Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

(CEN-4111)
LABORATORY MANUAL

Submitted By:
Name of Student:

Roll No:

Submitted To:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, LAHORE
 Plain & Reinforced Concrete II

Table of Contents

Sr. Page
Description
No. No.
A Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria I

B Appendix B: Safety Rules II

C Appendix C: Guidelines on Preparing Lab Reports V

1 Determination of soundness of cement 01

2 Determination of aggregate impact value (AIV) 06

3 Determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV) 11

4 Determination of ten percent fine value (TFV) 17

5 Design of concrete mix using aci-211 method 23

6 Casting of specimens for testing of concrete 30

7 Standard test method for rebound number of hardened concrete 34

8 Standard test method for obtaining and testing drilled cores of concrete 38

9 Determination of static modulus of elasticity of concrete 43

1 Experimental study on the behavior of short columns 48

2 Experimental study on the behavior of R.C Beams in Flexure and Shear 54

 EVALUATION OF LAB REPORTS: SCORING RUBRICS
Job No:
Subject: Plain and Reinforced Concrete-2 (Lab) Date:
Name: Registration #

Rubrics Excellent(9 - 10) Good(7- 8) Average(5 - 6) Below Average(1 - 4) Poor(ZERO) Score

Introduction is complete and Some introductory information; Very little background information
Introduction is nearly complete;
well-written; provides all still missing some major points; provided or information is Introduction is missing
missing some minor points;
Introduction necessary background principles
Readable but still room for
Some rough spots in writing; incorrect; immature writing style; copied; Writing style not
for the job; no spelling or occasional spelling or grammatical frequent spelling or grammatical making any sense at all
improvement
grammatical errors errors errors

Procedure complete and well-

Experimental written; provides all necessary Procedure is nearly complete; Some information; still missing Very little information provided or Procedure is missing or
Procedure points of the performance are missing some minor points some major points information is incorrect copied
written
All the calculations are All the calculations are not
All the calculations are
completed with minor mistake completed and some mistake are Incomplete calculations or missing Calculations are missing or
Calculations completed and well explained
in calculations and done by the there. Student try to do the some important calculations copied from other.
and done by the student himself
Student himself calculation by himself
All figures, graphs and tables All figures, graphs and tables Most figures, graphs and tables are Figures, graphs and tables are
Graphs, Figures, are properly drawn, numbered are properly drawn but still have okay but still missing some poorly constructed, missing titles,
Figures, graphs, tables are
and captioned. All the minor problems and can be required features. Some of the units, captions etc. All the
Tables, etc. either missing or copied
calculations on the graph are improved. All the calculations calculations on the graph are calculations on the graph are
completed on the graph are completed completed missing
All-important data comparisons Data comparisons need only
Data comparisons almost accurate; Incomplete or incorrect Conclusion and/or
Comments and are correctly interpreted; minor improvement;
some conclusions are misstated; interpretation of data; conclusions comments missing or
conclusions have been clearly conclusions could be better
Conclusions occasional spelling or grammatical missing important points; frequent copied; Writing style not
made; no spelling or stated; Readable but still room
errors spelling or grammatical errors making any sense at all
grammatical errors for improvement
Properly covered; submitted Covered; submitted at the
Submission well in time eleventh hour
Submitted just at the deadline Submitted after the deadline No submission

Marks Obtained Out Of(10)

Signature: -----------
 EVALUATION OF OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORTS: SCORING RUBRICS
SUBJECT: Plain and Reinforced Concrete-2 (Lab) Date:
NAME: REGISTRATION#

Rubrics Excellent(9 - 10) Good(7- 8) Average(5 - 6) Below Average(1 - 4) Poor(ZERO) Score

Topic Complete understanding of Good understanding of Minimum understanding of
Fair understanding of topic Poor understanding of topic
Understandine: topic topic topic
Student can properly set up Student can set up
Student can properly set up
apparatus with little apparatus with some help
the apparatus; fully aware Student has difficulty Student cannot set up the
Apparatus Setup of the factors that could
supervision; aware of but has limited ability to
setting up the apparatus apparatus at all.
factors that could alter take care of factors
alter the results
results affecting results
Much time went into the Sometime went into the
Little time went into the Little time went into the
planning and design. planning and design. The All given time was wasted.
planning and design. The design. Student was often
Time Management Student was self-motivated student needed some
student was sometimes off task and not focused on
Student was not focused on
the whole-time seeking refocusing but managed the task.
distracted or off task. the project.
assistance as needed. well.
Introduction complete and
Introduction is nearly Some introductory Very little background
well-written; provides all
Introduction necessary background
complete; missing some minor information; still missing some information provided or Introduction is missing copied.
points. major points. information is incorrect.
orincioles for the iob.
Written in proper format;
Experimental Written in prescribed format; Missing several important
Well-written; all experimental important experimental details
still missing some important experimental details; not Procedure missing or copied.
Procedure details are covered. are covered; some minor
experimental details. written in prescribed format.
details are missing.
All the calculations are All the calculations are All the calculations are not
Incomplete calculations or
completed and well explained completed with minor mistake completed and some mistake Calculations are missing or
Calculations and done by the student in calculations and done by the are there. Student try to do the
missing some important
copied from other.
calculations.
himself. Student himself. calculation bv himself.
All figures, graphs properly Most figures, graphs okay but Figures, graphs poorly
All figures, graphs, properly
drawn but still have minor still missing some required constructed, missing titles,
drawn, numbered and Figures, graphs missing or
Graphs, Figures captioned. All the calculations
problems and can be features. Some of the units, captions etc. All the
copied.
improved. All the calculations calculations on the graph are calculations on the graph are
on the graph are completed.
on the graoh are comoleted. comoleted. missing.
All-important data Data comparisons need only Incomplete or incorrect
Comments and Data comparisons almost
comparisons are correctly minor improvement; interpretation of data; Conclusion and/or comments
accurate; some conclusions
Conclusions interpreted; conclusions have conclusions could be better conclusions missing important missing or copied.
are misstated.
been clearlv stated. stated. ooints.
Report is well organized and Report is well organized and Report is somewhat organized
Report Quality cohesive and contains no error. cohesive but contains some with some spelling or Report contains many errors. Very poor report quality.
Presentation seems oolished. soelling or grammatical error. grammatical errors.
Properly covered; submitted Covered; submitted at the
Submission well in time eleventh hour
Submitted just at the deadline Submitted after the deadline No submission

Marks Obtained Out Of(10)

Signature: ___________
 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria

Following criteria will be observed during evaluation.

1. Experiments reports/Lab Performance 40%
2. Quizzes 20%
3. Class Participation 20%
4. Final Evaluation 20%

Notice:
Copying and plagiarism of lab reports is a serious academic misconduct. First instance of
copying may entail ZERO in that experiment. Second instance of copying may be reported to
Chairman of Civil Engineering Department. This may result in awarding FAIL in the lab course.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Appendix B: Safety Rules

Students must read this document carefully and thoroughly before attempting any laboratory
activities. The lab instructor(s) will describe each procedure and address any questions that you
may have. The student should print their name, sign and date at the end of this document to
prove that you have received the safety orientation and that you understand the procedures
outlined in the safety orientation given by the instructor, as well the procedures in this document.
The following statement should be signed at the end.

General rules:
• Food, drink and related utensils shall not be brought into, stored in or consumed in a laboratory.
• Smoking is prohibited in laboratories.
• Shoes shall be worn that provide full coverage of the feet, and appropriate personal clothing
shall be worn in laboratories.
• Appropriate eye protection shall be worn, when using toxic chemicals or operating mechanical
equipment.
• Occupants shall be familiar with the locations and operation of safety and emergency
equipment such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, emergency eyewash stations and emergency
showers, emergency power off, emergency telephones, and emergency exits.
• Learn and know what to do in an emergency.
• Unauthorized person(s) shall not be allowed in a laboratory.
• 'Authorized' students or any other individuals have to be under immediate and direct
supervision of a qualified authorized person at all times.
• Laboratory shall remain locked other than office hours.
• Never open (remove cover) of any equipment in the laboratories without permission.
• Report all problems to the lab supervisor.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Specific Safety Rule

Following rules must be observed regarding the concrete structures’ lab.
 Everyone should provide themselves with suitable work clothes, of substantial quality, in
good repair, and clean, for use in the laboratory. Work shirts shall be long sleeved, rolled
down, and buttoned at both the sleeves and the neck. Coveralls or a long-sleeved
laboratory coat are suitable alternatives to other types of work clothes. Foot gear must
include hard bottoms and uppers. Sandals, open-weave cloth shoes, tennis shoes, or other
types with soft uppers or bottoms will not be permitted in the laboratory. Eye protection
will be worn whenever materials are handled that could possibly shoot outward. Ordinary
eyeglasses are defined as satisfactory, normal eye protection, and all students are
encouraged to wear them when working in the laboratory.
 Leave the vicinity and immediately inform the individual in charge and/or a laboratory
technician. If it can be accomplished without incurring added risk, disconnect electrical
connections in the area of the fire.

 Use only the proper tool as directed by the instructor or laboratory technician and be
certain that it is in good condition. Keep all tools and equipment clean and free from oil
or grease. Never carry tools in your pockets or throw them when finished using.
 Never attempt to lift a heavier weight than you can comfortably handle. Get help when
needed. In lifting, keep your back straight and as nearly upright as possible. Lift with the
leg muscles and not with the more vulnerable muscles of the back and abdomen. Never
attempt to lift when the body is in an awkward position, as when twisting, or when your
footing is insecure.
 Every squad and each individual is responsible for cleaning all equipment used in that
period. All equipment must be cleaned before it is returned to its proper place. Bench
tops shall be clean and all equipment or samples cleaned and neatly arranged. All sample
containers shall be wiped clean before storing. No one will be dismissed or excused from
the laboratory until his or her particular squad has been checked out by the individual
responsible for this important housekeeping operation.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Hereby stated that I have read and understand the content of this Lab Safety Procedure statement
and that the lab instructor(s) has (have) clarified all the procedures outlined. I agree to comply
with the procedures listed in this statement.
Department: ____________Civil Engineering________________
Course Name and Number: _________________________________
Lab Instructor Name: _______________________________________
Date: ____________________________________________________
Student Name : ______________________________________
Signature: _______________________________________________

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Appendix C: Guidelines on Preparing Lab Reports

Each student will maintain a lab notebook for each lab course. He will write a report for each
experiment he performs in his notebook. A format has been developed for writing these lab
reports.
Lab Report Format
For hardware based labs, the format of the report will include:
1. Introduction: Introduce area explored in the experiment.

2. Objective: What are the learning goals of the experiment?

3. Measurements: In your own words write how the experiment is performed (Do not
copy/paste the procedure).

a. Issues: Which technical issues were faced during the performance of the
experiment and how they were resolved?

b. Graphs, if any

4. Conclusions: What conclusions can be drawn from the measurements?

5. Applications: Suggest a real world application where this experiment may apply.

6. Answers to post lab questions (if any).

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 1:
DETERMINATION OF SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT

STANDARD:
BS EN 196-3:2005

PURPOSE:
The main purpose of performing the test is to check whether the cement is sound or
unsound.

EQUIPMENTS:
 Le-Chatelier Apparatus
 Water Bath
 Humidity Cabinet (Tem=20±1 oC , R.H >90%)
 Glass Plate (minimum of 75grams)
 Balance
 Measure
 String

PRINCIPLE:
The soundness is determined by observing the volume expansion of cement paste of standard
consistence as indicated by the relative movement of two needles.

INTRODUCTION:
This document specifies the methods for determining standard consistence, setting times and
soundness of cements.
The method applies to common cements and to other cements and materials, the standards for
which call up this method. It may not apply to other cement types that have, for example, a very
short initial setting time. The method is used for assessing whether the setting time and
soundness of cement is in conformity with its specification.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Soundness:
Soundness is defined as if cement will not undergo significant change in volume after hydration.
Such cement will be known as Sound cement and property is called as soundness.
It is essential that the cement paste once it has set does not undergo large change in volume. One
restriction is that there must be no appreciable or significant expansion which under conditions
of restrain could result in disruption of hardened cement paste. Such expansion may occur due to
the reaction of free lime (CaO), Magnesia (MgO) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4). Cement having
this type of expansion is classified as unsound.

Le-Chatelier Apparatus:
The apparatus should be of non-corrodible spring metal, e.g. brass, with indicator needles and
shall have length of 150±2mm. The resilience of the mold shall be such that the action of mass
(300±1)g applied shall increase the distance between indicator ends of the needle by not less
than 15.0mm without permanent deformation.

Figure 1: Typical Le Chatelier apparatus for determination of the soundness of cements

Key
1 Split
2 Cover plate

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Water Bath:
Water Bath with means of heating, capable of containing immersed Le-Chatelier specimens and
of raising the temperature of the water from 20±2 oC to boiling in 30±5 minutes.

Zero Time:
Zero time is a time at which we mix the cement with water.

Test Specification:
 For performing soundness test on cement test, standard consistence paste should be made.
For this following points should be considered.
Penetration of Plunger = 6 ±2mm within 30seconds
Amount of Cement = 500g
Time for the Preparation paste = 4minutes±10 seconds after zero time
 Consistency value should be reported in multiple of 0.5 %.
 Le-Chatelier Apparatus should be placed in humidity cabinet for maintaining temperature of
20±1 oC and humidity should not be less than 90% for 24 hours.
 If soundness value comes out to be more than 10 then we have to perform the test again.

PROCEDURE:
 Prepare a cement paste of standard consistence.
 Place a lightly oiled Le Chatelier mold on the lightly oiled base-plate and fill it immediately
without undue compaction or vibration using only the hands and a straight-edged implement,
if desired, to level the top surface.
 During filling, prevent the split in the mold from accidentally opening, e.g. by gentle pressure
with the fingers or by use of a suitable rubber band.
 Cover the mold with the lightly oiled cover plate, add the additional mass, if necessary, and
then immediately place the complete apparatus in the humidity room or cabinet. Maintain it
for 24 h ± 30 min at (20 ± 1) °C and not less than 90 % relative humidity.
 At the end of the 24 h ± 30 min period measure the distance (A) between the indicator points
to the nearest 0.5 mm. Then heat the mold gradually to boiling during (30 ± 5) min and
maintain the water bath at boiling temperature for 3 h ± 5 min.
 At the end of the boiling period the distance (B) between the indicator points may be
measured, to the nearest 0.5 mm.
 Remove from the heat and allow the mold to cool to laboratory temperature. Measure the
distance, C, between the indicator points, to the nearest 0.5 mm.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

MEASUREMENTS:

Table of Calculations

A. For Consistency Test:

Type of Cement:
Brand of the Cement:
Relative Humidity: %
Temperature: oC

Amount of Cement: g
Assumed Consistency: %
Amount of Water: g
Penetration of Plunger: mm
B. For Soundness Test:
A= mm
B= mm
C= mm
Soundness, C-A = mm

REPORT:
Record the measurements A and C and calculate the difference (C - A), to the nearest millimeter.
If the expansion exceeds the specification limit for the cement a repeat determination shall be
carried out. Report the value of (C - A), or the mean of two values when a repeat determination
has been carried out, to the nearest millimeter.

WARNINGS/PRECAUTIONS:
 Wet cement paste is highly alkaline and can cause skin burns. Avoid direct contact with skin
during manual operations by wearing protective gloves.
 Take care when handling hot specimens.

IMPORTANT POINTS:
 The mold may be placed, between its cover plates, with the additional mass, if necessary, in a
water-bath and maintained under water for 24 h ± 30 min at (20 ± 1) °C, provided that this
procedure has been calibrated against the reference method.
 Where it can be shown that the expansion after a shorter boiling period is the same as that
after 3 h, such a shorter period may be used.
 Where it can be shown that the conditions of the tests leads to no significant difference
between B and C, the difference (B-A) may be reported since this reduces the time needed
for test.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

RETEST:
If C-A > 10 then the cement should be retested. When fresh cement fail to meet the specified
soundness requirement it may be retested after storage. For this purpose, spread out the cement
in a layer of approximately 70 mm thickness and store for 7 days in an atmosphere maintained at
(20 ± 2) °C and not less than 50 % relative humidity.
For retest, permissible limit for the soundness should be reduced to 50% (C-A<5mm) because of
the placement of the cement in atmosphere for the 7 days due to which lime (CaO) react with
atmosphere and expansion caused by the free lime has been reduced.

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 2:
DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE (AIV)

STANDARD:
BS 812: PART 112:1990

PURPOSE:
Followings are the main purpose of performing the test;
 To determine impact value of given road aggregates
 To assess suitability of aggregates for use in different type of road pavements.

EQUIPMENTS:

 Impact Testing Apparatus

 Tamping Rod
 Balance
 Sieves
 Oven
 Cylindrical Measures
 Tray
 Steel Brush

PRINCIPLE:
A test specimen is compacted, in a standardized manner, into an open steel cup. The specimen is
then subjected to a number of standard impacts from a dropping weight. This action breaks the
aggregate to a degree which is dependent on the impact resistance of the material. This degree is
assessed by a sieving test on the impacted specimen and is taken as the aggregate impact value
(AIV).

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

INTRODUCTION:

 This Part of BS 812 describes methods for the determination of the aggregate impact value
(AIV) which gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or
impact.
 Two procedures are described, one in which the aggregate is tested in a dry condition, and
the other in a soaked condition.
 The methods are applicable to aggregates passing at 14.0 mm test sieve and retained on a
10.0 mm test sieve.

Aggregate Impact Value:

AIV is the percentage of fines produced from the aggregate sample after subjecting it to a
standard amount of impact.
The standard amount of impact is produced by a known weight, i.e. a steel cylinder, falling a set
height, a prescribed number of times, onto an amount of aggregate of standard size and weight
retained in a mold.
Aggregate Impact Values, (AIV's), below 10 are regarded as strong, and AIV's above 35 would
normally be regarded as too weak for use in road surfaces.
Aggregate Impact Values and Aggregate Crushing Values are often numerically very similar,
and indicate similar aggregate strength properties.

PROCEDURE:
1. Test specimens in a dry condition:
 Rest the impact machine, without wedging or packing, upon the level plate, block or
floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical. Before fixing the cup
to the impact machine, place the whole of the test specimen in the cup and then compact
by 25 strokes of the tamping rod. With the minimum of disturbance to the test specimen,
fix the cup firmly in position on the base of the machine. Adjust the height of the hammer
so that its lower face is 380 ± 5 mm above the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup
and then allow it to fall freely on to the aggregate. Subject the test specimen to a total of
15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than 1 s.
 Remove the crushed aggregate by holding the cup over a clean tray and hammering on
the outside with the rubber mallet until the particles are sufficiently disturbed to enable
the mass of the specimen to fall freely on to the tray.
 Transfer fine particles adhering to the inside of the cup and the underside of the hammer
to the tray by means of the stiff bristle brush. Weigh the tray and the aggregate and record
the mass of aggregate used (M1) to the nearest 0.1 g.
 Sieve the whole of the specimen in the tray on the 2.36 mm test sieve until no further
significant amount passes during a further period of 1 min. Weigh and record the masses
of the fractions passing and retained on the sieve to the nearest 0.1 g (M2 and M3
respectively), and if the total mass (M2 + M3) differs from the initial mass (M1) by more
than 1 g, discard the result and test a further specimen

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

2. Test specimens in a soaked condition:

 Follow the test procedure described above, except that the number of blows of the
hammer to which the aggregate is subjected, is the number of blows which will yield
between 5 % and 20 % of fines when this value is calculated by the procedure given in
measurements.
 Remove the crushed specimen from the cup and dry it in the oven at a temperature of 105
± 5 °C either to constant mass or for a minimum period of 12 h. Allow the dried material
to cool and weigh to the nearest gram and record the mass of the test specimen (M1).
Complete the procedure as described earlier for dry condition sample.

MEASUREMENTS:
 Calculate the aggregate impact value (AIV) expressed as a percentage to the first decimal
place, of the mass of fines formed to the total mass of the test specimen from the following
equation;
𝐌𝟐
𝐀𝐈𝐕 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝟏
Where;
Ml is the mass of the test specimen (in g)
M2 is the mass of the crushed material passing the 2.36 mm test sieve (in g)
M3 is the mass of the crushed material retained the 2.36 mm test sieve (in g)

 Calculate the mean of the two results to the nearest whole number. Report the mean as the
aggregate crushing value, unless the individual results differ by more than 0.15 times the
mean value. In this case repeat the test on two further specimens, calculate the median of the
four results to the nearest whole number, and report the median as the aggregate impact
value.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Table of Calculations:

Table of Calculations

Weights (g)
Sample # M1-(M2+M3)≤1g M2/M1 *100 AIV
M1 M2 M3
- - g g g g % %

Graphs:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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Experiment – 3:
DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE (ACV)

STANDARD:
BS 812: PART 110:1990

PURPOSE:
Followings are the main purpose of performing the test;
 To determine crushing value of given road aggregates
 To assess suitability of aggregates for use in different type of road pavements.

EQUIPMENTS:

 Steel Cylinder
 Tamping Rod
 Balance (at least 3kg Capacity, readable and accurate to 1g)
 Sieves
 Oven
 UTM
 Rubber Mallet
 Cylindrical Measures
 Tray
 Steel Brush

PRINCIPLE:
A test specimen is compacted in a standardized manner into a steel cylinder fitted with a freely
moving plunger. The specimen is then subjected to a standard loading regime applied through
the plunger. This action crushes the aggregate to a degree which is dependent on the crushing
resistance of the material. This degree is assessed by a sieving test on the crushed specimen and
is taken as a measure of the aggregate crushing value (ACV).

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

INTRODUCTION:
 This Part of BS 812 describes a method for the determination of the aggregate crushing value
(ACV) which gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to crushing under a
gradually applied compressive load.
 The method is applicable to aggregates passing a 14.0 mm test sieve and retained on a 10.0
mm test sieve.
 The method is not suitable for testing aggregates with an aggregate crushing value higher
than 30, and in such cases the method for ten per cent fines value described in BS 812: Part
111 is applicable.

Aggregate Crushing Value:

14mm-10mm chippings subjected to 400kN loads evenly over 10 minutes, sieved on 2.36mm
sieve and percentage passing gives aggregate crushing value (ACV).

Steel Cylinder:
A steel cylinder, open-ended, of nominal 150 mm internal diameter with plunger and baseplate
of the general form and dimensions shown in figure and given in table below. The surfaces in
contact with the aggregate shah be machined and case hardened, or otherwise treated, so as to
have a hardness value of not less than 650 I-IV, in accordance with BS 427, and shall be
maintained in a smooth condition.

Figure: Outline form of Cylinder and Plunger Apparatus

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Table: Principle Dimensions of Cylinder and Plunger Apparatus

Tamping Rod:
A tamping rod, made out of straight iron or steel bar of circular cross section, 16 ± 1 mm
diameter and 600 ± 5 mm long, with both ends hemispherical.

Compression Testing Machine:

A compression testing machine capable of applying any force up to 400 kN and which can be
operated to give a uniform rate of loading so that this force is reached in 10 min.

PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN:

 Thoroughly sieve the entire surface dry test portion on the 14 mm and 10 mm test sieves to
remove the oversize and undersize fractions.
 Dry the test specimens by heating at a temperature of 105 ± 5 OC for a period of not more
than 4 h. Cool to room temperature and record the mass of material comprising the test
specimens before testing.

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PROCEDURE:
 Place the cylinder of the test apparatus in position on the baseplate and add the test specimen
in three layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being subjected to 25 strokes from
the tamping rod distributed evenly over the surface of the layer and dropping from a height
approximately 50 mm above the surface of the aggregate. Carefully level the surface of the
aggregate and insert the plunger so that it rests horizontally on this surface. Take care to
ensure that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder.
 Place the apparatus, with the test specimen prepared as described earlier and plunger in
position, between the platens of the testing machine and load it at as uniform a rate as
possible (see note) so that the required force of 400 kN is reached in 10 min ±30 s.
 Release the load and remove the crushed material by holding the cylinder over a clean tray of
known mass and hammering on the outside of the cylinder with the rubber mallet until the
particles are sufficiently disturbed to enable the mass of the specimen to fall freely on to the
tray.
 Transfer any particles adhering to the inside of the cylinder, to the baseplate and the
underside of the plunger, to the tray by means of a stiff bristle brush. Weigh the tray and the
aggregate and determine the mass of aggregate used (Ml) to the nearest gram.
 Sieve the whole of the tested specimen on the tray on the 2.36 mm test sieve until no further
significant amount passes during a further period of 1 min. Weigh and record the masses of
the fractions passing and retained on the sieve to the nearest gram (M2 and M3 respectively).
 If the total mass of the two individual fractions (M2+ M3) differs from the initial mass (Ml)
by more than 10 g, discard the result and repeat the complete procedure using a new test
specimen.

MEASUREMENTS:
 Calculate the aggregate crushing value (ACV) expressed as a percentage to the first decimal
place, of the mass of fines formed to the total mass of the test specimen from the following
equation;
𝐌𝟐
𝐀𝐂𝐕 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝟏
Where;
Ml is the mass of the test specimen (in g)
M2 is the mass of the crushed material passing the 2.36 mm test sieve (in g)
M3 is the mass of the crushed material retained the 2.36 mm test sieve (in g)

 Calculate the mean of the two results to the nearest whole number. Report the mean as the
aggregate crushing value, unless the individual results differ by more than 0.07 times the
mean value. In this case repeat the test on two further specimens, calculate the median of the
four results to the nearest whole number, and report the median as the aggregate crushing
value.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Table of Calculations:

Table of Calculations

Weights (g)
Sample # M1-(M2+M3)≤10g M2/M1 *100 ACV
M1 M2 M3
- - g g g g % %

Graphs:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 4:
DETERMINATION OF TEN PERCENT FINE VALUE (TFV)

STANDARD:
BS 812: PART 111:1990

PURPOSE:
The main purpose of performing this experiment is to determine the ten percent
fine value.

EQUIPMENTS:

 Steel Cylinder
 Tamping Rod
 Balance (at least 3kg Capacity, readable and accurate to 1g)
 Test Sieves
 Oven
 Compression Testing Machine, UTM
 Rubber Mallet
 Cylindrical Measures
 Tray
 Steel Brush

PRINCIPLE:
A test specimen is compacted in a standardized manner into a steel cylinder fitted with a freely
moving plunger. The specimen is then subjected to a load applied through the plunger. This
action crushes the aggregate to a degree which is dependent on the crushing resistance of the
material. The degree of crushing is assessed by a sieving test on the crushed specimen. The
procedure is repeated with various loads to determine the maximum force which generates a
given sieve analysis. This force is taken as the ten per cent fines value (TFV).

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

INTRODUCTION:
 This part of BS 812 describes methods for the determination of the ten per cent fines value
(TFV) of aggregates which give a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
crushing under a gradually applied compressive load.
 The methods are applicable to both weak and strong aggregates passing a 14.0 mm test sieve
and retained on a 10.0 mm test sieve.

Ten Percent Fine Value (TFV):

A measure of resistance of an aggregate to crushing as determined by the ten percent fines test
defined in BS 812 is known as ten percent fines value (TFV).

Cylindrical Metal Measure:

A cylindrical metal measure, for measuring the sample, of sufficient rigidity to retain its form
under rough usage and having an internal diameter of 115 ± 1 mm and an internal depth of 180 ±
1 mm.

Figure: Outline form of Cylinder and Plunger Apparatus

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Table: Principle Dimensions of Cylinder and Plunger Apparatus

Tamping Rod:
A tamping rod, made out of straight iron or steel bar of circular cross section, 16 ± 1 mm
diameter and 600 ± 5 mm long, with both ends hemispherical.

Compression Testing Machine:

A compression testing machine, capable of applying any force up to 500 kN and which can be
operated to give a uniform rate of loading so that this force is reached in 10 min.

PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN:

 Thoroughly sieve the entire surface dry test portion on the 14 mm and 10 mm test sieves to
remove the oversize and undersize fractions to produce the test specimens

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

 Dry the test specimens by heating at a temperature of 105 ± 5 OC for a period of not more
than 4 h. Cool to room temperature and record the mass of material comprising the test
specimens before testing.

PROCEDURE:
 Place the cylinder of the test apparatus in position on the baseplate and add the test specimen
in thirds, each third being subjected to 25 strokes from the tamping rod distributed evenly
over the surface of the layer and dropping from a height approximately 50 mm above the
surface of the aggregate.
 Carefully level the surface of the aggregate and insert the plunger so that it rests horizontally
on this surface. Take care to ensure that the plunger does not jam in the cylinder.
 Place the apparatus, with the test specimen and plunger in position, between the platens of
the testing machine. Apply force at as uniform a rate as possible, so as to cause a total
penetration of the plunger in 10 min ± 30 s of approximately:
a) 15 mm for rounded or partially rounded aggregates, e.g. uncrushed gravels.
b) 20 mm for normal crushed aggregates.
c) 24 mm for vesicular (honeycombed) aggregates e.g. some slags.

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 =
𝐀𝐈𝐕

 Record the maximum force (f) applied to produce the required penetration. Release the force
and remove the crushed material by holding the cylinder over a clean tray of known mass and
hammering on the outside of the cylinder with the rubber mallet until the particles are
sufficiently disturbed to enable the mass of the specimen to fall freely on to the tray.
 Transfer any particles adhering to the inside of the cylinder, the baseplate and the underside
of the plunger to the tray by means of a stiff bristle brush. Weigh the tray and the aggregate
and record the mass of aggregate used (M1) to the nearest gram.
 Sieve the whole of the specimen in the tray on the 2.36 mm test sieve until no further
significant amount passes during a further period of 1 min. Weigh and record the masses of
the fractions passing and retained on the sieve to the nearest gram (M2 plus M3 respectively).
If the total mass (M2 plus M3) differs from the initial mass (Ml) by more than 10 g, discard
the result and test a further specimen.
If the percentage of material (m) passing the sieve, calculated from below expression does
not fall within the range of 7.5% to 12.5% , test a further specimen, using an adjusted
maximum test loading to bring the percentage of fines within the range and record the value
of “m” obtained.

𝐌𝟐
𝐌= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝟏

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

MEASUREMENTS:
 Calculate the force F (in kN), to the nearest whole number, required to produce 10 % of fines
for each test specimen, with the percentage of material passing in the range 7.5 % to 12.5 %,
from the following expression;
𝟏𝟒𝐟
𝐅=
𝐦+𝟒
Where;
f is the maximum force (in kN)
m is the percentage of the material passing the 2.36 mm test sieve at maximum force

 Calculate the mean of the two results to the nearest 10 kN for forces of 100 kN or more, or to
the nearest 5 kN for forces of less than 100 kN.
 Report the mean as the ten per cent fines value, unless the individual results differ by more
than 10 kN and by more than 0.1 times the mean value.
 In this case repeat the test on two further specimens, calculate the median of the four results
to the nearest 10 kN for forces of 100 kN or more, or to the nearest 5 kN for forces of less
than 100 kN, and report the median as the ten per cent fines value.

Table of Calculations:

Table of Calculations

Weights (g) 𝒎= 𝟏𝟒𝒇

M1-(M2+M3) 𝑭=
Sample # f 𝑴𝟐 𝒎+𝟒 TFV
M1 M2 M3 ≤10g 𝑴𝟏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
- - g g g kN g % kN kN

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Graphs:

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 5:
DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX USING ACI-211 METHOD

STANDARD:
ACI 211.1

PURPOSE:
The purpose to study this experiment is to get knowledge of concrete mix design.

INTRODUCTION:
The process of determining required and specifiable characteristics of a concrete mixture is
called mix design. Characteristics can include
 Fresh concrete properties
 Required mechanical properties of hardened concrete such as strength and durability
requirements.
 The inclusion, exclusion, or limits on specific ingredients. Mix design leads to the
development of a concrete specification.
Mixture proportioning refers to the process of determining the quantities of concrete ingredients,
using local materials, to achieve the specified characteristics of the concrete. A properly
proportioned concrete mix should possess these qualities:
 Acceptable workability of the freshly mixed concrete.
 Durability, strength, and uniform appearance of the hardened concrete.
 Economy
Before a concrete mixture can be proportioned, mixture characteristics are selected based on the
intended use of the concrete, the exposure conditions, the size and shape of building elements,
and the physical properties of the concrete (such as frost resistance and strength) required for the
structure. The characteristics should reflect the needs of the structure; for example, resistance to
chloride ions should be verifiable and the appropriate test methods specified.
Once the characteristics are selected, the mixture can be proportioned from field or laboratory
data. Since most of the desirable properties of hardened concrete depend primarily upon the
quality of the cementitious paste, the first step in proportioning a concrete mixture is the
selection of the appropriate water-cementing materials ratio for the durability and strength
needed. Concrete mixtures should be kept as simple as possible, as an excessive number of
ingredients often make a concrete mixture difficult to control. The concrete technologist should
not, however, overlook the opportunities provided by modern concrete technology.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Design/Target Strength:
Target strength (fcr’) is higher than the prescribed minimum 28 days cylinder strength (fc’)
depending upon the expected variation of strength. If previous statistical data is not available, the
required average compressive strength determined according to the ACI codes as follows;

fcr ′ ≥ fc ′ + 7.0 MPa for fc ′ ≤ 21MPa

fcr ′ ≥ fc ′ + 8.5 MPa for fc ′ = 21 to 35MPa
fcr ′ ≥ 1.1fc ′ + 5.0 MPa for fc ′ ≥ 35MPa

If statistical data is available, then

fcr ′ = fc ′ + 1.34S and
fcr = fc + 2.33S − 3.45 for fc ′ ≤ 35MPa
′ ′

Where “S” denotes the standard deviation of at least 30 consecutive tests.

Type of Cement:
Type of cement is selected depending upon the required rate of gain of strength, the likelihood of
chemical attack and required thermal behavior.

Durability:
Durability of concrete is related with its useful life during which the concrete can fulfill its
intended purpose without any serious problem. W/C ratio is the basic factor that determine the
porosity and permeability of cement paste and hence determine the durability of resulting
concrete. A severe exposure conditions required smaller w/c ratio.

Water/Cement (W/C) Ratio:

Water/cement ratio required for the desired compressive strength is determined either on the
basis of w/c ratio versus strength curves developed for the used materials or approximately from
table given in ACI 211.1 code when using ordinary Portland cement (linear interpolation may be
used for non-tabulated values).

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Workability and Water Content:

The required workability is decided on the method of compaction, the w/c ratio decided earlier
and type of from work etc. the free water content of the mix is then found accoriding to ACI
211.1 for saturated surface dry (SSD) aggregate from the table.

Air Content:
The air content may be estimated from the table given for various exposure

Cement Content:
The cement content may be calculated from the selected w/c ratio and the free water
requirement.

Choice of Aggregate Size and Grading:

The use of larger size aggregate up to 40mm is considered to be beneficial. However, the
selected size also depends on the width of the section and the spacing of the reinforcement.
Further, the availability of the material and its cost must also be considered. The aggregate must
be well-graded lying between the practical grading limits recommended by ASTM.

Coarse Aggregate Content:

The mass of coarse aggregate is found by multiplying dry bulk volume with density of rodded
SSD of coarse aggregate.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Fine Aggregate Content:

The mass of the fine aggregate (Af) is more exactly calculated by volume method. This means
that the volume of fine aggregate for 1.0 m3 of concrete must be equal to the total volume minus
volume of water, cement, coarse aggregate and the estimated air content. The following
expression may be used to perform this calculation.

𝑘𝑔 𝐶 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑓 ( 3 ) = 𝛾𝑓 [ 1000 − (𝑊 + + + 10𝐴)]
𝑚 𝛾 𝛾𝑐
Where,
𝛾𝑓 = Bulk specific gravity (SSD) of fine aggregate

W= mixing water requirement (kg/m3)

C= Cement content (kg/m3)
ɣ= Specific gravity of cement
Ac= Coarse aggregate content (kg/m3)
𝛾𝑐 = Bulk specific gravity (SSD) of coarse aggregate
A= Air content (%)

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Adjustment of Water for Aggregate Moisture:

If aggregate can absorb water or it already has moisture greater than saturated surface dry
conditions, then adjustment in total water required fir mix must be made.

MIX DESIGN CALULCATIONS:

Known data:
fc’= 28 MPa (28 days strength)
Required Slump = 80-100mm
FM of fine aggregate = 2.69 (FM test)
Bulk density of coarse aggregate = 1535.2 kg/m3 (From Test)
Water absorption
For Coarse aggregate = 1.0 %
For Fine Aggregate = 1.2 %
Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm
Calculation:

fcr’= fc’ + 8.5

fcr’= 28 +8.5 = 36.5 MPa (Target Strength)
0.48−0.43
W/c = 0.43 + (40 − 36.5) = 0.465 (by linear interpolation)
40−35

Water content = 200 kg/m3 (From table for slump value 80-100mm and aggregate size of 20mm)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 200
Cement content, C = 𝑤/𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑜 = 0.465 = 430.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Volume of SSD Coarse aggregate required = 0.63 m3/m3 of concrete (From Table)
Mass of Coarse aggregate = 0.63 * 1535.2 = 968 kg/m3
ɣf = 2.65
W= 200 kg/m3
C = 430.1 kg/m3

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

ɣ=3.15
Ac= 968 kg/m3
ɣc = 2.65
A= 2%
𝑘𝑔 𝐶 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑓 ( 3 ) = 𝛾𝑓 [ 1000 − (𝑊 + + + 10𝐴)]
𝑚 𝛾 𝛾𝑐
Af = 738 kg/m3
Extra water required for absorption= 0.01*968 + 0.012 * 738 = 18.6 kg/m3
Total Water Content = 200+18.6 = 219 kg
Mix Design:
C:S:C
430.1 : 738 : 968
1 : 1.71 : 2.25
Aggregate/Cement Ratio = 3.97

TRIAL MIXES:
Trial mixes are made by using the proportions closer to the above calculated mix design. The
volume required for trial mix is usually 0.02m3. Following thumb rule may be used to adjust the
subsequent trials if deviation of any required property is obtained from the desired value.
 The lack of cohesiveness may be corrected by increasing the fine aggregate content.
 If workability is not satisfied, revise the mix without checking other properties.
 The water content is approximately increased by 6 kg/m3 for every 25mm required increase
of slump. However, if strength is satisfactory, no increase in water/cement ratio is to be
made.
 With the first trial, two more trials for more strength predicted by w/c ratio, respectively
lesser by 0.02 and 0.04, may be made. Casting and testing may be performed together to save
time.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 6:
CASTING OF SPECIMENS FOR TESTING OF CONCRETE

PURPOSE:
The purpose of the casting the cylinder and cube is to check the compressive
strength of the concrete.

EQUIPMENTS:

 Universal Testing Machine

 Molds of cylinder
 Molds of Cubes
 Vibrator
 Curing setup

INTRODUCTION:
 The specimen casting and testing is an important phase while designing or analyzing a
concrete mix, design and cement quality. The concrete should be casted using proper
methods and techniques according to the standards.
 The molds for test cubes should be made of steel or cast iron, with the inner surfaces parallel
to each other and machine faced. Timber molds should not be used. Each mold should have a
metal base plate with a true surface to support the mold and prevent leakage. It is essential to
keep the mold and base plate clean and both should be oiled lightly to prevent the mortar
sticking to the sides. No undue strain should be used when the sides are fixed together.
 A 100 mm cube should be filled in three layers, from three different mixes. Each layer should be
rammed at least 25 times with a steel bar 600 mm long and having a ramming face of 16 mm square,
the weight of which complies with the local standard. The surface of the cube should be trowelled
smooth.
 Test results are only as good as the specimens being tested. Proper preparation and curing of
concrete specimens are essential parts of the testing process
 Test specimens should be cured at not less than 10°C and in the same way as the hull is
cured, and for the same period. Specimens should be transferred to the testing station on the
seventh and twenty-eighth day, wrapped in damp hessian/gunny cloth or similar.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

PROCEDURE:
 Prepare and cure the specimen according to ASTM standard (ASTM C 39)
 Perform the slump test on the fresh concrete prior to casting the specimens to check
workability of concrete.
 Fill the specimens with three lifts of freshly mixed concrete, tamping each lift 25 times with
the tamping rod or use vibrator.
 Strike off the excess concrete with tamping rod and finish to a smooth surface with steel
trowel.
 Allow the specimen to set for about 24 hours at room temperature, with the top surface
covered to prevent the loss of moisture
 Strip the mold from specimens and place in the curing facility until ready for testing
 Remove the specimens from the curing facility just prior to the testing. Specimen shall be
tested while still in moist conditions.
 Center the capped specimens in the testing machine and apply loading.
 Apply the loading until failure of specimen occur.
 Record the ultimate load value.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

MEASUREMENTS:

Crushing Load
Proportions

w/c Ratio

Sample #
Avg. fc’
Casting
Date of

Area

(days)
Type

Strength
Mix

Age
(MPa)
(Tons) (kN) (𝐦𝐦𝟐 ) (MPa)

1
7
2

1
Cubes

14
2

1
28
2

7 1

14 1
Molds

28 1

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Graphs:

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

P a g e 33 | 61
 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 7:
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR REBOUND NUMBER OF HARDENED
CONCRETE

STANDARD:
ASTM C 805

PURPOSE:
The purpose of the test is to determine the rebound number of hardened concrete
using a spring-driven steel hammer.

EQUIPMENTS:
 Rebound Hammer
 Abrasive Stone
 Test Anvil

PRINCIPLE:
A steel hammer impacts with a predetermined amount of energy, a steel plunger in contact with a
surface of concrete, and the distance that the hammer rebounds is measured.

INTRODUCTION:
 The test method may be used to assess the in-place uniformity of concrete, to delineate
regions in a structure of poor quality or deteriorated concrete, and to estimate in-place
strength development.
 To use this test method to estimate strength requires establishing a relationship between
strength and rebound number. The relationship shall be established for a given concrete
mixture and given apparatus. The relationship shall be established over the range of concrete
strength that is of interest. To estimate strength during construction, establish the relationship
by performing rebound number tests on molded specimens and measuring the strength of the
same or companion molded specimens. To estimate strength in an existing structure,
establish the relationship by correlating rebound numbers measured on the structure with the
strengths of cores taken from corresponding locations.
 For a given concrete mixture, the rebound number is affected by factors such as moisture
content of the test surface, the method used to obtain the test surface (type of form material
or type of finishing), and the depth of carbonation. These factors need to be considered in
preparing the strength relationship and interpreting test results.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

 Because of the inherent uncertainty in the estimated strength, this test method is not intended
as the basis for acceptance or rejection of concrete.

Rebound Hammer:
Rebound Hammer, consisting of a spring-loaded steel hammer which when released strikes a
steel plunger in contact with the concrete surface. The spring-loaded hammer must travel with a
consistent and reproducible velocity. The rebound distance of the steel hammer from the steel
plunger is measured on a linear scale attached to the frame of the instrument.

Test Anvil:
Test Anvil, Approximately 150-mm (6-in.) diameter by 150-mm (6-in.) high cylinder made of
tool steel.

TEST AREA:
Selection of Test Surface:
Concrete members to be tested shall be at least 100 mm (4 in.) thick and fixed within a structure.
Smaller specimens must be rigidly supported. Areas exhibiting honeycombing, scaling, or high
porosity should be avoided. The form material against which the concrete was placed should be
similar. Troweled surfaces generally exhibit higher rebound numbers than screeded or formed
finishes. If possible, structural slabs should be tested from the underside to avoid finished
surfaces.

Preparation of Test Surface:

A test area shall be at least 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter. Heavily textured, soft, or surfaces with
loose mortar shall be ground smooth with the abrasive stone. Smooth-formed or troweled
surfaces do not have to be ground prior to testing.

IMPORTANT POINTS:
 Ground and unground surfaces should not be compared.
 Concrete at 0°C (32°F) or less may exhibit very high rebound values. Concrete should be
tested only after it has thawed.
 The temperatures of the rebound hammer itself may affect the rebound number. For
example, Rebound hammers at − 18°C (0°F) may exhibit rebound numbers reduced by as
much as 2 or 3.
 For readings to be compared the direction of impact, horizontal, downward, upward, etc.,
must be the same or established correction factors shall be applied to the readings.
 Different hammers of the same nominal design may give rebound numbers differing from 1
to 3 units and therefore, tests should be made with the same hammer in order to compare

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

results. If more than one hammer is to be used, a sufficient number of tests must be made on
typical concrete surfaces so as to determine the magnitude of the differences to be expected.
 Rebound hammers shall be serviced and verified semiannually and whenever there is reason
to question their proper operation. Test anvils are recommended for verification.

PROCEDURE:
 Hold the instrument firmly so that the plunger is perpendicular to the test surface.
 Gradually push the instrument toward the test surface until the hammer impacts.
 After impact, maintain pressure on the instrument and, if necessary, depress the button on the
side of the instrument to lock the plunger in its retracted position.
 Estimate the rebound number on the scale to the nearest whole number and record the
rebound number.
 Take ten readings from each test area.
 No two impact tests shall be closer together than 25 mm (1 in.).
 Examine the impression made on the surface after impact, and if the impact crushes or breaks
through a near-surface air void disregard the reading and take another reading.

MEASUREMENTS:
Discard readings differing from the average of 10 readings by more than 6 units and determine
the average of the remaining readings. If more than 2 readings differ from the average by 6 units,
discard the entire set of readings and determine rebound numbers at 10 new locations within the
test area.

Table of Calculations:

Table of Calculations

fc' (Psi) Percentage

Group
R Difference Remarks
# Hammer Machine (%)

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Graphs:

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

P a g e 37 | 61
 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 8:
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR OBTAINING AND TESTING
DRILLED CORES OF CONCRETE

STANDARD:
ASTM C 42

PURPOSE:
The purpose of the test is to obtain, prepare and test the core drilled from concrete
for lengths or compressive strength or splitting tensile strength determination and beams sawed
from concrete for flexure strength determination.

EQUIPMENTS:
 Core Drill
 Saw

INTRODUCTION:
 This test method provides standardized procedures for obtaining and testing specimens to
determine the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength of in-place concrete.
 Generally, test specimens are obtained when doubt exists about the in-place concrete quality
due either to low strength test results during construction or signs of distress in the structure.
Another use of this method is to provide strength information on older structures.
 Concrete strength is affected by the location of the concrete in a structural element, with the
concrete at the bottom tending to be stronger than the concrete at the top. Core strength is
also affected by core orientation relative to the horizontal plane of the concrete as placed,
with strength tending to be lower when measured parallel to the horizontal plane. These
factors shall be considered in planning the locations for obtaining concrete samples and in
comparing strength test results.
 The strength of concrete measured by tests of cores and beams is affected by the amount and
distribution of moisture in the specimen at the time of test. There is no standard procedure to
condition a specimen that will ensure that, at the time of test, it will be in the identical
moisture condition as concrete in the structure. The moisture conditioning procedures in this
test method are intended to provide reproducible moisture conditions that minimize within-
laboratory and between-laboratory variations and to reduce the effects of moisture introduced
during specimen preparation.
 There is no universal relationship between the compressive strength of a core and the
corresponding compressive strength of standard-cured molded cylinders. The relationship is
affected by many factors such as the strength level of the concrete, the in-place temperature

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

and moisture history, and the strength gain characteristics of the concrete. Historically, it has
been assumed that core strengths are generally 85 % of the corresponding standard-cured
cylinder strengths, but this is not applicable to all situations. The acceptance criteria for core
strength are to be established by the specified of the tests. ACI 318 provides core strength
acceptance criteria for new construction.

SAMPLING:
 Samples of hardened concrete for use in the preparation of strength test specimens shall not
be taken until the concrete is strong enough to permit sample removal without disturbing the
bond between the mortar and the coarse aggregate. When preparing strength test specimens
from samples of hardened concrete, samples that have been damaged during removal shall
not be used unless the damaged portion(s) are removed and the resulting test specimen is of
suitable length. Samples of defective or damaged concrete that cannot be tested shall be
reported along with the reason that prohibits use of the sample for preparing strength test
specimens.
 Specimens containing embedded reinforcement shall not be used for determining
compressive, splitting tensile or flexural strength.

Core Drilling:
A core specimen shall be drilled perpendicular to the surface and not near formed joints or
obvious edges of a unit of deposit. Record and report the approximate angle between the
longitudinal axis of the drilled core and the horizontal plane of the concrete as placed. A
specimen drilled perpendicular to a vertical surface, or perpendicular to a surface with a batter,
shall be taken from near the middle of a unit of deposit when possible.

Slab Removal:
Remove a slab sufficiently large to secure the desired test specimens without the inclusion of any
concrete that has been cracked, spalled, undercut, or otherwise damaged.

PROCEDURE FOR DRILLED CORE:

We can determine the length and compressive strength of structural concrete by drilling the core
in the existing structures

Cores for Length Measurements:

 Cores for determining the thickness of pavements, slabs, walls or other structural elements
shall have a diameter of at least 3.75 in. [95 mm] when the lengths of such cores are
stipulated.
 For cores that are not intended for determining structural dimensions, measure the longest
and shortest lengths on the cut surface along lines parallel to the core axis. Record the
average length to the nearest 1⁄4 in. [5 mm].

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Cores for Compressive Strength:

 The diameter of core specimens for the determination of compressive strength in load
bearing structural members shall be at least 3.70 in. [94 mm]. For non-load bearing structural
members or when it is impossible to obtain cores with length-diameter ratio (L/D) greater
than or equal to 1, core diameters less than 3.70 in. [94 mm] are not prohibited. For concrete
with nominal maximum aggregate size greater than or equal to 11⁄2 in. [37.5 mm].
 The preferred length of the capped or ground specimen is between 1.9 and 2.1 times the
diameter. If the ratio of the length to the diameter (L/D) of the core exceeds 2.1, reduce the
length of the core so that the ratio of the capped or ground specimen is between 1.9 and 2.1.
Core specimens with length-diameter ratios equal to or less than 1.75 require corrections to
the measured compressive strength. A strength correction factor is not required for L/D
greater than 1.75. A core having a maximum length of less than 95 % of its diameter before
capping or a length less than its diameter after capping or end grinding shall not be tested.
 Test cores after moisture conditioning specified in this test method. The moisture
conditioning procedures specified in this test method are intended to preserve the moisture of
the drilled core and to provide a reproducible moisture condition that minimizes the effects of
moisture gradients introduced by wetting during drilling and specimen preparation.
 After cores have been drilled, wipe off surface drill water and allow remaining surface
moisture to evaporate. When surfaces appear dry, but not later than 1 h after drilling, place
cores in separate plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers and seal to prevent moisture loss.
Maintain cores at ambient temperature, and protect cores from exposure to direct sunlight.
Transport the cores to the testing laboratory as soon as possible. Keep cores in the sealed
plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers at all times except during end preparation and for a
maximum time of 2 h to permit capping before testing.
 If water is used during sawing or grinding of core ends, complete these operations as soon as
possible, but no later than 2 days after drilling of cores unless stipulated. After completing
end preparation, wipe off surface moisture, allow the surfaces to dry, and place the cores in
sealed plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers. Minimize the duration of exposure to water
during end preparation
 Allow the cores to remain in the sealed plastic bags or nonabsorbent containers for at least 5
days after last being wetted and before testing, unless stipulated.
 The ends of core specimens to be tested in compression shall be flat, and perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis. If necessary, saw the ends of cores that will be capped so that prior to
capping, the following requirements are met;
a) Projections, if any, shall not extend more than 0.2 in. [5 mm] above the end surfaces.
b) The end surfaces shall not depart from perpendicularity to the longitudinal axis by a slope
of more than 1:8d or [1:0.3d] where d is the average core diameter in inches [or mm].
 If the ends of the cores do not conform to the perpendicularity and planeness requirements,
they shall be sawed or ground to meet those requirements or capped. If cores are capped, the
capping device shall accommodate actual core diameters and produce caps that are
concentric with the core ends. Measure core lengths to the nearest 0.1 in. [2 mm] before
capping. Unbonded caps are not permitted.
 Before testing, measure the length of the capped or ground specimen to the nearest 0.1 in. [2
mm] and use this length to compute the length-diameter (L/D) ratio. Determine the average
diameter by averaging two measurements taken at right angles to each other at the mid-height
of the specimen. Measure core diameters to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.2 mm] when the difference

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

in core diameters does not exceed 2 % of their average, otherwise measure to the nearest 0.1
in. [2 mm]. Do not test cores if the difference between the largest and smallest diameter
exceeds 5 % of their average.

MEASUREMENTS:
 Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen using the computed cross-sectional area
based on the average diameter of the specimen.
 If the ratio of length to diameter (L/D) of the specimen is 1.75 or less, correct the result
obtained in 7.9 by multiplying by the appropriate correction factor shown in the following
table

Ratio of Length to Strength Correction

Diameter (L/D) Factor
1.75 0.98
1.50 0.96
1.25 0.93
1.00 0.87

Use interpolation to determine the correction factor for L/D values not give in the table.
 Report the length of core as drilled to the nearest 1⁄4 in. [5 mm].
 Report the length of test specimen before and after capping or end grinding to the nearest 0.1
in. [2 mm], and average diameter of core to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.2 mm] or 0.1 in. [2mm].
 Report the compressive strength to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa] when the diameter is
measured to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.2 mm] and to the nearest 50 psi [0.5 MPa] when the
diameter is measured to the nearest 0.1 in. [2 mm], after correction for length-diameter ratio
when required.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Experiment – 9:
DETERMINATION OF STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF
CONCRETE

STANDARD:
ASTM C 469

PURPOSE:
The purpose of the test is to determine the modulus of elasticity of concrete.

EQUIPMENTS:
 Testing Machine (UTM)
 Balance or Scale, accurate to 0.1lb (0.045kg)
 Compressometer
 Extensometer

INTRODUCTION:
 The test method covers determination of chord modulus of elasticity (Young’s) and Poisson’s
ratio of molded concrete cylinders and diamond-drilled concrete cores when under
longitudinal compressive stress.
 The test method provides a stress to strain ratio value and a ratio of lateral to longitudinal
strain for hardened concrete at whatever age and curing conditions may be designated.
 The modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio values, applicable within the customary
working stress range (0 to 40 % of ultimate concrete strength), are used in sizing of
reinforced and non-reinforced structural members, establishing the quantity of reinforcement,
and computing stress for observed strains.
 The modulus of elasticity values obtained will usually be less than moduli derived under
rapid load application (dynamic or seismic rates, for example), and will usually be greater
than values under slow load application or extended load duration, given other test conditions
being the same.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Modulus of Elasticity:
Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain below the proportional limit.
Modulus of elasticity, like stress, is expressed in force per unit of area (pounds per square inch,
etc.).

Poisson’s Ratio:
Poisson’s ratio is the negative of the ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain
resulting from an axial stress below the proportional limit of the material.
Poisson's ratio is a measure of the Poisson effect, the phenomenon in which a material tends to
expand in directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. Conversely, if the material is
stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to contract in the directions transverse to the
direction of stretching. It is a common observation when a rubber band is stretched, it becomes
noticeably thinner. Again, the Poisson ratio will be the ratio of relative contraction to relative
expansion and will have the same value as above. In certain rare cases, a material will actually
shrink in the transverse direction when compressed (or expand when stretched) which will yield
a negative value of the Poisson ratio.

TEST SPECIMENS:
Molded Cylindrical Specimens:
Mold test cylinders in accordance with the requirements for compression test specimens. Subject
specimens to the specified curing conditions and test at the age for which the elasticity
information is desired. Test specimens within 1 h after removal from the curing or storage room.
Specimens removed from a moist room for test shall be kept moist by a wet cloth covering
during the interval between removal and test.

Drilled Core Specimens:

Cores shall comply with the requirements for drilling, and moisture conditioning applicable to
compressive strength specimens, except that only diamond-drilled cores having a length-to-
diameter ratio greater than 1.50 shall be used. Requirements relative to storage and to ambient
conditions immediately prior to test shall be the same as for molded cylindrical specimens.

 The ends of the test specimens shall be made perpendicular to the axis (± 0.5°) and plane
(within 0.002 in.). If the specimen as cast does not meet the planeness requirements,
planeness shall be accomplished by capping, or by lapping, or by grinding. It is not
prohibited to repair aggregate pop outs that occur at the ends of specimens, provided the total
area of pop outs does not exceed 10 % of the specimen area and the repairs are made before
capping or grinding is completed.
 Measure the diameter of the test specimen by caliper to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) by
averaging two diameters measured at right angles to each other near the center of the length
of the specimen. Use this average diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area. Measure and
report the length of a molded specimen, including caps, to the nearest 0.1 in. (2.54 mm).

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Measure the length of a drilled specimen; report the length, including caps, to the nearest 0.1
in. (2.54 mm).

PROCEDURE:
 Maintain the ambient temperature and humidity as constant as possible throughout the test.
Record any unusual fluctuation in temperature or humidity in the report.
 Use companion specimens to determine the compressive strength prior to the test for
modulus of elasticity.
 Place the specimen, with the strain-measuring equipment attached, on the lower platen or
bearing block of the testing machine. Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center
of thrust of the spherically-seated upper bearing block. Note the reading on the strain
indicators. As the spherically-seated block is brought slowly to bear upon the specimen,
rotate the movable portion of the block gently by hand so that uniform seating is obtained.
 Load the specimen at least twice. Do not record any data during the first loading. Base
calculations on the average of the results of the subsequent loadings.
 Apply the load continuously and without shock. In hydraulically operated machines, apply
the load at a constant rate within the range 35±5 psi (241±34 kPa)/s. Record, without
interruption of loading, the applied load and longitudinal strain at the point
a) When the longitudinal strain is 50mm.
b) When the applied load is equal to 40 % of the ultimate load.
 If a stress-strain curve is to be determined, take readings at two or more intermediate points
without interruption of loading; or use an instrument that makes a continuous record.
Immediately upon reaching the maximum load, except on the final loading, reduce the load
to zero at the same rate at which it was applied. If the observer fails to obtain a reading,
complete the loading cycle and then repeat it. Record the extra cycle in the report.

MEASUREMENTS:
 Calculate the modulus of elasticity, to the nearest 50 000 psi (344.74 MPa) as follows:
𝑆2 − 𝑆1
𝐸=
∈2 − 0.000050
Where;
E = chord modulus of elasticity, psi
S2 = stress corresponding to 40 % of ultimate load
S1 = stress corresponding to a longitudinal strain,
∈1 = of 50 millionths, psi
∈2 = longitudinal strain produced by stress S2.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Table of Calculations:

Table of Calculations

Area Load Stress DGR Difference Deflection Strain M.O.E

mm2 kN Mpa - - mm m/m Mpa Psi

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Graphs:

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Design Experiment – 1:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF SHORT COLUMNS

PURPOSE:
Followings are the main objective of performing the experiments
 To compare Nominal and Experimental Strengths at failure
 To study the mode of failure by varying reinforcement in the column

EQUIPMENTS:
 Weighing Balance
 Molds for Prism
 Concrete Mixer
 Compression Testing Machine

INTRODUCTION:
 The strength of a compression member (column) depends on its geometry (slenderness
ratio Leff / r) and its material properties (stiffness and strength).
 When the ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension of the column is less than 12
then it is called a short columns
 When the ratio of effective length to the least radius of gyration is less than 45 then it is
called as a short column
 Short columns mainly carry compression loads and are generally used in the construction and
the can carry bending moments as well about one or two axis
 Column is treated generally as compression member because compression forces dominate.
 The short columns generally fails in compression i.e. due to crushing rather than failing due
to buckling that makes it stronger as compared to long columns as they might fail in buckling
 A failure in buckling in not preferred as the columns stops taking any further load before
reaching its maximum limit of load bearing.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

SAMPLE SPECIFICATION:
Column dimensions are 100 mm × 100 mm × 450 mm
Slenderness ratio
𝑘𝐿𝑢
= 15.58 < 22
𝑟
Hence, it is a short column.
 Sample # 1
No reinforcement provided

100mmX100mm

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

 Sample # 2
Reinforced with 4#10 longitudinal bars

4#10

 Sample # 3

Reinforced with 4#10 longitudinal bars and #6 bars at 75 mm c/c of ties

4 # 10 bars
# 6 @ 75 mm c/c

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

 Sample # 4
Reinforced with 4#13 bars longitudinal bars and #6 bars at 75 mm c/c of ties

4 # 13 bars
# 6 @ 100 mm c/c

PROCEDURE:
 Prepare the concrete mix using different suitable ingredients in concrete mixer.
 Place the reinforcement setup in the mold
 After placing and adjusting the reinforcement, concrete is poured into the molds. After
placing the concrete, compaction is done with the help of mechanical vibrator.
 Level the surface after placing and compacting the concrete and remove the extra concrete
from the top.
 Keep the molds in safe area and open the molds after 24 hours and kept in curing.
 After 28 days, samples are taken out for testing.
 Capping should be done before performing the test so that a level surface should be achieved.
 Load value from compression testing machine is note down.

MEASUREMENTS:
Nominal Strengths:
f’c for concrete is 21 MPa and fy for steel 420 MPa
 Without Reinforcement
Pn = 0.85 × f′c × Ag

 With Reinforcement

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Pn = 0.85 × f ′ c × (Ag − Ast) + fy × Ast

Calculations:
1. PN = 0.85 fc ′ Ag
= 0.85 ∗ 21 ∗ (100 ∗ 100) = 178.5 KN

2. PN = 0.85 fc′ (Ag − Ast ) + fy Ast

= 0.85 ∗ 21 ∗ (10000 − 4 ∗ 71) + 420 ∗ 4 ∗ 71
= 292.71 KN

3. PN = 292.71 KN

4. PN = 0.85 fc′ (Ag − Ast ) + fy Ast

Table of Calculations

Actual Capacity Nominal Capacity %age

Sample # (kN) (kN) Difference
1

CONCLUSIONS:
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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Remarks:

Applications:

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

Design Experiment – 2:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF R.C BEAMS IN
FLEXURE AND SHEAR

PURPOSE:
Followings are the main objective of performing the experiments
 To study the mode of failure of the Reinforced Concrete Beam in flexure and shear

EQUIPMENTS:
 Weighing Balance
 Molds for Beam
 Concrete Mixer
 Compression Testing Machin

SAMPLE SPECIFICATION:
Beam dimensions are 4 in × 6 in × 42 in
 Sample # 1

2#3
#2@4’’ c/c

2#3
Sample-1: 4x6 in x in

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

 Sample # 2

2#3
#2 on Edges

2#4
Sample-2: 4x6 in x in

 Sample # 3

2#3
#2@8” c/c

2#4
Sample-3: 4x6 in x in

PROCEDURE:
 Prepare the concrete mix using different suitable ingredients in concrete mixer.
 Place the reinforcement setup in the mold
 After placing and adjusting the reinforcement, concrete is poured into the molds. After
placing the concrete, compaction is done with the help of mechanical vibrator.
 Level the surface after placing and compacting the concrete and remove the extra concrete
from the top.
 Keep the molds in safe area and open the molds after 24 hours and kept in curing.
 After 28 days, samples are taken out for testing.
 Capping should be done before performing the test so that a level surface should be achieved.
 Load value from compression testing machine is note down.

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 Plain and Reinforced Concrete II

MEASUREMENTS:
Calculations:
Table of Calculations

Actual Capacity Nominal Capacity %age

Sample # (kN) (kN) Difference
1

CONCLUSIONS:
Remarks:

Applications:

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