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Lecture 3 Memory-1

The document discusses computer memory and storage hierarchies. It explains that programs must be loaded into main memory from disk to run, and that main memory and CPU registers can directly access data the fastest. It then describes how cache sits between main memory and CPU to improve access speed. The document outlines how storage systems are organized in a hierarchy from fastest and most expensive to slower and less expensive, and how caching improves access speed by copying data to faster storage. Finally, it discusses different approaches for mapping memory blocks to cache lines.

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Muhammad Ishaq
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26 views

Lecture 3 Memory-1

The document discusses computer memory and storage hierarchies. It explains that programs must be loaded into main memory from disk to run, and that main memory and CPU registers can directly access data the fastest. It then describes how cache sits between main memory and CPU to improve access speed. The document outlines how storage systems are organized in a hierarchy from fastest and most expensive to slower and less expensive, and how caching improves access speed by copying data to faster storage. Finally, it discusses different approaches for mapping memory blocks to cache lines.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ishaq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Background

• Program must be brought (from disk)


into memory and placed within a
process for it to be run
• Main memory and registers are only
storage CPU can access directly
• Register access in one CPU clock (or
less)
• Cache sits between main memory and
CPU registers
• Protection of memory required to
ensure correct operation
Storage Hierarchy
• Storage systems organized in hierarchy
– Speed
– Cost
– Volatility
• As we move down cost per bit
decreases, access time increases
• The storage system above electronic
disk are volatile, whereas below are non
volatile.
• Caching – copying information into
faster storage system; main memory
can be viewed as a cache for secondary
storage
Memory hierarchy
• Large memory with low access time is
required
• Single memory can’t serve the purpose, so
hierarchal memory
• Access time, size and per unit cost
tradeoff
• Down the hierarchy access time increases,
size increases
• Video link
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0evkeNZKM4
Storage-Device Hierarchy
How cache memory works

• Pre fetch the data into the cache before the


processor needs it

• Cache miss
– Request not satisfied by cache
– failed attempt to read or write a piece of data in
the cache
– Increases access time

• Cache hit
– Request satisfied by cache
– Data transfer at maximum speed
Cache mapping
• Direct
– Specifies a single cache line for each memory
block
– Easier
• Set associative
– Specifies a set of cache lines for each memory
block
• Associative
– No restriction
– Any cache line can be used for any cache block
Direct mapping
Fully associative
• Greatest flexibility
• Any block can go into any line of the
cache
• Most expensive (cost of associative
memory, comparator)

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