AMOUNT OF

SUBSTANCE

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 1 - FORMULAE

If you are serious about doing A level Chemistry, you MUST be able to write a formula without a
second thought. It is the single most essential skill for an A level chemist.

You have to know and be able to use the information on this page – you should not be looking it
up. There is no data sheet with ion charges at A level.
If you can’t write a formula in an instant, DROP CHEMISTRY NOW and choose something else.

Elements

Monatomic Simple molecular Ionic Metallic Giant covalent

He helium H2 hydrogen There are no ionic The formula is just the The formula is just the
elements!! symbol, e.g. symbol
Ne neon N2 nitrogen
Mg magnesium C diamond
Ar argon O2 oxygen
Fe iron C graphite
Kr krypton F2 fluorine
Na sodium C graphine
Xe xenon Cl2 chlorine
Ni nickel Si silicon
Rn radon Br2 bromine
I2 iodine
P4 phosphorus
S8 sulfur

Compounds

Monatomic Simple molecular Ionic Metallic Giant covalent

There are no monatomic Some common These have to be There are no metallic SiO2 silicon dioxide
compounds!! molecular compounds: worked out using ion compounds!!
charges – you have to
CO2 carbon dioxide
know these at AS/A
CO carbon monoxide level!
NO nitrogen monoxide LEARN them ASAP.
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
SO2 sulfur dioxide Note these acids:
SO3 sulfur trioxide HCl hydrochloric acid
NH3 ammonia H2SO4 sulfuric acid
CH4 methane HNO3 nitric acid
H2S hydrogen sulfide H3PO4 phosphoric acid

Positive ions Negative ions

Group 1 ions: Group 3 ions: Group 7 ions: Other common ions

+ 3+ –
Li lithium Al aluminium F fluoride NO3– nitrate
+
Na sodium Cl –
chloride SO42– sulfate
+ Other common ions –
K potassium Br bromide CO32– carbonate
Mg2+ silver(I) I– iodide HCO3– hydrogencarbonate
Group 2 ions:
Zn2+ zinc(II)
OH– hydroxide
Mg2+ magnesium Group 6 ions:
NH4+ ammonium H –
hydride
Ca2+ calcium O2– oxide
H+ hydrogen PO43– phosphate
Ba2+ barium S2– sulfide

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 TASK 1 – WRITING FORMULAS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

1) silver(I) bromide ………………………….. 9) lead(II) oxide …………………………..

2) sodium carbonate ………………………….. 10) sodium phosphate ………………………….

3) potassium oxide ………………………….. 11) zinc hydrogencarbonate …………………………..

4) iron(III) oxide ………………………….. 12) ammonium sulfate …………………………..

5) chromium(III) chloride ………………………….. 13) gallium hydroxide …………………………..

6) calcium hydroxide ………………………….. 14) strontium selenide …………………………..

7) aluminium nitrate ……………………….…. 15) radium sulfate ………………………….

8) sodium sulfate ………………………….. 16) sodium nitride ………………………….

TASK 2 – WRITING FORMULAS 1

1) lead(IV) oxide ………………………….. 11) barium hydroxide …………………………..

2) copper ………………………….. 12) tin(IV) chloride …………………………..

3) sodium ………………………….. 13) silver(I) nitrate …………………………..

4) ammonium chloride ………………………….. 14) iodine …………………………..

5) ammonia ………………………….. 15) nickel …………………………..

6) sulfur ………………………….. 16) hydrogen sulfide …………………………..

7) sulfuric acid ………………………….. 17) titanium(IV) oxide …………………………..

8) neon ………………………….. 18) lead …………………………..

9) silica ………………………….. 19) strontium sulfate …………………………..

10) silicon ………………………….. 20) lithium …………………………..

TASK 3 – WRITING FORMULAS 2

1) silver(I) carbonate ………………………….. 11) barium hydroxide …………………………..

2) gold ………………………….. 12) ammonia …………………………..

3) platinum(II) fluoride ………………………….. 13) hydrochloric acid …………………………..

4) nitric acid ………………………….. 14) fluorine …………………………..

5) ammonia ………………………….. 15) silicon …………………………..

6) silicon(IV) hydride ………………………….. 16) calcium phosphate …………………………..

7) phosphorus ………………………….. 17) rubidium …………………………..

8) diamond ………………………….. 18) germanium(IV) oxide …………………………..

9) vanadium(V) oxide ………………………….. 19) magnesium astatide …………………………..

10) cobalt(II) hydroxide ………………………….. 20) nitrogen monoxide …………………………..

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 2 - EQUATIONS

From an early age you should have been able to balance chemical equations. However, at A level, you will often need to:

• work out the formulas yourselves

• work out what is made (so you need to know some basic general equations)
• for reactions involving ions in solution, write ionic equations

Some general reactions you should know:

General Reaction Examples

substance + oxygen ® oxides 2 Mg + O2 ® 2 MgO

2 H2S + 3 O2 ® 2 H2O + 2 SO2
C3H8 + 5 O2 ® 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

metal + water ® metal hydroxide + hydrogen 2 Na + 2 H2O ® 2 NaOH + H2

metal + acid ® salt + hydrogen Mg + 2 HCl ® MgCl2 + H2

oxide + acid ® salt + water MgO + 2 HNO3 ® Mg(NO3)2 + H2O

hydroxide + acid ® salt + water 2 NaOH + H2SO4 ® Na2SO4 + H2O

carbonate + acid ® salt + water + carbon dioxide CuCO3 + 2 HCl ® CuCl2 + H2O + CO2

hydrogencarbonate + acid ® salt + water + carbon dioxide KHCO3 + HCl ® KCl + H2O + CO2

ammonia + acid ® ammonium salt NH3 + HCl ® NH4Cl

metal carbonate ® metal oxide + carbon dioxide (on heating) CaCO3 ® CaO + CO2

TASK 4 – WRITING BALANCED EQUATIONS

1) Balance the following equations.

a) Mg + HNO3 ® Mg(NO3)2 + H2

b) CuCl2 + NaOH ® Cu(OH)2 + NaCl

c) SO2 + O2 ® SO3

d) C4H10 + O2 ® CO2 + H2O

2) Give balanced equations for the following reactions.

a) sodium + oxygen ® sodium oxide

b) aluminium + chlorine ® aluminium chloride

c) calcium + hydrochloric acid ® calcium chloride + hydrogen

d) ammonia + sulfuric acid ® ammonium sulfate

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 TASK 5 – WRITING BALANCED EQUATIONS 2

Write balance equations for the following reactions:

1) burning aluminium

2) burning hexane (C6H14)

3) burning ethanethiol (CH3CH2SH)

4) reaction of lithium with water

5) reaction of calcium carbonate with nitric acid

6) thermal decomposition of lithium carbonate

7) reaction of ammonia with nitric acid

8) reaction of potassium oxide with sulfuric acid

9) reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid

10) reaction of zinc with phosphoric acid

11) reaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate with sulfuric acid

12) reaction of potassium hydroxide with sulfuric acid

Ionic equations
+
When an ionic substance dissolves in water, the positive and Na
+ Cl–
Na
negative ions separate and become hydrated (they interact with
water molecules rather than each other). For example, a solution Cl– Cl–
of sodium chloride could also be described as a mixture of
hydrated sodium ions and hydrated chloride ions in water.
+
Na
In reactions involving ionic compounds dissolved in water, some of
the ions may not be involved in the reaction. These are called Cl– Cl–
spectator ions. For such reactions, we can write an ionic Na+
equation that only shows the species that are involved in the
reaction. Cl– Na+

Simple examples are equations for which ionic equations can be Na+ Cl–
Na+
written include:

Reactions of acids:

Common ionic equations are: acid + hydroxide H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ® H2O(l)

acid + carbonate 2 H+(aq) + CO32–(aq) ® H2O(l) + CO2(g)
acid + hydrogencarbonate H+(aq) + HCO3–(aq) ® H2O(l) + CO2(g)
acid + ammonia H+(aq) + NH3(aq) ® NH4+(aq)

We can even use these ionic equations to work out the ratio in which acids react without writing any equation.

For example, in the reaction of H2SO4(aq) with NaOH(aq) we know that one lot of H2SO4 contains two lots of H+ ions. As H+
ions react with OH– ions in the ratio 1:1 [H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ® H2O(l)] we know that we need two lots of NaOH to provide two
lots of OH– ions to react with the two lots of H+ ions. Therefore, one lot of H2SO4 reacts with two lots of NaOH, i.e. the
reacting ratio of H2SO4 : NaOH = 1:2

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 H++
Na OH– Na+ Na
+

++
H
Na Na+
H++
Na H
Na
++
Na + OH– Na+
+
SO42– OH– SO42– Na
OH– Na
+
SO42–
++ SO42– Na+
H
Na Na +

Na+ OH–
Na+
®
++ +
H
Na Na
H++
Na + Na +

SO4
2– OH– OH–
2– 2–
SO4 SO4 SO42–
Na+

++
H
Na OH– +
SO4
2– Na
2–
SO4 Na
+
OH– OH–
++ Na+ Na +
Na +
H
Na ++
+
Na
H
Na

H2SO4 (aq) NaOH (aq) H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ® H2O(l)

+ –
contains H (aq) contains OH (aq) the Na (aq) and SO42-(aq) ions are not involved
+

H++
Na CO
2- Na+ Na+
3
++
H
Na Na+
++ + 2-
H++
Na
H
Na Na CO Na
+
3

SO42– SO42– Na+

2–
++ SO42– + Na+ SO4
H Na
Na Na+

H++ Na+ Na+

Na
2- Na+
H++
Na + CO
3 ®
2-
SO4
2–
2–
Na+ CO
SO4 3 Na+ SO42– SO4
2–

++
H
Na
+
2– SO4
2– Na
SO4 +
Na
++ Na+ Na+ 2-
H
Na CO Na
+ +
++ Na
H
Na 3

H2SO4 (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) 2 H+(aq) + CO32–(aq) ® H2O(l) + CO2(g)

+
contains H (aq) contains CO32–(aq) the Na+(aq) and SO42–(aq) ions are not involved

Precipitation reactions

Some salts are insoluble in water. If solutions containing those ions are mixed, the insoluble salt forms as a solid as the
solutions are mixed. This solid is known as a precipitate, and the reaction as precipitation.

+ – +
Na NO3 Na
NO3–
Ba2+ Na
+
Na
+
+
NO3– + Na
+ Na NO3
–
Na
–
NO3– SO42– + NO3– NO3
NO3– Na NO3
–

NO3
–
+
SO42– NO3– +
Na Na
+

®
+ Na +
Na Na
Ba2+ Ba2+
+ Na
+

NO3
–
SO4
2– NO3– + –
NO3– SO4
2– Na NO3

+ +
–
Ba
2+ Na NO3
– Na
NO3 NO3
–
2–
SO4 Ba
2+ 2+ 2+
SO42– Ba SO4
2– Ba
2+ +
Ba – Na
+
Na
NO3
– NO3 + 2– 2+
Na SO4 Ba 2–
SO4 Ba
2+
SO42–

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) Ba (aq) + SO42-(aq) ® BaSO4(s)

2+

contains Ba2+(aq) contains SO42-(aq)

Most salts are soluble in water. Often when solutions of two salts are mixed, no such precipitation reaction will take place
and the ions will remain dissolved in water.

+ – +
NO3–
Na NO3 SO42– Na

Mg2+ Na
+
Na
+

NO3– + Na
+ Na
+
NO3
–
SO42–
Na

–
NO3– SO42– NO3– NO3
NO3– Na
+
NO3
–

NO3
–
+
SO42– Mg
2+
Na
2–
+ SO4
®
Na
+ Na +
Na
Mg2+ Mg2+
+ Na
+
–
NO3
Mg2+ 2+
Mg
– 2–
NO3 SO4
NO3– SO4
2– NO3– NO3
–

SO42–
+
+ Na
–
Mg
2+ Na +
NO3 + – Na
2– Na NO3
SO4
–
Mg 2+ + +
NO3
– Na Na SO4
2–
NO3
– NO3 Na
+
Mg2+ 2+
Mg

Mg(NO3)2 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) Nothing happens – solutions just mix together (none of the
combinations of ions give an insoluble compound)

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 TASK 6 – IONIC EQUATIONS

1) Use your knowledge of ionic equations to give the molar ratio in which the following acids react with bases.
Complete the table to show your answers.

Molar ratio of
Acid Formula of acid Base Formula of base
acid:base

hydrochloric acid lithium hydroxide

sulfuric acid sodium hydrogencarbonate

nitric acid ammonia

sulfuric acid potassium carbonate

nitric acid strontium hydroxide

2) Write ionic equations for each of the following reactions.

a) reaction of hydrochloric acid (aq) with potassium hydroxide (aq)

b) precipitation of silver(I) iodide from reaction between silver(I) nitrate (aq) and potassium iodide (aq)

c) reaction of potassium carbonate (aq) with nitric acid (aq)

d) precipitation of calcium hydroxide from reaction between sodium hydroxide (aq) and calcium chloride (aq)

e) reaction of ammonia (aq) with hydrochloric acid (aq)

f) reaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate (aq) with sulfuric acid (aq)

g) precipitation of calcium sulfate from reaction between calcium chloride (aq) and sulfuric acid (aq)

h) precipitation of lead(II) chloride from reaction between lead(II) nitrate (aq) and sodium chloride (aq)

i) reaction of barium hydroxide (aq) with nitric acid (aq)

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 3 – SIGNIFICANT FIGURES & STANDARD FORM

Standard Form

• Standard form is very useful for writing very large or small numbers.
• They are written in the form A x 10n where A is a number between 1 and 10.
• n represents the number of places the decimal point is moved (for +n values the decimal point has been moved to the left,
for –n values the decimal point has been moved to the right).

Number 3435 1029000 0.025 23.2 0.0000278

3 6 -2 1
Standard form 3.435 x 10 1.029 x 10 2.5 x 10 2.32 x 10 2.78 x 10-5

• To find the value of n:

• for numbers greater than 1, n = number of places between first number and decimal place
• for numbers less than 1, n = number of places from the decimal place to the first number (including that number)

Significant figures

Full number 1 sig fig 2 sig fig 3 sig fig 4 sig fig 5 sig fig
9.378652 9 9.4 9.38 9.379 9.3787
4204274 4000000 4200000 4200000 4204000 4204300
0.903521 0.9 0.90 0.904 0.9035 0.90352
0.00239482 0.002 0.0024 0.00239 0.002395 0.0023948

Significant figures for calculations involving multiplication / division

• Your final answer should be given to the same number of significant figures as the least number of significant figures in
the data used.
e.g. Calculate the average speed of a car that travels 1557 m in 95 seconds.
average speed = 1557 = 16 m s–1 (answer given to 2 sig fig as lowest sig figs in data is 2 sig fig for time)
95
e.g. Calculate the average speed of a car that travels 1557 m in 95.0 seconds.
average speed = 1557 = 16.4 m s–1 (answer given to 3 sig fig as lowest sig figs in data is 3 sig fig for time)
95

Significant figures for calculations involving addition/subtraction ONLY

• Here the number of significant figures is irrelevant – it is about the place value of the data. For example

e.g. Calculate the total energy released when 263 kJ and 1282 kJ of energy are released.
Energy released = 263 + 1282 = 1545 kJ (answer is to nearest unit as both values are to nearest unit)

e.g. Calculate the total mass of calcium carbonate when 0.154 g and 0.01234 g are mixed.
Mass = 0.154 + 0.01234 = 0.166 g (answer is to nearest 0.001 g as least precise number is to nearest 0.001 g)

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 TASK 7 – SIGNIFICANT FIGURES & STANDARD FORM

1) Write the following numbers to the quoted number of significant figures.

a) 345789 4 sig figs ………………… d) 6.0961 3 sig figs ………………….

b) 297300 3 sig figs ………………… e) 0.001563 3 sig figs ………………….

c) 0.07896 3 sig figs ………………… f) 0.010398 4 sig figs ………………….

2) Complete the following sums and give the answers to the appropriate number of significant figures.

a) 6125 x 384 ………………… d) 7550 ÷ 25 ………………….

b) 25.00 x 0.010 ………………… e) 0.000152 x 13.00 ………………….

c) 13.5 + 0.18 ………………… f) 0.0125 x 0.025 ………………….

3) Write the following numbers in non standard form.

a) 1.5 x 10-3 ………………….. d) 5.34 x 102 ……………………

b) 4.6 x 10-4 ………………...... e) 1.03 x 106 ……………………

c) 3.575 x 105 ………………...... f) 8.35 x 10-3 ……………………

4) Write the following numbers in standard form.

a) 0.000167 ………………….. d) 34500 ……………………

b) 0.0524 ………………...... e) 0.62 ……………………

c) 0.000000015 ………………...... f) 87000000 ……………………

5) Complete the following calculations and give the answers to the appropriate number of significant figures.

a) 6.125 x 10-3 x 3.5 …………………………………………………………..

b) 4.3 x 10-4 ÷ 7.00 …………………………………………………………..

c) 4.0 x 108 + 35000 ………………...........................................................

d) 0.00156 + 2.4 x 103 ………………………………………………………….

e) 6.10 x 10-2 – 3.4 x 10-5 ………………………………………………………….

f) 8.00 x 10-3 x 0.100 x 10-3 ………………………………………………………….

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 4 – RELATIVE MASS

• Most elements are made of up atoms of different isotopes (e.g. chlorine contains both 35Cl and 37Cl atoms)
• The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is an average of the mass of the isotopes taking into account the relative
abundance of each isotope.

!
Relative atomic mass, Ar Average mass of an atom of an element relative to !"th the mass of 12C atom

If referring specifically to a molecule (relative molecular mass)

!
Average mass of a molecule of a substance relative to !"th the mass of 12C atom
Relative formula mass, Mr
More generally for any substance
Sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in the formula of a substance

TASK 8 – RELATIVE FORMULA MASS Calculate the Mr of each of these substances.

1 F2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2 Fe ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3 H2SO4 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

4 Al2O3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

5 Mg(OH)2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

6 Al(NO3)3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

7 (NH4)2SO4 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

8 CuCO3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

9 AgNO3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………

10 NH4NO3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

11 CuSO4.5H2O ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

12 magnesium …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

13 oxygen ………………………………………………………………………………………………...

14 sodium bromide ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

15 calcium fluoride ………………………………………………………………………………………………

16 potassium sulfate ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

17 chlorine ……………………………………………………………………………………………...

18 iron(III) sulfate ………………………………………………………………….…………………………...

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 5 – THE MOLE & AVOGADRO CONSTANT

• One mole of anything contains 6.022 x 1023 of those things. One mole of
bananas is 6.022 x 1023 bananas. One mole of water molecules is
6.022 x 1023 water molecules
• This number is known as the Avogadro constant (= 6.022 x 1023 mol-1).
• The Avogadro number was chosen so that the mass of one mole of particles
of a substance equals the Mr in grams. For example, the Mr of water is 18.0,
and the mass of one mole of water molecules in 18.0 grams.

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 (𝐠)
Moles =
𝑴𝐫

1 ton = 1,000,000 g
1 kg = 1,000 g
1 mg = 0.001 g Remember Mr Moles!

TASK 9 – MOLES

1) How many moles are there in each of the following?

a) 72.0 g of Mg b) 4.00 kg of CuO c) 39.0 g of Al(OH)3
d) 1.00 tonne of NaCl e) 20.0 mg of Cu(NO3)2

2) What is the mass of each of the following?

a) 5.00 moles of Cl2 b) 0.200 moles of Al2O3 c) 0.0100 moles of Ag
d) 0.00200 moles of (NH4)2SO4 e) 0.300 moles of Na2CO3.10H2O

3) a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2 molecules in 11.0 g of carbon dioxide.

b) Calculate the number of moles of C atoms in 11.0 g of carbon dioxide.
a) Calculate the number of moles of O atoms in 11.0 g of carbon dioxide.

4) a) Calculate the number of moles of Al2O3 in 5.10 g of Al2O3

b) Calculate the number of moles of Al3+ ions in 5.10 g of Al2O3
a) Calculate the number of moles of O2– ions in 5.10 g of Al2O3

5) An experiment was carried out to find the Mr of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). It was found that 1.00 g contains 0.00568
moles of Vitamin C molecules. Calculate the Mr of vitamin C.

6) Use the following data to calculate the mass of the particles shown.
Mass of proton = 1.6726 x 10-24 g Mass of electron = 9.1094 x 10-28 g
Mass of neutron = 1.6749 x 10-24 g Avogadro constant = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1

a) Calculate the mass of a 1H atom.

b) Calculate the mass of an 1H+ ion.
c) Calculate the mass of one mole of 3H atoms.

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 6 – REACTING MASS CALCULATIONS

What a chemical equation means

+ ®
N2 + 3 H2 ® 2 NH3

1 molecule N2 3 molecules H2 2 molecules NH3

12 molecules N2 36 molecules H2 24 molecules NH3

1 dozen molecules N2 3 dozen molecules H2 2 dozen molecules NH3

12 molecule N2 36 molecules H2 24 molecules NH3

1 dozen molecules N2 3 dozen molecules H2 2 dozen molecules NH3

6 x 1023 molecule N2 18 x 1023 molecules H2 12 x 1023 molecules NH3

1 moles N2 3 moles H2 2 moles NH3

10 moles N2 30 moles H2 20 moles NH3

0.5 moles N2 1.5 moles H2 1 mole NH3

TASK 10 – WHAT EQUATIONS MEAN

4 Na + O2 ® 2 Na2O

12 mol

0.1 mol

2 Al + 3 Cl2 ® 2 AlCl3

5 mol

0.1 mol

C4H10 + 6½ O2 ® 4 CO2 + 5 H2O

0.5 mol

20 mol

4 NH3 + 3 O2 ® 2 N2 + 6 H2O

0.5 mol

10 mol

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Reacting mass calculations

• You can use balanced chemical equations to find out what mass of chemicals (or volume of gases) react or are
produced in a chemical reaction. To do this, calculate:
(a) moles of ü (b) moles of ? (c) mass of ?

e.g. What mass of iron is produced when 32.0 kg of iron(III) oxide is heated with CO?
ü ?
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) ® 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

!"## (&) )*+++

moles of Fe2O3 = = = 200.5 mol
(! ,-..0

1 mole of Fe2O3 forms 2 moles of Fe

\ moles of Fe = 2 x 200.5 = 401.0 mol

\ mass of Fe = moles x Mr = 401.0 x 55.8 = 22,400 g (3 sig fig)

e.g. What mass of oxygen is needed to convert 102 g of ammonia into nitrogen?
ü ?
4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) ® 2 N2(g) + 6 H2O(g)

!"## (&) ,+*

moles of NH3 = = = 6.00 mol
(! ,1.+

4 moles of NH3 reacts with 3 moles of O2 \ 1 mole of NH3 reacts with ¾ mole of O2

\ moles of O2 = 6.00 x ¾ = 4.50 mol

\ mass of O2 = moles x Mr = 4.50 x 32.0 = 144 g (3 sig fig)

e.g. When 5.00 g of crystals of hydrated tin (II) chloride, SnCl2.xH2O, are heated, 4.20 g of anhydrous tin(II) chloride
are formed. Calculate the number of molecules of water of crystallisation are in SnCl2.xH2O (i.e. the value of x).

SnCl2.xH2O ® SnCl2 + x H2O

!"## (&) 2.*+

moles of SnCl2 = = = 0.02214 moles
(! ,3..1

\ moles of SnCl2.xH2O = 0.02214 mol

!"## (&) -.++

\ Mr of SnCl2.xH2O = = = 225.8
!456# +.+**,2

\ Mr of xH2O = 225.8 – 189.7 = 36.1

)0.,
\ x = = 2 (x is a whole number and so the final answer is given as an integer)
,3.+

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 TASK 11 – REACTING MASS CALCULATIONS 1

1) What mass of hydrogen is needed to react with 40.0 g of copper(II) oxide?

CuO + H2 ® Cu + H2O

2) What mass of oxygen reacts with 192 g of magnesium?

2 Mg + O2 ® 2 MgO

3) What mass of sulfur trioxide is formed from 96.0 g of sulfur dioxide?

2 SO2 + O2 ® 2 SO3

4) What mass of carbon monoxide is needed to react with 480 kg of iron(III) oxide?
Fe2O3 + 3 CO ® 2 Fe + 3 CO2

5) What mass of carbon dioxide is produced when 5.60 g of butene is burnt.

C4H8 + 6 O2 ® 4 CO2 + 4 H2O

6) What mass of oxygen is needed to react with 8.50 g of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?
2 H2S + 3 O2 ® 2 SO2 + 2 H2O

7) 4.92 g of hydrated magnesium sulfate crystals (MgSO4.nH2O) gave 2.40 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate on
heating to constant mass. Work out the formula mass of the hydrated magnesium sulfate and so the value of n.
MgSO4.nH2O ® MgSO4 + n H2O

8) In an experiment to find the value of x in the compound MgBr2.xH2O, 7.30 g of the compound on heating to constant
mass gave 4.60 g of the anhydrous salt MgBr2. Find the value of x.
MgBr2.xH2O ® MgBr2 + x H2O

9) What mass of glucose must be fermented to give 5.00 kg of ethanol?

C6H12O6 ® 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

10) The pollutant sulfur dioxide can removed from the air by reaction with calcium carbonate in the presence of oxygen.
What mass of calcium carbonate is needed to remove 1.000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide?
2 CaCO3 + 2 SO2 + O2 ® 2 CaSO4 + 2 CO2

11) What mass of potassium oxide is formed when 7.80 mg of potassium is burned in oxygen?
4 K + O2 ® 2 K2O

12) What mass of hydrogen is produced when 10.0 g of aluminium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid?
2 Al + 6 HCl ® 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2

13) What mass of sodium just reacts with 40.0 g of oxygen?

4 Na + O2 ® 2 Na2O

14) What mass of nitrogen is produced when 2.00 tonnes of ammonia gas decomposes?
2 NH3 ® N2 + 3 H2

15) What mass of oxygen is produced when 136 g of hydrogen peroxide molecules decompose?
2 H2O2 ® 2 H2O + O2

16) What mass of lead(II) oxide is produced when 0.400 moles of lead(II) nitrate decomposes?
2 Pb(NO3)2 ® 2 PbO + 4 NO2 + O2

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 14

Limiting reagents

• In the real world of chemistry, it is rare that we react the exact right amount of chemicals together. Usually, we have more
than we need of one of the reactants and so it doesn’t all react – it is in excess.
• Sometimes in calculations, we need to work out if one of the reactants is in excess. The reactant that is not in excess is
sometimes called the limiting reagent.

e.g. Propane reacts with oxygen as shown: C3H8 + 5 O2 ® 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

How many moles of products are formed when 1 mole of C3H8 is mixed with 8 moles of O2?

C3H8 + 5 O2 ® 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

moles at the start 1 mol 8 mol
change in moles 1 mol react 5 mol react 3 mol made 4 mol made
moles at the end 1 – 1 = 0 mol 8 – 5 = 3 mol 0 + 3 = 3 mol 0 + 4 = 4 mol
C3H8 limiting O2 in excess
reagent

e.g. Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen as shown: 2 SO2 + O2 ® 2 SO3

How many moles of SO3 are formed when 5 mole of SO2 is mixed with 2 moles of O2?

2 SO2 + O2 ® 2 SO3
moles at the start 5 mol 2 mol
change in moles 4 mol react 2 mol react 4 mol made
moles at the end 5 – 4 = 1 mol 2 – 2 = 0 mol 0 + 4 = 4 mol
SO2 in excess O2 limiting reagent

• In calculations you will be asked to work with masses, but you will need to convert to moles to find out which is the limiting
reagent in order to work out the required answer.

e.g. In the manufacture of titanium, what mass of titanium can theoretically be formed when 1.00 kg of titanium
chloride reacts with 0.100 kg of magnesium?
TiCl4 + 2 Mg ® Ti + 2 MgCl2

TiCl4 + 2 Mg ® Ti + 2 MgCl2
moles at the start 1000 = 5.266 mol 100 = 4.115 mol
189.9 24.3
5.266 moles of TiCl4 needs 10.53 moles of Mg to react
\ TiCl4 is in excess and does not all react, so Mg is the limiting reagent
\ 2.058 moles of TiCl4 reacts with 4.115 moles of Mg
change in moles – 2.058 mol – 4.115 mol + 2.058 + 4.115 mol
moles at the end 0 + 2.058
= 2.058 mol
\ Mass of Ti = 2.058 x Mr = 2.058 x 47.9 = 98.6 g

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 15

 TASK 12A – LIMITING REAGENTS 1

1 CaO + H2O ® Ca(OH)2

a) 2 mol 3 mol

b) 10 mol 8 mol

c) 0.40 mol 0.50 mol

2 2Ca + O2 ® 2CaO

a) 2 mol 2 mol

b) 10 mol 2 mol

c) 0.50 mol 0.20 mol

3 2Fe + 3Cl2 ® 2FeCl3

a) 3 mol 3 mol

b) 12 mol 15 mol

c) 20 mol 40 mol

4 TiCl4 + 4Na ® Ti + 4NaCl

a) 4 mol 4 mol

b) 2 mol 10 mol

c) 0.5 mol 1 mol

5 C2H5OH + 3O2 ® 2CO2 + 3H2O

a) 15 mol 30 mol

b) 0.25 mol 1 mol

c) 3 mol 6 mol

6 N2 + 3H2 ® 2NH3

a) 3 mol 6 mol

b) 0.5 mol 0.9 mol

c) 6 mol 20 mol

7 4K + O2 ® 2K2O

a) 10 mol 2 mol

b) 6 mol 4 mol

c) 0.50 mol 0.20 mol

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 16

TASK 12B – LIMITING REAGENTS 2

1 What mass of calcium hydroxide is formed when 10.0 g of calcium CaO + H2O ® Ca(OH)2
oxide reacts with 10.0 g of water?

2 What mass of magnesium bromide is formed when 1.00 g of Mg + Br2 ® MgBr2

magnesium reacts with 5.00 g of bromine?

3 What mass of copper is formed when 2.00 g of copper(II) oxide CuO + H2 ® Cu + H2O
reacts with 1.00 g of hydrogen?

4 What mass of sodium fluoride is formed when 2.30 g of sodium 2Na + F2 ® 2NaF
reacts with 2.85 g of fluorine?

5 What mass of iron is formed when 8.00 g of iron(III) oxide reacts with Fe2O3 + 2Al ® 2Fe + Al2O3
2.16 g of aluminium?

6 What mass of aluminium chloride is formed when 13.5 g of 2Al + 3Cl2 ® 2AlCl3
aluminium reacts with 42.6 g of chlorine?

TASK 12C – REACTING MASS CALCULATIONS 2

1) 5.00 g of iron and 5.00 g of sulfur are heated together to form iron(II) sulfide. Which reactant is in excess and what is
the maximum mass of iron(II) sulfide that can be formed?
Fe + S ® FeS

2) In the manufacture of the fertiliser ammonium sulfate, what is the maximum mass of ammonium sulfate that can be
obtained from 2.00 kg of sulfuric acid and 1.00 kg of ammonia?
H2SO4 + 2 NH3 ® (NH4)2SO4

3) In the Solvay process, ammonia is recovered by the reaction shown. What is the maximum mass of ammonia that can
be recovered from 2.00 tonnes of ammonium chloride and 0.500 tonnes of calcium oxide?
2 NH4Cl + CaO ® CaCl2 + H2O + 2 NH3

4) In the manufacture of titanium, what mass of titanium can theoretically be formed when 0.500 kg of titanium chloride
reacts with 0.100 kg of magnesium?
TiCl4 + 2 Mg ® Ti + 2 MgCl2

5) In the manufacture of ammonia, what mass of ammonia can theoretically be formed when 1.00 kg of nitrogen reacts
with 0.500 kg of hydrogen?
N2 + 3 H2 ® 2 NH3

6) In the manufacture of sulfur trioxide, what mass of sulfur trioxide can theoretically be formed when 1.00 kg of sulfur
dioxide reacts with 0.500 kg of oxygen?
2 SO2 + O2 ® 2 SO3

7) Hydrazine (N2H4) was used as the rocket fuel for the Apollo missions to the moon. It is by reaction of ammonia with
sodium chlorate(I). What mass of hydrazine is made by reaction of 100 g of ammonia with 100 g of sodium
chlorate(I)?

2 NH3 + NaOCl → N2H4 + NaCl + H2O

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 17

 1) A mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate of mass 10.000 g was heated until it
reached a constant mass of 8.708 g. Calculate the composition of the mixture in grams of each component.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate thermally decomposes to form sodium carbonate.

2) A mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate with a mass of 10.000 g was heated to constant mass,
with the final mass being 5.096 g. Calculate the percentage composition of the mixture, by mass.

3) 1 mole of a hydrocarbon of formula CnH2n was burned completely in oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water
vapour only. It required 192 g of oxygen. Work out the formula of the hydrocarbon.

4) A mixture of MgSO4.7H2O and CuSO4.5H2O is heated at 120°C until a mixture of the anhydrous compounds is
produced. If 5.00 g of the mixture gave 3.00 g of the anhydrous compounds, calculate the percentage by mass of
MgSO4.7H2O in the mixture.

Percentage yields

• When you make a new substance by a chemical reaction, you may not get all the expected amount of product. For
example, if you reacted 4 g of hydrogen with 32 g of oxygen, you may get less than 36 g of water. Reasons include:
• the reaction may be reversible (both the forwards and backwards reaction can take place)
• some of the product may be lost when it is separated from the reaction mixture
• some of the reactants may react in other reactions.

!"## %& '(%)*+, %-,"./0)

% yield =
!"1.!*! ,20%(0,.+"3 !"## %& '(%)*+,
𝑥 100

e.g. Tungsten is made from tungsten(VI) oxide: WO3 + 3 H2 → W + 3 H2O

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of tungsten that can be made from 0.500 tonne of tungsten(VI) oxide.

!"## (&) -+++++

Moles of WO3 = = = 2157 mol
(! *),.3
\ moles of W = 2157 mol
\ mass of W = moles x Mr = 2157 x 183.8 = 396000 g (3 sig fig)

b) In the reaction, only 350000 g of tungsten was made. Calculate the percentage yield.

!"## %& '(%)*+, %-,"./0) 456666

% Yield =.
!"1.!*! ,20%(0,.+"3 !"## %& '(%)*+,
𝑥 100 = 478666
𝑥 100 = 88.3% (3 sig fig)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 18

 TASK 13 – PERCENTAGE YIELD

1) Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to make sulfur trioxide. 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of sulfur trioxide that can be made by reacting 96.0 g of sulfur dioxide
with an excess of oxygen.

b) In the reaction, only 90.0 g of sulfur trioxide was made. Calculate the percentage yield.

c) Give three reasons why the amount of sulfur trioxide made is less than the maximum theoretical maximum.

2) Iron is extracted from iron(III) oxide in the Blast Furnace as shown. Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of iron that can be made from 1.00 tonne of iron(III) oxide.

b) In the reaction, only 650000 g of iron (to 3 significant figures) was made. Calculate the percentage yield.

3) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to make ammonia. N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of ammonia that can be made by reacting 90.0 g of hydrogen with an
excess of nitrogen.

b) In the reaction, only 153 g of ammonia was produced. Calculate the percentage yield.

4) Titanium can be extracted from titanium chloride by the following reaction. TiCl4 + 2 Mg ® Ti + 2 MgCl2

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of titanium that can be extracted from 100 g of titanium chloride .

b) In the reaction, only 20.0 g of titanium was made. Calculate the percentage yield.

c) Give three reasons why the amount of titanium made is less than the maximum theoretical maximum.

5) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide in the following reaction. 2 Al2O3 → 4 Al + 3 O2

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of aluminium that can be made from 1.00 kg of aluminium oxide.

b) In the reaction, only 500 g of aluminium was made. Calculate the percentage yield.

6) The fertiliser ammonium sulfate is made as follows. 2 NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of ammonium sulfate that can be made by reacting 85.0 g of ammonia
with an excess of sulfuric acid.

b) In the reaction, only 300 g of ammonium sulfate was produced. Calculate the percentage yield.

7) 0.8500 g of hexanone, C6H12O, is converted into its 2,4-dinitrophenylhyrazone during its analysis. After isolation and
purification, 2.1180 g of product C12H18N4O4 are obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 19

Atom Economy

• Atom economy is a measure of what proportion of the products of a reaction are the desired product and how much is
waste. The higher the atom economy, the less waste that is produced.

!"## %& )0#.(0) '(%)*+, "# #2%9/ ./ 0:*",.%/

% atom economy =
,%,"3 !"## %& '(%)*+,# "# #2%9/ ./ 0:*",.%/
𝑥 100

!"
e.g. making ethanol by glucose ethanol carbon dioxide Atom economy = 𝑥 100 = 51%
#$%
fermentation
C6H12O6(aq) → 2 CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2 CO2
180 g 92 g 88 g Only 92 g of the 180 g of products is ethanol. This
means that 51% of the mass of the products is
180 g products ethanol, while the other 49% is waste.

TASK 14 – ATOM ECONOMY

1) Calculate the percentage atom economy to make sodium from 2 NaCl → 2 Na + Cl2
sodium chloride.

2) Calculate the percentage atom economy to make hydrogen from Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid.

3) Calculate the percentage atom economy to make iron from iron(III) Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2
oxide in the Blast Furnace.

4) Calculate the percentage atom economy to make calcium oxide CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
from calcium carbonate.

5) Calculate the percentage atom economy to make sulfur trioxide 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
from sulfur dioxide.

6) Calculate the percentage atom economy to make oxygen from 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
hydrogen peroxide.

7) Hydrazine (N2H4) was used as the rocket fuel for the Apollo missions to the moon. It is by reaction of ammonia (NH3)
with sodium chlorate(I) (NaOCl).

ammonia + sodium chlorate → hydrazine + sodium chloride + water

2 NH3 + NaOCl → N2H4 + NaCl + H2O

a) Calculate the maximum theoretical mass of hydrazine that can be made by reacting 340 g of ammonia with an
excess of sodium chlorate.
b) In the reaction, only 280 g of hydrazine was produced. Calculate the percentage yield.
c) Calculate the percentage atom economy for this way of making hydrazine.
d) Explain clearly the difference between atom economy and percentage yield.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 20

 7 – EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULAS

• Every substance has an empirical formula. It shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a substance.

e.g. SiO2 (giant covalent) – the ratio of Si:O atoms in the lattice is 1:2
Al2O3 (ionic) – the ratio of Al3+:O2– ions in the lattice is 2:3
H2O (molecular) – the ratio of H:O atoms in the substance is 1:2
• Substances made of molecules also have a molecular formula. This indicates the number of atoms of each element in
one molecule.

a) Finding the molecular formula from the formula mass and empirical formula

e.g. Empirical formula = CH2, Mr = 42.0

r 𝑀 42.0
Formula mass of empirical formula = 14.0 \ 𝑀 of empirical = =3
r formula 14.0
Molecular formula = 3 x empirical formula = C3H6

b) Finding the empirical formula of a compound from its composition by percentage or mass

i) Write out the mass or percentage of each element,

ii) Divide each mass or percentage by the Ar of the element (not the Mr)
iii) Find the simplest whole number ratio of these numbers by dividing by the smallest number. If the values come out as
near 1/2’s then times them by 2, if they are near 1/3’s then times by 3.

e.g. i) A compound is found to contain, by mass, iron 72.4% and oxygen 27.6%.
#".% "#.(
Fe = 1.30 O = 1.73
&&.' !(.)

Simplest ratio Fe:O = 1.30 : 1.73 (divide by smallest, i.e. 1.29)

!.*) !.#*
:
!.*) !.*)

1 : 1.33 (involves 1/3’s so x3)

3:4
\ empirical formula = Fe3O4

e.g. ii) 0.25 g of hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce 4.25 g of hydrogen peroxide (Mr = 34.0).

Mass of oxygen reacting with hydrogen = 4.25 – 0.25 = 4.00 g

)."& %.))
H !.)
= 0.25 O !(.)
= 0.25

Simplest ratio H : O = 0.25 : 0.25 (divide by smallest, i.e. 0.25)

1:1
\ empirical formula = HO

Formula mass of empirical formula = 17.0

𝑀r 34.0
\ = = 2
𝑀r of empirical formula 17.0

Molecular formula = 2 x empirical formula = H2O2

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 21

TASK 15 – EMPRICIAL & MOLECULAR FORMULAS

1) The molecular formula of some substances are shown. Write the empirical formula of each substance.
a) C2H6 b) P2O3 c) SO2 d) C6H12
e) C2H4O2 f) C2H7N g) B6H10 h) C12H22O11

2) The empirical formula and relative molecular mass of some simple molecular compounds are shown below. Work out
the molecular formula of each one.

a) NH2 Mr = 32.0 d) PH3 Mr = 34.0

b) C2H5 Mr = 58.0 e) CH Mr = 78.0
c) CH2 Mr = 70.0 f) CH2 Mr = 42.0

3) Find the simplest whole number ratio for each of the following. The numbers come from experiments so there will be
some small random errors which mean that you can round the numbers a little bit.
a) 1.5 : 1 b) 1 : 1.98 c) 4.97 : 1 d) 1 : 2.52
e) 1 : 1.33 f) 1.66 : 1 g) 1 : 1.26 h) 1 : 1.74

4) Find the empirical formulae of the following compounds using the data given.
a) Ca 20 % Br 80 %
b) Na 29.1 % S 40.5 % O 30.4 %
c) C 53.3 % H 15.5 % N 31.1 %
d) C 2.73 g O 7.27 g
e) N 15.2 g O 34.8 g

5) 3.53 g of iron reacts with chlorine to form 10.24 g of iron chloride. Find the empirical formula of the iron chloride.

6) 50.0 g of a compound contains 22.4 g of potassium, 9.2 g of sulfur, and the rest oxygen. Calculate the empirical
formula of the compound.

7) An oxide of phosphorus contains 56.4 % phosphorus and 43.6 % oxygen. Its relative molecular mass is 220. Find
both the empirical and the molecular formula of the oxide.

8) A compound contains 40.0 g of carbon, 6.7 g of hydrogen and 53.5 g of oxygen. It has a relative molecular formula of
60. Find both the empirical and the molecular formula of the compound.

9) An organic compound X, which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only, has an Mr of 85. When 0.43 g of X are
burned in excess oxygen, 1.10 g of carbon dioxide and 0.45 g of water are formed. Find the empirical and molecular
formulae of compound X.

10) When ammonium dichromate(VI) is added gradually to molten ammonium thiocyanate, Reinecke’s salt is formed. It
has the formula NH4[Cr(SCN)x(NH3)y] and the following composition by mass: Cr = 15.5%, S = 38.15%, N = 29.2%.
Calculate the values of x and y in the above formula.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 22

 8 – GAS CALCULATIONS

THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION

• In order to perform calculations with gases we assume that they behave like an ideal gas (i.e. there are no forces between
particles, the size of their particles is negligible, etc.).
• While real gases are not ideal gases (e.g. there are weak forces between particles), treating them like an ideal gas is a very
good approximation in calculations and so we use the ideal gas law for all gases.

P = pressure (Pa) n = number of moles

PV = nRT
3
V = volume (m ) R = gas constant (8.31 J mol–1 K–1)
T = temperature (K)

Volume Pressure Temperature

dm3 x 10–3 = m3 cm3 x 10–6 = m3 kPa x 103 = Pa MPa x 106 = Pa °C + 273 = K

e.g. Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.100 moles of an ideal gas at 50.0°C with a volume of 1500 cm3

/>? 6.B66 C D.4B C 4E4

P = = = 179000 𝑃𝑎 (3𝑠𝑓)
@ B566 1 B6+,

TASK 16 – THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION

1) Convert the following into SI units.

a) 200ºC b) 98 kPa c) 50 cm3 d) –50ºC e) 0.1 MPa f) 3.2 dm3

2) Calculate the volume that 0.400 moles of an ideal gas occupies at 100ºC (3sf) and a pressure of 1000 kPa (4sf).

3) How many moles of gas occupy 19400 cm3 at 27.0ºC and 101 kPa pressure?

4) Calculate the pressure that 0.0500 moles of gas, which occupies a volume of 200 cm3 (3sf) exerts at a temperature of
50.0 K.

5) 0.140 moles of a gas has a volume of 2.00 dm3 at a pressure of 90.0 kPa. Calculate the temperature of the gas.

6) At 273 K and 101000 Pa, 6.319 g of a gas occupies 2.00 dm3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the gas.

7) Find the volume of ethyne (C2H2) that can be prepared from 10.0 g of calcium carbide at 20.0ºC and 100 kPa (3sf).
CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + C2H2(g)

8) What mass of potassium chlorate(V) must be heated to give 1.00 dm3 of oxygen at 20.0ºC and 0.100 MPa.
2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

9) What volume of hydrogen gas, measured at 298 K and 100 kPa, is produced when 1.00 g of sodium is reacted with
excess water?
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) ® 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

10) What volume of carbon dioxide gas, measured at 800 K and 100 kPa, is formed when 1.00 kg of propane is burned in a
good supply of oxygen?
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) ® 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 23

11) Calculate the relative molecular mass of a gas which has a density of 2.615 g dm–3 at 298 K and 101 kPa.

12) A certain mass of an ideal gas is in a sealed vessel of volume 3.25 dm3. At a temperature of 25.0ºC it exerts a
pressure of 101 kPa. What pressure will it exert at 100ºC?

13) An ideal gas occupies a volume of 2.75 dm3 at 290K (3sf) and 8.70 x 104 Pa. At what temperature will it occupy 3.95
dm3 at 1.01 x 105 Pa?

REACTING GAS VOLUMES

• The volume of a gas depends on the temperature, pressure and number of moles. What the gas is does not affect its
volume.
• This means that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 100 cm3 (as an example) of one gas contains
the same number of moles as 100 cm3 of any other gas.

e.g. What volume of oxygen reacts with 100 cm3 of but-1-ene?

C4H8(g) + 6 O2(g) ® 4 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

Answer = 600 cm3

e.g. 1 dm3 of but-1-ene is reacted with 10 dm3 of oxygen. What volume of oxygen remains at the end?
C4H8(g) + 6 O2(g) ® 4 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

6 dm3 of O2 reacts with 1 dm3 of but-1-ene \ 4 dm3 of oxygen is left over

TASK 17 – REACTING GAS VOLUMES

1) What volume of oxygen is required to burn the following gases, and what volume of carbon dioxide is produced?

a) 1 dm3 of methane CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ® CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

b) 20 cm3 of butene C4H8(g) + 6 O2(g) ® 4 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

c) 500 cm3 of ethyne 2 C2H2(g) + 5 O2(g) ® 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

d) 750 cm3 of benzene 2 C6H6(g) + 15 O2(g) ® 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

2) When 100 cm3 of hydrogen bromide reacts with 80 cm3 of ammonia, a white solid is formed and some gas is left over.
What gas and how much of it is left over?
NH3(g) + HBr(g) ® NH4Br(s)

3) 100 cm3 of methane was reacted with 500 cm3 of oxygen. What is the total volume of all gases at the end, and
indicate how much there is of each gas?
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ® CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

4) If 4 dm3 of hydrogen sulfide is burned in 10 dm3 of oxygen, what is the final volume of the mixture (give the volume of
each gas at the end)?
2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ® 2 H2O(g) + 2 SO2(g)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 24

 1) A gas has a density of 1.655 g dm–3 at 323 K and 1.01 x 105 Pa. Calculate the Mr of the gas.

2) One method used to inflate air bags in cars is to use nitrogen produced chemically from the decomposition of
sodium azide. The sodium formed reacts with potassium nitrate to give more nitrogen.

2 NaN3(s) ® 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

10 Na(s) + 2 KNO3(s) ® K2O(s) + 5 Na2O(s) + N2(g)

a) In what ratio (by mass) must the sodium azide and potassium nitrate be mixed in order that no metallic sodium
remains after the reaction?

b) Calculate the total mass of the solid mixture needed to inflate a 60.0 dm3 air bag at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure.

3) 1.00 g of sulfur dissolved completely in an excess of liquid ammonia to give 420 cm3 of hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
measured at 273 K and 101 kPa, and also a solid containing the elements nitrogen and sulfur. Deduce the
empirical formula of the solid.

4) When 15 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was exploded with 60 cm3 of oxygen (an excess), the final volume was
45 cm3. This decreased to 15 cm3 on treatment with NaOH solution (which removes CO2). What was the
formula of the hydrocarbon? (all measurements were made at room temperature and pressure, \ the water
produced is a liquid).

5) Find the equation to calculate the root mean square velocity of gas particles. Once you have that equation, use
it to calculate the root mean square velocity for nitrogen molecules at 298 K and 100 kPa.

6) 10 cm3 of a hydrocarbon, CxHy, were exploded with an excess of oxygen. There was a contraction in volume of
30 cm3. When the products were treated with sodium hydroxide (which reacts with carbon dioxide), there was a
further contraction of 30 cm3. Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon, given that all volumes were measured
under the same conditions.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 25

1) Give the formula of each of the following substances.

a) zinc(II) nitrate ………………… e) phosphorus ………………………

b) lead ………………… f) nitrogen ………………………

c) chromium(III) oxide ………………… g) barium hydroxide ………………………

d) ammonium sulfate ………………… h) aluminium sulfate ……………………… (8)

2) Use your knowledge of ionic equations to give the molar ratio in which the following acids react with bases.
Complete the table to show your answers. (4)

Molar ratio of
Acid Formula of acid Base Formula of base
acid:base

sulfuric acid potassium hydroxide

hydrochloric acid potassium hydrogencarbonate

nitric acid ammonia

hydrochloric acid zinc carbonate

3) Write ionic equations for each of the following reactions.

a) reaction of sulfuric acid (aq) and sodium hydroxide (aq)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

b) precipitation of barium carbonate by mixing solutions of barium hydroxide and sodium carbonate

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

c) reaction of nitric acid (aq) and ammonia (aq)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

d) reaction of sulfuric acid (aq) and potassium hydrogencarbonate (aq)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

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4) a) Define the term relative atomic mass. ……………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

b) Explain why 12C is referred to in the definition. ………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

c) Explain why carbon has a relative atomic mass of 12.011 and not exactly 12.000. ………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

5) In each case work out the limiting reagent and moles of ammonia formed (assuming complete reaction).

N2 + 3 H2 ® 2 NH3

a) 5.00 moles of N2 + 5.00 moles of H2 moles of NH3 formed = ………….. (1)

b) 2.00 moles of N2 + 5.00 moles of H2 moles of NH3 formed = ………….. (1)

c) 10.0 moles of N2 + 50.0 moles of H2 moles of NH3 formed = ………….. (1)

d) 0.200 moles of N2 + 0.0500 moles of H2 moles of NH3 formed = ………….. (1)

6) Calculate the volume of 0.200 moles of carbon dioxide at 100°C and 2.00 MPa pressure.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

7) Calculate the number of moles of argon in 200 cm3 (3sf) at 100 kPa (3sf) at 20.0°C.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

8) The equation is for the combustion of ethane in oxygen. C2H6(g) + 3½ O2(g) ® 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

What volume of carbon dioxide is formed and what is the total volume of gases at the end in each of the
following reactions.

a) 100 cm3 of ethane + 100 cm3 of oxygen

volume of CO2 formed = …………………. Total volume of gases at end = ……………………. (2)

b) 100 cm3 of ethane + 500 cm3 of oxygen

volume of CO2 formed = …………………. Total volume of gases at end = ……………………. (2)

c) 200 cm3 of ethane + 400 cm3 of oxygen

volume of CO2 formed = …………………. Total volume of gases at end = ……………………. (2)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 27

9) What volume of hydrogen is formed at 20.0°C and 100000 Pa (3sf) pressure when 2.00 g of magnesium is
reacted with excess sulfuric acid?

Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) ® MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

10) What volume of carbon monoxide is formed at 1200°C and 0.140 MPa pressure when 1.00 kg of iron(III)
oxide is reduced by carbon?

Fe2O3(s) + 3 C(s) ® 2 Fe(l) + 3 CO(g)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

11) a) In 20 moles of Al2O3,

i) how many moles of Al3+ ions? ………………………………………………………………………………

ii) how many moles of O2- ions? ……………………………………………………………………………… (2)

b) In 360 g of water

i) how many moles of H atoms? ………………………………………………………………………………

ii) how many moles of O atoms? ……………………………………………………………………………… (2)

c) In 1.00 kg of aluminium sulfate

i) how many moles of aluminium ions?………………………………………………………………………

ii) how many moles of sulfate ions? ………………………………………………………………………… (2)

12) What mass of Fe3O4 is produced when 140 g of iron reacts with excess steam?

3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O(g) ® Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

13) What mass of potassium oxide is formed when 7.80 g of potassium is burned in oxygen?

4 K + O2 ® 2 K2O

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 28

14) a) Sulfur trioxide is made from sulfur dioxide by the following reaction. Calculate the maximum amount of sulfur
trioxide that can be made from 1.00 kg of sulfur dioxide.

2 SO2 + O2 ¾ 2 SO3

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

b) In an experiment, only 1200 g of sulfur trioxide was produced.

i) Calculate the percentage yield. ……………………………………………………………………..………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

ii) Give three reasons why the yield is less than 100%.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

c) Calculate the atom economy for this process.………………………………………………………………….. (1)

15) a) Aluminium is made from aluminium oxide by electrolysis. Calculate the mass of aluminium that can be made
from 1.00 kg of aluminium oxide.
2 Al2O3 ® 4 Al + 3 O2

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

b) Calculate the percentage yield if 500 g (3sf) of aluminium is produced.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

c) Calculate the percentage atom economy for this process.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

16) When 12.30 g of MgSO4.nH2O is heated gently until no further change in mass occurs, to remove the water
of crystallisation, 6.00 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) remained. Work out the relative formula
mass (Mr) of the MgSO4.nH2O, and so the value of n.

MgSO4.nH2O ® MgSO4 + n H2O

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (4)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 29

17) Since 1850, most books and documents have been printed on acidic paper which, over time, becomes brittle
and disintegrates. By treating books with diethyl zinc vapour, the acids in the book are neutralised. Diethyl
zinc vapour penetrates the closed book and reacts with the small amount of water in the paper to form zinc
oxide. The zinc oxide neutralises the acids and protects the book from acids that may be formed later.
There is virtually no difference between treated and untreated books.
The reaction between diethyl zinc and water is represented by the equation:

Zn(C2H5)2(g) + H2O(l) ® ZnO(s) + 2 C2H6(g)

The total moisture content of a book which was treated was found to be 0.900 g of water.

a) i) How many moles of water were present in the book? ………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

ii) Using the equation, how many moles of diethyl zinc would react with this amount of water?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

iii) What is the volume at room temperature and pressure of this amount of diethyl zinc vapour?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

iv) What mass of zinc oxide would be formed in the book? ………………………………………..………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

b) The acid content of the book was found to be 0.0320 moles of H+(aq). The equation for the reaction between
zinc(II) oxide and acid is:
ZnO(s) + 2 H+(aq) ® Zn2+(aq) + H2O(l)

i) Calculate the mass of zinc(II) oxide required to neutralise the acid in the book.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

ii) Hence calculate the mass of excess zinc(II) oxide which remains in the book.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 30

 9 – SOLUTION CALCULATIONS

a) Use the volume and concentration of one reactant to calculate the

moles. moles
concentration =
b) Use the balanced (or ionic) equation to find the moles of the other volume (dm# )
reactant.
c) Calculate the volume or concentration as required of that reactant.

Note
F%3*!0 ./ +!- E5
• Volume in dm3 = (e.g. 25 cm3 ® = 0.025 dm3)
B666 B666
• Concentration in g dm–3 = concentration in mol dm–3 x Mr (e.g. H2SO4 0.10 mol dm–3 ® 0.10 x 98 dm3 = 9.8 g dm–3)
• In many titrations, a standard solution of one the reagents is made (typically 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask) and 25 cm3
portions of this standard solution are used in each titration.

type of acid what it means examples reacting ratio with NaOH

+
monoprotic one H ion per unit HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH 1 : 1 (acid : NaOH)
diprotic two H+ ions per unit H2SO4 1 : 2 (acid : NaOH)
+
triprotic three H ions per unit H3PO4 1 : 3 (acid : NaOH)

E.g. 1: 25.0 cm3 of 0.020 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid neutralises 18.6 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ® Na2SO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)

a) Find the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol dm–3

"&.)
moles of H2SO4 = conc x vol (dm3) = 0.020 𝑥 = 0.000500
!)))

moles of NaOH = conc x vol (dm3) = 2 x moles H2SO4 = 0.000500 x 2 = 0.00100

!%30# 6.66B66
concentration of NaOH = = ./., = 0.0538 mol dm–3
F%3*!0 ()!- )
.000

b) Find the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in g dm–3

Mr of NaOH = 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0 = 40.0

mass of NaOH in 1 dm3 = Mr x moles = 40.0 x 0.0538 = 2.15 g

concentration = 2.15 g dm–3

E.g. 2: Crystals of citric acid contain water of crystallisation (C6H8O7.nH2O). Citric acid is a triprotic acid. 1.52 g of the
citric acid was made up to 250 cm3 solution. 25 cm3 portions of this solution required 21.80 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
sodium hydroxide for neutralisation. Calculate the Mr and the value of n.
"!.')
Moles of NaOH = conc x vol (dm3) = 0.100 𝑥 !)))
= 0.00218
).))"!'
Moles of C6H8O7.nH2O in each titration = *
= 0.000727 (1 mol of acid reacts with 3 mol of NaOH)

Moles of C6H8O7.nH2O in 250 cm3 solution = 0.000727 x 10 = 0.00727

!.&"
Mr of C6H8O7.nH2O = mass = ).))#"#
= 209.2
!#.)
Mr of nH2O = 209.2 – 192.0 = 17.0 n = = 0.954 = 1 (n is a whole number)
!'.)

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 31

TASK 18 – SOLUTION CALCULATIONS

1) Calculate the number of moles in the following.

a) 2 dm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 HCl
b) 50 litres of 5 mol dm–3 H2SO4
c) 10 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 KOH

2) Calculate the concentration of the following in both mol dm–3 and g dm–3
a) 0.400 moles of HCl in 2.00 litres of solution
b) 12.5 moles of H2SO4 in 5.00 dm3 of solution
c) 1.05 g of NaOH in 500 cm3 of solution

3) Calculate the volume of each solution that contains the following number of moles.

a) 0.00500 moles of NaOH from 0.100 mol dm–3 solution

b) 1.00 x 10–5 moles of HCl from 0.0100 mol dm–3 solution

4) 25.0 cm3 of 0.020 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid neutralises 18.6 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution.
H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 ® BaSO4 + 2 H2O

a) Find the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution in mol dm–3

b) Find the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution in g dm–3

5) 25.0 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide required 18.8 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 H2SO4

H2SO4 + 2 NaOH ® Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

a) Find the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol dm–3

b) Find the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in g dm–3

6) Calculate the volume of 0.05 mol dm–3 KOH is required to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of 0.0150 mol dm–3 HNO3.

HNO3 + KOH ® KNO3 + H2O

7) 25.0 cm3 of arsenic acid, H3AsO4, required 37.5 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide for neutralisation.
3 NaOH(aq) + H3AsO4(aq) ® Na3AsO4(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

a) Find the concentration of the acid in mol dm–3

b) Find the concentration of the acid in g dm–3

8) A 250 cm3 solution of NaOH was prepared. 25.0 cm3 of this solution required 28.2 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl for
neutralisation. Calculate what mass of NaOH was dissolved to make up the original 250 cm3 solution.

HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O

9) What volume of 5.00 mol dm–3 HCl is required to neutralise 20.0 kg of CaCO3?
2 HCl + CaCO3 ® CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

10) 3.88 g of a monoprotic acid was dissolved in water and the solution made up to 250 cm3. 25.0 cm3 of this solution
was titrated with 0.095 mol dm–3 NaOH solution, requiring 46.5 cm3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the
acid.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 32

11) A 1.575 g sample of ethanedioic acid crystals, H2C2O4.nH2O, was dissolved in water and made up to 250 cm3. One
mole of the acid reacts with two moles of NaOH. In a titration, 25.0 cm3 of this solution of acid reacted with exactly
15.6 cm3 of 0.160 mol dm–3 NaOH. Calculate the value of n.

12) A solution of a metal carbonate, M2CO3, was prepared by dissolving 7.46 g of the anhydrous solid in water to give
1000 cm3 of solution. 25.0 cm3 of this solution reacted with 27.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. Calculate
the relative formula mass of M2CO3 and hence the relative atomic mass of the metal M.

2) Back titrations

A back titration is done to analyse a base (or acid) that does not react easily or quickly with an acid (or base).

As an alternative, the base (or acid) is treated with an excess of acid (or base), and then the left over acid (or base) titrated.
You can then work back to find out about the original base (or acid).

e.g. Imagine that we are trying to find out how many moles of CaCO3 we have (let’s call it p moles). We add 10 moles of
HCl (an excess). The excess is made into a 250 cm3 solution in a volumetric flask and then 25 cm3 portions of it
require 0.4 moles of NaOH for neutralisation.
CaCO3 + 2 HCl ® CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O

• This means that there is 10 x 0.4 moles (= 4 moles) of left over HCl in the volumetric flask solution (as we used 1/10th
of the solution in the volumetric flask in each titration)
• This means that 6 moles (10 – 4 moles) of HCl reacted with the CaCO3
• This means that there must have been 3 moles of CaCO3 (i.e. p = 3) in the first place (remember that 2 moles of HCl
reacts with each mole of CaCO3).

e.g. Aspirin is a monoprotic acid that can be analysed by a back titration with NaOH. We add 0.25 moles of NaOH (an
excess) to y moles of aspirin and make the resulting solution into a 250 cm3 stock solution. We titrate 25 cm3 portions
of the solution which require 0.01 moles of HCl for neutralisation. Calculate the original moles of aspirin.

e.g. Malachite is an ore containing copper carbonate, CuCO3. We add 5.00 moles of HCl (an excess) to some crushed
malachite and make the resulting solution into a 250 cm3 stock solution. We titrate 25 cm3 portions of the solution
which require 0.15 moles of NaOH for neutralisation. Calculate the original moles of copper carbonate in the
malachite.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 33

TASK 19 – BACK TITRATION CALCULATIONS

1) Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate. A student wanted to find what percentage of some limestone was calcium
carbonate. A 1.00 g sample of limestone is allowed to react with 100 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl. The excess acid
required 24.8 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 NaOH solution in a back titration. Calculate the percentage of calcium
carbonate in the limestone.

CaCO3 + 2 HCl ® CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O

2) An impure sample of barium hydroxide of mass 1.6524 g was allowed to react with 100 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid. When the excess acid was titrated against 0.228 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide in a back titration,
10.9 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was required. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of barium
hydroxide.

Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl ® BaCl2 + 2 H2O HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O

3) Calculate (a) the moles and (b) the mass of magnesium carbonate at the start if 0.200 moles of sulfuric acid is added
to the magnesium carbonate and the excess sulfuric acid made up to a 250 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of this solution
required 0.0300 moles of sodium hydroxide for neutralisation.

MgCO3 + H2SO4 ® MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 H2SO4 + 2 NaOH ® Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

4) A student wanted to find the mass of calcium carbonate in an indigestion tablet. She crushed up a tablet and added
an excess of hydrochloric acid (25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3). She then titrated the excess against 0.500 mol dm–3
NaOH requiring 25.8 cm3 of the NaOH. Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate in the tablet.

5) A sample containing ammonium chloride was warmed with 100 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution.
After the ammonia had reacted the excess sodium hydroxide required 50.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm–3 HCl for
neutralisation. What mass of ammonium chloride did the sample contain?

1) A fertiliser contains ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate. A sample of 1.455 g of the fertiliser was warmed
with 25.0 cm3 0.200 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution giving off ammonia gas. The remaining NaOH that was
not used required 28.7 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid for neutralisation. Calculate the percentage by
mass of ammonium sulfate in the sample.

2) Silicon tetrachloride dissolves in ethoxyethane, an inert solvent. If the ethoxyethane is contaminated with a little
water, a partial hydrolysis occurs and two compounds A and B are formed. The formula of A is Si2OCl6 and that
of B is Si3O2Cl8.

When a 0.100 g sample of one of the compounds, A or B reacted with an excess of water, all the chlorine present
was converted to chloride ions. Titration of this solution with aqueous silver(I) nitrate, in the presence of a suitable
indicator, required 42.10 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous silver(I) nitrate for complete precipitation of silver(I)
chloride. Deduce which of the compounds A or B was present in the 0.100 g sample.

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 34

1) A compound contains 59.4% carbon, 10.9% hydrogen, 13.9% nitrogen and 15.8% oxygen, by mass. Find the
empirical formula of the compound.

2) A compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only contains 74.2% carbon and 7.9% hydrogen. Its Mr is
found to be 178 by mass spectroscopy. Find its empirical and molecular formulae.

3) What mass of carbon monoxide is needed to react with 1.00 kg of iron(III) oxide?
Fe2O3 + 3 CO ® 2 Fe + 3 CO2

4) The reaction below is known as the Thermitt reaction, which is used to form molten iron to mould train tracks
together. What mass of aluminium powder is needed to react with 8.00 g of iron(III) oxide?
2 Al + Fe2O3 ® Al2O3 + 2 Fe

5) What volume of 0.100 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid would react with 25.0 g of calcium carbonate?
CaCO3 + 2 HCl ® CaCl2 + CO2 + H2

6) 25.0 cm3 of 0.0400 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution reacted with 20.75 cm3 of sulfuric acid in a titration. Find the
concentration of the sulfuric acid.

7) 13.80 g of a solid monoprotic acid was dissolved in water and made up to 250.0 cm3. 25.00 cm3 portions of this were
titrated against 0.2500 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, requiring 23.50 cm3. Calculate the Mr of the acid.

8) 10.0 g of a mixture of copper powder and magnesium powder was mixed with 100 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid. The copper does not react, but the magnesium does as shown:
Mg + 2 HCl ® MgCl2 + H2

The resulting solution was filtered to remove unreacted copper and then made up to 250 cm3 with water. 25.0 cm3 of
this solution was found to neutralise 36.8 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 NaOH. Find the % by mass of the magnesium in the
metal powder mixture.

9) 12.0 g of a mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium chloride was treated with 100 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid (only the calcium carbonate reacts). The resulting solution was made up to 250 cm3 with water and a 25.0 cm3
portion of this needed 34.1 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide for neutralisation. Find the % by mass of the
calcium carbonate in the mixture.

10) The solid booster rockets of the space shuttle are fuelled by a mixture of aluminium and ammonium chlorate(VII)
(NH4ClO4).
a) If no other reagents are involved, and the products are nitrogen, water, hydrogen chloride and aluminium oxide,
devise an equation for this reaction.
b) Each launch consumes about 160 tonnes of aluminium. What mass of hydrogen chloride gas is produced in the
atmosphere above the Cape Canaveral launch pad?

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 35

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TASK 1 – Writing formulas of ionic compounds

1 AgBr 2 Na2CO3 3 K2O 4 Fe2O3 5 CrCl3 6 Ca(OH)2
7 Al(NO3)3 8 Na2SO4 9 PbO 10 Na3PO4 11 Zn(HCO3)2 12 (NH4)2SO4
13 Ga(OH)3 14 SrSe 15 RaSO4 16 Na3N

TASK 2 – Writing formulas 1

1 PbO2 2 Cu 3 Na 4 NH4Cl 5 NH3 6 S8
7 H2SO4 8 Ne 9 SiO2 10 Si 11 Ba(OH)2 12 SnCl4
13 AgNO3 14 I2 15 Ni 16 H2S 17 TiO2 18 Pb
19 SrSO4 20 Li

TASK 3 – Writing formulas 2

1 Ag2CO3 2 Au 3 PtF2 4 HNO3 5 NH3 6 SiH4
7 P4 8 C 9 V2O5 10 Co(OH)2 11 Ba(OH)2 12 NH3
13 HCl 14 F2 15 Si 16 Ca3(PO4)2 17 Rb 18 GeO2
19 MgAt2 20 NO

TASK 4 – Writing balanced equations 1

1 a Mg + 2 HNO3 ® Mg(NO3)2 + H2
b CuCl2 + 2 NaOH ® Cu(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
c 2 SO2 + O2 ® 2 SO3
d C4H10 + 6½ O2 ® 4 CO2 + 5 H2O or 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 ® 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
2 a 4 Na + O2 ® 2 Na2O
b 2 Al + 3 Cl2 ® 2 AlCl3
c Ca + 2 HCl ® CaCl2 + H2
d 2 NH3 + H2SO4 ® (NH4)2SO4

TASK 5 – Writing balanced equations 2

1 4 Al + 3 O2 ® 2 Al2O3
2 C6H14 + 9½ O2 ® 6 CO2 + 7 H2O or 2 C6H14 + 19 O2 ® 12 CO2 + 14 H2O
3 CH3CH2SH + 4½ O2 ® 2 CO2 + SO2 + 3 H2O or 2 CH3CH2SH + 9 O2 ® 4 CO2 + 2 SO2 + 6 H2O
4 2 Li + 2 H2O ® 2 LiOH + H2
5 CaCO3 + 2 HNO3 ® Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
6 Li2CO3 ® Li2O + CO2

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-September-2022 Chemsheets AS 1027 36

7 NH3 + HNO3 ® NH4NO3
8 K2O + H2SO4 ® K2SO4 + H2O
9 Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl ® CaCl2 + 2 H2O
10 3 Zn + 2 H3PO4 ® Zn3(PO4)2 + 3 H2
11 2 NaHCO3 + H2SO4 ® Na2SO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2
12 2 KOH + H2SO4 ® K2SO4 + 2 H2O

TASK 6 – Ionic equations

1 HCl, LiOH, 1:1; H2SO4, NaHCO3, 1:2; HNO3, NH3, 1:1; H2SO4, K2CO3, 1:1, HNO3, Sr(OH)2, 2:1
2 a H+ + OH- ® H2O
b Ag+ + I- ® AgI
c 2 H+ + CO32- ® H2O + CO2
d Ca2+ + 2 OH- ® Ca(OH)2
e NH3 + H+ ® NH4+
f H+ + HCO3- ® H2O + CO2
g Ca2+ + SO42- ® CaSO4
h Pb2+ + 2 Cl- ® PbCl2
i H+ + OH- ® H2O

TASK 7 – Significant figures & standard form

1 a 345800 b 297000 c 0.0790 d 6.10 e 0.00156 f 0.01040
2 a 2350000 (3sf) b 0.25 (2sf) c 13.7 d 300 (2sf) e 0.00198 (3sf) f 0.00031 (2sf)
3 a 0.0015 b 0.00046 c 357500 d 534 e 1030000 f 0.00835
4 a 1.64 x 10-4 b 5.24 x 10-2 c 1.5 x 10-8 d 3.45 x 104 e 6.2 x 10-1 f 8.7 x 107
5 a 0.021 (2sf) b 6.1 x 10-5 (2sf) c 4.0 x 108 d 2400 e 0.0610 f 8.00 x 10-7 (3sf)

TASK 8 – Relative formula mass

1 38.0 2 55.8 3 98.1 4 102.0 5 58.3 6 213.0
7 132.1 8 123.5 9 169.9 10 80.0 11 249.5 12 24.3
13 32.0 14 102.9 15 78.1 16 174.3 17 71.0 18 399.9

TASK 9 – Moles
1 a 2.96 b 50.3 c 0.500 d 17100 e 0.000107
2 a 355 g b 20.4 g c 1.08 g d 0.264 g e 85.8 g
3 a 0.250 b 0.250 c 0.500
4 a 0.0500 b 0.100 c 0.150
5 176
6 a 1.6735 x 10-24 g b 1.6726 x 10-24 g c 3.025 g

TASK 10 – What equations mean

1 12 mol Na + 3 mol O2 ® 6 mol Na2O; 0.1 mol Na + 0.025 mol O2 ® 0.05 mol Na2O
2 5 mol Al + 7.5 mol Cl2 ® 5 mol AlCl3; 0.1 mol Al + 0.15 mol Cl2 ® 0.1 mol AlCl3
3 0.5 mol C4H10 + 3.25 mol O2 ® 2 mol CO2 + 2.5 mol H2O; 20 mol C4H10 + 130 mol O2 ® 80 mol CO2 + 100 mol H2O
4 0.5 mol NH3 + 0.375 mol O2 ® 0.25 mol N2 + 0.75 mol H2O; 10 mol NH3 + 7.5 mol O2 ® 5 mol N2 + 15 mol H2O

TASK 11 – Reacting mass calculations 1

1 1.0 g 2 126 g 3 120 g 4 253000 g 5 17.6 g 6 12.0 g
7 7 8 6 9 9780 g 10 1560000 g 11 0.00940 g 12 1.11 g
13 115 g 14 1650000 g 15 64.0 g 16 89.3 g

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TASK 12A – Limiting reagents 1

1 a 2 mol b 8 mol c 0.4 mol

2 a 2 mol b 4 mol c 0.4 mol
3 a 2 mol b 10 mol c 20 mol
4 a 1, 4 mol b 2, 8 mol c 0.25, 1 mol
5 a 20, 30 mol b 0.5, 0.75 mol c 4, 6 mol
6 4 mol b 0.6 mol c 12 mol
7 4 mol b 3 mol c 0.25 mol

TASK 12B – Limiting reagents 2

1 13.2 g 2 5.75 g 3 1.60 g 4 4.20 g 5 4.48 g

6 53.4 g

TASK 12C – Reacting mass calculations 2

1 7.88 g 2 2690 g 3 303000 g 4 98.6 g 5 1210 g
6 1250 g 7 42.9 g

CHALLENGE 1
1 NaHCO3 = 3.51 g, Na2CO3 6.49 g 2 CaCO3 = 40.3%, MgCO3 = 59.7% 3 C4H8 4 26.6%

TASK 13 – Percentage yield

1 a 120 g b 74.9% c reversible, product lost on isolation, other reactions take place
2 a 701000 g b 92.7% 3 a 510 g b 30.0%
4 a 25.2 g b 79.4% 5 a 529 g b 94.4%
6 a 330 g b 90.8% 7 a 2.40 g b 88.4%

TASK 14 – Atom economy

1 39.3% 2 1.5% 3 45.8% 4 56.0% 5 100% 6 47.1%
7 a 320 g b 87.5% c 29.5%
d % yield compares the amount produced compared to the amount you should get, atom economy is the proportion
of the mass of all the products that is the desired product

TASK 15 – Empirical & molecular formulas

1 a CH3 b P2O3 c SO2 d CH2
e CH2O f C2H7N g B3H5 h C12H22O11
2 a N2H4 b C4H10 c C5H10 d PH3 e C6H6 f C3H6
3 a 3:2 b 1:2 c 5:1 d 2:5
e 3:4 f 5:3 g 4:5 h 4:7
4 a CaBr2 b Na2S2O3 c C2H7N d CO2 e NO2
5 FeCl3 6 K2SO4 7 P2O3, P4O6 8 CH2O, C2H4O2
9 C5H10O, C5H10O 10 x = 4, y = 2

TASK 16 – Ideal gas equation

1 a 473 K b 98000 Pa c 50 x 10-6 m3 d 223 K e 100000 Pa f 3.2 x 10-3 m3
-3 3
2 1.24 x 10 m 3 0.786 4 104000 Pa 5 155 K 6 71.0 7 0.00380 m3
8 3.36 g 9 0.000538 m3 10 4.53 m3 11 64.1 12 483 K 13 126000 Pa

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TASK 17 – Reacting gas volumes
1 a O2 2 dm3, CO2 1 dm3 b O2 120 cm3, CO2 80 cm3
3 3
c O2 1250 cm , CO2 1000 cm d O2 5625 cm3, CO2 4500 cm3q 2 20 cm3 HBr left at end
3 300 cm3 O2, 100 cm3 CO2, total 400 cm3 gas at end 4 4 dm3 O2, 4 dm3 H2O, 4 dm3 SO2, total 12 dm3 gas

CHALLENGE 2
1 44.0 2 3.21 : 1, 130.5 g 3 NS 4 C2H4 5 515 ms-1 6 C3H8

Calculations CHECK-UP
1 a Zn(NO3)2 b Pb c Cr2O3 d (NH4)2SO4
e P4 f N2 g Ba(OH)2 h Al2(SO4)3
2 H2SO4, KOH, 1:2; HCl, KHCO3, 1:1; HNO3, NH3, 1:1; HCl, ZnCO3, 2:1
3 a H+ + OH- ® H2O b Ba2++ SO42- ® BaSO4
c H+ + NH3 ® NH4+ d H+ + HCO3- ® H2O + CO2
4 a average mass of an atom, relative to 1/12th mass of 12C atom b it is the agreed standard
c mixture of other isotopes
5 a H2, NH3 = 3.33 b H2, NH3 = 3.33
c N2, NH3 = 20.0 d H2, NH3 = 0.033
6 3.10 x 10-4 m3 7 8.21 x 10-3
8 a volume of CO2 = 57.1 cm3, total = 128.5 cm3 b volume of CO2 = 200 cm3, total = 350 cm3
3 3
c volume of CO2 = 229 cm , total = 314 cm
9 2.00 x 10-3 m3 10 1.64 m3
11 a 40, 60 b 40.0, 20.0 c 5.84, 8.76
12 193.5 g 13 9.39 g
14 a 1250 g b i 96% ii reversible, product lost on isolation, other reactions iii 100%
15 a 529 g b 94.5% c 52.9% 16 7
17 a 0.05, 0.05, 1.22 x 10-3 m3, 4.07 g b 1.30 g, 2.77 g

TASK 18 – Solution calculations

1 a 0.1 b 250 c 0.0025
2 a 0.2 mol dm , 7.3 g dm-3
-3
b 2.5 mol dm-3, 245.3 g dm-3 c 0.0512 mol dm-3, 2.10 g dm-3
3 a 0.05 dm3 b 0.001 dm3
4 0.0269 mol dm-3, 4.61 g dm-3 5 0.0752 mol dm-3, 3.01 g dm-3 6 0.0075 dm3
7 0.0500 mol dm-3, 7.10 g dm-3 8 1.13 g 9 79.9 dm3
10 87.8 11 2 12 Ar = 39.1, K

CHALLENGE 3
1 9.67% 2 A Si2OCl6

TASK 19 – Back titration calculations

1 87.7% 2 90.8% 3 0.05 mol, 4.22 g
4 0.606 g 5 4.68 g

Calculation Allsorts
1 C5H11NO 2 C11H14O2, C11H14O2 3 526 g 4 2.71 g 5 5.00 dm3
6 0.0241 mol dm-3 7 234.9 8 3.21% 9 55.0%
10 10 Al + 6 NH4ClO4 ® 3 N2 + 9 H2O + 6 HCl + 5 Al2O3

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