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LEARNING OUTCOMES!
Candidates should be able to:

● understand the different types of forest and identify, on a map, their

main locations
● understand the physical factors that control the distribution of the
different types of forest, and the human factors which have reduced
their extent
● understand the reasons for: – the development of plantations in the
Indus Plain – afforestation on mountain slopes and plateaux
● understand the value of forests as a resource for development, and
the importance of their sustainability
● explain the effects of deforestation, such as soil erosion, silting and flooding

● evaluate possible solutions to the problems caused by deforestation.

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FORESTS
✔ Forests include everything from grassland and small flowering plants to
tall trees.
✔ Forests are extensive, continuous areas of land dominated by trees.

✔ The desired level of forest is 20 – 30% of the total area of a country.

✔ Over the period 2000 – 2007 the country’s forests are decreased at a
rate of 2.1% per year the ninth highest among the world’s nation.
✔ There are two types of forests; Productive forests or natural forest
and Protective forests or man-made plantation

PRODUCTIVE PROTECTIVE
FORESTS FORESTS
It includes all vegetation grown It includes vegetation planted by
naturally like alpine, coniferous, etc. man
like riverain.
The vegetation grows in a They are linear plantations (grow in
haphazard rows).
manner.
Tree density is high. Tree density is moderate.
The canopy is close together. The canopy is further apart.
They have a variety of different They have a single fast growing
species. specie.
The trees are of different age The trees are of the same age
groups. groups.
The trees are not equally spaced The trees are equally spaced and
and they have the same height.
they vary in a height.
They have great commercial value. They do not have much commercial
value
They protect the environment by They protect the environment by
preventing soil erosion and by preventing from soil erosion and

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acting as carbon sinks it cleans by acting as carbon sinks it

the cleans the
environment. environment.
It provides wildlife habitat. It provides wildlife habitat.
The trees lower the temperature of The trees lower the temperature of
surrounding areas. the surrounding areas.
It promotes tourism. It promotes tourism
More diversity. Less biodiversity

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ALPINE FORESTS
✔ Natural forests

✔ Found at an altitude of 4000 – 4500 m.

✔ They cover the areas of Dir, Chitral, Kohistan (Gilgit – Baltistan).

✔ A variety of species are found here which includes Silver Fir, Junipur, Birch.

✔ The trees are mainly cushion shaped.

✔ These are dwarf forests due to severe climatic conditions like lack of liquid
water and very short growing seasons in summers.
✔ They grow between rocks to shelter them from cold winds, which would
freeze the sap in their thin stems
✔ They are evergreen

✔ They have stunted growth due to less sunlight which therefore

decreases the amount of photosynthesis taking place.
✔ They have short growing season as the temperature mainly remains
below freezing point.
✔ Less biodiversity

✔ Grow far apart for competition of nutrients.

✔ They are mainly used to obtain firewood for fuel.

✔ The roots of the tree grow lateral to have a good grip since the soil with
sub soil frozen and the layer of bad rock upward. So, there roots grow
sideways to obtain sunlight.

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CONIFEROUS FORESTS
✔ They are natural forests.

✔ They grow at an altitude of 1000 – 4000 m.

✔ They are found in the northern areas, KPK, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Quetta.

✔ The species include fir, spiruce, chir, oak, didar, kail, williow, walnut.

✔ The trees have the conical shape to the sloping branches of the
trees prevent snow accumulation.
✔ They are evergreen forests and so they do not provide leaves for humus
formation and also they store food in their leaves so they are not
annually replaced like other deciduous trees.
✔ The thick trunk of a tree is covered by a thick bark is then protected by a
resonance material to protect the trunk from cold winds.
✔ The leaves are needle shaped, small, thick and leathery which helps to
reduce the amount of transpiration as transpiration can be quite rapid
in warmer summers due to intense continental heating.
✔ It is an important source of timber for making furniture and boxes.

✔ It protects the environment by conserving soil and by help in

checking floods.
✔ It is good breeding and conserving center for bird and wildlife, it
attracts tourists and promotes tourism industries.
✔ It also adds to the scenic beauty.

✔ The tall straight, therefore, very little grip to the strong winds and also
help them to obtain sunlight.
✔ Sloping Branches which prevent snow accumulation.

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TROPICAL THORN FOREST

✔ They are natural forests.

✔ They are found in Punjab plains, Southern and Western Baluchistan, and
Sindh Plains.
✔ Their main species are acacia. Tamarisk and Salvodra.

✔ They have a height of 6 – 10 m.

✔ They are forests dominated by thorny hardwood.

✔ They have long roots for search of water.

✔ The vegetation is scarce due to shortage of water.

✔ They are evergreen (to save the energy for drought conditions)

✔ It controls soil erosion

✔ They are also used as firewood. Also used for animal fodder and
grazing grounds for animals.

SUB TROPICAL SCRUB FOREST

✔ They are natural forest

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✔ They are found on the hills and foothills of Himalayas, Suleman, Kirthar
ranges, Waziristan Mountains (Peshawar, Waziristan, Kohat, Mardan)
and above the Makran Coast range.
✔ The main species of this forest are Juniper, Chestnut and Oak.

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✔ They have long spreading roots.

✔ They are round thorny bushes.

✔ They are leafless.

✔ They are stunted growth.

✔ They are sparse due to lack of water.

✔ It provides wood for furniture and tools.

✔ It supplies firewood. Also used as watershed protection and for

grazing purposes.

DESERT
✔ Natural forests
VEGETATION
✔ Found in derserts like Thal, Thar, Nara, Cholistan.

✔ Cactus and a variant of other species are found here.

✔ They are also known as halophytes as they survive in salty conditions.

✔ It has few or no leaves.

✔ Sparse

✔ Cushion Shaped

✔ Even height

✔ They are important for camel grazing.

✔ They also provide firewood.

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✔ Long well-spaced roots to get moisture from deep underground.

✔ Shallow wide spreading roots to catch as soon as it falls before

it evaporates.
✔ Halophytic because high evaporation leads to saline salts.

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✔ Seeds dormant and germinate during rain.

✔ Fleshy stem to store moisture of cactus.

✔ Widely spaced together from large area after rain.

RIVERAIN/BELA FOREST
✔ Found on River Indus on active flood plain.

✔ Many species are babu and shisham.

✔ Linear plantation

✔ High yielding commercial hardwood species.

✔ Provides wood for making furniture, agriculture implements.

✔ Obtain water from the rivers due to high water table.

✔ They are evergreen.

✔ Stop soil erosion and also protects soil and settlements from flood water.

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IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS
✔ Man-made trees are planted.

✔ Planted in rows and are linear.

✔ They are equally spaced.

✔ Single species

✔ Replanting after cutting

✔ Planted near rivers, canals

✔ Dependent upon water supplied by man through irrigation.

✔ Found in Changa Manga near Lahore, Wan Bachran in Thal Desert,

Chichawatni in Sahiwal District and Ghulam Muhammad and Gudu
Barrages.
✔ Economically important species are planted in large blocks of the
same species, Babul, Shisham and Eucalyptus are normally preferred.
✔ Important sources of timber, firewood.

✔ When planted in linear form provides shade.

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MANGROVE FORESTS
✔ Found along the coastal areas in the Indus and Hub delta near Karachi.

✔ The species which are common are timar [Avicennia Officanilis] Chauri
or Kirani [ceriops] and Kinni [rhizophorous], Bgayara.
✔ They are evergreen

✔ They have broad leaves which are waxy and leathery to reduce transpiration.

✔ In well water conditions it grows to height of 6 – 8 m otherwise they grow

till 3 m.

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✔ We can only find limited species because of water pollution and due to
lack of fresh water availability.
✔ The trunk is 3 ft. above the ground.

✔ Mangroves provide breeding ground for fish and shrimps because the roots
of the mangroves trap the fish nutrients brought down the River Indus
and they protect the young ones from predators, mudiflats are ideal for
crabs and shallow water for lobsters.
✔ They act as a barrier from huge waves produced by tropical cyclone
and tsunami.
✔ They also protect the erosion of coastal areas.

✔ They are important for migrating birds.

✔ It provides wood for the locals for firewood and for construction.

✔ It provides fodder for livestock.

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DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.1

Question 1 N2017/P2/
Q4/C

Question 2 N2016/P2/
Q1/C

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Question 3 N2014/P2/Q1/
D(i)

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Question 4 J2012/P2/
Q1/A

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Question 5 J2010/P2/
Q1/A

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Question 6 J2006/P2/Q2/A

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2

Question 1 J2010/P2/
Q1/C

Question 2 J2006/P2/
Q2/C

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IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
✔ Natural habitat for wild life.

✔ Ensure food supply by protecting soil fertility.

✔ Regular water supply to rivers to reduce flooding. It controls floods

by binding the soil together and preventing the river beds to be
raised.
✔ Timber for construction.

✔ Plants are used for medical purposes in pharmaceutical industries.

✔ Supply of fruit

✔ Employment for people in forest based industries.

✔ Regulate water supply to reservoirs.

✔ Controls air pollution as the trees acts as carbon sink i.e. they absorb
carbon dioxide and gives oxygen.
✔ They prevent soil erosion as the roots of trees binds the soil
particles together.
✔ The stems and the leaves provide shelter from rain and prevent
larger splash.
✔ Deciduous trees shed their leaves forming humus so adds soil fertility and
prevents excessive leaching of nutrients (Leaching is when the nutrients to
dissolve in water which goes in the sub surface and therefore less
nutrients are available for the roots to absorb).
✔ Raw material for wood based industries. Provides wood for
making agricultural implements like wooden plough, fences.
✔ Roots of the trees help recharge ground water.

✔ Trees attract rainfall through transpiration.

✔ Wood can be used to obtain pulp which can be further processed into paper.

✔ Encourages tourism and helps earn income for the locals.

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FOREST AS A SOURCE OF INCOME

✔ Fire wood, Charcoal

✔ Provides raw material, timber ephedra, fruits nuts

✔ Cottage, Small scale industries, pharmaceutical industries

✔ Furniture, toys, souvenir sold to tourists

✔ Forest attract tourism

✔ Creates employment examples: forest guides, rangers.

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MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS

✔ Resin: is a fluid in the tissue of a plant chir that becomes solid on
exposure to the air. It is used for making vanishes, chir pine forest occur
in Punjab, Azad Kashmir and KPK.
✔ Mazri: used for making mats, baskets and for packing purposes, mazri
shurbs is a hardy fiber plant belonging to a group of palms which grow in low,
arid, mountainous areas of Suleiman Ranges, Waziristan.
✔ Ephedra: is a medicinal shrub used by pharmaceutical factories for
treatment of asthma, hay fever and common cold and they are found
in Baluchistan.

DOMESTIC USES OF WOOD

✔ Firewood for heating

✔ Cooking

✔ Home building

✔ Furniture

✔ Fencing

USES OF WOOD IN INDUSTRY AND

TRANSPORT
✔ Construction of buildings and bridges.

✔ Transport railway sleepers, bridges, carts

✔ Chemical such as resin, mazri and ephedra

✔ Farms such as fences, gates, implements

✔ Paper production

SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY

✔ Means that we should manage the resources in such a way as to ensure

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that we will be able to obtain the things that we want from the forests on
a regular basis while conserving the natural environment.

✔ The use of forests and forests lands in such a way and at a rate that
maintain their biodiversity productivity, regeneration capacity and their
potential to fulfill now and in the future relevant ecological, economic

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social functions, at local, national and global levels and that does not cause damage
to other ecosystems.

HOW TO SUSTAIN FORESTS?

Community Forestry

✔ Planting trees to fill, replace gaps in forests especially in vulnerable areas

such as on slopes.
✔ Use dead branches for firewood rather than chopping trees down.

✔ Educate and train local people into sustainable ways of use.

Agro Forestry

✔ Plant fast growing agricultural trees crop like oil palms, eucalyptus.

✔ Maintain a complete forest cover to prevent soil damage.

✔ The tree crops can be used to shelter smaller food crops.

✔ Wood needed for other purposes such as fuel can be provided by

planting patching of fast growing eucalyptus trees.

Harvesting of Hard Woods

✔ Selective logging of trees of greatest commercial value.

✔ Taking out only mature trees and leaving the rest to grow to full size.

✔ Keep forest clearances small so that rapid generation is possible.

✔ Do a preliminary survey to find the most suitable logging areas.

✔ Check cutting of timber and ensure along gap before next cutting.

Other Measures

✔ Trees should not be cut without proper planning.

✔ Trees shall not be cut if there are not enough funds to regenerate the
cut over areas.
✔ Fines.

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✔ Punishment.

✔ Awareness.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3

Question 1 J2014/P2/
Q4/D

Question 2 J2012/P2/
Q1/C

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Question 3 J2007/P2/Q3/B-D

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DEFORESTATION
✔ Deforestation is the cutting down of trees by human use for any purpose.

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
✔ Fuel wood: Most of the people living in the rural areas depends on wood
for heating and cooking which results in excessive cutting of forests.
✔ Road construction: Due to industrialization and urbanization more demand
for better transport facilities are required so network is getting larger
and denser so forests have been cut down to make roads.
✔ Residential purpose because of the increasing population. Growth of large
cities has converted forest areas into settlements.
✔ Urbanization i.e. for building industries and airports.

✔ For mining of coal: Forest are cut down to grow crops to meet the
food requirement of growing population and to carry out mining
activities.
✔ For construction of dams and barrages: In order to this, millions of
hectares of land were cleared to provide irrigational facilities.
✔ To obtain raw material for paper, railway sleepers, industries for
furniture’s and making boats.
✔ Large domestic and foreign market for wood based product. Wood is used in
industries little sports goods. Chip board, hard board, veneer plywood and
safety matches. Wood is also required for construction industry. Bus
bodies, boats and railway coaches use wood as a result forests are cut down
to meet the demand of industry.
✔ Overgrazing of land by cattle, goats and sheep’s has also converted
sub- tropical scrub forest and tropical forest areas in desert.
✔ Lack of enforcement of forest rules and regulations.

✔ Forest Fires.

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
✔ No roots to hold the soil together, no interception.

✔ Loss of wood for fuel may have to travel much further to find fuel.

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✔ Shortages of firewood for heating, domestic use.

✔ Lack of leaf fall. Lack of decomposition. Lack of humus Loss of fertility,

soil lost only rocks left
✔ Less infilteration more run off

✔ More exposure to sun and wind.

✔ Soil become unfit for agriculture if deposited soils is fertile it

improves agriculture eg. Piedmont plains and on active and old flood
plains.
✔ Siltation in reservoirs because soil exposed and washed into rivers.

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✔ Landslides, avalanches nor held by trees.

✔ Blocks roads, building destroyed.

✔ Loss of scenery, beauty, shade, leads to decrease in tourism so people

lose their jobs.
✔ Loss of habitat, species lost, extinction, animals more away, less biodiversity.

✔ Less rain, less transpiration

✔ Less trees to take carbon dioxide so global warming.

✔ Ravines, gullies forming bad land.

✔ Bridges washed away railway tracks damaged

✔ Loss of timber for furniture, construction.

✔ Telephone poles grounded.

✔ Rivers levels lower

✔ Muddy water undrinkable.

✔ Air pollution from burning.

MEASURES TO CONTROL
DEFORESTATION
✔ Supplying irrigation to the deforested areas.

✔ Commercial species of trees grow rapidly.

✔ Reserving land for fuel wood to save valuable species.

✔ Creating awareness by the government organization and NGO’s about

the importance of forests.
✔ Supplying natural gas to areas so that people will not depend on wood
for fuel.
✔ Use selective cutting methods.

✔ Restricting the use of bulldozers and heavy destructive machinery

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in forests.
✔ Enforcement of village forestry program.

✔ Village and Urban forestry program by planting trees along road sides,
park and open spaces.
✔ National parks.

✔ Awareness

✔ Enforcement of forest rules.

✔ Educate people about disadvantages of deforestation.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.4

Question 1 N2015/P2/Q1/C-
D

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Question 2 N2014/P2/Q1/D(ii-
iii)

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Question 3 J2014/P2/Q4/A-
C

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Question 4 J2012/P2/
Q1/B

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Question 5 J2010/P2/
Q1/B

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Question 6 N2008/P2/Q2/A-B

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Question 7 J2006/P2/Q2/B

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SELECTIVE CUTTING
✔ Harvesting of selected singles and group of trees.

✔ Cutting out trees that are mature or defective or of inferior kinds

to encourage the growth of remaining trees in a forest.

TERRACING
✔ Steps are cut into steep hill sides and the front of each flat terrace
is edged with mud or stone walls known as bunds.
✔ The bunds hold back water and soil.

CONTOUR PLOUGHING
✔ It is farming practice of ploughing or planting across a slope following its
elevation contour lines.

STRIP FARMING

✔ It is when two or more crops are grown in the same field sometime one
crop may grow under the shelter of a taller crop for the sake of
protection.

AFFORESTATION
✔ Plantation of trees in a non-forest area, planting tree in a new area.

REFORESTATION
✔ Plantation of trees against deforestation in a forest area.

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RECENT PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

Question 1 J2018/P2/
Q2

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ANSWER KEY
Practice Questions 1.1

Question 1 N2017/P2/
Q4/C

Question 2 N2016/P2/
Q1/C

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Question 3 N2014/P2/Q1/
D(i)

Question 4 J2012/P2/
Q1/A

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Question 5 J2010/P2/
Q1/A

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Question 6 J2006/P2/Q2/A

Practice Questions 1.2

Question 1 J2010/P2/
Q1/C

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Question 2 J2006/P2/
Q2/C

Practice Questions 1.3

Question 1 J2014/P2/
Q4/D

Question 2 J2012/P2/
Q1/C

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Question 3 J2007/P2/Q3/B-D

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Practice Questions 1.4

Question 1 N2015/P2/Q1/C-
D

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Question 2 N2014/P2/Q1/D(ii-
iii)

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Question 3 J2014/P2/Q4/A-
C

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Question 4 J2012/P2/
Q1/B

Question 5 J2010/P2/
Q1/B

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Question 6 N2008/P2/Q2/A-B

Question 7 J2006/P2/Q2/B

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Recent Past Paper Questions

Question 1 J2018/P2/
Q2

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