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Linguistic Variables

Linguistic variables allow values that are words or sentences rather than numbers. They are characterized as a quintuple that includes the variable name, term set of linguistic terms, universe of discourse, syntactic rules, and semantic rules. Examples of linguistic variables include "age" with terms like "young" and "old", "temperature" with terms like "hot" and "cold", and "intensity of light" with terms like "bright" and "dim". Linguistic terms can be simple like "bright" or composite with a primary term modified by a hedge or connective like "more or less bright". Hedges modify membership functions to reinforce or qualify meanings. Linguistic variables can represent fuzzy sets and operations on he

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76 views

Linguistic Variables

Linguistic variables allow values that are words or sentences rather than numbers. They are characterized as a quintuple that includes the variable name, term set of linguistic terms, universe of discourse, syntactic rules, and semantic rules. Examples of linguistic variables include "age" with terms like "young" and "old", "temperature" with terms like "hot" and "cold", and "intensity of light" with terms like "bright" and "dim". Linguistic terms can be simple like "bright" or composite with a primary term modified by a hedge or connective like "more or less bright". Hedges modify membership functions to reinforce or qualify meanings. Linguistic variables can represent fuzzy sets and operations on he

Uploaded by

Ali Azfar
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Q. What are the linguis c variables and linguis c terms (constants)?

Give examples

Linguis c Variable:
“Linguis c Variables are variables whose values are not numbers but words or sentences in a
natural or ar ficial language.” (Lu i. H. Zadeh)

Linguis c Variable is characterized by a quintuple as;


< X, T(x), U, G, M >
where;
X is the name of linguis c variable.
T(x) is the term set of x, the set of linguis c terms or values.
U is Universe of discourse.
G is the syntac c rule which generates or modifies the linguis c terms in T(x).
M is the seman c rule which associates with each linguis c term x, M(x) be a fuzzy set with
universe of discourse X.

Example 1:
“Age” is a linguis c variable,
young, old, very young, infant, teen, middle-aged are linguis c values or linguis c terms.
T(x) = {young, old, very young, not young, very very young, rather young} is the term set or
the set of linguis c terms
X is the universe of discourse = {0, 10,20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100} i.e., age in years.
G is syntac cal rules which generate the modifies value of linguis c terms x.
M is seman c rules associated with each linguis c terms with its meaning.

Every term in T(x) could be label of a fuzzy set of universes of discourse X = [0, 100].

Example 2:
“Temperature” is a linguis c variable define by linguis c terms cold, hot, warm, cool, very
cold, very hot etc. associated with temperature in foreign height or cen grade degrees with
their syntac c and seman c rules.

Example 3:
“Intensity of light” is also a linguis c variable in which “bright”, “dim” “very bright”, “slightly
dim” “low bright”, “very dim” and “more or less bright” are linguis c terms. This linguis c
variable is associated with lumens – the measuring unit for intensity of light.

The imprecision of linguis c variables makes them useful for logic.

Simple and composite linguis c term:


By structure linguis c values can be divide in two types,
1) simple linguis c value
2) compound linguis c value.

The term “bright” is a simple linguis c value whereas the term “more or less bright” is a
compound or composite linguis c term.
A composite linguis c term can be divided in below parts;
Primary term
Linguis c Hedges
Connec ves

In above example of “more or less bright” the word bright is a primary term, more or less is
a hedge and or is a connec ve.

Linguis c Hedges:
Hedges are adjec ves or adverbs that reinforce the meaning of a linguis c variable. These
are quan fiers that modify or qualify the meaning of primary term. They modify the shape
or posi on of membership func ons.

"Very" or "Sort of" are examples that can shi membership func ons in the opposite
direc on or change the width of membership func ons.

Let A is a fuzz set on a universe of discourse X define as;

A = ∑ µA (x)

Example:
As you read above a linguis c value can easily be represented by a fuzzy set, so we consider
“Bright” as a linguis c value of a linguis c variable “the intensity of light” which can be
represented as a fuzzy set on universe of discourse X= {1,2,3,4,5}

Bright = {1.0/1+0.8/2+0.6/3+0.4/4+0.2/5}  A discrete fuzzy set

Let’s find new fuzzy sets of linguis c variables a) Very Bright, b) Very Very Bright c) More or
Less Bright

We know that
µ (𝑥)/𝑥 = [µ (𝑥)] /𝑥
Є Є

Bright = {1.0/1+0.8/2+0.6/3+0.4/4+0.2/5}
Very Bright = {(1.0)2/1+(0.8)2/2+(0.6)2/3+(0.4)2/4+(0.2)2/5}
Very Bright = {1.0/1+0.64/2+0.36/3+0.16/4+0.04/5}  Answer (a)

Note: In this mathema cal calcula on there will be no change in values of member only the
membership func on be changed.

µ (𝑥)/𝑥 = [µ (𝑥)] /𝑥
Є Є
µ (𝑥)/𝑥 = [µ (𝑥)] /𝑥
Є Є

Bright = {1.0/1+0.8/2+0.6/3+0.4/4+0.2/5}
Very Very Bright = {(1.0)4/1+(0.8)4/2+(0.6)4/3+(0.4)4/4+(0.2)4/5}
Very Very Bright = {1.0/1+0.41/2+0.13/3+0.026/4+0.0016/5}  Answer (a)

/
µ (𝑥)/𝑥 = [µ (𝑥)] /𝑥
Є Є

Bright = {1.0/1+0.8/2+0.6/3+0.4/4+0.2/5}
More or less Bright = {(1.0)1/2/1+(0.8)1/2/2+(0.6)1/2/3+(0.4)1/2/4+(0.2)1/2/5}
More or less Bright = {1.0/1+0.894/2+0.775/3+0.632/4+0.447/5} Answer(c)

Example of Linguis c “if-then-rule”


If the soil is wet then it was rain.
If the temperature is high and sand is dry then watering the field at full speed.

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