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PHYS II
Electricity and Magnetism Mechanical Wave and
Optics
1. Electric Field and Gauss’s Law (Ch22,23)
❖Vibration and wave (Ch15-17)
2. Electric potential
❖Optics (Ch34-37)
3. Capacitance
4. Electric Circuits (Ch26,27)
5. Magnetism (Ch28, 29)
6. Induced electricity (Ch30, 31)
7. AC Circuits

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 Ch26, 27 DC Electric Circuits

Chapter 26: Voltage, Current, Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Chapter 27: Direct-Current Circuits

Chapter 26: Voltage, Current, Resistance and Ohm’s Law

1. What Cause Current?

2. Define Current
3. Resistance
4. Ohm’s Law
5. Electric Energy and Power

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 Resistor Circuits

➢ In a direct-current (DC) circuit, the local currents do not change.

➢ A resistor is one of the circuit elements. It is used to change the current/voltage
in a circuit. A resistor consumes electrical energy.
➢ The key equation in a DC circuit is Ohm’s Law.
➢ In this chapter, we will build the foundation for the resistor circuit.
➢ In Chapter 25, the same approach was used to solve parallel and series
capacitor circuits, it also works for parallel and series resistor circuit problems in
Chapter 27.

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 Voltage
1. What causes charge to flow in a conductor 1) Electric potential difference (Voltage)
(wire)?

𝐸
wire
Connect a DC source to a piece 𝑉+ 𝑉−
of conductor 1) Why is the electric field is not
1. There is an electric field inside zero inside a conductor?
the conductor (directs to the V- 2) The direction of positive charge
drop direction) flow is defined as the current
2. Causes positive charge flow direction.
along the V-drop direction. 3) Why does charge flow with a
3. The charge flows with a constant velocity?
constant velocity (drift velocity) ∆𝑉

Ch22-24 Electrostatic equilibrium

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 Define Current (I)
How fast does charge flow?

Current direction Δ𝑄
Average current: 𝐼ҧ =
Δ𝑡

⊝ ⊕ ⊝ ⊕ Instantaneous current: 𝐼

⊕
⊝
SI Unit: A (Ampere)
At a certain cross section of the wire
Within ∆𝑡 time interval, Current direction:
∆𝑄 charge passes through Direction positive charge moves
(V-drop direction)
An analogy
(cars flow on a highway) (Voltage causes current)

Home use electricity: 𝐼 ~ 1 𝐴

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Why Does Current Flow With Constant Speed?
Voltage (electric potential inside a conductor) causes
current. Why do charges move with a constant speed?

𝐸
wire
𝑉+ 𝑉−
𝑣𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

∆𝑉

Electrical resistance
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 Gravitational Force and Free Fall

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ4znShlK5A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7O1l0GnHnc

Gravitational force causes an object to free fall.

Why does the object move with a constant speed?

Drag: air molecules collide with motion object

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 Resistance
Voltage (electric potential inside a conductor) causes
current. Why do charges move with a constant speed?

𝐸
Classic physics model
Moving charges collide with something
❖ Atom
𝑉+ ⊕ 𝑉−
⊝ ❖ Impurity of the material

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms-
law/latest/ohms-law_en.html

𝑣𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 An analogy

(bump on a road)
𝑣𝑑
⊕ 𝐴

𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡
Δ𝑄
∆𝑄 = 𝑛𝑞 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑛𝑞(𝑣𝑑 ∆𝑡𝐴) 𝐼ҧ = 𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐴
Δ𝑡
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 Ohm’s Law
❖ Voltage ∆𝑉 (electric field 𝐸 inside a conductor) causes current 𝐼.
❖ Resistance 𝑅 restrains current 𝐼

Ohm’s Law: 𝑣𝑑 ∝ 𝜎𝐸 𝜎: conductivity of certain material

1
𝜌=
𝐼 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐴 ∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑙 𝜎
𝜌: resistivity of certain material

∆𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝐴
(∆𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅)
𝑙
𝑅: SI Unit
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms- 𝑙 
law/latest/ohms-law_en.html 𝑅=𝜌 (Ohm)
𝐴
𝐽 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸
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 Resistance of resistor
The cause of resistance
Moving charges collide with something
❖ Atom
❖ Impurity of the material (“bumpiness”)

In normal conditions, the resistance of

conductor wires are negligible. We only
consider the given resistor’s resistance.

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 Electric Power (P)
Positive charge ∆𝑄 moves from a higher potential region A to a lower potential region
B within time ∆𝑡. Assume the resistance between A and B is 𝑅. Calculate the electrical
power used by the resistor.

∆𝑄 𝑅 ∆𝑄

𝑉𝐴 𝐼 𝑉𝐵

EPE at A EPE at B
𝑈𝐴 = ∆𝑄𝑉𝐴 𝑈𝐵 = ∆𝑄𝑉𝐵

Electrical energy used by the resistor: ∆𝑈𝐴𝐵 = 𝑈𝐴 − 𝑈𝐵 = ∆𝑄 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = ∆𝑄∆𝑉

Electrical power used by the resistor:

∆𝑈𝐴𝐵 ∆𝑄
𝑃= = ∆𝑉 = I∆𝑉
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

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 Chapter 26 Conclusion ₢

Voltage ∆𝑉 Circuit symbols

d𝑄 Current direction
Current 𝐼 𝐼= + charge flow direction
d𝑡 ∆𝑉
(V-drop direction)

Resistance 𝑅
𝑅

Ohm’s Law ∆𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

Electrical power

𝑃 = I∆𝑉 = 𝐼2 𝑅

∆𝑉 𝐼 𝑅
SI Unit 𝑉 𝐴 
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 Current Density J
Current 𝐼 Current density 𝐽

𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼
𝐽= =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴

Current density 𝐽 caused by E-field Resistivity 𝜌

𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸 1
𝜌=
𝜎
𝜎: Conductivity

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 The Radial Resistance of a Coaxial Cable (Calculus)
A coaxial cable consists of two concentric cylindrical 𝑙
conductors. The region between the conductors is completely Using 𝑅=𝜌
filled with polyethylene plastic as shown in the Figure. 𝐴
Current leakage through the plastic, in the radial direction, is
unwanted. The radius of the inner conductor is a = 0.500 cm,
the radius of the outer conductor is b = 1.75 cm, and the
length is L = 15.0 cm. The resistivity of the plastic is 𝜌 =
1.0 × 1013 Ω ∙ 𝑚 . Calculate the resistance of the plastic
between the two conductors.

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