Fundamentals of

Computer
Unit II
 Input Devices
⦿ Keyboard
⦿ Mouse
⦿ Joy Stick
⦿ Scanner
⦿ Graphic Tablet
⦿ Microphone
⦿ MICR (Magnetic Ink Card Reader)
⦿ OCR (Optical Character Reader)
⦿ OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
⦿ Webcam
⦿ Digital Camera
 Keyboard

⦿ Keyboard is the most common and very

popular input device which helps to
input data to the computer. The layout
of the keyboard is like that of traditional
typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for performing
additional functions.
 Types of Keyboards

⦿ There can be different types of

keyboards based on the region and
language used. Some of the common
types of keyboards are as follows:
⦿ QWERTY Keyboard
⦿ AZERTY Keyboard
⦿ DVORAK keyboard
 QWERTY Keyboard

⦿ It is the most commonly used keyboard

with computers in modern times. It is
named after the first six letters of the top
row of buttons and is even popular in
countries that do not use Latin-based
alphabet. It is so popular that some
people think that it is the only type of
keyboard to use with computers as an
input device.
 AZERTY Keyboard

⦿ It is considered the standard French

keyboard. It is developed in France as
an alternative layout to the QWERTY
layout and is mainly used in France and
other European countries. Some
countries have manufactured their own
versions of AZERTY.
 DVORAK Keyboard

⦿ This type of keyboard layout was

developed to increase the typing speed
by reducing the finger movement while
typing. The most frequently used letters
are kept in a home row to improve
typing.
 Mouse
⦿ Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a
very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base,
which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when
the mouse buttons are pressed.
⦿ Generally, it has two buttons called the left and
the right button and a wheel is present between
the buttons. A mouse can be used to control
the position of the cursor on the screen, but it
cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
 Joystick

⦿ Joystick is also a pointing device, which

is used to move the cursor position on a
monitor screen. It is a stick having a
spherical ball at its both lower and upper
ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket. The joystick can be moved in all
four directions.
 Light pen

⦿ Light pen is a pointing device similar to a

pen. It is used to select a displayed
menu item or draw pictures on the
monitor screen. It consists of a photocell
and an optical system placed in a small
tube.
 Scanner

⦿ The scanner uses the pictures and pages

of text as input. It scans the picture or a
document. The scanned picture or
document then converted into a digital
format or file and is displayed on the
screen as an output.
⦿ Types of Scanner
› Flatbed Scanner
› Handheld Scanner
 Magnetic Ink Card Reader

⦿ MICR input device is generally used in

banks as there are large number of
cheques to be processed every day. The
bank's code number and cheque
number are printed on the cheques with
a special type of ink that contains
particles of magnetic material that are
machine readable.
 Optical Character Reader

⦿ OCR is an input device used to read a

printed text.
⦿ OCR scans the text optically, character
by character, converts them into a
machine readable code, and stores the
text on the system memory.
 Bar Code Reader

⦿ Bar Code Reader is a device used for

reading bar coded data (data in the
form of light and dark lines). Bar coded
data is generally used in labelling goods,
numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be
embedded in a stationary scanner.
 Optical Mark Reader

⦿ OMR is a special type of optical scanner

used to recognize the type of mark
made by pen or pencil. It is used where
one out of a few alternatives is to be
selected and marked.
 Output Devices

⦿ Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc)

⦿ Printers
⦿ Plotters
⦿ Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
⦿ Speaker
⦿ Visual Display Unit
⦿ Film Recorder
Cathode Ray Tube
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
 Printers

⦿ Laser Printer
⦿ Solid Link Printers
⦿ LED Printers
⦿ Inkjet Printers
⦿ Dot Matrix
⦿ A3 Printers
⦿ 3D Printers
 Laser Printer

⦿ The laser printer was developed by Xerox

in the 1960s when the idea of using a
laser to draw images onto a copier drum
was first considered. Laser printers are still
widely used in large offices as they are
traditionally more efficient than inkjet
printers.
Advantages Disadvantage
⦿ More cost effective ⦿ May require short
than inkjet printers ‘warm-up times’
⦿ Increases productivity ⦿ Larger footprint
⦿ High print speed ⦿ High voltage usage
⦿ Higher paper leads to small carbon
capacity emissions
⦿ Often expandable
with Paper Trays,
finishers etc.
⦿ Grows with your
business
 LED Printers

⦿ LED printers are similar to laser printers

but use a light emitting diode rather than
a laser to create images on the print
drum or belt. Due to their fewer moving
parts – LED printers are often considered
more efficient and reliable than laser
printers. Our most popular LED printers
are produced by OKI.
 Advantage

⦿ Reliable and efficient

⦿ Cheaper to manufacture than laser
printers
⦿ Often include free warranty extensions
 Inkjet Printer

⦿ Inkjet printers are one of the most

common types of printer used in both
professional and domestic settings.
Developed in the 1950s, inkjet printing
technology is still hugely popular today
due to its numerous advantages and
minimal drawbacks.
Advantages Disadvantages
⦿ Capable of ⦿ High running costs
producing (Cost per page)
photo-realistic prints ⦿ Slow print speeds
⦿ Practically no ⦿ Sometimes produce
warm-up time erroneous empty
⦿ Small footprint cartridge warnings
⦿ Prone to clogging
⦿ Wet prints
 Dot Matrix

⦿ Dot matrix printers are the oldest

established type of printers still available
on the market. Images and text are
drawn out in tiny dots when a print head
strikes an ink-soaked cloth against the
paper in the required pattern or
formation.
 Advantages

⦿ Low initial unit costs

⦿ Low running costs
⦿ Low maintenance cost
⦿ Able to perform in hot and dirty
conditions
 A3

⦿ Capable of printing on A3 sheets, A3

printers are well-suited to business and
domestic settings which require larger
scale prints. A3 printers often have
options produce other sized prints and
have numerous input trays, simplifying
the process. They’re also available with
both laser and inkjet technology.
 3D Printer

⦿ One of the most exciting developments

in printing technology history, 3D printing
is becoming more affordable for
professional and domestic users. Modern
3D printers are capable of producing 3D
objects and items using high quality resin.
 Video Standard ( VGA,
SVGA, XGA )
⦿ There are a variety of video standards
that define the resolution and colors for
displays.
⦿ Support for a graphics standard is
determined both by the monitor and by
the video adapter. The monitor must be
able to show the resolution and colors
defined by the standard, and the video
adapter must be capable of transmitting
the appropriate signals to the monitor.
 VGA (Video Graphics Array)

⦿ Video Graphics Array is a graphics

standard for video display controller first
introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of
computers in 1987, following CGA and
EGA introduced in earlier IBM personal
computers
 SVGA (Super Video Graphics
Array)
⦿ Super Video Graphics Array or Ultra
Video Graphics Array, almost always
abbreviated to Super VGA, Ultra VGA or
just SVGA or UVGA is a broad term that
covers a wide range of computer
display standards.
 XGA (Extended Graphics
Array)
⦿ XGA (Extended Graphics Array) is a
high-resolution video display mode that
provides screen pixel resolution of 1,024
by 768 in 256 colors or 640 by 480 in high
(16-bit) color
 Storage Fundamentals

⦿ In this you will learn about

› Memory concepts
› Types of memory
 The Memory

⦿ Memory simply, means to store

something.
⦿ just like a human brain can store each
and everything as same computer
system needs a memory to store data,
instructions .
⦿ A computer memory plays an very
important role in a system, because of
memory a system processed and transfer
the instructions.
⦿ A computer memory divided into some
small parts known as cells, every cells
have an unique address to access the
data for manuplaction.
 Types of Memory

⦿ Cache Memory
⦿ Primary Memory (Main memory)
› RAM (Random Access Memory)
› ROM(Read only Memory)
⦿ Secondary Memory
 Cache Memory

⦿ Cache memory used to speed up the

processing of CPU.
⦿ In the simplest way you can says that
cache memory used as buffered
memory between CPU and main
memory.
⦿ It’s used to store the data which are
frequently used .
 Primary Memory

⦿ Primary memory holds only those data

and instructions on which the computer
is currently working. It has a limited
capacity and data is lost when power is
switched off.
⦿ Primary Memory divvied into two parts
› RAM
› ROM
 Secondary Memory

⦿ As you read above sides that the

memory are used to store data
permanently.
⦿ Just to implement this concept the terms
as secondary memory is used.
⦿ The speed of secondary memory is
slower then main memory.
⦿ To access the data from secondary
memory you needs some kinds of
buses(I/O routines or wires).