STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
QUARTER 3
WEEK1

• Properties of • Sample is known.

population are Guess(estimate)
known. Make properties of
prediction about population.
sample

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Probability&Statistics

(F)
FairCoin Probability
Givenmodel,predictdata

BiasedCoin

Statistics
Givendata,predictmodel

Random Variables and

Probability Distributions

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Let’s TRY
• A. Identify the term being described in each of the following:
1. Any activity which can be done repeatedly under similar
conditions
2. The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment
3. A subset of a sample space
4. The elements in a sample space
5. The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number
of possible outcomes
• B. Answer the following questions.
1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
2. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they fall?
3. In how many ways can a die fall?
4. In how many ways can two dice fall?
5. How many ways are there in tossing one coin and rolling a
die?

RANDOM VARIABLE
• A random variable is a result of chance event, that you
can measure or count.
• A random variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned
to the outcome of an experiment. It is a variable that
assumes numerical values associated with the events of
an experiment.
• A random variable is a quantitative variable which values
depends on change.

NOTE: We use capital letters to represent a random

variable.

Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to determine the
number of tails that will come out. Let us use T to represent the number of tails that
will come out. Determine the values of the random variable T.

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Example2

Example 2 .Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
Twoballsaredrawninsuccessionwithoutreplacementfromanurn
containing5orangeballsand6violetballs.LetVbetherandomvariable
containing 5 orange balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random variable
representingthenumberofvioletballs.FindthevaluesoftherandomvariableV.
representing the number of violet balls. Find the values of the random variable V.

Solution:

Steps Solution

1.Listthesamplespace S=(00,OV,vO,VV;

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Example 3. A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls are taken
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from the basket one after the other, determine the possible values of the random
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variable
+ R representing the number of red balls
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Solution:

Steps Solution

1.Listthesamplespace S={RRR,RRW,RWR,WRR,WWR,WRW,
RWW,WWW;
2.Countthenumberofred
ballsineachoutcomeand Outcome NumberofRedballs
assignthisnumbertothis
(ValueofR)
outcome.
RRR
RRW

RWR 2
WRR 2

WWR 1

WRW 1

RWW 1

WWW

3.Conclusion ThevaluesoftherandomvariableRnumberof Activate

redballs)inthisexperimentare0,1,2,and3. GotoSettin

OSearch

Example . Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random variable

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representing the number of tails that occur. Find the values of the
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random variable T.
Solution:

Steps Solution

1.Listthesamplespace
НТНТ,HTTH,H™TT,THHH,THHT,THTH,
THTT,TTHH,TTHT,TITH,TITT,
2.Countthenumberoftails
ineachoutcomeand Outcome Numberoftails
assignthisnumbertothis (ValueofTI
outcome
ннни

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HHHT 1
нНти

HHTT
нтнн
чтут 2
нтти

THHH

2
TUTH 2
THTT 3
TOHH

TUT 3
TITH

TUTT

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3.Conclusion ThevaluesoftherandomvariableT(numberof
tails)inthisexperimentare0.1.2.3.and4.

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Example 5. A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the random variable
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-
representing the sum of the number of dots on the top faces.
(1,2),(2,1)
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3 Find the&Highli v

values of the random variable X.

(1,3),(3,1),(2,2)
thenumberofdotsonthetopfaces.FindthevaluesoftherandomvariableX.

Solution:
(1,4),(4,1),(2,
steps
31.(3.2) Solution

1.Listthesamplespace
(1,5),(5,1),(2,
{1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),
4).(4,2),(3,3)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
(1,6),(6,1),(2,
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6);
5),(5,2),(4,3).
2.Countthesumofthe
numberofdotsineach
(3,4)
Outcome Sumofthenumberof
outcomeandassionthis dots
numbertothisoutcome.
(3,5),(5,3),(2, (ValueofXI

6).(6.21.14,4)
(1.1)

(1,2).(2,1)

(5,4),(4,5),(6,
(1,3).(3.1).(2.2)
(1,4),(4,1),(2,
4
5
3),(3,6)
31.13.2)

(1,5),(5,1),(2, 6
(6,4),(4,6),(5,5)
4).(4.2).13.3)
10
(1,6),(6,1),(2,
5).(5.2).(4.3).
(5,6),(6,5)
(3,4)
(3,5),(5,3),(2, g
(6.6)
6),(6,2),(4,4)
(5,4),(4,5),16,
3).13.6)
(6,4).(4,6).(5,5)
(5.61.16.5) 11

16.6

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Example 5. A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the random variable

representing the sum of the number of dots on the top faces. Find the
values of the random variable X.

3.Conclusion ThevolesoftherondomvorobleYleumsfthe

numberofdots)inthisexperimentare2.4.5.
6.7.8.9.10.11.and12.

NiceroteandContinnoneDondomVorioble

ArondomvorioblemowhecloccifiedasdiscreteandcontinuousAdiscrete
randomvanchlehasacountablenumberofpossiblevaluesAcontinuousrandom

variablecanassumeaninfinitenumberofvaluesinoneormoreintervals.

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DiscreteandContinuousRandomVariable

Arandomvariablemaybeclassifiedasdiscreteandcontinuous.Adiscrete
randomvariablehasacountablenumberofpossiblevalues.Acontinuousrandom
variablecanassumeaninfinitenumberofvaluesinoneormoreintervals.
Examples:

DiscreteRandomVariable ContinuousRandomVariable
Numberofpensinabox Amountofantibioticsinthevial
Numberofantsinacolony Lengthofelectricwires
Numberofripebananasinabasket Voltageofcarbatteries
NumberofCOVID19positivecasesin Weightofnewborninthehospital
Hermosa,Bataan
Numberofdefectivebatteries Amountofsugarinacupofcoffee

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SUMMARY
TITI
OF KEY IDEAS GotoSettingstoactivateWindo

• A Random VariableOSearchaG w
is a numerical quantity that is 40
2/1

assigned to the outcome of an experiment. It is a variable

that assumes numerical associated with the events of an
experiment.
• A random variable is a quantitative variable whose value
depends on change.
• To determine the values of the random variable in an
experiment, follow these steps.
a. List the sample space of the experiment
b. Count the number of the random variable in each
outcome and assign this number to this outcome.

SUMMARY OF KEY IDEAS

• A random variable may be classified as discrete o
continuous.
• A discrete random variable is one that can
assume only a countable number o values. It is a
random variable whose possible values from a
finite or countable set of numbers
• A continuous random variable can assume
infinite number of values in one or more
intervals. A continuous random variable is
generated from an experiment in which things are
counted but not measured.

CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW!

Review
1. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
b. Random variable can only have one value
c. The value of a random variable could be zero
d. A random variable cannot be negative
e. A random variable can be discrete or continuous
2. Three coins are tossed at once, which are possible values of
the random variable for the number of coins that match/
f. {0,1}
g. {1,2}
h. 2,3}
i. {3}

Review
3. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children.
You are interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2
children) in each family. Is this a random variable? And if it is,
what are all its possible values?
a. yes, it is a random variable, and it’s values can be 1 or 2.
b. Yes, it is a random variable, and it’s values can be 0, 1 or 2.
c. Yes, it is a random variable, and it’s values can be 2 or 4.
d. No, it is not a random variable since it is not random.

Discrete Probability
Distribution

Discrete Probability Distribution

•A listing of all possible values of a discrete
random variable along with their
corresponding probabilities.
•It can be represented by:
a. Tabular
b. Graphical( histogram Probablity)
c. Formula form

Properties:
a. the probability of each value of a discrete
random variable is between 0 and 1
inclusive.
0 ≤ P(x) ≤ 1

b. The sum of all possibilities is 1.

∑ P(x) = 1

How to construct a probability

distribution

How to construct a probability

distribution

Tabular Form

Graphical(Probability Histogram)

Formula Form
•