2nd Semester of 2023 – 2024 Academic Year

CE 22003 :
Mechanics of Materials

Dr. Khin Aye Mon

December 3, 2023 1
Chapter 1 : STRESS

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 Chapter Objectives

1. Review some of the important principles of statics

2. Show how those principles are used to determine the

internal resultant loadings in a body.

3. Introduce the concepts of normal and shear stress.

4. Discuss specific applications of the analysis and design

of members subjected to an axial load or direct shear.

December 3, 2023 3
 Contents

➢ Internal Loadings : External forces; Internal forces

➢ Internal Resultant Loads
▪ Coplanar Loadings
➢ Examples
➢ Quiz

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 Internal Loadings
In order to design the members of this building frame, it is first
necessary to find the internal loadings at various points along their
length.

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The forces and couples to which a structure may be
subjected can be classified into two types, external forces
and internal forces.

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External Forces:
➢ The actions of other bodies on the structure under
consideration: applied forces and reaction forces.
▪ Applied forces, usually referred to as loads (e.g., live loads and
wind loads), have a tendency to move the structure.
▪ Reaction forces, or reactions, are the forces exerted by
supports on the structure and have a tendency to prevent its
motion and keep it in equilibrium.

➢ The state of equilibrium or motion of the structure as

a whole is governed solely by the external forces
acting on it.

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Internal Forces:

➢ Internal forces are the forces and couples exerted on a member

or portion of the structure by the rest of the structure.

➢ These forces develop within the structure and hold the various

portions of it together.

➢ The internal forces always occur in equal but opposite pairs,

because each member or portion exerts back on the rest of the

structure the same forces acting upon it but in opposite
directions, according to Newton’s third law.

➢ Because the internal forces cancel each other, they do not

appear in the equations of equilibrium of the entire structure.

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Note:

➢ Newton's third law states that

when two bodies interact,

they apply forces to one another that are equal in

magnitude and opposite in direction.

The third law is also known as the law of action

and reaction

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 Internal Resultant Loadings

Section

▪ To determine the resultant loadings that act within a body,

used the method of sections.
▪ “Cut” through the region where the internal loadings are to be
determined
▪ A free-body diagram of one of the parts is drawn, Fig. (b)
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 Internal Resultant Loadings – cont’d:

Section

▪ There is actually a distribution of internal force (unknown)

acting on the “exposed” area of the section

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Although the exact distribution of this internal loading may be
unknown, its resultants FR and MRO at any specific pt. O on the
sectioned area, Fig. c.
( Point O often chosen at the centroid of the sectioned area)

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▪ Then consider the components of FR and MRO acting both normal
and tangent to the sectioned area

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Normal force, N: This force acts perpendicular to the area.
It is developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the
two segments of the body.
Shear force, V: The shear force lies in the plane of the area and it is
developed when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of the
body to slide over one another.
Torsional moment or torque, T: This effect is developed when the
external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to the
other about an axis perpendicular to the area.
Bending moment, M: The bending moment is caused by the external
loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of
the area.
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Types of Internal
Forces

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Coplanar Loadings
If the body is subjected to a coplanar system of forces, Fig. a,

then only normal-force, shear-force, and bending–moment

components will exist at the section, Fig. b.

N
V
Mo

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Coplanar Loadings
Coplanar system of forces:
Coplanar force systems have all the forces acting in one
plane.
There are three types of coplanar forces. They
are concurrent, parallel and non-concurrent or non-
parallel.

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 Measurement Units
SI System FPS System
Length = m Length = ft
Area = m2 Area = ft2 (or) in2
Force = N Force = lb
Stress = N/m2 = Pascal (Pa) Stress = lb/ft2 (or )lb/in2 = psi
1 Kpa =1 kN/m2 = 103 Pa 1000 lbs = 1 kips
1 Mpa =1 MN/m2 = 106 Pa 1000 psi = 1 ksi
1 Gpa =1 GN/m2 = 109 Pa

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Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section at C of the cantilevered beam shown in below Fig.

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1

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2
1

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Example 1.1 SOLUTION

Applying Equations of Equilibrium;

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 Reactions at support A:

Internal loadings acting on the cross section at C:

Applying Equations of Equilibrium;

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Practice 1:

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross

section at C of the simply supported beam shown in below Fig.

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Practice 2
Determine the resultant internal
normal force acting on the cross
section through point A in each
column.
Segment BC weighs 180 lb/ft WBC
Segment CD weighs 250 lb/ft.

WCA
Solution

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EXAMPLE 1.2
The 500-kg engine is
suspended from the crane
boom in Fig.

Determine the resultant

internal loadings acting on
W
the cross section of the boom
at point E.

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W

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Solution:
Calculation of Reactions

Determination of Internal forces at pt. E

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Determine the resultant
internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C of
the beam shown in Fig.

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Solution:
Determination of Reactions:

Determination of Internal
forces at pt. C:

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Practice 3:

Explain how to find the resultant internal loading acting on the

cross section at point A.
Draw all necessary free-body diagrams, and indicate the relevant
equations of equilibrium.
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Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section
at B of the pipe shown in Fig.

End A is subjected to a vertical

force of 50 N, a horizontal force
of 30N, and a couple moment of
70 N - m. Neglect the pipe’s
mass.

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Solution:
Internal forces: z

x y
z

Internal Moment:
x y

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 References

1) Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition), R.C.

Hibbeler
2) Mechanics of Materials (8th Edition), Ferdinand P.
Beer, E.Russell Johnston, Jr., John T. DeWolf
and David F. Mazurek
3) Mechanics of Materials (9th Edition), James M.
Gere and Barry J. Goodno

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