WELCOME

Physics 1 [Spring 2023 - 2024]

Dr. Shovan Kumar Kundu
Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Faculty of Science & Technology (FST)
American International University-Bangladesh
1
 CREDIT: 3 CREDIT HOURS
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
ATTENDANCE AND PERFORMANCE: 10 (10%)
ASSESSMENTS
QUIZZES : BEST ONE OUT OF TWO : 20 (20 %)
ASSIGNMENT / PRESENTATION : 20 (20%)
MIDTERM ASSESSMENTS (COUNT ALL): 50 (50%)
TOTAL = 100 POINTS/MARKS
 Grading policy
Numerical % Letter Grade Grade Point
90-100 A+ 4.00
85 - < 90 A 3.75
80 - < 85 B+ 3.50
75 - < 80 B 3.25
70 - < 75 C+ 3.00
65 - < 70 C 2.75
60 - < 65 D+ 2.50
50 - < 60 D 2.25
< 50 F 0.00
Incomplete I
Withdrawal W
Unofficially Withdrawal UW

*Incomplete grades (I) may be assigned at the end of the semester to students who have not
finished their course requirements (attendance, quizzes, assignments, exams, etc.) with passing
academic standing. Students must complete the pending requirements for the course within a
month of the semester ending. Failure to do so may result in a F grade being awarded to the
student for that particular course.
For detail, please follow the link: https://aiub.edu/academic-regulations
 Outline up to Mid term
Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Physics (10th Edition) by Halliday, Resnick and Walker
2. University Physics (13th Edition), Young and Freedman

Book chapter Chapter name

no
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
5 Force and Motion-I
6 Force and Motion-II
7 and 8 Kinetic Energy and Work
And Conservation of Energy
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
10 Rotation
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
 LESSON 1

BOOK CHAPTER 4

Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

 Outline of Lesson 1
Position and Displacement
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
Position:

x2 x1
One dimension

Y
(x1, y1 , z1) (x2, y2 , z2)
Y 1 (x, y) 1 2
r1 r2
r
X
X
Two dimension Z Three dimension
 Position Vector (three-dimension):

To describe the motion of a particle

in space, we must first be able to
describe the particle’s position.
Consider a particle that is at a point
P at a certain instant. The position
vector 𝒓 of the particle at this
instant is a vector that goes from
the origin of the coordinate system
to the point P (as shown in the
figure). The Cartesian coordinates
x, y, and z of point P are the x-, y-,
and z-components of vector
𝒓 .Using the unit vectors we can
write

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
 Position Vector and Displacement Vector:
During a time interval ∆𝑡 the particle
moves from 𝑃1 , where its position
vector is 𝑟Ԧ1 to 𝑃2 , where its position
vector is 𝑟Ԧ2 .The change in position (the
displacement) during this interval is

∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1

∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 𝑘෠ − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧1 𝑘෠

∆𝑟Ԧ = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )𝑖Ƹ + (𝑦2 −𝑦1 )𝑗Ƹ + (𝑧2 −𝑧1 )𝑘෠

∆𝑟Ԧ = ∆𝑥𝑖Ƹ + ∆𝑦𝑗Ƹ + ∆𝑧𝑘෠

Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity:
If a particle moves through a displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ in a time interval ∆t, then its average
velocity 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 is

𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 ∆𝒓
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 ∆𝒕
Instantaneous velocity (simply, velocity 𝒗) is the limit of the average
velocity as the time interval approaches zero, and it equals the instantaneous
rate of change of position with time. That is
∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
The magnitude of the vector 𝒗 at any instant is the speed of the particle at that
instant. The direction of 𝒗 at any instant is the same as the direction in which
the particle is moving at that instant.
Note: At every point along the path, the instantaneous velocity vector is
tangent to the path at that point.

❑ Create a particle’s position vector as a function of time and evaluate its

(instantaneous) velocity vector.

𝑟(𝑡)
Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
We have the definition of velocity vector, 𝒅𝒓
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
𝒅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝒗= ෠
(𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘) = 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌 ෡ = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌
෡
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity vector 𝒗 —that is, the speed—is
given in terms of the component
𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑣𝑧 by the Pythagorean relation:

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2

The adjacent Figure shows the situation

when the particle moves in the xy-plane.
In this case, z and 𝑣𝑧 are zero. Then the
speed (the magnitude of 𝑣)Ԧ is

𝑣= 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2
The direction of the instantaneous velocity is given by the angle 𝜶 (the
Greek letter alpha) in the figure.
𝑣𝑦 And 𝑣𝑦
tan 𝛼 = 𝛼= tan −1
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
 Let’s try!!
Example: Calculating average and instantaneous velocity
A robotic vehicle, or rover, is exploring the surface of Mars. The stationary Mars
lander is the origin of coordinates, and the surrounding Martian surface lies in the
xy-plane. The rover, which we represent as a point, has x- and y-coordinates that
vary with time:
𝑚 2
𝑥 = 2.0 𝑚 − 0.25 2 𝑡
𝑠
𝑚 𝑚 3
𝑦 = 1.0 𝑡 + (0.025 3 )𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
(a) Find the rover’s coordinates and distance from the lander at t = 2.0 s.
(b) Find the rover’s displacement and average velocity vectors for the interval t =
0.0 s to t = 2.0 s (c) Find a general expression for the rover’s instantaneous velocity
vector 𝒗 . Express 𝒗 at t = 2.0 s in component form and in terms of magnitude and
direction.
Solution:
IDENTIFY and SET UP: This problem involves motion in two
dimensions, so we must use the vector equations obtained in
this section. Figure 3.5 shows the rover’s path (dashed line).
We’ll use
Eq. 𝑟(𝑡)
Ԧ = 𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ ………(1) for position
The expression ∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1 for displacement, Eq.
∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = ……..(2) for average velocity, and
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ෡ = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌
෡
Eqs. 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒕 𝒓 = 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑑𝑡 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑑𝑡 𝒌
𝑑𝑡
……..(3),
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2 ………(4) , and
𝑣𝑦
tan 𝛼 = 𝑣 ………(5) for instantaneous velocity and its magnitude and direction. The
𝑥
target variables are stated in the problem.
EXECUTE:
𝑚
(a) At t = 2.0 s the rover’s coordinates are 𝑥 = 2.0 𝑚 − 0.25 𝑠2 2 𝑠 2 = 1 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑦 = 1.0 2 𝑠 + 0.025 3 2 𝑠 3 = 2.2 𝑚
𝑠 𝑠
The rover’s distance from the origin at this time is
𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (1𝑚)2 +(2.2𝑚)2 = 2.4 𝑚
 (b) To find the displacement and average velocity over the given time interval, we first
express the position vector 𝑟Ԧ as a function of time t. From Eq. (1) this is
𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ
𝑚 2 𝑚 𝑚 3
= 2.0 𝑚 − 0.25 𝑟 𝑖 Ƹ + [ 1.0 𝑡 + 0.025 𝑡 ]𝑗Ƹ
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠2
At t = 0.0 s the position vector 𝑟Ԧ0 is
𝑟Ԧ0 = 2.0𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + (0.0𝑚)𝑗Ƹ
From part (a), the position vector 𝑟Ԧ2 at t = 2.0 s is
𝑟Ԧ2 = 1.0𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + (2.2𝑚)𝑗Ƹ
The displacement from t = 0.0 s to t = 2.0 s is therefore
∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ0 = 1.0𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + 2.2𝑚 𝑗Ƹ − 2.0𝑚 𝑖Ƹ
= −1.0𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + (2.2𝑚)𝑗Ƹ
During this interval the rover moves 1.0 m in the negative x-direction and 2.2 m in the
positive y-direction. From Eq. (2), the average velocity over this interval is the displacement
divided by the elapsed time:
∆𝑟Ԧ −1.0𝑚 𝑖Ƹ + (2.2𝑚)𝑗Ƹ
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣 = =
∆𝑡 2.0 𝑠 − 0.0 𝑠
0.50𝑚 1.1𝑚
= − 𝑖Ƹ + ( )𝑗Ƹ
𝑠 𝑠
The components of this average velocity are vav-x = -0.50 m/s and vav-y = 1.1 m/s.
 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
If a body’s (or particle’s) velocity changes from 𝑣Ԧ1 to 𝑣Ԧ2 in time interval ∆𝑡 ,
its average acceleration during ∆𝑡 is
𝑣Ԧ2 − 𝑣Ԧ1 ∆𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡
If ∆𝑡 approaches to zero about some instant, then in the limit
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 approaches the instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration) at that
instant; that is,
∆𝑣Ԧ 𝑑𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
❑ Create a particle’s velocity vector as a function of time and evaluate its
(Instantaneous) acceleration vector.
෡
𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ 𝑑 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑎Ԧ = = ෡
𝑣𝑥 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑣𝑦 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑣𝑧 𝒌 = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘෠
Problem 3 (Book chapter 4)
A positron undergoes a displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑘෠ , ending with the
෠ in meters. What was the positron's initial position
position vector 𝑟Ԧ = 3𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘,
vector?

Answer:

We have ∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟Ԧ1

𝑟Ԧ1 = 𝑟Ԧ − ∆𝑟Ԧ = 3𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ − 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑘෠ = 3𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ − 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 6𝑘෠

𝑟Ԧ1 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ − 10𝑘෠

Problem 13 (Book chapter 4)
A particle moves so that its position (in meters) as a function of time (in
෠ Write expressions for (a) its velocity and (b) its
seconds) is 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡𝑘.
acceleration as functions of time.

Answer:
We have 𝑑 𝑟Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡𝑘෠ = 0 + 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝑑𝑡

Again, we have
𝑑𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
𝑎Ԧ = 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = 8 𝑗Ƹ + 0 = 8 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑡
 Do by yourself
1. [ Chap 4 - problem 2]: A watermelon seed has the following coordinates: x = -5.0
m, y = 8.0 m, and z = 0 m. Find its position vector (a) in unit-vector notation and as
(b) a magnitude and (c) an angle relative to the positive direction of the x axis. (d)
Sketch the vector on a right-handed coordinate system. If the seed is moved to the
xyz coordinates (3.00 m, 0 m, 0 m), what is its displacement (e) in unit-vector
notation and as (f) a magnitude and (g) an angle relative to the positive x direction?
2. [ Chap 4 - problem 7]: An ion’s position vector is initially 𝑟Ԧ = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑗Ƹ + 2 𝑘෠ , and
10 s later it is 𝑟Ԧ = −2 𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ − 2 𝑘෠ , all in meters. In unit vector notation, what is
its 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 during the 10 s?
3. [ Chap 4 - problem 11]: The position of a particle moving in an r xy plane is given
by 𝑟Ԧ = 5𝑡 3 − 5𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + (6 − 7𝑡 4 )𝑗Ƹ , with 𝑟Ԧ in meters and t in seconds. In unit-
vector notation, calculate (a) 𝑟,Ԧ (b) 𝑣Ԧ , and (c) 𝑎Ԧ for t 2.00 s.
4. [Chap 4 - problem 14]: A proton initially has 𝑣Ԧ = 4 𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 3 𝑘෠ and then 4.0 s
later has 𝑣Ԧ = −2 𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 5 𝑘෠ (in meters per second). For that 4.0 s, what are (a)
the proton’s average acceleration 𝑎Ԧ avg in unit vector notation, (b) the magnitude of
𝑎Ԧ avg , and (c) the angle between 𝑎Ԧ avg and the positive direction of the x axis?
Thank you