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Selection Re Use and Recycling of Materials

The document discusses various methods for reusing and recycling materials, including the responsible waste management hierarchy. It describes different types of reuse such as adaptive reuse, upcycling, downcycling, freecycling, and deconstruction. Methods for recycling metals, glass, plastics, rubbers, and composite materials are also outlined. Issues in recyclability and disposability of materials are important considerations in materials selection and design.

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Vanvan Biton
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1K views28 pages

Selection Re Use and Recycling of Materials

The document discusses various methods for reusing and recycling materials, including the responsible waste management hierarchy. It describes different types of reuse such as adaptive reuse, upcycling, downcycling, freecycling, and deconstruction. Methods for recycling metals, glass, plastics, rubbers, and composite materials are also outlined. Issues in recyclability and disposability of materials are important considerations in materials selection and design.

Uploaded by

Vanvan Biton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SELECTION /

RE-USE AND
RECYCLING OF
MATERIALS
RESPONSIBLE WASTE
MANAGEMENT HEIRARCHY
• Materials play a crucial role in this technology–economy–environment
scheme.
• A material that is used in some end product and then discarded passes
through several stages or phases; these stages represented, which is
sometimes termed the total materials cycle or just materials cycle and
represents the “cradle-to-grave” life circuit of a material.
• The Earth is a closed system, in that its materials resources are finite; to
some degree, the same may be said of energy resources. Environmental
issues involve ecological damage, pollution, and waste disposal.
• Reusing and recycling of used products and the use of green design
obviate some of these environmental problems.
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE
TOTAL MATERIALS CYCLE
REUSE

● Can be defined as using a waste product without further transformation


and without changing its shape or original nature.
● Means that less solid waste is produced. It brings other benefits by
taking useful products discarded by those who no longer want them and
passing them to those who do.
● This is the second option in the waste hierarchy.
● Different types of solid wastes can be reused, such as bottles, old
clothes, books and anything else that is used again for a similar purpose
to that originally intended.
SOME TYPES OF REUSE
1 ADAPTIVE REUSE
2 CREATIVE REUSE/ UPCYCLING
3 DOWNCYCLING
4 FREECYCLING
5 DECONSTRUCTION
ADAPTIVE REUSE

• Adaptive reuse is the repurposing of buildings


that have outlived their original purpose.
• Its main goals include preserving architectural
and cultural heritage, transforming urban
blight, and igniting social change.
• Yet these approaches share a goal of
extending the useful life of buildings as
societal and technological needs evolve.
CREATIVE REUSE/ UPCYCLING

• Upcycling is the process of taking one or


more discarded materials and rebuilding
and/or repurposing them to a new object
or tool more valuable than the original
pieces.
• The word “upcycling” was first used in
1994 when several engineers coined it as
a way to refer to objects being repurposed
without recycling them.
DOWNCYCLING

• Downcycling is the process where unused


products are used to produce new items of
lesser quality.
• Downcycling helps protect the environment by
eliminating waste and making new products
out of something old that would otherwise end
up in a landfill.
FREECYCLING

• To freecycle means to repurpose something rather than


throw it away.
• The purpose of freecycling is to recycle things that have
been previously used by giving them away to other people
for free.
• This concept has assisted in waste reduction.
DECONSTRUCTION

• Dismantling a building or product piece by


piece to maximize reuse and recycling
• Carefully deconstructing buildings opposed to
demolition to reuse materials such as wood,
pipes, and bricks
RECYCLING
● is technically a form of reusing, but it refers more specifically to items
that are discarded and broken down into their raw materials

● Typical materials that are recycled include:

○ iron and steel scrap


○ aluminum cans
○ glass bottles
○ paper
○ wood
○ plastics
RECYCLING

● The materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw


materials obtained from such increasingly scarce natural resources
as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral ores, and trees.

● Recycling can help reduce the quantities of solid waste deposited


in landfills, which have become increasingly expensive.

● Recycling also reduces the pollution of air, water, and land resulting
from waste disposal.
RECYCLING ISSUES IN
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
Important stages in the materials cycle where materials science and
engineering plays a significant role are recycling and disposal. The issues
of recyclability and disposability are important when new materials are
being designed and synthesized. During the materials selection process,
the ultimate disposition of the materials used should be an important
criterion. We conclude this section by discussing briefly several of these
recyclability/disposability issues.
METALS
• Most metal alloys (e.g., those with Fe or Cu), to one degree or
another experience corrosion and are also biodegradable.
• However, some metals (e.g., Hg, Pb) are toxic and, when placed
in landfills, may present health hazards. Furthermore, whereas
alloys of most metals are recyclable, it is not feasible to recycle all
alloys of every metal.
• In addition, the quality of alloys that are recycled tends to diminish
with each cycle (i.e., are “down-cycled”).
HOW IS METAL RECYCLED?

1 COLLECTION 6 SOLIDIFYING
2 GROUPING 7 TRANSPORTATION
3 PROCESSING
4 MELTING
5 PURIFICATION
GLASS
- The ceramic material consumed by the general public in the greatest
quantities is glass, in the form of containers. Glass is a relatively inert
material and, as such, does not decompose; thus, it is not biodegradable.

• Glass is an ideal recyclable material—it can be recycled multiple times


without significant depreciation of quality.
• Waste glass must be sorted by color (e.g., clear, amber, green) and by
composition [soda–lime, leaded, and borosilicate (or Pyrex)]2 ;
• This is followed by a washing process to remove any contaminants.
GLASS
• The next stage involves crushing and grinding the waste glass into
small pieces called cullet.
• Additives may be used to decolor (remove any color from) or recolor
(change the color of) the cullet.
• Finally, the cullet can be melted and formed into useful products (e.g.,
glass containers) or used in other markets to include the following:
aggregate in concrete, fiberglass wall insulation, countertops, abrasives,
and fluxing agents in bricks (during firing)
PLASTIC AND RUBBERS
• One reason that synthetic polymers are so popular as engineering
materials is their chemical and biological inertness.
• On the down side, this characteristic is really a liability when it
comes to waste disposal.
• Most polymers are not biodegradable and, therefore, do not
biodegrade in landfills; major sources of waste are from packaging,
junked automobiles, automobile tires, and domestic durable goods.
THERMOPLASTIC

• Thermoplastic polymers are amenable to reclamation and recycling


because they may be re-formed upon heating.
• Color sorting can be carried out by a photoelectric detector, which
identifies particles of a specific color; an air gun then blows away
particles of all other colors from the waste stream.
Table 22.1: Presents these recycling code numbers and their associated materials.
Also included in the table are uses of virgin and recycled materials.
RUBBERS
 Rubber materials present disposal and recycling challenges. When
vulcanized, they are thermoset materials, which makes chemical recycling
difficult. Disposal in landfills is normally not a viable option because they
are bulky and buoyant; furthermore, fires that start in mounds of discarded
tires are extremely difficult to extinguish.

 Recycling begins by shredding the tires into chunks approximately 20


mm (3/4 in.) in size. At this point steel reinforcement wire is separated
from the flow stream using magnets and then sold as scrap. The rubber
chunks are further reduced in size to form “crumb rubber” particles, which
may be as small as 600 µm.
APPLICATIONS FOR RECYCLED TIRES INCLUDE
THE FOLLOWING:

• Rubberized asphalt highway-paving material—contains 15 to 22 percent crumb rubber, costs


less, is longer lasting, and provides a smoother and quieter ride.

• Sports field surfaces (football, running tracks, and equestrian)—improves cushioning and
springiness, reduces presence of mud and dust, surfaces dry quickly, and there is less
freezing damage

• Rubber mulch for landscapes and play areas—long-lasting and does not attract termites.

• Flip-flop sandals

• Fuel for some industrial applications (e.g., cement plants, power plants, and mills)

• Also used in welcome mats, portable speed bumps, and railroad ties
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

- Composites are inherently difficult to recycle because they are


multiphase. The two or more phases/materials that constitute the
composite are normally intermixed on a very fine scale, and trying to
separate them during recycling is a difficult process. Most recycling
techniques that have been developed are for polymer-matrix fiber-
reinforced composites composed of glass and carbon fibers.
Three types of recycling processes may be used for both
thermoplastic and thermoset matrices, as follows:

• Mechanical
-the composite material is reduced to small particles using shredding/
grinding/milling techniques. The powdered recyclate may then be incorporated into
another composite to function as a filler or as a reinforcement phase.

• Thermal
-fibers are recovered from the matrix by heat-treating the composite; for
some techniques the matrix is vaporized. Thus, the objective of thermal
recycling is to obtain high-quality fibers that may be reused. Recovered fibers
will have short lengths and their properties may be depreciated. In addition,
useful heat energy may be generated.

• Chemical
-separation of fibers and matrix is accomplished by a chemical reaction;
fiber recovery is the primary goal. The matrix may be converted into other
substances, which may be hazardous and require further processing.
ELECTRONIC WASTE (EWASTE)
- E-waste (electronic waste) includes anything with plugs, cords and electronic components.
Common sources of e-waste include televisions, computers, mobile phones and any type of home
appliance, from air conditioners to children's toys.

The rapid expansion of technology and ever-increasing appetite for new, better, and
cheaper electronic gadgets has resulted in the generation of e-waste at a staggering rate.
Some of these are hazardous and/or toxic and should be prevented from entering the soil,
groundwater, and atmosphere; major ones include the following:

• lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, brominated flame retardants (BFRs added to


polymers), and beryllium oxide.

• Nonhazardous materials include copper, aluminum, gold, iron, palladium, tin, epoxy resins,
poly(vinyl chloride), and fiberglass. Some materials of both types are amenable to recycling.
THANK YOU!
PREPARED BY:

ESPINO, ALEXANDRA
CABALONGA, MELVIN
CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and
includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik

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