Don't leave any spaces, © You will her five people talking about bringing up children. For questions 1-5, {choose from the st A-F which opinion each speaker expresses. Use the letters only onc There is one extra leter which you do not need to use. Use the Dos and Don'ts above to help you A Bringing up children is dificult and needs two people. soeter) [4 8. Men ae incapable of ooking ator citron successful soeater2 — [_]2] Fathers who look ater dlr wore considered uncut, Soeakers [_]3 Mothers and cildren have a special smotona relationship. es Species [a Women cat tate onthe coe of fthers. am Speaker 5 5 F Men get less prectice than women at looking tter children Phrasal verbs with bring 2 Replace the words or phrases in italic in sentences 2-g with the correct form ‘of bring and one of the particles from this list. back about up. round in dow Raising children is far too hard a job for one person to do. b Ittook doctors an hour to make her conscious again after the accident. Most of the damage to the houses was caused by the recent storms, 4d Thope she doesn’t mention the embarrassing subject of money again. € The government has introduced a new law banning smoking on public transport £ Visiting Spain again made me remember lots of happy childhood memories. g They'll have to reduce the price of cars. Nobody's buying them at the moment. THE SEXES. 15Formal and informal language For many people, emails are replacing letters as the most common form of communication. a Why do you think this is happening? In what ways do people approach emails differently from letters? Read the two short texts below and answer these questions. a What kind of text is each one? 'b What is the purpose of each text? ¢ What is the relationship between the reader and the writer in each case? 4 How are the two texts different? Think about the information they contain and the Janguage the writers use ‘¢ Why is the second text so much longer than the first? Hi Rachel, Sorry about last night. The thing is 1 wes held up at ‘work and did't get intl half six. I got changed and hod a bite to eat, then I tried to get you on your mobile, but It was switched off, so I texted you Just {Diet you know I was going to be late. 1 know you didn't get it, cos by the time I got to the club you'd ‘Obviously given up and gone home. Sorry!!! Hope {you're Not too cross with me. Love yout! Tim Dear Ms Show, Tan uciting to epclosise tor ye terdery evening Untortinettaly Z was daloyed at uork and T did notarcive howe uit! 630. T changed, bad a Snack and eftenpfed to contact you on your hobile phone, but Ituas suitcbed off. T Therefore tert you a Text massage To torn you That Z was going te be late for our meetinss TF reclise that yeu did net vacaive ny meSsace, because. by the tha Tartived atthe a restowront you bad dacided Tuas not Coning and vefivmad hone. T do cpolesise. Yours sincerely Tames Wood 16 UNITY THE SEXES: Which words or phrases are used in the second text instead of these informal words and phrases in the first text? a abite to eat € tolet you know b tried f ‘cos © 50 g gone home d Texted you h Sony! Phrasal verbs are more common in speech and informal writing than in formal writing. « Read lines 1-2 of the first text and underline the two phrasal verbs. + Read lines 1-3 of the second text and underline the words or phrases used instead of the phrasal verbs. Replace the verbs in italic in these sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb from this lst. back down bring up bump into off goon —_put (someone) put up with —splitup work out a My boyfriend refuses to admit he's wrong even when he knows I'm right. b Even after Tom and his wife separated, they still continued working together. ¢ I wish people wouldn't smoke in the office. I just can't tolerate it. d I wish you wouldn't criticise me in public, it's really embarrassing, © Quite by chance I met someone I was at school with yesterday. £ Have you heard about Tim and Jan? They've cancelled their wedding! g My grandparents raised five children on a very ow income h I've been trying to calculate how long we've known each other. Meanings of get 6 Get has many meanings in informal English, Underline the examples of ‘get in the first text, and then find the ‘more formal equivalents in the second textExam techniques For each sentence you have to rewrite, ead the first sentence and the gapped sentence, : Think carefully about how the key word can be used grammatically in the gapped sentence. Think, for example, about whether it needs a dependent preposition, whether you need to change the form of ‘another word, or whether the second sentence should be active or passive. Complete each seriterice using between two and five words. Don't change the key word. 1. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the fist sentence, Using the word given. You must use batween two and five words, inclucing the word

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