STATISTICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF

ACCIDENT DATA

Present by
SANGAMESH (1MJ18CTE11)
M.Tech in Transportation Engineering
MVJCE
CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 ABSTRACT
 PROJECT LOCATION
 OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENTS
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 METHODOLGY AND ANALYSIS
 ESTIMATION
 GENERAL WORK PLAN
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT
Pavements are required for the smooth, safe and
systematic passage of traf fic . Pavements are
generally classif ied as f lexible and rigid pavements.
Flexible pavements are those which have low f lexural
strength and are f lexible in their structural action
under loads. Rigid pavements are those which
possess note worthy f lexural strength and f lexural
rigidity.
In this project, an attempt is made to design a road
from Hoodi to Ayyappa Nagar (4km), based on the
principles of pavement design. On the existing
alignment of the road, soil samples are collected for
the determination of soil characteristics like
consistency limits, sieve analysis, C.B.R. values etc..,
Based on this the thickness of the pavement (f lexible)
is designed.
PROJECT LOCATION





OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENTS

 The surface of a pavement should be stable and non-
yielding, to allow the heavy wheel loads of the road
tra c to move with least possible rolling resistance.
 The road should be even along the longitudinal pro le
to enable the fast vehicles to move safely and
comfortably at the design speed.
 The road should be even along the longitudinal pro le
to enable the fast vehicles to move safely and
comfortably at the design speed.
Continue..
 The road should be even along the longitudinal
prof ile to enable the fast vehicles to move safely
and comfortably at the design speed.
 It is always desirable to construct the pavement
well above the maximum level of the ground
water to keep the sub-grade relatively dry even
during monsoons. At high moisture contents, the
soil becomes weaker and soft and starts yielding
under heavy wheel loads, thus increasing the
tractive resistance.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Iqbal H. Khan,(1998) A Textbook of Geotechnical
Engineering, Pentice Hall of India Private Limited, New
Delhi.
 Khan (1998) describes the Group Index Method and
California Bearing Ratio Method for design of f lexible
pavements. In Group Index Method the thickness is obtained
by f irst determining the Group Index of soil. The curves are
plotted between Group Index of subgrade and thickness for
various tra c conditions. In California Bearing Ratio Method,
the curves are plotted between California Bearing Ratio
Percent and depth of construction.
2. Arora, K.R. (2003) Soil mechanics and Foundation
Engineering, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
 Arora (2003) have reported various methods for
design of f lexible pavements. These various methods are
Group Index Method, CBR Method, California Resistance
Value Method and McLeod Method. In the Group Index
Method, the thickness of base and surfacing is related to
the volume of tra c. In CBR Method the curves are plotted
between CBR and pavement thickness for light, medium
and heavy tra c. California Resistance Value Method uses
California Resistance value, called R-value. In Mcleod
Method curves are plotted between depth of construction
and CBR for tra c conditions.
3. Punmia, B.C., Jain, A.K. and Jain Arun, K.(2005)
Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Lakshmi
Publications, New Delhi.
 Punmia et. al (2005) have reported stresses in
homogeneous mass; elastic deformation under circular
load and Burmister analysis for exible pavement. Charts
for vertical def lections have been developed. The design
curves by Group Index Method and California Bearing
Ratio Method have been developed. In Group Index
Method, the curves are plotted between Group Index and
thickness. In California Bearing Ratio Method curves are
plotted between thickness of construction and California
Bearing Ratio
4. Das, A.(2008) Reliability Considerations of
Bituminous Pavement Design by Mechanistic-
Empirical Approach, the International Journal of
Pavement Engineering, Vol.9, No.1, pp. 19-31.
 Das (2008) discusses the reliability issues in bituminous
pavement design, based on mechanistic empirical-
approach. Variabilities of pavement design input
parameters are considered and reliability, for various
proposed failure def initions, of a given pavement is
estimated by simulation as well as by analytical method. A
methodology has been suggested for designing
bituminous pavements for a given level of overall reliability
by mechanistic empirical pavement design approach.
5. Rahman, M.T., Mahmud, K. and Ahsan, K. (2011
), Stress-Strain Characteristics of Flexible
Pavement Using Finite Element Analysis,
International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Vol.2, No.1, pp.233-240.
 According to Rahman et. al (2011), design of f lexible
pavement is largely based on empirical methods using
layered elastic and two-dimensional f in ite element
analysis. Currently a shift underway towards more
mechanistic design techniques to minimize the limitations
in determining stress, strain and displacement in
pavement analysis. In this study, f lexible pavement
modeling is done using ABAQUS software in which model
dimensions, element types and meshing strategies are
taken by successive trial and error to achieve desired
accuracy and convergence of the study.
6. Ameri, M., Salehabadi, E.G., Nejad, F.M. and Rostami, T.
(2012) Assessment of Analytical Techniques of Flexible
Pavements by Finite Element Method and Theory of
Multi-Layer System, Journal Basic Applied Science
Research, Vol.2, No.11, pp.11743-11748.
Ameri et. al (2012) have used f inite element method

to analyse and design pavements. Finite element method
is able to analyse stability, time dependent problems and
problems with material nonlinearity. In this paper, a great
number of the prevalent pavements have been analyzed
by means of two techniques: Finite element method and
theory of multilayer system. Eventually, from statistical
viewpoint, the results of analysis on these two techniques
have been compared by signif ic ance parameter and
correlation coef ficient. The results of this study indicate
that results of analysis on f in ite elements are most
appropriately compiled with results came from theory of
multilayer system and there is no signif icant dif ference
among the mean values in both techniques.
7. Jain, S., Joshi,Y.P., Golia, S.S. (2013) Design of
Rigid and Flexible Pavements by Various
Methods and Their Cost Analysis of Each
Method, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications, Vol.3, No.5 pp.119
-123.
 Jain et. al (2013) discuss about the design
methods that traditionally being followed and
examine the “Design of rigid and exible pavements
by various methods and their cost analysis by each
method”. Flexible pavements are preferred over
cement concrete roads as they have a great
advantage that these can be strengthened and
improved in stages with the growth of traf fic and
also their surfaces can be milled and recycled for
rehabilitation. The f le xible pavement is less
expansive also with regard to initial investment and
maintaince.
8. Tarefder, R., Saha, N. and Stormont, J.(2010)
Evaluation of Subgrade Strength and Pavement
Designs for Reliability, Journal Transportation
Engineering, Vol.136, No.4, pp. 379-391.
 Tarefder et. al (2010) present that reliability is an
important factor in f lexible pavement design to consider
the variability associated with the design inputs. In this
paper, subgrade strength variability and f lexible pavement
designs are evaluated for reliability. Parameters such as
mean, maximum likelihood, median, coef fic ient of
variation, and density distribution, function of subgrade
strength are determined. Design outputs are compared in
terms of reliability and thickness using these design
procedures. It is shown that the AASHTO provides higher
reliability values compared to the probabilistic procedure.
9. Maharaj, D.K. and Gill, S. (2014) Development of Design
Chart for Flexible Pavement by Finite Element Method,
International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering
and Computing,Vol.2, Issue 2, MarchApril,pp.8-23.
Maharaj and Gill (2014) performed axisymmetric nite
element analysis by varying dif ferent parameters to


develop design charts. The parameters varied are

thickness of pavement, pressure and elastic modulus of
subgrade. The pavement and base course has been
idealized as linear elastic material while the subgrade
has been idealized as nonlinear material by Drucker-
Prager yield criterion. The pavement, base course and
soil have been discretized by four noded isoparametric
f inite elements. Four types of design charts have been
developed. Each of the design charts has three
parameters. For two known parameters, the third
parameters can be obtained.
METHODOLGY AND ANALYSIS
To meet the above mentioned objectives of the present
study, following steps are adopted
 Detailed traf fic surveys were carried out to assess the
present day tra c and its characteristics.
 Will use Group Index Method and California Bearing
Ratio Method for designing the Flexible Pavement. With
the help of thess method we will f ind the thickness of
pavement.
 The Codes for designing of exible pavement used are
IRC 37:2001 – (Guidelines for the Design of Flexible),
 TESTS ON SOIL
 Liquid Limit Of Soil
 Plastic Limit Of Soil
 Sieve Analysis Of Soil
 Proctor Compaction Test
 Determination Of Speci c Gravity Of Soil
 California Bearing Ratio Test
Methods of Design Of Flexible
Pavement
 Group Index Method
 California Bearing Ratio Method


Computation of Design Tra c

 The design tra c is considered in terms of the cumulative
number of standard axles(in the lane carrying maximum
tra c) to be carried during the design life of the road. This
can be computed using the following equation:-
N = 365 x [ (1+r)n– 1] x A x D x F/r
 Where,
 N = Cumulative number of Standard axles to be catered in
the design in terms of use.
 A = Initial tra c in the year of completion of construction in
terms of the number of commercial vehicles per day.
 D = Lane distribution factor
 R = Annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
 F = Vehicle damage factor
 N = Design life in years
 ESTIMATION
 An estimate is a computation or calculation of the qualities
required and expenditure likely to be incurred in the
construction of a work. The primary objective of estimate
is to enable one to know beforehand the cost of the work.
 For all engineering works, it is desirable to know
beforehand the probable cost of construction known as
estimated cost. If the estimated cost is greater than the
money available, then attempts are made to reduce the
cost by reducing the work or changing the specif ications.
In preparing the estimate, the quantities of dif ferent items
of work are calculated by simple mensuration method and
from these quantities, the cost is calculated
 General Work Plan
s.n Work content Weeks
o
1. Sample data collection 1 week of October 15th
2. Testing of sample 3 weeks of November 1st
3. Tra volume count 1 weeks of December 15th
4. Design of exible pavement 2 weeks of December 15th
5. Cost And Estimation 2 weeks January 15th
6. Conclusion February 10th
CONCLUSION
 In this project work, an attempt will be made to
incorporate latest techniques of pavement design of
existing road from Hoodi circle to Ayyappa Nagar
approximate road length of 4 km.
 It is also proposed to design a exible pavement by Group
Index method and CBR method. Some more methods are
available in the design of exible pavement, which are much
advanced like California resisting value method, Mcleod
method, Triaxial method and Burnister method. Because of
the limitations of time and scope, only GI method and CBR
method will be adopted.
 To have a practical concept of estimation analysis, an
attempt will be made to estimate the quantities of earth
work of exible pavement.
REFERENCE
 Iqbal H. Khan,(1998) A Textbook of Geotechnical
Engineering, Pentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
 Arora, K.R. (2003) Soil mechanics and Foundation
Engineering, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
 Punmia, B.C., Jain, A.K. and Jain Arun, K.(2005) Soil
Mechanics and Foundations, Lakshmi Publications, New
Delhi.
 Das, A.(2008) Reliability Considerations of Bituminous
Pavement Design by Mechanistic-Empirical Approach, the
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol.9, No.1,
pp. 19-31.
Continue…
• Rahman, M.T., Mahmud, K. and Ahsan, K. (2011), Stress-Strain
Characteristics of Flexible Pavement Using Finite Element
Analysis, International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Vol.2, No.1, pp.233-240.
• Ameri, M., Salehabadi, E.G., Nejad, F.M. and Rostami, T. (2012)
Assessment of Analytical Techniques of Flexible Pavements
by Finite Element Method and Theory of Multi-Layer System,
Journal Basic Applied Science Research, Vol.2, No.11, pp.11743
-11748.
• Jain, S., Joshi,Y.P., Golia, S.S. (2013) Design of Rigid and
Flexible Pavements by Various Methods and Their Cost
Analysis of Each Method, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications, Vol.3, No.5 pp.119-123.
Continue…
 Tarefder, R., Saha, N. and Stormont, J.(2010) Evaluation of
Subgrade Strength and Pavement Designs for Reliability,
Journal Transportation Engineering, Vol.136, No.4, pp. 379
-391.
 Maharaj, D.K. and Gill, S. (2014) Development of Design
Chart for Flexible Pavement by Finite Element Method,
International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and
Computing,Vol.2, Issue 2, MarchApril,pp.8-23.