Overcurrent Protection

Fundamentals of Operation and Application

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 Structure of the Electrical Energy System
GENERATORS

Busbars
Auto-Transformers
TRANSMISSION NETWORK Interconnected Feeders

Busbars
Interconnectors
Double Wound Transformers
DISTRIBUTION Radial Feeders
NETWORK Ring Mains
Embedded Generation
Motors

G M

UTILISATION

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Page 2 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 1a) Overcurrent Condition

OVERCURRENT CONDITION OVERLOAD CONDITION

Current increases
Short
with load
circuit

MOTOR MOTOR

Overcurrent protection Overload protection is

is provided for short related to thermal
Load capacity of the plant
circuit clearance Load

Most commonly used overcurrent devices are fuses and relays

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Page 3 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 2a) Overcurrent Protection for Phase Faults

3 Phase
Fuses Overcurrent
Relay
3 Phase Fault Detect and interrupt overcurrents

Relays are used in conjunction

Fault magnitude limited by with circuit breaking device
impedances of primary plant

2 Phase
2 Phase Fault Overcurrent
Relay

Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications

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Page 4 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 2b) Overcurrent Protection for Earth Faults

3 PH - E Fault

EF current path thru

generator earth
2 PH - E Fault

Zero output
for balanced
or phase fault
PH - E Fault Residually conditions
connected
relay
EF current path thru
transformer earth

Fault magnitude limited by:

Primary plant impedance
Method of earthing
System neutral resistance Core
Balance
Sensitive protection may be required CT
- settings below load current
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Page 5 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 3) Methods of System Earthing

SOLID ISOLATED NEUTRAL RESISTANCE

Low 400 - 1200A
High EF Current Zero EF Current High 5 - 100A

EARTHING REACTANCE
PETERSON COIL Smaller and less
TRANSFORMER Reactance chosen to expensive than resistance.
Used where system equal system capacitance Can cause high over-volts.
neutral not available

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Page 6 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 2c) Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

2 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault 3 Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault

Can provide cost saving - widely used,

but not suitable for all applications

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Page 7 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Electromechanical vs Numeric Relays

2TJM Electromechanical Relay Argus Numeric Relay

Single function device. Multifunction device.
Overcurrent characteristic Multi user selectable characteristics.
determined by relay design. Additional control, supervision and
protection functionality.
Single Current input – 1A or 5A Up to 4 Current inputs – 1A and 5A
Relatively high burden Very low burden
2 o/p contacts Up to 11 o/p contacts
Flag indicator LED indicators
Start
No power supply required! Trip
Healthy
8 settings groups
Up to 9 binary inputs
LCD
Data storage
Data comms PC software
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Page 8 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION AND GRADING

Non-unit protection

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 4) Radial Distribution System

S/Stn A S/Stn B S/Stn C S/Stn D S/Stn E S/Stn F

HV
MV
Power
Load
Source

LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD

Selective fault clearance is required for

PHASE-PHASE and PHASE-EARTH faults
Radial Power System
Instantaneous overcurrent protection at each
Power source feeds through a number of location would not provide discrimination.
substations - load taken from each S/Stn
UNNACCEPTABLE TO SHUT DOWN WHOLE
SYSTEM FOR EVERY FAULT

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Page 10 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.1) Current Graded Protection

630A (Equivalent
Fault Max. 13100A 8800A 2900A 1200A 600A HV Currents)
current Min. 6850A 5400A 2400A 1100A E
MV
F1 Load
Relay at 'A' set to
F2 F
operate for max. fault 8800A
current at remote end

A RADIAL B C D
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

D C B A
AIM - Protection co-ordinated to ensure minimum unfaulted load is t
disconnected

Unreliable Scheme
Currents F1 and F2 may be similar - loss of discrimination
For minimum infeed A - B may be unprotected

NOTE: Max. fault at S/Stn. E < min. fault current between D-E Amps

63
12

29

88
0A
00

00

00
A

A
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Page 11 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.2) Time Graded Protection

Infeed E
MV
Load
F
1.4s 1.0s 0.6s 0.2s

A B C D

Relays nearer to power source are set to 1.4s A

operate in progressively longer times Operating
1.0s B
characteristic:
DISADVANTAGE Definite time
Longest clearance time for faults nearest 0.6s C
delay
to source
0.2s D
Amps

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Page 12 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Operating Characteristic

Operate current = 1.05 x setting

At 2x setting operate time = 10s

At 10x setting operate time = 3s

Time Multiplier = 1.0
3/10 operating curve

At 30x setting operate time = 2s

Operating Time
Definite minimum time
10s
Numeric IDMT relay operating algorithm:

3s
2s

0.14
t= 0.02
×T.M.
⎛I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1 2x 10x 30x
⎝ IS ⎠ Multiple of Current Setting

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Page 13 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Current and Time Grading of IDMT Curves

Current Setting 1A
Current Setting 1A Current Setting 1.5A
Time Multiplier 1.5
Time Multiplier 1.0 Time Multiplier 1.0
Time Multiplier 0.1

15s 24.5s

10s
4.5s
3s 3.62s
3s
2s 2.27s

1s

0.3s
0.2s

2A 10A 30A 2A 10A 30A 2A 10A 30A

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Page 14 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.3a) IDMTL Curves - Time and Current Grading

10000
IDMT Curve - General applications

0.14
t= 0.02
× T .M .
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1
⎝ IS ⎠
1000

VIDMT Curve
Closer grading where fault
levels differ significantly

13.5
t= × T .M . 100
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
⎝ IS ⎠
Time
(sec)
EIDMT Curve – Grading with fuses
10
80
t= 2
× T .M .
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1 Long Time Inverse
⎝ IS ⎠
Normal Inverse

LTIDMT Curve - Grading with liquid resistor 1

120
t= × T .M . Very Inverse
⎛ I ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1
⎝ IS ⎠
0.1
Extremely Inverse
Characteristics can be supplemented with LS and HS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 50 70 100
Stages e.g. to assist grading with complex characteristics
Current (multiples of setting)

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Page 15 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.3b) Fuse Co-ordination

EIDMT relay &

Recommended current ratio 3:1 fuse characteristics
- avoids overlap of characteristics

Between Fuse
two characteristics
fuses
Required Relay
Time Overshoot
Delay Between
"Grading relay Recommended current ratio > 2:1
Margin" Arcing
and
fuse
Safety
Margin
Minimum
Relay Pre-Arcing Pre-
Arcing
Operating Arcing
Time 0 ms Pre-
Arcing
t' = 0.4tf + 0.15s 0 ms

T.D. of 0.2s will ensure

grading at high fault levels
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Page 16 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.3c) Co-ordination between Time Graded Relays

R2 R1

Recommended current ratio 3:1

Safety
Margin

Overshoot
(R2) Overshoot
Required Required
Time Circuit Time
Delay Breaker Delay
"Grading Between Between
Tripping "Grading Arcing
Margin" two Time Margin"
relay and
relays fuse
CT Error
- IDMT only
Minimum
Maximum Pre-
Relay
Relay Arcing
Minimum Operating
Operating Time
Relay 0 ms
Time
Operating
Time
0 ms

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Page 17 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.3d) Time Grading - Nominating Grading Margin

Older System

Safety
Margin

Newer System

Overshoot Safety
Margin

Older Newer Overshoot

Required
System System
Circuit Time
Required Breaker 2TJM Argus Delay Circuit
Time Tripping "Grading Breaker
Delay Time Timing Error 7.5% 5% Margin" Tripping
"Grading Time
Margin" Over-shoot 80ms 40ms
250ms CT Error
Safety Margin 50ms 40ms
400ms
CB Trip Time 150ms 80ms
CT Error Max. Op. Time

Min. Op.
Time 0 ms

Min. Op. Max. Op. Time

Time 0 ms Protection notice / Copyright notice
Page 18 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.3e) System Study for IDMT Protection

3ph Max. Fault 12596A 5753A 2882A 1410A 626A

3ph. Min. Fault 6846A 4156A 2417A 1289A 601A
11kV/415V
A B C D 1 MVA
400/5 390A 300/5 225A 200/5 130A 100/5 E
1600A
33/11kV X = 4%
Infeed F
10 MVA

165A 50A
X = 7% 95A 80A
33kV Bus 11kV Bus

PROCEDURE

Grade: D with Fuse Current Setting - Higher than max. load

C with D
B with C Time graded @ max. 3ph. fault current
A with B

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Page 19 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 4.3f) IDMT Grading Calculation Results

3ph Max. Fault 12596 5753A 2882A 1410A 11kV/415V 626A

A B C D 1 MVA
400/5 390A 300/5 225A 200/5 130A 100/5 E
1600A
33/11kV X=
Infeed 4% F
10 MVA
50A

X= 165A 95A 80A

33kV Bus 7% 11kV Bus
Current
Relay TMS
Setting

A 125% 0.375
B 100% 0.275
C 75% 0.175
B A
@ D: P.S.M. = 626/(100 x 1.25) = 5 D 125% 0.05
For p.s.m. 5: NI operating time = 4.3s C
t
4.3 x TMS = 4.3 x 0.05 = 0.215s D

Grading margin steps 0.4s 1.05

0.63
Relay at 'A' operates for a close up fault in 0.75s. 0.54
IDMT fault clearance time < DTL time 0.205

DTL system relay at 'A' operate time

= 0.2 + 3 x 0.4 = 1.4s
Amps
62
14

28

57
6
10

82

53
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Page 20 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
4.4a) Industrial System Protection Co-ordination Study

280 MVA

Single Line Diagram

11/0.4 kV
1500 kVA
Power and Voltage Ratings 5%

Equipment Impedances 2500/1

2500/1
CT Ratios
1600/1
Fuse Ratings

Relay Characteristics

450A
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Page 21 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Protection Grading Software – OC & EF Studies

Fig. 3.1A Phase Fault Grading

1000.00 Fig. 3.1B Earth Fault Grading
33kV S/S 304
1000.00
Max/min 3PF
@ 33kV 12.5kA
300/1 R2

33/11kV
15MVA 11.8MVA
20.4% X'd = 23% NE
600/5
1

800/5 1F 600/5 1C 11.8MVA

X'd =
23%

11kV S/S 100

11kV S/S 100
Max/min 3PF
600/1 2D @ 11kV EF Level
28.1 / 21.2kA 600A
100.00 600/5 2D
11/6.6kV 100.00
10/12.5MVA
15.5%

1000/5 2J
1C
6.6kV S/S 20A

Max/min 3PF
@ 6.6kV
1000/5 1L 16.8 / 12.7kA

2D

R2
10.00
10.00

Operating Time (Seconds)

Operating Time (Seconds)

2J
NE
1
1L

2D
1.00 1.00
11kV Max. Fault
12.5MVA Tx. Let Thru

Device Is TM Inst.
15MVA Tx. Let Thru

0.10 Device Is TM Inst. 0.10

MCGG61 OC 1.5 x In 0.75 7.0 x Is NE1 PBO2 EF 0.6 x In 0.1
R2 MCGG11 EF 0.6 x In 0.1
FM- OC 1.50 x In 1.0 12.0 x In
0.6 x In, (32V ph-n) TM 0.9 EI 2D AG2-
1C OC

11kV EF 600A
Gamma See generator prot. report SEF 0.2 x In 0.4s
OC 1.50 x In 1.0 EI 12.0 x In
2D AG2-
SEF 0.2 x In 0.4s DTL
OC 1.50 x In 0.6 NI
2J FM-
EF 0.4 x In 0.65 NI
OC 1.25 x In 0.2 NI
1L AG1-
EF 0.4 x In 0.45 NI

0.01
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
100 1000 Current (Amps @ 11kV) 10000 100000 Current (Amps @ 11kV)

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Page 24 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Relay Reset Grading

FAULT
R3 R2 R1 Clashing conductors or re-sealing cable

Electro-mechanical Relay Argus (Inst. Reset) Argus (DTL Reset)

TRIP

% of Algorithm
TRIP
Disc Travel

Time Time

Loss of grading /discrimination may occur:

If R2 Electromechanical & R1 Inst. reset or if R2 DTL reset and R1 electromechanical

Some compromise may be necessary where more than two relay points are in series

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Page 25 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Application - Overcurrent Blocking Scheme Logic

Power Flow

HS1 HS1
50ms 50ms
DTL DTL

Block Inst. LS Block Inst. LS

Metallic connection required between relaying points

IDMT characteristic of relays toward source have a supplementary HS1 tripping

characteristic with a DTL of 50ms

Inst. LS output of downstream relay arranged to block upstream HS1 characteristic

If metallic link is lost graded IDMT protection is not affected

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Page 26 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Application of Blocked Argus 1 Protection to Radial Substation

Incomer
Pow er flow
Block
HS1 Trip

IDMT
HS1
RADIAL SUBSTATION

IDMT
F1

Output from starters

F2

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Page 27 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
PROTECTION FOR LOW EARTH FAULT
CURRENT LEVELS

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5.1) Sensitive Earth Fault Protection

SEF relay current setting as low as possible

limited by residual unbalance capacitance -
established by test

Low CT burden required - e.g. numeric relay

DTL characteristic, back-up function

S.E.F. Relay
Semi insulating object

Low earth fault current

Core summates fluxes of primary currents

Only one core is used - CT magnetising current

is reduced by approximately 3 to 1

Core Number of secondary turns need not be related

Balance to rated current of protected circuit - can be
CT optimised to protection setting

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Page 29 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 Application of Neutral Overvoltage

No earth fault current flows

from MV side of transformer
due to Delta winding
33kV Transformer Feeder
HV/HV HV/MV
HV CB MV CB

OC/EF Earth
fault
HV CB tripped
NVD
by local
protection
MV CB must therefore be tripped by:

1) Feeder unit protection or

2) Intertrip from HV feeder protection or
3) MV NVD protection

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Page 30 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 5.2) Neutral Displacement Protection

Balanced
System R phase EF
EF on non-effectively earthed system voltages

Faulted phase must not remain energised.

EF current very small VRES

VRES = 0
- OC detection may be impractical = VYR + VBR
= 3VPH

NDR detects residual voltage to earth

Operation not discriminative

- time delay required
NDR
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Page 31 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
HIGH-SET INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION

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 6a) High Set Overcurrent Protection

12500 7000 5700

Reach of high set
A B

Inverse
Inverse time element
time element
Set above max. fault Instantaneous high-set
current at s/stn. B primary setting 7000A Plain Feeder

Reach of high set

Inverse time element

Transformer Feeder
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Page 33 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 6b) HSOC Example - Calculating System Impedances

33kV
Transformer Feeder
Max fault 1000 MVA
33/11kV
Min fault 650 MVA
24MVA
Z = 22.5% 11kv
20km (0.3 + j0.43) Ohms/km

Inverse time element

Instantaneous high-set

To determine system impedances:

OHL impedance = 20(0.3 + j0.43) = 6 + j8.6 Ohms

Source impedance Min = j330002/1000 x 106 = j1.09 Ohms

Max = j330002/650 x 106 = j1.68 Ohms

Transformer 100% impedance @ 33kV = j330002/24 x 106

= j45.38 Ohms
22.5% impedance on 24MVA = 0.225 x 45.38
= j10.21 Ohms
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Page 34 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 6c) HSOC Example - Establishing Relay Setting

33kV Source
33/11kV
Max impedance = j1.68 Ohms
j10.21 Ohms 11kV
Min impedance = j1.09 Ohms 6 + j8.6 Ohms

IDMT element
Min infeed: 3ph max infeed
HSOC 3ph fault 1601A 917A @ 33kV
ph-ph fault 1387A

Min. system impedance to LV busbars = min source + line + transformer

= j1.09 +(6 + j8.6) + j10.21 = 20.78 Ohms
Max. LV 3-phase fault = 33000/(1.732 x 20.78) = 917A

Max. system Z to transf. HV side = max source + line

= j1.68 +(6 + j8.6) = 11.9 Ohms
Min. HV 3-phase fault = 33000/(1.732 x 11.9) = 1601A

Min. HV PH-PH Fault = 0.866 x 1601 = 1387A

Best achievable grading margin = (1387/917)^0.5 = 23%

i.e. RELAY SETTING OF APPROX 1128A PRIMARY

Where compromise is necessary: Stability is preferred to high speed protection

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Page 35 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
APPLICATION OF OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

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 7.1a) Effect of System Capacitance in Resistance Earthed System

IYC
IBC

IC

F1 Delta or Un -
Earthed Star IYC
Winding
VR
IC

IBC
Instantaneous earth fault protection can be used to protect
feeder and un-earthed transformer winding, however:

For an earth fault at F1: N

EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = IBC + IYC = 3 x nominal charging current/phase

VB VY

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Page 37 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 7.1b) EF Protection Applied to Non-Earthed Transformer Feeder

33kV 7km Feeder

Charging current - 1.8A/km

IYC
IBC

IC

F1

IYC = 21.8A

VR
IC = 37.8A
On occurence of an EF (F1) the affected phase will be earthed. 33kV
system is resistance earthed, healthy phase voltage rises to line
volts level. IBC

Normal per phase capacitance increased by a factor of 1.732

For fault F1: N

EF relay on healthy circuit may operate if not set above IC
IC = 7 x 1.8 x 3 = 37.8A primary

Set relay 2 to 3 x 37.8A i.e. 75 - 112.5A

VB VY

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Page 38 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 7.2) HSOC & EF Protection for Transformer Feeders

Earthed Winding

F1
F3 E1
F2

Provides inst. prot for transformer feeder phase and earth faults

For fault F3 E2 will not operate

For fault F2 E1 will not operate
P
P Set to
> 1.5 x max. lv fault current
E2 > 2 x min. in zone (hv) fault current
TRIP
E2 Set to
P = Phase fault protection relay < P (for faults at F2 E2 may operate but P must not)
E1 = Residual earth fault relay > LV infeed to a fault at F3
E2 = Earth fault check relay (since E2 operated by +ve and -ve sequence currents)

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Page 39 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 7.3) Faults on Star Delta Transformers

I I
K K
3 3

I
SOURCE K I
3
I F
SOURCE
F
I 2I
I K I I
K I I 3 K
3 3

Earth faults on star side of transformer is seen as a phase fault on Delta side

A phase fault on the star side of the transformer requires an additional current grading margin of :

Care must be taken if applying 2 phase overcurrent protection to HV side:

ƒ 2P protection suitable if minimum fault current/full load current > 4
2I
− I = 16%
3
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Page 40 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 7.4) - Two Stage Overcurrent Protection

HV Source HV Source

DTL
Stage
2 Trip

IDMT IDMT
2 Stage Overcurrent
Protection
Separate
HV and LV Improved discrimination
Overcurrent Reduced grading margin
Protection
CT and Relay cost saving

Not applicable if there is a

IDMT
possibilty of LV infeed to
transformer faults
Stage
1 Trip

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Page 41 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 7.5) - Interlocked Overcurrent Protection

F1
F2
Interlocked Overcurrent Relay
Busbar
Normally Inhibited - Until
Protection
Operation of Busbar Prot.

Unit Feeder Protection

F1 - Cleared by busbar protection

F3
F3 - Cleared by circuit protection

F2 - Operates busbar protection

Feeder Will not be cleared by fdr. prot.

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Page 42 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 7.6) Voltage Dependent Overcurrent Protection

NETWORK

Generator

Overcurrent relay must be graded with network protection

Close up generator faults - initially high current.

May reduce rapidly - limited by amplitude of exitation
current and direct axis synchronous reactance

Volts Restrained OC Characteristic

Setting at Rated Voltage

100
Tap Setting as % of Tap

75 Volts Controlled OC

Inhibits overcurrent protection unless

50
voltage is below set-point:
Typically 0.7 - 0.9 Vn
25

25 50 75 100
Input Voltage (% of rated voltage)

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Page 43 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION

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 8a) Parallel Feeders - Application of OC Protection

51 A C 51
LOAD

51 B D 51

I1 I1 + I2
A&B

51 A C 51
I2
LOAD

C&D

51 B D 51

Conventional grading:
Grade A with C
Grade B with D Faulted feeder:
A and B have the same setting Fault current can flow in both directions
C and D have the same setting Relays C and D operate together
Both feeders will be tripped

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Page 45 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 8b) Parallel Feeders - Directional Protection

I1 + I2 Solution to faulted feeder problem:

I1
Directional control of Relays C and D
Relay D on unfaulted feeder does not operate
51 A C 67
I2

51 E LOAD

51 B D 67

SETTING PHILOSOPHY: GRADING PROCEDURE

Load current always flows in non-operate direction Grade A and B with E, assuming one
feeder in service
Any current flowing in operate direction is indicative
of a fault condition. Grade A with D (and B with C)
assuming both feeders in service
Therefore relays C and D may have sensitive setting,
fast operating time

C & D usually set to 50% full load, low T.M.S (0.1)

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Page 46 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 9a) Ring System - Application of Time Graded OC Protection

RMU
A B' B C' C D'

67 67 67 67
51 67

2.1 0.1 1.7 0.5 1.3 0.9

RMU RMU

LOAD LOAD LOAD

Source
Substation
A' F F' E E' D

67 67 67 67
51 67

2.1 0.1 1.7 0.5 1.3

RMU RMU 0.9

LOAD LOAD

With ring closed both load and fault current may flow in either direction - directional relays are required

Directional relays look into feeders - away from busbars

Non-directional relays can be used: At the source substation

On the RMU circuit with the longer time delay
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Page 47 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 9c) Grading of Ring Main with Argus Numerical Relays

RMU

67 67
51 67

RMU RMU

Directional (Argus2) numerical relays can be set to tri-state, allowing LOAD

Source
Substation totally independent forward and reverse settings to be applied.

Outputs of Argus configured to trip relevant circuit breaker

Cost saving - less relays, CTs, installation etc.

67 67
51

RMU RMU

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Page 49 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 9d) Problem of Grading Ring Main with Two Sources

Correct discrimination between directional overcurrent relays is not possible:

For F1 - B' must operate before A', A before D

For F2 - B' must operate after A', A after D

F1
A B' B C'

67 67 67 67

Source
Substation 67 67 67 67

A' F2 D D' C
RMU

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Page 50 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 9e) Grading Ring Main with Two Sources

Option 2 Source 2
Option 1
Fit pilot wire protection to Substation
Trip least important
circuit A - B source instantaneously
50
Consider S/Stns A & B as Then treat as ring main
common source busbar with single source

A B' B C'

67 67 67 67

87 87

Source 1
Substation
67 67 67 67

A' D D' C
RMU

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Page 51 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 10a) Establishing Current Direction for Phase Faults

Directional OC protection required if current can flow in both directions through relay location e.g.
Parallel feeders, Ring main circuits

Direction of a.c. is by inference not an absolute quantity, it is measured relative to some reference quantity alternating at
the same frequency - the system voltage.

I = OPERATING QUANTITY
Reference V = POLARISING QUANTITY

Comparing phase current (e.g. IRED) with relevant phase voltage (e.g. VRED) would indicate dirn of current flow, however;

P.F. USUALLY LOW (Power system apart from loads is reactive)

USE OF FAULT VOLTAGE IS UNRELIABLE (System volts at point of fault will collapse towards zero)

Each phase of directional overcurrent relays must be polarised with a voltage which will not be reduced excessively (close
up 3-phase faults notwithstanding)

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Page 52 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 10b) Table Illustrating Relay Connections

600 No.1 Connection 600 No.2 Connection

300 Connection Requires delta Risk of mal-operation 900 Connection
connected CTs for all fault types

APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED APPLIED

CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE CURRENT VOLTAGE

Red
IR VR-B IR-Y VR-B IR -VB-N IR VY-B
Phase
Yellow
IY VY-R IY-B VY-R IY -VR-N IY VB-R
Phase
Blue
IB VB-Y IB-R VB-Y IB -VY-N IB VR-Y
Phase

VR VR-B VR VR
VR VR-B
IR-
300 IR IR
IR Y 600
-VB-N
0
60
VY-B

VB VY VB VY VB VY
VB VY

Example – Red Phase Example – Red Phase

Example – Red Phase Example – Red Phase

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Page 53 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 10c) Considerations for Phase Fault Relays

3 phase relays

4 types of fault
ƒ 3P, P-E, P-P, 2P-E

4 types of connections
ƒ 300, 600-1, 600-2, 900

Location of relay in system

ƒ Zero sequence source behind relay
ƒ Zero sequence source in front of relay
ƒ Dy or Yd transformer between relay and fault

Can be reduced to 86 combinations?

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Page 54 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 10d) 900 Relay Connection with Selectable MTA

Relay Applied Applied MTA

Relay Circuit
Phase Current Voltage (I wrt V)

R IR VY-B I
MTA

MTA = displacement of
Y IY VB-R 30 I'
current and voltage
300
applied to relay
B IB VR-Y V

R IR VY-B I
MTA 90 - 45 Relay ITzero
Balanced
primary
Y IY VB-R 45 I' system
conditions -450
450 V
B IB VR-Y V 450 IUPF

1350
ITzero
For balanced system conditions:
90 - 30 Relay ImaxT

MTA: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 600

Zero torque limits: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 1500
Primary system volts lags primary system current by 300

90 - 45 Relay
MTA: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 450 W.K Sonnemann:
Zero torque limits: Primary system volts leads primary system current by 1350 This relay gives the best characteristic
Primary system volts lags primary system current by 450 to fit the spread of possible phase angles
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Page 55 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 10e) 2 out of 3 Logic

When used the DOC elements will only operate where currents in 2 or more phases are detected in the
operate direction.

Can be used to ensure protection security against operation by load currents during power system faults
when very low current settings are applied.

Will limit the use of DOC elements against earth faults i.e. DEF elements may be required.

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Page 56 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 11a) Establishing Current Direction for Earth Faults

Require:
OPERATING QUANTITY, POLARISING QUANTITY

Operating Signal
Obtained from residual connection of line CTs IOP = 3Io

Polarising Signal
Ph - Ph or Ph - E voltages used in overcurrent protection
become inappropriate.
Residual voltage is used as the polarising quantity
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Page 57 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 11b) DEF - Extracting Residual Voltage

To allow for the flow of zero

sequence voltage components:

VT primary must be earthed

VT can be of 3 phase, 5 limb construction or
3 single phase units

Open delta VT
secondary

VRES = VA-G + VB-G + VC - G = 3VO

RES

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Page 58 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 11c) DEF - Residual Voltage for Solidly Earthed Systems

S ZS R ZL F

Source Line
impedance impedance

System
Volts

ZS/ZL high
VR =
VR Residual
Residual VR
Volts Voltage

System
Volts

ZS/ZL low
VR May limit
Residual use of voltage VR
Volts polarised relays
- modern relays
very sensitive
CHECK FOR SUFFICIENT POLARISING VOLTAGE!
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Page 59 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
11d) DEF - Residual Volts for Non-Effectively Earthed Systems

S R F
Z
ZS
L

S Volts drop S
R due to earth R
resistance Neutral point
System raised above
Volts earth potential
Resistance
Earthed VR
VR
VR (may
Residual approach
Volts 3VPH)
SUFFICIENT
POLARISING
VOLTAGE SHOULD
ALWAYS BE
AVAILABLE Neutral
System fully
Insulated or Volts displaced
Peterson
Coil
Earthed
Residual
Volts
VR VR VR

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Page 60 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 11.2) DEF - Relay Connection with Selectable MTA

MTA (I wrt V)
O0 -150 -450 -650 -900
Resistive Neutral Reactive Neutral

VRES VRES
VRES
VRES
VRES

IRES IRES
IRES
Resistance IRES
Earthing Transformer IRES
Earthed
Systems with Resistor Distribution System Transmission System Reactance
- Solidly Earthed - Solidly Earthed Earthed
Systems

VRES VRES

IRES VRES/IRES = 00 VRES/IRES = 900

IRES

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Page 61 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 11.3a) Polarising with Neutral Current

VOLTAGE POLARISING MAY NOT BE PRACTICABLE

A
i) A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system
may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point.

ii) VTs may not be available

iii) VTs may not be suitable - no zero sequence path

Polarising
If a reliable polarising signal is not available then the relay may be signal B
polarised from a suitable current source:
e.g. from a CT located in a suitable system neutral to earth.

For relay operation:

Polarising and operating current should be in phase

Neutral current of a power or earthing transformer may be used

- but only if earth fault neutral current always flows towards the system
Neutral of Star/Delta will always flow in correct direction for polarising
Double earthed Star/Star and Auto-transformers require study.

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Page 62 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices
 11.3b) Current Polarising from 2 Winding Transformers

CORRECT

POL OP

DEF Relay

POL OP
CORRECT
DEF Relay

POL OP POL OP

DEF Relay DEF Relay

INCORRECT INCORRECT
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Page 63 Kevin Hearfield Reyrolle Protection Devices