Module 1

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

I. Overview

Welcome to the first module of the course on General Anatomy. In this module, we will travel
back to your learnings in ANPHYD1. This module is diagnostic in nature wherein there will be a
self-assessment part on how well you understood anatomy and physiology during your first year
and how much do you still need to understand. The purpose of this is for you to be refreshed of
what you’ve already learned and at the same time this will give you a chance to be clarified of
areas that you do not still understand. This will serve as your foundation to get along with the
other modules.

Adapted Resource Material

Drake, R.L., Volg, A.W., & Mitchell, A.W.M. (2020). Gray’s anatomy for students. 4th Edition.
Elsevier Inc.

II. Learning Outcomes

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:

1. reflect on the lessons from ANPHYD1
2. distinguish the introduction to regional anatomy

III. Lesson proper and Assessment

Engage

This part should snag your interest, and offer the opportunity for you to share what you already
know about the topic. Try to make connections between your preexisting knowledge base and
the new ideas that will come down the pipeline in this lesson. Answer the pre-assessment.

MULTIPLE CHOICE: The following are statements followed by lettered choices. Choose the correct
answer. Write final answer before the number using CAPITAL LETTERS.

1. A fingernail is a structure belonging 3. A person in the anatomical position

to what body system? would be:
A. Circulatory A. In a fetal position
B. Integumentary B. Lying face down
C. Lymphatic C. Lying face up
D. Reticuloendothelial D. Standing erect facing forward
E. Skeletal
4. A transverse plane will cut a body or
2. A lung is located within the: organ int:
A. Mediastinal, pleural, and thoracic A. Anterior and posterior portions
cavities B. Left and right portions
B. Peritoneal, pleural, and thoracic C. Portions separated at an angle to its
cavities longitudinal axis
C. Pleural, pericardial, and thoracic D. Superior and inferior portions
cavities E. Unequal left and right portions
D. Thoracic, pleural, and ventral cavities
E. None of the above

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5. A urinary bladder which is already 11. Long-distance regulation is
full of urine can be palpated in what accomplished via bloodborne chemicals
abdominopelvic region? known as:
A. Epigastric A. Blood cells
B. Hypogastric B. Hormones
C. Left hypochondriac C. Ions
D. Umbilical D. Motor impulses
E. Neurotransmitters
6. Blood production is a function of
which system? 12. Of the nine surface areas of the
A. Lymphatic abdominal regions, which of the following
B. Reproductive groups is medial?
C. Respiratory A. Epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric
D. Skeletal B. Epigastric, umbilical, and iliac
C. Hypochondriac, lumbar, and inguinal
7. Blood vessels are organs of this D. Hypochondriac, umbilical, and
system. hypogastric
A. Cardiovascular system
B. Muscular system 13. The abdominal cavity contains the:
C. Skeletal system A. Heart
D. Urinary system B. Lungs
C. Spleen
8. If a patient complains of dull, aching D. Trachea
pain in the left upper quadrant of his
abdomen, the underlying organ most 14. The antebrachium is the:
probably affected is the: A. Armpit
A. Ascending colon B. Chest area
B. Gallbladder C. Forearm
C. Sigmoid colon D. Hand
D. Stomach E. Shoulder region

9. If a patient complains of lancinating 15. The brain is located in the:

pain at the right lower quadrant of the A. Abdominal cavity
abdomen, the underlying organ most B. Cranial cavity
probably affected is the: C. Pericardial cavity
A. Appendix D. Pleural cavity
B. Esophagus E. Vertebral cavity
C. Small intestine
D. Stomach 16. The foot is to the thigh as the hand is
to the:
10. If an anatomist wanted to show the A. Brachium
structural relationship of the trachea, B. Digits
esophagus, neck muscles, and a vertebra C. Palm
within the neck, which body plane would D. Shoulder
be most appropriate?
A. Coronal plane 17. The function of the secretions of a
B. Parasagittal plane serous membrane, like the pleura, is to:
C. Sagittal plane A. Carry nervous impulses
D. Transverse plane B. Prevent infection
E. Vertical plane C. Protect the central nervous system

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 D. Reduce friction between neighboring C. Left iliac
organs D. Left lumbar
18. The lungs are located in the: 25. The ventral body cavity comprises
A. Abdominal cavity all of the following cavities EXCEPT:
B. Cranial cavity A. Abdominal cavity
C. Pericardial cavity B. Pelvic cavity
D. Pleural cavity C. Pleural cavity
E. Vertebral cavity D. Spinal cavity
E. Thoracic cavity
19. The number of abdominal regions is:
A. 3 26. This cavity is located inferior to the
B. 5 abdominal cavity.
C. 7 A. Abdominal cavity
D. 9 B. Cranial cavity
C. Pelvic cavity
20. The right portion of the liver is D. Pericardial cavity
located primarily in which of the E. Vertebral canal
abdominopelvic regions?
A. Epigastric 27. This directional term means farther
B. Hypogastric from the midline.
C. Left hypochondriac A. Anterior
D. Left lumbar B. Deep
E. Right hypochondriac C. Lateral
D. Medial
21. The spleen is located in which of the E. Proximal
abdominopelvic regions?
A. Epigastric 28. This is the space beneath the
B. Left hypochondriac breastbone containing the heart, aorta,
C. Left iliac vena cava, trachea, and other vessels and
D. Left inguinal nerves.
E. Left lumbar A. Abdomen
B. Mediastinum
22. The stomach is located in the: C. Pleura
A. Abdominal cavity D. Thorax
B. Cranial cavity
C. Pericardial cavity 29. This is the study of the functions of
D. Pleural cavity body structures.
E. Vertebral cavity A. Anatomy
B. Endocrinology
23. The thoracic cavity is separated from C. Histology
the abdominopelvic cavity by the: D. Immunology
A. Abdominal septum E. Physiology
B. Abdominal wall
C. Diaphragm 30. This organ system eliminates wastes
D. Mediastinum and regulates the volume and chemical
E. Sternum composition of blood.
A. Cardiovascular system
24. The urinary bladder is located in B. Endocrine system
which of the abdominopelvic regions? C. Respiratory system
A. Epigastric D. Urinary system
B. Hypogastric

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31. This plane divides the body into 37. What is the name of the
anterior and posterior portions. abdominopelvic region that is located in
A. Frontal the midline area immediately inferior to
B. Midsagittal the diaphragm muscle?
C. Oblique A. Epigastric
D. Sagittal B. Hypogastric
E. Transverse C. Left hypochondriac
D. Right inguinal
32. This plane divides the body into E. Umbilical
right and left halves.
A. Coronal plane 38. What is the other name of the outer
B. Frontal plane layer of the serous membrane that
C. Horizontal plane surrounds the heart?
D. Sagittal plane A. Diaphragm
E. Transverse plane B. Mediastinum
C. Parietal pericardium
33. This serous membrane covers the D. Visceral pericardium
viscera with the abdominal cavity, and E. Visceral pleura
lines the abdominal wall and the inferior
surface of the diaphragm. 39. What is the relationship between the
A. Dura mater knee and foot?
B. Mediastinum A. The knee is inferior to the foot.
C. Pericardium B. The foot is proximal to the knee.
D. Peritoneum C. The knee is distal to the foot.
E. Pleura D. The knee is proximal to the foot.

34. To view the thalamus and 40. What system produces hormones
hypothalamus of the brain, we must which is responsible for the control of the
separate the left hemisphere from the right body’s homeostasis?
hemisphere equally using the _____ plane. A. Cardiovascular system
A. Coronal B. Endocrine system
B. Midsagittal C. Excretory system
C. Oblique D. Lymphatic system
D. Parasagittal
41. Which cavity contains the heart?
35. Two major cavities of the human A. Abdominal cavity
body are: B. Cranial cavity
A. Axial and appendicular C. Pericardial cavity
B. Inferior and superior D. Pleural cavity
C. Ventral and dorsal E. Vertebral cavity
D. Visceral and parietal
42. Which of the following is NOT a
36. What gland can be found on the cardinal plane?
superior surface of the kidneys? A. Frontal plane
A. Adrenal B. Median plane
B. Parathyroid C. Midsagittal plane
C. Thymus D. Sagittal plane
D. Thyroid E. Oblique plane

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 47. Which term best defines the position
43. Which of the following statements of the knee relative to the hip?
about the dorsal body cavity is false? A. Distal
A. It contains the brain. B. Lateral
B. It contains the viscera. C. Medial
C. It includes the cranial cavity. D. Posterior
D. It is lined by the meninges. E. Proximal

44. Which pairing of directional terms 48. Which terms have the same
most closely approximate opposites? meaning?
A. Medial and proximal A. Back. Dorsal, and posterior
B. Proximal and lateral B. Front, anterior, and ventral
C. Superficial and deep C. Top, superior, and cephalad
D. Superior and posterior D. All are correct

45. Which serous membrane would be 49. Which of the following is NOT a
cut first as a physician removes an infected function of the kin?
appendix? A. Protection from infection
A. Dorsal mesentery B. Removal of excess water
B. Parietal peritoneum C. Sensory reception
C. Parietal pleura D. Temperature regulation
D. Visceral pleura
50. Which of the following is NOT a
46. Which system of the body is part of the reprod-uctive system?
responsible for the breakdown of food and A. Penis
elimination of sold wastes? B. Ovaries
A. Digestive C. Testes
B. Endocrine D. Ureters
C. Respiratory
D. Urinary

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LABORATORY: MATCHING TYPE

ORGAN SYSTEMS. Match the organs in Column A with their corresponding organ systems in Column
B.

Column A Column B
1. _____ Adrenal gland A. Cardiovascular
2. _____ Bronchial tree B. Digestive
3. _____ Capillaries C. Endocrine
4. _____ Large and small intestines D. Integumentary
5. _____ Ligaments E. Muscular
6. _____ Pituitary gland F. Nervous
7. _____ Skin G. Reproductive
8. _____ Spinal cord H. Respiratory
9. _____ Tendons I. Skeletal
10. _____ Testes and ovaries J. Urinary
11. _____ Ureters

ANATOMICALTERMS. Match the body parts in Column A with their corresponding anatomical terms
in Column B.

Column A Column B
12. _____ Ankle A. Antecubital
13. _____ Arm B. Brachial
14. _____ Groin C. Buccal
15. _____ Cheek D. Carpal
16. _____ Ear E. Cervical
17. _____ Front of elbow F. Crural
18. _____ Leg G. Femoral
19. _____ Neck H. Inguinal
20. _____ Thigh I. Otic
21. _____ Wrist J. Sural
K. Tarsal

DIRECTIONAL TERMS. Match the directions in Column A to their corresponding terms in Column B.

Column A Column B
22. _____ Away from the trunk A. Anterior
23. _____ Back B. Contralateral
24. _____ Front C. Distal
25. _____ Near the surface D. Ental
26. _____ Opposite side E. Inferior
27. _____ Same side F. Ipsilateral
28. _____ Towards the head G. Posterior
29. _____ Towards the foot H. Proximal
30. _____ Towards the trunk I. Superficial
J. Superior

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS. Match the statements in Column A to their corresponding terms in Column
B.

Column A Column B
31. The great toe is _____ to the little toe. A. Anterior
32. The vertebrae are located on the _____ B. Deep
aspect of the body. C. Distal
33. The abdomen is _____ to the head. D. Inferior
34. The lungs are _____ to the intestines. E. Lateral
35. The nose is located on the _____ surface F. Medial
of the head. G. Posterior
36. The skin is _____ to the muscles beneath H. Proximal
it. I. Superficial
37. The hand is _____ to the shoulder. J. Superior
38. The knee is _____ to the ankle.
39. The ear is on the _____ aspect of the head.
40. The thumb is _____ to the little finger.

ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS. Match the organs in Column A to their corresponding body

cavities in Column B.

Column A Column B
41. Appendix A. Left lower quadrant
42. Ascending colon B. Left upper quadrant
43. Body of pancreas C. Right lower quadrant
44. Cecum D. Right upper quadrant
45. Duodenum
46. Gallbladder
47. Liver
48. Sigmoid colon
49. Spleen
50. Stomach

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After answering the pre-assessment activities, write everything that you Know about a topic. This
information is recorded in the K column of a K-W-L chart. Then generate a list of questions about what
you still Want to Know about the topic. These questions are listed in the W column of the chart. During
or after the lesson, answer the questions that you listed in the W column. This new information that you
have Learned is recorded in the L column of the K-W-L chart.

K W L

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 Explore

After engage comes explore, in which you carry out hands-on activities. Through your
interactions with the adapted resource material, deepen your understanding of the content.

Individual Task. Read and understand chapter 1 of our adapted resource material. Then,
derive your answer to the following questions. Answer completely, do not use abbreviations.
You understand that searching from Google is easier but it will not help you develop higher
order thinking skills. The process of reading the adapted resource material will sharpen and
stimulate your thinking capability. Help yourself now or regret later – your choice!
1. What is anatomy?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. How can gross anatomy be studied with regional approach?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. What structures are examined in regional anatomy?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Fill-in-the- blanks. The anatomical position is the standard reference position of

the body used to describe the location of structures. The body is in the anatomical
position when standing _______________ with feet _______________, hands by
the _______________ and face looking _______________. The mouth is
_______________ and the facial expression is _______________. The rim of bone
under the eyes is in the same _______________ as the top of the opening to the ear,
and the eyes are _______________ on something in the distance. The palms of the
hands face _______________ with the fingers _______________ and with the pad
of the thumb turned _________ to the pads of the fingers. The toes point
_______________.

5. Enumerate and describe briefly the three major groups of anatomical planes that
pass through the body in the anatomical position.
a. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

b._____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

c. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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6. What are the three major pairs of terms are used to describe the location of
structures relative to the body as a whole or to other structures.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

7. What are the other terms used to describe positions?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

8. What are the two other terms used to describe the position of structures in the body?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

9. What are the 5 major organ systems thoroughly discussed in chapter 1?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________

10. What are the other organ systems in which their specific information about the
organization and components will be discussed in the other chapters of the adapted
resource material?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

11. Give the divisions of the skeleton.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

12. What consists of the skeletal system?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

13. Enumerate the functions of the cartilage.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

14. What are the three types of cartilage?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

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15. What are the functions of a bone?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________

16. What are the two types of bone tissues?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

17. What are the classification of bones by shape?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________

18. The vessel which is usually one per bone that directly enters the internal cavity of
the bone and supplies the marrow, spongy bone, and inner layers of compact bone.
_____________________________

19. It is the covering of the bone. _____________________________

20. A layer of cartilage that usually covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal
elements. _____________________________

21. What are the two components of a joint capsule and their function?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

22. What are the two components of a joint capsule and their function?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

23. What are the additional structures within the area enclosed by the capsule or
synovial membrane and their function?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

24. Enumerate the description of synovial joints based on the shape of their articular
surfaces.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________
f. ______________________________________________________________
g. ______________________________________________________________
h. ______________________________________________________________

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25. Enumerate the description of synovial joints based on movement.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

26. Fibrous joints include

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

27. Cartilaginous joints include

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

28. The _______________ is the largest organ of the body. It consists of the
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

29. _______________ is connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat that

separate, support, and interconnect organs and structures, enable movement of one
structure relative to another, and allow the transit of vessels and nerves from one
area to another. There are two general categories:
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

30. Give the three types of muscle tissue and their characteristics - whether they are
controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear striated (striped) or
smooth, and whether they are associated with the body wall (somatic) or with organs
and blood vessels (visceral).
Muscle tissue Control Appearance Location

31. What are the components of cardiovascular system and their function?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

32. Give the three types of blood vessels:

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

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33. Give the walls of a blood vessel.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

34. Arteries are usually further subdivided into what three classes, according to the
variable amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

35. Veins are usually further subdivided into what three classes?
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

36. Give the function of a lymphatic vessel.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

37. It is a protein-coated lipid droplets, which are released from the epithelial cells and
enter the interstitial compartment. _______________________________

38. Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine. _______________________________

39. The fluid in most lymphatic vessels is clear and colorless and is known as
____________________.

40. What is carried by lymphatic vessels from the small intestine that is opaque and
milky because of the presence of chylomicrons. ____________________.

41. Give the function of the lymph nodes.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

42. Give the different lymph nodes.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________

43. Give the major lymphatic vessels that drain into large veins in the neck.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________

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44. Give the structural division of the nervous system.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

45. Give the functional division of the nervous system.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

46. Give the components of the CNS.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

47. Give the components of the PNS.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

48. Give the parts of the Brain.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

49. The cerebral hemisphere consists of what?

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

50. Give the connective tissue covering of the brain and spinal cord from external to
internal.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

51. Generally, all sensory information passes into the _______________ aspect of the
spinal cord, and all motor fibers leave _______________.

52. A _______________ is that area of skin supplied by a single spinal cord level, or on
one side, by a single spinal nerve. Meanwhile, a _______________ is that portion of
a skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level or, on one side, by a single
spinal nerve.

53. The visceral part of the nervous system, as in the somatic part, consists of
_______________ and _______________ components. The visceral motor
component is commonly referred to as the autonomic division of the PNS and is
subdivided into _______________ and _______________ parts.

54. Give the two interconnected plexuses in the enteric nervous.

a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________

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 55. Sensory and motor neurons within the enteric system control what reflex activity
within and between parts of the gastrointestinal system.
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________

For the Laboratory: Be familiar with the Chapter 1 figures given in our adapted resource
material. Go over the parts and locations. You may use other references for clarification and
will help you be adept of the given structures.

Explain

Read again chapter 1 of Gray’s Anatomy for Students.

Once you have explored, attempt to explain to yourself what you have learned and may ask
help from me, if needed. I will try to explain concepts or terms you encountered during the
exploration that is still not clear to you during our synchronous discussion.

Elaborate

From there, you elaborate on your understanding, apply what you have learned to deepen
your skills. Please visit the given e-books. Answer the questions then check your answers on
the given key. Note the questions that you were not able to answer correctly and discover
why by going back to the lesson to be clarified.

Make sure you answer first before looking at the key answer or else you are defeating the
purpose to identify your strengths and weaknesses and target the areas that needs more
attention. You may go over all the exercises if needed. If you think you have already
mastered the topic, you may skip the other reference materials. Supposedly, the task will help
improve your learning.

1. Check your understanding

Gunstream, S.E. (2016). Anatomy & physiology with integrated study guide, fourth
edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Review and Comprehension

Seeley, R.R., Stephens, T.D., & Tate, P. (2017). Anatomy & physiology, eighth
edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. Review Exercises
Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2007). Hole's human anatomy &
physiology, eleventh edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. Review Questions
Scanlon, V.C. & Sanders, T. (2007). Essentials of Anatomy and physiology, fifth
edition. F. A. Davis Company.

5. Review Questions
Marieb, E. N. &Keller, S. M. (2018). Essentials of human anatomy &
physiology, twelfth edition. Pearson Education, Inc.

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 6. Study Guide (Chapter 1 Review)
Tortora, G. J. & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of human anatomy & physiology
15e. John Wiley & Sons, Inc

For laboratory:
Check out the reference material and answer the pre-lab activities, reviewing your
knowledge and using your knowledge of exercises 1 to 2.

Allen, C. & Harper, V. (2011). Laboratory manual for anatomy and physiology,
fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Evaluate

In the final phase, evaluate, reflect on and provide evidence of your new understanding of the
material. Be ready with a summative assessment for both lecture and laboratory which will be
now graded to see how much you learned from the engage to elaborate activities. Schedule
will be announced, but usually it is given weekly and most probably last day of meeting in a
week.

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