GIFT OF

n
lA
 ELEMENTS
OP V

SYRIAC GRAMMAR
BY AN^

INDUCTIVE METHOD

BT

EGBERT DICK WILSON, Ph.D.

PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE WESTERN
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ALLEGHENY, PA.

NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1891
 Copyright, 1891, by

ROBERT DICK WILSON.

W^ '

>• • •.«
:

1 * «•• •

Presa of J. J. Little & Co.

Astor Place, New York
 TO

PKOFESSOK EDUARD SACHAU,

WHO HAS DOi^E SO MUCH FOR THE PROMOTION
OF SEMITIC STUDIES,

THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED

BY ONE OF HIS AMERICAN STUDENTS
 PKEFACE.

This Syriac grammar was undertaken six years ago at the

suggestion of Professor W. E. Harper, Ph.D. It is designed to
do in a measure for the Syriac language that which Professor
Harper's text-books have done for the Hebrew. In the orthogra-
phy and etymology the author has sought to draw his illustrative
examples, as far as possible, from the chrestomathy published in
his Makual of Syriac. These are denoted by the page and
line upon which they occur thus, 2. 2. after an example shows
;

that it is found on page 2, line 2, of the Manual. References to

the Bible are to the Peshito versionwhen not otherwise indicated.
In the syntax, the author has aimed to give two examples, at
least, on which to base every rule, statement, or remark. It was
his object to adduce one of these examples from the Peshito ver-
sion and the other from some native classical source. It will be
noted that Joshua the Stylite, in the edition of Professor W.
Wright, Addai the Apostle, by Professor George Phillips, D.D.,
and the Spicilegium Syriacum, by W. Cureton, have been more
frequently cited than any other original authorities. The reason
for this was that they are all accessible to American or English
students who may make use of the grammar. Indeed, it has been
the author^s hope that students, after they had mastered the
Man'ual, would secure Joshua the Stylite, Addai the Apostle,
and the Spicilegium Syriacum (the last of which was a text-book
at Berlin some years ago), and continue their studies by reading
these books in the unpointed text in which they have been pub-
lished. The simplicity of the first, the intrinsic interest of the
second, which centres around Abgar^s letter to the Christ, and
the variety of style and literature of the third, give wings to the
student's zeal and further his rapid progress while making him
unconscious of the labor of acquisition.
Thanks for aid in preparing the manuscript of this work are
Vi PEEFACE.

due to Mrs. Ella Wilson Stewart, A.B. (Vassar), and to the Rev.

W. 0. Elterich, A.M.
The author has received inestimable assistance in regard to rules
and examples from the grammars of Hoffmann, Hoffmann-Merx,
Uhlemann, Phillips, Martin, and Agrell, but especially from those
of Duval and J^oldeke, though he has throughout conscientiously
worked up his material according to his own plan, and has
enriched the store of illustrations by hundreds of new citations.
The rules have been based upon the examples given, and it is
hoped by the author that they are not merely more numerous, but
better classified and more clearly defined than has ever before been
accomplished in English.
The examples have been taken from accessible sources, denoted
by the page and line, or by section, so that they can be readily
confirmed. In the syntax, when the examples could not be veri-
fied, the grammar from which they have been taken has been

noted.
The hope that this grammar would be a means of furthering
the study of Syriac by American students, and of throwing fresh
light upon the Sacred Scriptures, has encouraged the author, and,
as he thinks, justified him in the publishing of this book.
The plates for the first sixty pages were made by Messrs. Tuttle,
Moorhouse & Taylor, of Xew Haven, Conn. those for the remainder
;

by the firm of W. Drugulin, of Leipsic, Germany.

For convenience of cross reference, the order and arrangement
of Professor Harper's "Elements" and '^Syntax" have been fol-
lowed as closely as practicable. Those who wish to compare the
Syriac with the Hebrew can readily find where the two languages
agree and differ by following the index of this volume (upon which
much time and care have been expended in the effort to make it a
full and accurate guide to the contents), and by comparing it with
the indexes of Harper's or other Hebrew grammars.
In the citations, the following abbreviations occur :

A. A. or Ad. Ap. = Addai the Apostle ;

J. S. or Jos. Sty. = Joshua the Stylite ;

Spic. Syr. — Spicilegium Syriacum ;

Aphr. = Aphraates, by Professor W. Wright ;

Overbeck = S. Ephraemi Syri aliorumque oi^era selecta, by J. J. Overbeck.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Part First— Orthography. 37. Demonstrative Pronouns.
1. The Alphabet. 38. Relative and Possessive Pronouns.
2. Signs with two Sounds. 39. The Interrogative Pronouns.
3. Pronunciation of Certain Signs. 40. The Strong Verb.
4. Peculiarities of Form of Letters. 41. Verb Stems.
5. Classification of Letters. 42. General View of the Verb Stems.
6. Vowel Signs. 43. The P«'al Perfect.
7. Vowel Sounds. 44. The Remaining Perfects.
8. Diphthongs. 45. The P«'al Imperfect.
9. Unvowelled Consonants. 46. P«'al Imperfects in A and E.
10. Rukhokh and Kushoy. 47. The Remaining Imperfects.
11. Linea Occultans. 48. The Imperative.
12. Mehagyono and Marhetono. 49. The Infinitives.
13. Rebbuy. 50. The Participles.
14. Accent. 51. The Verb with Suffixes.
15. The Accents. 52. Guttural Verbs.
16. Syllables. 53. Pe Nun Verbs.
17. Kinds of Syllables. 54. t^ Verbs.
18. Assimilation. 55. Pe Olaph Verbs.
19. Occultation. 56. t Olaph Verbs.
20. Addition. 57. Lomadh Olaph Guttural Verbs.
21. Transposition. 58. Pe Yudh Verbs.
22. Permutation. 59. fi Wau Verbs.
23. Rejection. 60. Lomadh Olaph Verbs.
24. Otiose Letters. 61. Lomadh Olaph Verbs with Suf-
25. Quiescence. fixes.

26. Peculiarities of Gutturals. 62. Doubly Weak Verbs.

27. Peculiarities of Wau and Yudh. 63. Quadriliterals.
28. Quantity of Vowels. 64. Anomalous and Defective Verbs.
29. Euphony of Vowels. 65. 'Ith and Layt.

30. Loss of Vowels. 66. Inflection and Classification of

31. The Half-Vowel. Nouns.
33. Shifting of Vowels. 67. Nouns with one Short Vowel.
33. New Vowels. 68. Nouns with two Short Vowels.
69. Nouns with one Short and one
Part Second — Etymology. Long Vowel.
34. Inseparable Particles. 70. Nouns with one Long and one
35. Personal Pronouns. Short Vowel.
36. Pronominal Suffixes. 71. Nouns with two Long Vowels.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

72. Nouns with the Second Radical 105. The Reflexive Pronoun.
Doubled. 106. The Possessive Pronoun.
73. Nouns with one or more Radicals 107. The Indefinite Pronoun.
Doubled. 108. Uses of Kul.
74. Nouns formed by Prefixes. 109. Uses of Medhem.
75. Nouns formed by Affixes. 110. Numerals.
76. Gender, Number, and State. 111. The Verb.
77. Nouns with SuflBxes. 112. The Perfect.
78. Declension. 113. The Imperfect.
79. First Declension of Masculines. 114. The Imperfect Cojitinued.
80. Second Declension of Masculines. 115. The Imperative.
81. Third Declension of Masculines. 116. The Participle Active.
82. First Declension of Feminines. 117. The Passive Participle.
83. Second Declension of Feminines. 1 1 8. Participles as Nouns.
84. Third Declension of Feminines. 119. The Infinitive Absolute.
85. Fourth Declension of Feminines. 120. The Infinitive Construct.
86. Anomalies of Gender and Number. 121. The Subject of the Verb.
87. Peculiar Anomalies of Nouns. 122. Impersonal Verbs.
88. The Numerals. 123. The Object of.the Verb.
89. The Particles. 124. The Verb with Indirect Object.
125. The Verb with two or more Ob
Part Third —Syntax. jects.

90. The Noun.

Collective 126. Passives, etc., with Objects.
91. Gender of Noun. 127. Uses of h'wo.
92. Number of Noun. 128. Usesof'/i'A.
93. Determination. 129. 'Hhidh and other Auxiliaries.
94. Apposition. 130. Verbal and Nominal Sentencea
95. The Nominative Absolute. 131. Simple Sentences.
96. The Genitive. 132. The Interrogative Sentence.
97. The Genitive with d. 133. Compound Sentences, Conjunc-
98. The Genitive with Prepositions. tive.
99. The Adjective. 134. Alternative and Adversative Sen-
100. Comparative and Superlative. tences.
101. The Personal Pronoun. 135. Complex Sentences.
102. The Demonstrative Pronoun. 136. Adjectival or Relative Sentences.
103. The Interrogative Pronoun. 137. Adverbial Clauses or Sentences.
104. The Relative Pronoun. 138. Conditional Sentences.
 (..ALtVvHi--^

ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC.
ALPHABET.

Jacobite.
o
1^ Remarks
2 1
h
:
Names

of the Signs.
t English Equivalent
G of the sound.
a>
11 1
1^ 6__ Jl
Olaph 1 V — r< 1 Spiritus lenis, h in "hour.

Beth WS w£l Si A a 2 h, bh.

Gomal
^ ^ — — -x •^ -\ 3 ff,ffh.

Dolath ?
r
.1 4 d,dh.

m (71
— —01. CO 5 hf always as in home.

Wau Oa — — o 6 w, as in wowwow.
Zain \V
— \ 7 z.

mth oM WUlk J^ ^^ O) 8 chj as in loch.

TBth ^ w^ 4 ^ \ 9 Emphatic t.

Yudh ^ s« » - •* 10 y, as in your.

Koph t t A a vy^ 20 k or kh, as in workhouse.

Lomadh ^. V i^ ^ A 30 I

Mim >o >a ^ la >>» 40 m.

Mn V ^ J 1 .^ 50 n.

Semhath sJS w£a £9 tt 00 60 s.

•^ ^ ^ !^ ^ J^ 70 Peculiar guttural.

Pg wS wA a a ^ 80 P,f'
^odhe
vi 5r
— — _sr
90 Like 88 in hiss.

Koph ^^ wA. A A ja 100 Guttural k.

Risch h
r
— 1 200 r.

Shin y^M> u^ ^ z 300 Always sh as in show.

Tau Z £u — ^ 400 f, th.

 —

2 '.'%•' EI^ME^^S: CjF SYRIAC.

2 1. The.SiirJatG'il^!^aJb^t'{s$eim^^l] Ras twenty-two consonantal signs

or letters. The first letter of the 'name o*f each sign represents its sound ;

e.g. ^-»-o "beth" is the name of the sign, "b" is its sound ;
joi "he" is the
name, "h" is the sound.

? 2. (1) (a) 1^^ 'aloho' God (1:1) ; M Wo' earth (1:1).

(b) See last syllable in examples under (1) (a).

(c) 5]|3? d'lo'yor (1 Cor. 9:26) ; lU^ mio-yo' (1 Cor. 10:26) ;

>c|i

ko-yem (Matt. 13:1) (R. >") "^U ; sho-yel (Matt. 5:42)

(R. ^U) ; "^t^ 'o-yel (Matt. 15:11) (R. '^).

(2) ^> I >

|
^ b'rishith (1:1); \^^^^ heshshukho' (1:2) ;
oi«^o <no^

tuh w'bhuh (1:1) ; ^\ 'ap-pay (1:2).

Some signs stand for two or more sounds.

(1) I (Olaph) is generally
(a) a soft breathing, like Ji in "hour," or

(b) quiescent in a preceding vowel ; but sometimes it is

(c) pronounced as Yudh, e. g. when preceded or followed by another

Olaph, and in the active participle of verbs which have the *

middle radical Wau, Olaph, or doubled.

(2) ^^ ^ ? ^ *-s ^ with a point under them are aspirated ; with a

point above them they are unaspirated. See § 9.

§3. o^ hu (21:5); ^c^i-J^ Phun (21:5); U^ pes-ho'.(21:8) ; ovlo5

ru-heh (1:2); Y^ \ ^^ mash-lem (21:2); ]Lh\ 'ar-'o' (1:1).

It is to be noted that oi is always pronounced like h in "home;"

^*» (h), like ch in " loch," or German ch in "Rache ;" ^^ (sh), like sh in
"show ;" and that '^ is "produced by a smart compression of the upper
part of the windpipe and forcible emission of the breath."

I 4. 1. 01^ kulleh (5:9) ; t-[ akh (2:18) ;

1^^ 'aloho' (1:1) ; ^ 'al (1:2);

U^^^ sh'mayo' (1:1); >cu^ Vim (5:9); ]e<^ nehwe' (1:3); ^

men (1:8) ; ^ 'al (1:2) ; '^^? didha' (5:14).
 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. S

2. (1) li? d'lo' (5:9) ; i-^N^ lagh'lilo' (24:5).

(2) 1^(1:1); a^ (23:14).

(3) ^U (14:4).

3. (1) N1 (23:12); ^'1(3:5).

(2) ^l (23:1) ;
^all. (23:2).

(3) cA (23:7); ^1^(30:1).

(4) anijo (24:2) ; oil (24:12).

(5) '^ai- (23:8) ; -oio-Z^] (24:1).

(6) \il (24:16) ;

al^o (24:16) ; ^ll (24:17) ;
-^^ (24:9).
4. M (1:1); i-^?(l:4); ji (1:6); 1^ (1:1);" ^coi (1:1); oiaic

(1:2); ]>-o(l:3); 1^^(1:13); 1^1(1:5); ^^^^ (1:6) ; 1^(1:1);

M(l:l); ^(1:1); <JioZ (1:1).

1. The five letters, Koph, Lomadli, Mim, Nun, and 'L, have peculiar
forms at the end of words.
2. Lomadh before Olaph is perpendicular, like the latter, (1). Initial

Olaph follows the slant of a succeeding Lomadh, (2) ; but medial Olaph
remains perpendicular, (3). A medial Lomadh before a final Lomadh is

written as in 'Ci^ (Matt. 9:33).

3. To be carefully distinguished are,

(1) Olaph, ] , and Zain, } ;

(2) Beth, ^ , and Koph, ^ ;

(3) Dolath, ? , and Rish, h

;

(4) Wau, o , and Koph, ^

(Wau can be joined only to a letter
which precedes, but Koph to a letter preceding or following);
(5) Yudh, ^ , and Shin, ^^ ; and
(6) Lomadh, ^ , and *E, *^ , since they differ as to size only.
4. Olaph, Dolath, He, "VYau, Zain, Sodhe, Rish, and Tau may be
connected with the letter which precedes, but not with the letter which
follows. The forms of Dolath (? or r), Rish (' or r), and Tau (^ or ^) are
somewhat dissimilar in the two cases.
'

5. 1 , ^ and,
o are called vowel letters.

1 , 01 ,
^^ ,
and '^ are called gutturals.
4 ELE3IEJsTS OF SYRIAC. [il 5, (i.

§ 5. Classification of Letters.

1.

Labials, wc o >c ws

Dentals or "^
1
"" ^i
Sibilants, f

Linguals, ? w^ ^'^ ^ ^
Palatals, w^ s* ws wo
'^
Gutturals, ] oi >--.

Linguo-dental, '

2.

Vowel letters, I © ^
1. According to their organic formation, consonants are classified

as (1) Labials, (2) Dentals or Sibilants, (3) Linguals, (4) Palatals, (5)

Gutturals, (6) Linguo-dentals.

2. The letters 1 , ® , and »• were often used b}' the Syrians to
express the long vowel sounds and diphthongs ; and hence, they are
trailed vowel-letters.

§ 6. A'owel Signs.

1. The vowel signs in use among the Jacobites, or Occidental

Syrians, are the Greek letters Alpha, Epsilon, Eta, Omikron, and
Upsilon, turned half over. They were introduced about 700 A. D., and
represent the pronunciation of the Syriac at that time. They are y (a)
Pethoho, p (o) Zekofo, • (e) Rebhoso, - (i) Hebhoso, * (u) 'Esoso.

[iVb^e.— The Nestorians used a different system of vowel points.

~ (a) Pethaha, e. g. ^^o (Ps. 1:2).

^(a)Zekafa,>aiy (Ps. 1:1).

— (e, i) Rebhasa arriha, >f^oi (Ps. 1:1).

— (e) Rebhasa karya, ^3»- (Ps. 1:3).

— (i) Hebhasa, |i-? (Ps. 1:5).

o (u, u) 'Esasa allisa, U©' (Ps. 1:4).

o (o, 6) 'Esasa rewiha jijilai (Ps. 1:2).

The later Jacobites combined the points with the Greek letter system.
Among the Nestorians, — (Zekafa) was pronounced like a ia "father
;"
 "

i 6,] ELE]ytENTS OF SYRIAC. 6

among the Jacobites, its equivalent — was pronounced like o in " note."
The Jacobite Rebhoso and 'Esoso were separated into two signs and
sounds among the Nestorians.]

2. The names of the vowels are of Syriac origin, and are derived
from the position taken by the lips and teeth in their pronunciation.
Pethoho means opening, the mouth being wide open when it is pro-
nounced ; Zekofo means raising; 'Esoso, narrowing; Rebhoso, com-
pression; and Hebhoso, depression.

3. (1) 1^ 'aloho (1:1) ; U^ sh^mayo (1:1) ; M 'arV (1:1).

(2) |Iq-^ heshshukho (l:2)j U*^^ pesho (23:8); ^ men

(23:19); ^^^ hoyden (24:2); r^ Ser (24:3); ]^ 'one

(24:4) ; ]^i^ 'erbe (24:4).

(3) L^l^ b^rishith (1:1); --^ li (23:2); i^^? diyathiki

(23:18); oi^l^? d^bhidheh (23:13); oi--*o? ruheh (1:2);

^CL^ kulPkhun (23:18).

(1) Pethoho was pronounced like a in "hat;"

Zekofo, like o in "note."
(2) Rebhoso was pronounced like e in " met." When followed
by Yudh, like ey in " they
;
it was pronounced " as, also

when followed by Olaph.

(3) Hebhoso was pronounced like i in " machine ;

'Esoso, like oo in "foot" or " fool."

4. r^?
A
(23:8) ;
vL.o
4
(23:17) ; U^
^
(23:1) ; U^ la
(23:7) ; >al2ui^
*

(23:13); ji^r:^ (24:4) ; I ^W^? (Rom. 8:2) ; ain^[(23:2); <^o^

(1:2); o^ (23:5).

All the vowels except 'Esoso may be written either above or below the line.

5. (1) MZ (Acts 23:20); \^ (23:3); ^? (23:5); ^^ (23:2);

en (23:5).

(2) lIcuL: (1:2); jll:^ (1:5); V^ (2:11); V-l-.:^ (17:4);

jj^oi (17:14) J
ail^o^j^ (J. S. 11:19) ; 1^ (1:1).
6 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [| 6,

Vowels may be written, (1) fully, i. e. with a homogeneous consonant,

or (2) defectively.
'Esoso is always written fully, except in '^ all and '^^^^-^iso on account
of; and sometimes it is written fully even in these instances.

Remark. —The homogeneous consonants, or vcrwel-letters [I 4. 5), are

] ,
o , and >* .

(1) Olaph was written for a final 6 (coming from a final a, which it still

is among the Nestorians) or e (also for i derived from e, e. g. P among

the Jacobites is ni).

(2) Olaph was written also for a medial a (or 6), e (or f), e. g. ^\-^ Peran
(Jacobite, Piran), rr^i^ sonin (Jacobite, sanin) (J. S. 18:5).
(3) Olapli was written for a final a, and sometimes for a medial a, in
Greek words, e. g. l-^i^»a^®? Soynara.

(4) Yudh was written for i, and sometimes for*medial e, e. g. > ** ^ =

bish, ^—•? = den.
(5) Yudh was written for the diphthong a% e. g. ]^---s baito.

(6) "VVau was written everywhere for u (except in '^ and ^^^i>-^) and
also for Nestorian o.

(7) Wau was also written for the diphthong au [aw)^ e. g. «^ lau.

(8) ^1 was found for i (e) ; «-• for iu or eu, e. g. ^--I^ == kin (Mt. 1:19),
i^^A Ethh'niu (J. S. 3:11), w>gi n » NSn i 1 n'shamleu (J. S. 30:1).

(9) « stands for long o in the exclamation ©10/ (J! S. 20:17), but c]

(J. S. 2:10) = o] or.

6. (1) l-ai:^ (J. S. 7:11) = U^ = \^^^^ counsel;

king; l^^-^^

1^1 = ]^f Ji-, (J. s. 6:4) = ^-?

J
c<^ (J. S. 8:16) = o^ ;
;

oax (J. S. 9:5) = c^

?^ (J. S, 23:20) = ?^ r-^=-^ (J. S.
.
;

23:21) = r^ ^^ (J. S. 4:11) = |ii^ ^r-^ (J. S.

; ;

3:19) = ^r^ •

(2) Ir^ (J. S. 9:19) = 1^ ("r^ (J. S. 2:11) = <^l^ Ir^ ; ;

(S. S. 28:16) = 1^ = (or ^)

; ^ ^ (or ^) = ; ^
^ ; ^^ (J. S. 8:3) = ^^ (J. S. 6:5) = ;
^o-Jcr, ^ajfji
;

l^-a^ (J. S. 9:4) = \^c1d \^aj^ (J. S. 6:11) = \^eu^

;
^« ;

(J. S. 6:9) = -»^ ^01 (J. S. 3:22) = ^oi

; .
 — ;

^ 7.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 7

(3) crijA (J. S. 2:11) = oiyA ;

^^-= (J. S. 4:18) = ^^ ;

i:.fll.i^] (J. S. 10:2) = L^JaJ^L-^] ; ^-.^^ (S. S. 1:15) =

^-^^ thou art willing; ^^-^^^ (J. S. 1:9) = ^^^^^ ;
^^^^^ =
L^^(cf.^}^ J.S.2:17); .^r^ (J. S.l:2) ; :<ir^ ;
^^
(J. 8.1:1) = ^^^^^^.
(1) In many manuscripts and books tlie vowels and forms are denoted
by a syst^em of diacritical points. See, for example, Joshua the Stylite,

and the Spicilegium Syriacum.

(2) In general, it may be said that the point above a letter stands
[a) for a as distinguished from e, i, u, or the half-vowel

(5) for 6 (a) as distinguished from all other vowels.

(3) Sometimes words have two points, both serving to diflFerentiate the

form ; e. g. the 1st sing, has a point above, the 2d sing, a point below the
line ; but the 3d fem. sing, has a point above and one below.

Remark. —Many manuscripts vary their pointings ; e. g. in Joshua the

Stylite (18:9, ct al.), we have >a^ = y=^ , because the Pe'al is usually
marked in this way ; whereas, elsewhere, the point is placed above, to
denote the same form.

§ 7. Classification of Vowel Sounds.

1. (1)^1(1:2); ^1(1:2);

^(1:8); '^^^Vi (1:13). • ^

],'oiQj (1:5); jiil^al (2:6).

(2) ^(1:1); -i=oi(l:l); 1h= (1:11).

2^ (1:7) ;
^^4 (1:9) ; U^ (22:1).

2uL^,' (1:1) ;
iILlm. (2:11) ; W (2:16).

|Ia-Lu(l:2); a^ch {1:2) ;

c^ (22:5).

(3) lU b'ro' (1:1) ; U^ sh'mayo (1:1).

1. As to quantity vowels are

(1) Short, y . o^
(2) Long, p ]— ^^ .^ o±.

(3) Half, not written, but pronounced like e in " below."

 — : —

h ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [g 7.

V x ^ b,

2. (1) V^^ ;
Vi^Lj ;
w^Oy-0 JioUness; ^a-*' heloved.

(2) 'M^ (M^); \^ icing; {1^^ 1:2).

(3) ^^-^ (1:7) ; r^ f?/e (U-*^) ; 1^? judgment ; l^oh (1:1) ; vjsoo

(^aiff Nestorian) end (Isaic) ; >oa-QJ /^e ^/la?? s^cr^itZ (>coij3J).

(4) ^^ thousand; -^1 (24:14); l^ (24:5); ^H (6:11); Pl^

or JJl-i^is s«are; wcoi-. (Ps. 1:3).

2. As to origin, vowels are

(1) Pure, a [a], (i), i, ii, u.

(2) Obscured, o (a), e, (o).

(3) Contracted, e, i, (6) u.

(4) Heightened, o (a) e, i.

Note. — The letter in brackets is no longer found ; the letters in paren-

theses are found in the Nestorian, but not in the Jacobite, or West
Syriac. The Nestorians pronounced -^ (Rebhasa arriha) sometimes as e,

sometimes as i.

3. (1) s^ , but |I^ king; V^^ he killed, but ^^^ she killed;
^ P b- 7 7 7
^^Cr° , but l-*'?3-o holiness; b'^^n , hut ^^a!i^ queen.
P7 P0 7 7 P
(2) [a] ^*^1 , l-«-sl pure ; >a^ he stood, ^*iiax) she stood,

^ P 7 X p 7
{h) wsar ,
l^aio eiid; t-^ , U-^ eye.

(c) ''^^'\ pure ; h^^^ wasp.

Pi P X
{d) I'U* from her TO free; \^]^ from happo violence.

3. As to yalue in inflection, vowels are

(1) Changeahle, to wit : all half-vowels and all short vowels not in
sharpened syllables, and heightened vowels.
(2) Unchangeahle, to wit
(a) Vowels long by nature or contraction, except (6), those
derived from diphthongs.
(c) Short vowels in sharpened syllables, with a few excep-
tions {d).
 —

12 8, 9.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 9

§ 8. Diphthongs.

1. (1) ]LqL (1:6) ; ^cnc^.^.Q^.i (23:7).

(2) v^oioL^I (6:13) ; ^axzli^] (24:1) ; ^oiallcf (26:7).

(3) ^cno-J^.^^ (Mt. 21:38) ; cJlosJo (25:10).

2. (1) vJL^f (1:2); ^o^LL::! (25:1) ; ^1|?(25:9).

(2) ^jLii^(6:5); ^J-c^ (25:12); -t^ (25:9).

(3) sAor:? s/^7i of plural.

"Waw and Yudh at the end of a syllable, after a heterogeneous vowel,

form diphthongs. We have
1. (1) Waw after a, pronounced like ow in "how."

(2) c-» pronounced e-oo, or like Italian eu in "eufonia."

(3) <=-* , like ew in " mew."

2. (1) -^ , like the English adverb "ay.''

^''- like owiin "owing."

(2) ,

(3) ^®-^ , like uoy in " buoy," when you give the o the sound of o in
14 J_ »J
'do.'

§ 9. Unvowelled Consonants.

1. I^'f 'ar-'o' (1:1) ; h^=^ nuh-ro' (1:3) ; i-^? ram-sho' (1:5).

2. B-'rishith b-'rc' sh^mnyo' w^yoth (1:1).

3. ^^o (1:4); H^o (1:7); I^W, (1:7).

Note. — \^'^r** joy ]^^^^^^ ways ; ; \^'^i^:>^=^ wisdom ; l^i^ God.

In Syriac there is no sign to show that a consonant is without a vowel,

or that it is to be pronounced with a quickly uttered e sound, or half-
vowel. We have the facts, however, without the sign. See 1, 2.

3. The phenomena denoted in Hebrew by medial Sh^wa occurred in

Syriac also.
Note. — Consonants sometimes take a helping vowel. See § 32.
 — ,
;

10 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [2 10, 11.

? 10. Orthographic Signs. Rukhokh and Kushoj-.

1. (1) Iu.l-i(l:l); 2l(l:l); |Iall(l:2); r^ (1:6).

(2)oiaio(l:2); ji^^o (1:7) ; ovii:^ (1:13) ;

|I-*^ (1:2).

(3) H^I? ]?<nal:^(l:4); i^^^:^ |i-.-c9 (1:6).

2.(1)1^^(1:1); oioZ(l:l); l!^?(l:2); ^olli^ (1:10) ; H m S

(1:12) ; c^ (2:12) ; 1^^ (2:13).

(2) ^] (1:2) ;
\Ij^ (1:10) ovl^ ; (3:12) ; ^2^2^ (5:15)

]U^ (25:6).

(3) >^f (2:18) ;

^sloL (5:15) ;
|^m(2:6); ouL^* -»i[(3:5).

(4) fi^l (24:10) ;

|ii4^ (24:17) ;
|Li^?(24:l); o-.^o (24:2).

1. Rukhokh {softening) is a point placed under the letters "-^ , ^, ?

^ ^ , , and ^ , to show that they are to be aspirated. It occurs when-

ever one of these letters is preceded either (1) by a full vowel, or (2) by a
half-vowel.

(3) It is to be noted, also, that these letters may be aspirated when

the word immediately preceding them ends in a vowel.

2. Kushoy {hardening) is a point above the letters ^^ , »-«^, ? ,

^ ,
^^

and -^ , to show that they are unaspirated. It occurs

(1) When the aspirates are not preceded by a vowel or half -vowel.
(2) When they are preceded by a full vowel and are doubled.

(3) After all diphthongs, except in ^1 •

p y
Note. — 1^-*-»« (3:8) and similar words are no exception, since the
Yudh is doubled, and we read hay-y'tho'.
(4) We have no sign to denote the doubling in any but the aspirate
letters. In many texts, it is omitted from them also.

§ 11. The Linea Occultans

1. ^Tulo (2:6); U^| (5:10) ;

^siolo^ (2:17) ; 1^^^(11:2).

2. |1j| (2:17); PI (6:5); M? (22:2); pH*i (26:15); iVl (26:19).

2 12.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 11

3. ^>^o? (21:7); c^]o (22:9); >^^ (22:11); -^oial^ (23:13);

a^ (23:16).
4 ?^o (Lk. 1:72) ;
^0901^2 (John 15:4) ;
rr-r-f^ (1 ^or. 11:2).

5. ^'^ (1 Tim. 6:11) ;

o^^^ (1 Cor. 14:1) ; ^r^ (Mt. 21:5).

i?.—V^^l (Acts 23:11) ; VdLi.] (Mt.21:21) ; ol^Li.] (Heb. 13:17).

A line, called the linea occultans, is put under certain letters to show
that, though written, they are not to be pronounced.

1. It occurs most commonly with an assimilated Nun or a silent He.

2. Olaph is when not preceded or followed by a vowel.
occult
3. Waw and Yudh are never marked by the linea occultans, even when
at the end of a word and not preceded by a vowel.
4. In '''^-^ to remember^ 'E receives the linea occultans to show that it

is to be pronounced like Olaph.

Y V
5. In ^'o» rwTi, and ^'t^ daughter of^ rish has the linea occultans.

Remarh. — In the Ethpe'el Imperative, a line occurs under the second

radical among the Jacobites and over it among the Nestorians. This line
has the force of Marhetono rather than of the Linea Occultans (cf. § 12.2).

§ X2. Mehagyono and Marhetono.

1. .alL.^[ (6:9) ; rr*'*"-!^ (2:3) ;
jL:^ wisdom (= \h:^^) ;
^clI^UJ

they shall ash (= ^aX|-iJ).

2. (1) l^i-— (2:15) ; «-^^ tliey have divided; 1^^^ six; ^£ua. sixty.

(2) ~rl> = U-i^ (Kirsch, " Chrest.," p. 134) ; ^ My (J. S. 21:20);

o] (J. S. 1:1) ;
c| (Kirsch, " Chrest.," p. 64:7).

1. Mehagyono isa sign placed under a letter to show that it is to be

pronounced with a short vowel.
2. (1) Marhetono is a line placed above a letter to show that it is to

be pronounced without a vowel.

(2) A diacritical line is used also to denote an abbreviation or a
number. On the © of the interjection c] we find either a line or the

Greek Omega, to distinguish it from c| or.

Remark. —For Marhetono with the Imv. Ethpe'el, see 1 11. Rem,
 : ;

12 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§§ 13.-15.

5 13, Sign of the plural.

2. l5li (1:13) ; 1^ (2:2) ; ]^p^ (24:4).

3. ^o^^iJLo (24:11) ;
^VZ? (1:9).

1. Two points, called Rebbuy, are placed horizontally over a word to

indicate that it is plural.

2. One of these points may coincide with the diacritical point of the
Rish.
3. Rebbuy may stand with the dual also.

f 14, Accent.

In modern Syriac, the accent is on the penult ; the place of the

accent in ancient Syriac is still in dispute. There follows a summary
based on Duval
1. The accent is generally on the penult.
2. The ultima receives it,

(a) In monosyllables.
{!)) When it is a closed syllable with a long vowel,
(c) When the first of two vowels is a helping vowel.
3. The antepenult never receives the accent, except when the sec-

ond vowel is a helping vowel.

/
i 15, The Accents.
An involved system of accents was used, especially for exegetical
purposes, in commentaries on the Scriptures. According to Ewald, they
were used, (1) to denote the relation of the parts of a chapter, (2) to

denote the divisions of the sentences, (3) to denote the grammatical rela-

tions between words, (4) to denote the sentiment, or rhetorical character-

istics of the sentence.
According to Bar Hebraeus, the number of the accents was forty.

In many manuscripts we have but two ; a single dot, like our period, for
short sentences, and four dots for longer. In the text of Walton's Poly-
glott, four dots are used for paragraphs, and one for shorter periods
while two are used to separate protasis and apodosis, dependent from
principal sentences, and often the minor parts of subordinate sentences.
Three dots are used to call special attention to w-hat precedes. See Gen.
l:5,7j and Matt. 24:30,38,43,47.
i^ 16, 17..] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 13

§ 16. Syllables.
7 7 0^.*
1. jau:^ 'a-lo-lio'(l:l); 1-^''^ sli«ina-yo'(l:l); i-aa-»-i.o -w^hesli-shu-

klio' (1:2).

2. M 'ar-'o' (1:1) ;
^c^i h-'woth (1:1) ; oulo^o (1:2).

Remarh 1. —1^^^ six; ^—-i^^ sixty ; ]^^^ covered ; ^*^^ three; ^^

7
here; '^^-^ they were foolish,

Remarh 2— ]L[\^:^)', wAiJ(l5:8); 1^^1(17:15); ^oL^i] (17:11).

1. A word lias as many syllables as it has full vowels. A balf-vowel

does not constitute a syllable.
2. Every syllable must begin with a consonant. It may begin with
two consonants, in which case the first takes a half-vowel.

Remarh 1. — In 1^^^ and -<—'^^-^ , and in later times in some other words,
there is no half -vowel ; e. g. 1^^ = shto'.

Remarh 2. —Words beginning with v^ quiescing in ^ are exceptions to

this rule. According to some, they are to be pronounced, as they are
sometimes written, with an Olaph before them. According to Bar
Hebrasus, j^^r* is pronounced "ida'tho"' by the Jacobites, and "yida'-
tha' " by the Nestorians.

3. iL-azI (15:7); » ^ -^ 1 (15:5); v>i[ (16:11); r^ji (16:15);

z:-.!^.? (1:7).

3. At the end of a syllable, two consonants may be pronounced, though

more may be written.

§ 17. Syllables.

1. llir(l:l); |Ii.4.(l:l); ]Lo^Z{l:2).

2. ^ (1:1) ; ^coi (1:1) ; hL^ (1:6).

3. llall (1:2) ; ^1 (1:2) ; r^ (1:4).

7 7 7 7 7 *^
^K
4. r-a-^o (1:7) ;
i^i^? (1:7) ; ^-^r^^ she made thee; ^o^i-iJ^^ he
U^ 7 7 7 7 P m
"'"^'^
hilled you; ^ '^
> your hings ; ]^'r^leper; l^ot^gold; V^ls
 ;

14 ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC. [§ 18.

P 7 !> 7 P 7
vying; \^ '^ I goodness ; \^'r^^ gospel ; ]^*isfl-*J breath; ]^-*»t-^

P l> 7
bird ; ]^-^t-^ tribes.

1. S3^11ables which end in a vowel are called open.

2. Syllables ending in a consonant are called closed.
3. A closed syllable whose last consonant is doubled is called sharpened.
4. A syllable ending in a short vowel followed by a consonant with a
half-vowel is called half-open.
Note. —The syllable is half-open, (a) in the 3d fem. sing. Perf. before

suffixes, (b) in the syllable before ^a^ and r^ when it does not end in a
diphthong, (c) in many nouns, especially before the feminine ending.

§ 18, Euphony of Consonants. Assimilation.

1. lLL^(R. |^:|) (24:1) ; l^^ brick (11:3).

^f(l:2); o^ it shone {'L\si.^'ll)\ -^ he shall keep [1,^.11:21) \

jli^ (3:17) ; J^* let shine (Mt. 5:16).

2. \^\ (5:5); M (6:10) ; 1^-^ (15:9).

3. ]^^ church; \^'^f^»^ new ; |^ « ^ "^

simj^le; ^^^ A Jie assented
7 7
' ^ * ^ ^1 he prepared.
7 7. ^ 7
Remark. — r^^A it was broJcen; ]^^90
P

and that which was like.

4. umS (Mt. 13:2) ; -^1 (Mt. 17:1).

1. At the end of a syllable, Nun is assimilated to the following conso-

nant, which is then doubled.
Note. — Before ai this assimilation does not take place.

2. The Nun is sometimes written, though not pronounced. When not

final, it then receives linea occultans.
3. "When Taw is preceded or followed by Dolath or Teth, the first lin-

gual is assimilated to the second, and written with or without the linea
occultans.
i?.—When one Taw or Dolath precedes another, both are unaspirated.
'"''^^
4. In the verb ^ to ascend^ where Semkath ends one syllable and
Lomadh begins another, the Lomadh is assimilated to the Semkath ; see
g 65. 8.
g 19.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 15

§ 19. Occultation.

1. (1) UJ[ (2:17) ; PI (14:5 22:14) ; ; PVI (14:1).

(2) va|J^ 'my enemy ; ^oijJLi: your enemy.

2. (1) a. Icoi v-aluo (3:17) ;

|coi >cu j-L. (5:9) ;
]coi j^oi on Ae was

a priest (Gren. 14:18).

5. ]oai ucail (25:7); ]ooi ji] (27:6).

(2) h^^ (6:7) ;

^^ (28:7) ;
oc^rilo (29:14).

h.7 7 h. 7 y
(3) ^010-1.1 (8:2); '^gi oNn 4 t. V (11:8); ^oia ^ \i \ i 1 (22:3);

^oiclL. (22:13).

(4) ^aiil^ (22:12); ocn|j| (22:15).

(5) jleo^j i?ome; l-^oi^s (Eph. 3:12).

3. Viiial (1:12) ;
liail (17:13) ; v^-^i^ (11:16).

4. r^i-^ ,^ * ^^X) t(je are hilling.

5. |Z^ (Mt. 18:17); U^ (^t. 9:17); i^j^:- (Mk. 16:17).

6. Iu-jf(6:10); i^^ll(5:9); 1%-^ (12:9); ^al.{UJ, (32:14).

|L<^ (Lk. 12:16) ;

^tf> (Acts 7:21) ;
a^'^ (1 Cor. 9:24).

7. o-^\Z (10:12) ;
a^?o (10:15) ; ^'t-^l -^^ (32:12).

Occultation occurs when a letter is written but not pronounced. It is

generally denoted hy tlie linea occultans. It occurs,

1. With Olaph, (1) at the beginning of a word when not followed by a

vowel ; (2) in the middle of a word when not preceded by a vowel.
2. With He, (1) In jc^ [a) after a predicate adjective, participle or
noun, and [h) when an auxiliary verb.

(2) In parts of ^^ov-. to give.

(3) In the 3d sing. masc. suffix.

(4) In '^^ and ^oi when they are used for the verb to he.

(5) In Grreek words beginning with Rho^ the h being written after
the r, as in Latin.
16 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [U 20, 21,

3. TThen a letter is written twice to show the derivation of the word,

the linea occultans being placed under the first.

4. With *• in ^^i-»» when employed for the verb to be.

5. Sometimes with ? before ^ •

6. Often with Nun, sometimes with Lomadh and Rish.

7. Occult o and >* are never marked by the linea occultans. At the
end of words they are occiilt whenever not preceded by a vowel.

I 20. Addition.

1. ]L^h] (1:8) ; fliZ^f (Mk. 13:19).

y I 7 p *
Rem. l.—cLj.] (23:18); T«^r^l stadium; ]i^] foundation.

Rem. j^.— lioi-l (1:5); ^oL^I (18:19).

An Olaph with a short vowel is sometimes put before an unvoweled

consonant (Olaph prosthetic).
Rem. 1. — Before "-^ and foreign words beginning with the vowel ^-^ is>^

Revi. S. —Before the prosthetic Olaph takes in which the ^ qui-

>* ^

esces.

2. Vfal^(6:4) ;
i^r^Vn (from ^^^o-) (1 Tim. 4:16) ; .^^r^ (r inserted)

(5:7) ; ^^U^ (R. ]^) he changed; iWll {^ inserted) (1 Cor. 7:29).

3. ^Iz] (Mk. 15:47) ; ola^i] (Ex. 18:11 Hexaplar).

2. A letter is sometimes inserted in a word and strengthens it in the

same way as the doubling of a radical.
3. In later times a Taw was added to the Ethpe'el of e-Waw verbs,
both being unaspirated.

§ 21. Transposition.

1. -ChySo (1:13) ;
^??l] (Mt. 11:19) ; oI^^L-isf (Mt. 16:12) ; U^^J

(Heb. 10:23) ; ^^] (Lk. 9:36).

2. ^]A (Mt. 26:8 ; Spic. Syr. 40:14).

3. «^'« (1 Cor. 14:1).

§ 22.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 17

Transposition occurs,
1. In the passives of the simple and intensive species when the first

radical is a sibilant. Before 1 the ^ is changed into ? before ^ into ^ •

I 22. 4.

2. In the Ethpe'el of 1^ verbs.

3. In the Imperative of ^'^^ to run.

I 22. Permutation.

1. (1) r-f oUMt. 22:7) ;

r-^o[(5:3); «IM(5:4); |-I^ (R. ]]^) ^o

make unclean ; 0-^=^ (23:8); ^^W^l (Ps. 5:3).

(2) >cuJ8ZZ](Mk. 15:47); r-^^l (Mt.25:10); ^o^^joiz (Did. 41:19).

^^^ (Did. 3:3) ; oJilz] (Ex. 2:23).

2. iJo (Mt. 23:23) ;

r^o (32:21) ;
^cjl^ koyem (John 11:23) ; \^
(Mt. 24:15) ;
^c|-.4i^ they struck me (Sym. Job 16:10).

i?^,,,._ill(J.S.3:20); >al^ (J. S.66:2) ;

>cll (J.S.70:4;77:12).

3. ^ip (Mt. 5:42) ; ^[U (Mt. 6:27) ; ^'JLi^ (1 Cor. 15:50) ; ^1^
(Eccl. 9:4).

4. 'C^?>i(l:13); -»h4
J (Mt. 9:17) ;
.-tjIL^
J (Lk. 24:7) ; ^??l] (Mt.

11:19).

1. (1) In the causative of most verbs 1^ the first radical is changed to

"Waw ; in l-^l to come^ it is changed to Yudh. In some cases in verbs P*

also, the Olaph is changed to Yudh.

(2) In the Ettaph'al of 'El Waw verbs, and in the Ethpe'el and Eth-
pa'al of a few Pe Olaph verbs, the Olaph is changed to Taw.

2. In a^ verbs, except P© and r^® the Waw is changed into Yudh.

all ,

In the Part, active of "^ verbs the Waw is changed to Yudh in pronun-
ciation, though in the masc. sing, it is written with Olaph. In some
verbs an Olaph is sometimes written where we generally have Waw.
i?emorr/j.— Four times in Joshua the Stylite, the Part. act. masc. sing.

of an 'fi Waw verb is written with a Yudh instead of an Olaph, in place

of the second radical.

 ;

16 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [| 23.

3. Yudh is changed to Olaph in the Pe'al Imperfect and Infinitive of

verbs ^*^ and sometimes in the verbal nouns of verbs *^ •

4. In the passive conjugations of verbs beginning -with ? or ^ , transpo-

sition having first taken place, according to § 21. 1, Taw is changed to ?

after } and to ^ after ^ •

5. He is changed to Yudh in a-*coi for caicoi (24:8; 1 Tim. 1:17) ; and

perhaps 'E to Olaph in H^l lustful ("Acta Martyrum," ii. 361).

2 23, Rejection.

1. (1) Q«::^i (Mt. 28:19); N (11:1); .^-^1^ (32:8); r-^ (23:9);

Ujl(26:3); 1^1 (Lk. 10:39).

(2) ^^9 (Prov. 3:6) ; ^« (Mt. 5:42) ; ^^2 (Mt. 22:44).

(3) Zal(30:3); r^ (Mt. 19:17).

(4) U^ausLk. (Rom. 1:30); U^^^^^i^::- president.

1. may take place at the beginning of a word,

Rejection
With Olaph in the Imperative of Pe Olaph verbs, and often
(1) else-

where when the Olaph is occult.

(2) With Yudh, in the Imperative of Pe Yudh verbs.

(3) With Nun, in the Imperative of Pe Nun verbs.

(4) With Mim, in certain nouns formed from Pa'el Participles.

2. (1) ii4(=r^U]) (Gen. 31:22); ]2UMt.8:7); .^(Mt.5:19);

r-^l (Ps. 45:1) ; wa-1^ (25:17) ; ^-*-^ (for -^U) (16:14)

z w z z

.4^ (= s^U^) (Judges 11:25).

(2) >al(26:7); ^oL^iJ (25:15); >cIia::I(Mt.6:5); Ui(Jn.5:21).

(3) iV^ (^or i^) (James 3:6) ; Ur^(for Ut-^r^) (Rom.

3:13); ]^ for ^r^) (Ps.45:3); ]iL-L^(for ]lli^) (24:1);

uia? (for wnl^) (Rev. 4:1).

(4) Ur^ (for U4^) (24:1) ; r,^^^ (Hex. Ruth 1:13) ;

>a^^^

(Sym. Job 41:4) ; M^^ (Judges 6:18),

 — — ;

§ 23.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 19

2. Rejection takes place in the middle of a word,

(1) With Olaph, in the 1st sing. Imperfect Pe'al ; and often, in the

Imperfect and Participle of the Pa'el, and sometimes in the Ethpe'el, of

Pe Olaph verbs. Olaph is sometimes rejected also from 'E Olaph deriv-
atives.

(2) With Waw and Yudh, when they stand between two vowels, or
between a half-vowel and a vowel ; and sometimes elsewhere.
(3) In isolated instances, with Lomadh, Rish and Nun.
(4) With Taw, in the Ethpe'el, whenever three Taws would come
together ; and in a few nouns when two Taws would come together.

3. (1) ^ (= 1^) (28:14) -^'^[o (= o-I^^o) (6:3) ,—L^

; ;

(J. S. 26:13); ^Lizjo (= ,-.-^LIz]o) (6:1) V-i^4 ;

(J. S. 15:10).

(2) ^1A (1:2); I ^ "^

-
'(1:12); 1?!^ (1:15);
^
0^^(23:7);
'
^^
(23:1); q:^|(23:2); >^i-o (32:12).

(3) cilii5(Mt. 12:25); U^:^ queen; ^?o^ (Ephr. 3:427) ;

^
house (Mt. 12:25).

3. Rejection takes place at the end of a word,

(1) Sometimes with Waw, in the 3d masc. plur.; and with Yudh, in
the 3d fem. plur. of verbs. Olaph is sometimes rejected from l-»^ much.
(2) The final Nun of verbs is generally rejected. The final Nun of
nouns plural is always rejected in the emphatic and construct states.
(3) A final Taw is rejected from the feminine singular absolute of

nouns ; and in Mt. 12:25, from 1^^^*^ house,

4. (1) ^f (= J wsf) (24:5) ; ^^'r^ (= -^1 r-^) (Mt. 12:12) ; 9^

(= bl] ^) (24:4) ; ,-Lx. ^ (18:12) ;
* ^n > w (= ^ * Vi « n

^)(lThess.3:3); f?^ (Lk.4:36); oJct (= o« |J«) (23:17)

qJl^ (6:9) ; o^. (== o^ P) (Mt. 13:27) ; U« (23:19) ; -^oi

(=^01^01) (Judith 1:5).

 ;

20 ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC. [^ 24,

(2) ?JLl.^D jaS^

y p m p

Y P 7 P

7 P 7 It. P

K « £>

7 7 7 7 7 7 7
(3) H^^i^'] /owntoiTi ; imSn ^^ seventeen; \
^^ ^-^ nineteen.

4. (1) Many compound words, or words whicli coalesce, drop one or

more letters.

(2) The enclitic forms jof the personal pronouns coalesce with Parti-
ciples and adjectives, forming as it were, a new tense.

(3) When a number ending in 'E combines with t^^^ ten, one 'E is

dropped.

S 24. Otiose Letters.

1. 11?^ (1:12) ; \\^ (Mt. 19:29) ; 11^ (Mk. 1:23) ; 11^? {3 John :
6)

ll'rfi? (14:15).

2. Qi^o (6:2); ^r^o (6:1); oxijo (6:1).

3. vljl] ._£-^ (32:12); -^1 (John 20:17) ;

^^r^? (6:9); ^
(6:15); ^.^oLl^o (6:14) ; >^M(Mt.2:6); '» Vi M 6:8); -^^\
(6:9); ^.aiJlai^ (22:5); ^^ (13:3); -^^ (19:9).

Otiose letters are those which are neither qui escent in a previous vowel
nor marked b^^ the linea occultans. but yet are unpron ounced. They are,

1. Olaph final when prec eded by another Olaph.

2. Wawat the end of verbs, when not preceded by a vowel.
3. Yudh, in the 3d f em. plur. of verbs ; in the 2d fern. sing, of verbs
and pronouns; and in the pronominal suffixes of th e 1st sing, (except
when preceded by a vowel), 2d fem. sing., and of the 3d masc. sing, when
it ends in Yudh.
 ;;

J 25.]
ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 21

'^ 25. Quiescence.

I

1. (1) oL^^U (28:3) ; .=^1^ (5:10) ; ^1^ (2 Mace. 5:24).

(2) ^UJ (James 1:6) ; i^^i-^^ (Heb. 10:6) ; ^U (1 Sam. 25:36)

^ziii (Ezek. 16:27).

(3) i^lii (32:2); oJ^l^l (James 5:2); r^l-^l? (28:1); |jilli

(Hex. Jer. 10:19).

(4) l?«^ (18:17) ;

jii (18:19) ; f^^i^? (18:17) ; ^r^ (18:10); l^-o

(1:1) ;
1^0^ (Rom. 16:1) ;
^l:al'^ (Rom. 16:3).

i?em.i.—r^'^f? (18:13); f^jJ (18:15) ; ftji (18:11); r^jo

(1:6); ^]o(l:13); U^^P (1:8).

i?cwi.^.—l^Mod:!); ri|o(l:3); lU (1:1); 1?!^ (1:13) ; T^cfo

(Rev. 5:9); ^^oj? (Lk. 2:1).

U 1. (1) At the end of a syllable Olaph loses its consonantal force and
quiesces in the preceding vowel.

^ (2) When Olaph with a vowel follows an unvoweled consonant, the

vowel is usually thrown back on the preceding consonant, and the Olaph
quiesces (cf. I 32. 3).

(3) In the middle of a word, when Olaph should receive a half- vowel,
it quiesces in a short full vowel given to the preceding consonant.
(4) When a vowel-letter, Olaph always quiesces.
Rem. 1. —The inseparable particles ^^ ? ^ and <=>
draw back the
vowel of the Olaph.
Rem. 2. — Olaph may quiesce in any one of the vowels.

2. (1) ]iloal(2Pet.3:9); |i?cil (2Pet.l:2) ;

C?oal (Acts 13:32)

\^}o:i^inflammatwn (Thes. Syr. 697).

(2) l^oll (Heb. 12:20) ]^o-J» ;

jZo^ (15:1); Uc|f (2Cor. 6:5).

(3) oioZ(l:l); ciai(l:2); lldli (1:2).

 . . .

22 ZLBMENTS OF SYBIAa [2 25.

2. (1) "Waw quiesces at the end of a syllable after the homogeneous

vowel «

(2) In the middle of a word, when it would have a half-TOwel, it

frequently quiesces in a -^ given to the preceding consonant.

(3) When a vowel-letter it always quiesces.

3. (1) ^^1 (5:2); ,^4-^ (18:19); U*^ (5:6); 4^ (11:10); ^^^

(23:2).

(2) r^4 (23:14) ;

wSoi_-4 (32 23)
: ;
^okJ^L their hre<ut{Thes.

Syr. 1201).

(3) cs&_- (26:3); 1?o^ (18:13); l^ -^ r (18:7); ]L (15:8);

w^(15:9).

i?ew. i.-lla^j (1:5) ; oi^-l (25:11) ;

1^] (17:15).

Bern. ^.—M? (14:3) ;

^cZUo (14:13) ; rf^i^-i^? (17:1).

(4) i-^ (1:4) £^ ; (1:7) ; t^^^A (1:9) ;

]Lk^ (1:10).

3. (1) At the end of a syllable, Yudh quiesces after the homogeneous

vowel —
(2) In the middle of a word, when it would receive a half-vowel, it

frequently quiesces in a — given to the preceding consonant.

(3) At the beginning of a word, when it would have a half-vowel, it

quiesces in —
Hem. 1. — This — at the beginning of a word often takes prosthetic
Olaph (§ 20. 1).

Rein. 2. —Prefixes draw the vowel to themselves, the Olaph pros-

thetic even being sometimes retained and quiescing.
(4) When a vowel-letter, Yudh quiesces in — or —

4 oiqJso w'bhuh (1:2); <s\loh ru^eh (1:2); oicZ tuh (1:1);

oiJaa^gensoh (2:12).

^ 4. He never quiesces in Syriac.

 — ;;;;

H 2G, 27.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 23

§ 26. Peculiarities of Grutturals.

1. (1) 1-Li (Acts 20:1) ;

oi-Io4 (Acts 8:11) ; «^? (Acts 7:41)

'^iuiJ (Lk. 12:3) ; r^ (Mt. 19:5) r^ (Mt. 19:6). ;

(2) w^^jJ (Rom. 14:19); rf^ (Lk. 1:8) ;

VJ.^ (2 Cor. 10:9);

^?(Heb. 11:34).

1. (1) Final gutturals and Rish prefer tlie vowel —

(2) Medial gutturals are treated like other letters.

2. (1) ]^ (1:1); p] (12:17) ; -^?] (13:6).

(2) Vj-L (Mt. 22:41) ;

c^ (23:8) ; -1^4 (Is. 16:6).

(3) 1-1-^ (Acts 20:2); .jli^ (Gen. 5:29) ; 1^=-^ (Acts 4:36)

11^^ (Judith 1:16) ; l^^o (Acts 10:14) ; Uo]^ (Rev. 17:4).

2. Olaph preserves its full consonantal force,

(1) At the beginning of a word, when accompanied by a vowel.

(2) In the Pa'el and Ethpa'al of ^1-^ to ask; though in most verbs
'E-Olaph it is changed to Yudh. Cf. § 22. 1. (1).

(3) In a few verbs whose third radical is Olaph, as also in their

derivatives.

Ecm.—Ct also U 19. 1; 20. 1; 22. 1; 23. 1. (1) ; 23. 2. (1) ; 23. 3. (1)

23.4.(1); 24.1; 25.1.

3. In '^J^ to rememher, 'E is treated by the West Syrians as if it were

Olaph.
4. For the peculiarities of He and Heth, cf. U 19. 2, 4 ; 22. 5 ; 23. 4. (1),

(2) ; 25. 4.

'i 27. Peculiarities of Waw and Yudh.

1. ]1^ n'bhiyo (28:1); -ciilrJ? (Lk. 1:70) ;
jl^? (25:18).

1. Yudh sometimes stands at once for a vowel-letter and a consonant.

2. For a connected view of the peculiarities of Waw, see H 19. 7; 22. 1,2
23. 2. (2), 3. (1) ; 24. 2 ; 25. 2.

3. For the peculiarities of Yudh, see §09. 7 ; 22. 1, 2, 3 ; 23. 1. (2), 2. (2),

3.(1); 24. 3; 25. 3.

 — — ;

24 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 28.

§ 28, Quantity of Vowels.

1. (1) ^)Lj^ (1 Cor. 15:1); ^I^^^ (John 15:16); ^oka^ZZ]

(2) jk^^ blessed; ai£:^ol^ (1 Cor. 7:36) ;

,^-^ZU (29:17)

jkiuZo (Mt. 9:4) ; 1^^^^= (Mt. 24:15).

1. In closed syllables the vowel is generally short ; but it is long,

(1) Where the long vowel has arisen by contraction.

(2) Where the vowel is naturally long, and the syllable has become
closed by the dropping of a short vowel.

2. (1) r^](27:6); ^^lea^ew; ^M (Acts

>aJ5f (Lk. 1:59) ; 10:13).

(2) l^r^ (Lk. 11:12) ;

]^«i (Prov.26:7); pl^ (lTim.6:15).

(3) Ui^ (32:2); \^]^ (Lk. 14:21); UU^ (Ps. 25:19).

(4) |l<n5(4:8); C^r^{22:6) ;

r-f-^^ (1:7) ;
il^I:^? (1:10)

l-ll^o (1:11).

2. In open syllables the vowel is generally long ; but a short vowel may
stand in open syllables,

(1) When it is necessary for the retention and pronunciation of an

Olaph.

(2) Sometimes, like compound Sh'wa in Hebrew, to facilitate the

pronunciation of a letter, especially of a guttural.

(3) In syllables which were originally closed.

(4) In half-open syllables.

3. (1) wai^ (2 Pet. 3:8) ; --I (8:4) ; U^ (24:4) ;

hll (7:11) ; ]^
(3:1); fr-ls(3:3).

(2) V-A.J-S (1:4) from parasha; V^*^''> (1:6) from rak:i'o';

7 i-

^93iJi:!fi (2:3) from manharin ; I's^l (2:5) from za'uro ;

^a^L^^ (2:18) from neshlatun.

 — — ; ;;

§ 29.J ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 25

(3) lalsLj (Mk. 3:27) ; ^\^ (Gen. 27:2) ;

^-^^ (John 19:24)

^rJ (Mt. 9:30)

2
; ^^ (Mt. 13:2)
*
;
-^i (1:12)
'"
; ^f (1:14)

^jL^^l^ she sliowed me ; |l:r-^ 6;19) ; V_^^(3:15);

Vr^ (Mt. 1:18).

3. In other cases, where we would have a short vowel in an open

syllable,

(1) It is occasionally lengthened, especially after the fall of a guttural

and in the feminine ending 1 from ^ •

(2) It is generally dropped, except where this cannot be done without

injury to the form. So o is always dropped, except in the Imperative

Pe'al, and in a few nouns like '^'\^^ fawn.

Remark. — The — in such forms as ^^^'^^^^'-^^ and \f r^^ is anomalous.

(3) It is retained, the following radical being doubled,

[a] Regularly after preformatives in 'E doubled and Pe Nun

verbs.
{h) In a few 'L Olaph verbs.
(c) In the Pe'al Imperfect and Infinitive of ''*>r* and v-cZu* ^ the
>^ being dropped.
[d) In the 3d fem. sing. Perfect before suffixes,
(c) In some compound words.

§ 29. Euphony of Vowels.

1. (1) M (1:1); ll^M (1:8); vl (1:2); ^[(1:2); iLiliil (1:10).

(2) jii^^o (1:7); i*.L^?(l:10); U 1 ^ No (1:11); |I:oi?(4:8);

jk^ milk; ]h:^ (4:2).

(3) ]^ (1:1) ; ill (28:19) ; r^l (Mt. 3:3).

(4^ c(7i sHi^ (17:8) ; coi ^oc? (17:9) ; ,^ll go ye (32:10).

(5) ]\ V o >(l:l); |ii(l:3); 1^1-^(2:3); l^i^ (Rev. 6:15)

|Zo-^ (Eph. 1:21).

(6) l^^l Asia; l-^^'l Arabia; M?! Adana ; Ul apa.

 — —

26 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 29.

1. Short a, or Pethoho, is found,

(1) In closed syllables.

(2) In half-open syllables, mostly after the inseparable prefixes.

(3) In an open syllable caused by euphonic changes in the word.

(4) In an open syllable caused by the coalescing of two words by the

addition of a syllable.

(5) In nominal plurals ending in l-* or l-^o •

(6) In an open syllable in many foreign words.

2. (1) CiaJL-I (1:2); 2^^(1:6); |lia£(l:14); ^^?>i(l:14);

^^^ she killed; "^a^^ he will Jcill ; xO^ «* ^ *f (24:16).

(2) r^l (23:5); ^1 (6:1); ^'r^l (17:15); Ni (24:17).

(3) yozll {= >ccLJ) ; ^^2^ (3 f. pi. Pa'el) ; ^1 (32:8).

(4) \llL (Mt. 4:5) ; 1^' moisture; ]^ (Mt. 7: 16).

(5) 01-0^(1:2); ^^(1:6); ^i(l:12); i^^l (6:8).

2. Short e is generally obscured from an original d. It is found,

(1) In closed syllables.

(2) In an open syllable, when there is preservation of initial Olaph.

(3) In an open syllable, arising from changes in the body of the word

or from sufformatives.

(4) Sometimes in half-open syllables.

(5) The * of the ultimate of such forms as are given in (5) are written

with .• in East Syriac, perhaps because this syllable had originally the

accent. See Noldeke, Syrische Grammatiky I 47.

3. (1) ^(1:4); jcoO (1:6) ;

^'v^ (1:9) ; |i:jil(l:12); ]5^s (1:13).

^ P /IS P IT.

(2) ]')-N^(from gevvo) arrow ; i-

^ l"'' relaxation; p|—Las snare.

3. (1) Long e is formed by contraction, and is represented by ^ or ]

•

(2) In East Syriac, we have a few cases of e long by compensation or

position.
 ;;

§ 29.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 27

4. (1) ^hoL^ (2:3) ; P^J (1:6) ; l^^-^ (1:11) ; lj>^? (23:18).

(2) \LAj\ (2:5); ^^— • (26:3) ;

\^o (14:15); ^^lOr—1^ (14:3).

(3) I'V (3:6); J-il^ (11:1); Ml^ (24:16); r-^P (11:10); ^'
(14:16) ; Pl^ s;iare.
(4) 2w-2^-».] (24:19)
X
; o^'f
X
(11:11) ; -^^M (16:7) ; -^ *
(14:16)

^
*=

|I^i^ (2:2) ; (Rom. 6:10).

4. - is always long. It is written - , ^ , ^^ 1— , , or ^]— . It is found,

(1) As formative in many nouns.

(2) As the vowel in which a ^ at the beginning of a word quiesces.

(3) Heightened in an open syllable, especially before an Olaph which
has become quiescent.
(4) Contracted from a?/, ^l/, yi, iw, and wL

5. (1) r^l (16:2); U^ (16:4); 1^ (1:1); -^l^ (1:6); jL^'il

(2:3); o^^^^Lli (2:4); M-l^a-^ (2:5).

(2) ^^^ thousand; ^ (24:14); ^1 my brother; oiil^ (2:16)

v^jl(6:ll); U:^(24:5); ^L^9 (16:2).

(3) iio (m''nawath)por^/o?i; ^(23:10); ^^^^(25:3); >al

(26:7); 1^(18:18); U^ (6:5).

(4) bl^ (7:11); U^(24:4); 1^ (3^); ]l^ (3:3); fr^l (26:19).

(5) {haizl (1:3); |I^ (1:2); U^^ (1:5); 1^^ (1:5); il-^'

(1:6).

5. (1) When not final, " generally represents an originally long a.

(2) In a few nouns, before certain sufiixes (when the vowel was most
probably heightened by the original accent ; see Buval, ^ 157), and
perhaps in the 3d sing. masc. Perf. of "P verbs, it seems to have beeen
heightened from an originally short a.

(3) In verbal forms and nouns derived from "13 and "a^ verbs, "

often represents a contraction from awa.

 ;

28 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 29.

7 7 7

(4) In a few cases, it was contracted from I or I . In the absolute

feminine singular, it was heightened in compensation for the elided Taw.
(5) In the emphatic state, the final 1 is naturally long, being derived

from the demonstrative particle \^ • See Duval, ? 259. a.

Reniarh. — In foreign words, ^ is frequently followed by Waw, e. g.

080^ (1 Pet. 1:1).

6. (1) N > \ S youth [ioxm fu'ail); Poi-*^ mse (form fu'ul);

\^^4-^ (form nektulun); but r«^o^-» z^jnie ; y^y^^ftncn.

(2) ji^Vai (17:10) ;

p^^ol (18:2) ; UH (18:8) ; oi^?ai (18:14)

wsal-l (12:7) ; l^oL (12:15).

(3) ilc^ (11:5) ; >cai (11:1) ;

^oLjJ (14:1) ;
^oL^l (14:1).

6. (1) Except in the Imperative Pe'al, and a few nouns, short u always
falls away in an open syllable.

(2) In closed syllables, short u remains.

(3) When preceded or followed by Waw, short u becomes long u.
See 7. (1).

7. (1) >ci> (11:1) ;

jlo*^ (11:5) ;
^oLJ (14:1) ; ^^r^ (14:1).

(2) >cc^.li^ (25:17) ; ^aj» end (emph. \^^) ;

]29oZ cow; \^^^^

(13:4).

(3) MoliflJ (24:17); pal^^ (Spic. Syr. 33:20) ;

^ai (Neh.ll:24).

(4) vic^Z(l:2); l^ ^ ^ H (1:2); ]Lj^Q^|.i (3:8) ; cct (4:18);

mzL^ (24:2) ;
^ol^^i^^ (2:18).

7. (1) Long u comes by contraction from wu^ or uw. See 6. (3).

(2) In a few cases, in West Syriac, by contraction from aw (East

Syriac c).

(3) In a few cases, it comes through 6 from ^^.

(4) In many forms, it is long by nature.

 — ;

U 30, 31.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 29

§ 30, Loss of Yowels.

1. LsL^ (from kathabhath) she wrote; v-si^-^l it was written

^iasZ] 'be written; <"^ i * ^ 1 I awaked him ; \fr-^P ^Aei/ s7ia?Z

})ear; ]^*^-^^had; U^'r^leprous ; \^^^>^ writing ; l^^ sleeping.

7 V 7 V 7
2. (1) wr:ZLs (from kathabha) ;
^^^ ;
^^^^ ;
Q^i^^ ;
^^iws
;

(2) v^oiuaJ
J
^ul^AjsZ
j
^A^ j
^£waJ .

»» t,. b- *«. *> » j>.

(3) y.A£cA^
• o^oA^ • >a£cA^ • ^aSioLs • VroAj .

-^
p ^ I
(4) 7^^^ Icing ; v-a!^ thousand; ^-sZ)^ writing ; > * > ^ 6ac?.

(5) ^1 (24:14) ; «* ° 1 (24:12) ; ^oiali^f (24:1) ; ^^o''^^:^Z

(24:15); -^r^(6:9); ^al^f(6:9); ^a^j^(6:14); .».al^

(6:15); .> N I ^^-^ (Lk. 2:13) ; -^f (Mt. 24:3) ^^^1 ;

(John 4:52).

1. A vowel is frequently lost in tbe middle of a word.

2. A vowel is lost at the end of a. word,

(1) In all forms of the Perfect, except the 3d sing. fern.

(2) In all forms of the Imperfect.

(3) In all forms of the Imperative, except the 2d masc. sing.

(4) In the absolute of all nouns, adjectives, and participles.

(5) Final Yudh is written but not pronounced, in the sufex 1st sing,

after consonants (but see I 31. Rem. 1) ; in the suffix 3d sing. masc. ; in

the 2d fem. sing. ; and in a few other cases.

I 31. The Half-vowel.

1. 1^ (1:1); jlii. (1:1); ^o (1:1); lIeo^Z(l:2); |1**^ (1:2);

v-^i^o (1:4); ^c^iU (1:10); ^h^-^ (1;13).

But 1^^-^ six ; T—»i^-^ sixty.

 —

30 KLEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 32.

7 . 7 * 7
2. V n 4i«Z| meditate (but '
^ ^««-<^] Z>e accounted] ;
'.*—coij ijj^/ ^oZc^;

^oi£Csa»» ^/ieiV anger.

3. ]£^ (4:2) ; 1^^? (4:9) ;

tf^? (3:12) ;
>ff r-^ s/^e maJe thee
• 7
(but f^t^^^ Ihave made thee),

1. Except in a few words, a lialf-vowel occurs with every unvoweled

consonant which begins a syllable. This half-vowel does not constitute
a separate syllable. It is equivalent to vocal Sh'wa in Hebrew.
2. In the Ethpa'al Imperative, and in certain other cases, it is found at

the end of a syllable.

3. The half-vowel is found after a consonant which is medial, i. e.

a consonant which, though not doubled, apparently closes one syllable

and begins another.
7
Remark 1. — A short e was heard at the end of such words as ^r^^my
man and ^*^?1 my right. See Duval, § 98.

Rem,.
7
2. —The Participles of the four verbs r^^
^ 7 *
to make^ ^^S^ ^o hind,
^ _

^£il^, to crucify, and w^ \ q to divide, preserve the half -vowel and the
aspiration of '-^ ,
>-n^ and ? , e.g. i
s^
'
i^^ • All other Participles lose it

(cf. § 30. 1 ; and see Duval, § 127).

§ 32. Shifting of Yowels.

1. >-^0| — e \)-at (-^93-0 holiness; ^^^^ from ^^^^^ Ihave written;

^—^ but Ir—

i ^^^
—^ man; asOiCu-s write, but oia-cZs-s write it ;

cislr:a^ (3:3) ; qi \-^n"n\ (1 Pet. 5:9).

P«
2. I^^-^^^ for
p«
)^^^^ heifer; l^-i^-a-s
7 Pi.
plain; |i^c-i^ measure.
V 7 * * 7
3. cls for c|j5 they hlamed ; ^^1^ for ^1^ he grieved; wSJja-J for
7 m
'"
'^•
I'ii he shall grieve.

1. The vowel which follows a consonant sometimes passes before it.

2. In order to facilitate its pronunciation, a consonant frequently at-

tracts to itself the vowel which precedes.

3. A vowel which follows an Olaph preceded by an unvoweled con-
sonant is shifted to that consonant, the Olaph becoming quiescent. See
§ 25. 1. (2).
 'i 33.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 31

</ § 33. New Vowels.

1. ^^1 (11:12); ^V
W
^ ^ ']
X
(12:13); PI
w
(12:17); ^-*-^ (15:9); '>A
f X

(17:5); f^^I (18:7)

*
; r^l (23:5);
t/
Nlw (24:10); ^UX (25:11).

2. w^^o (1:4); ^Ll.? (1:7); r^^^o (1:7).

3. ^Z] (23:14); r^l^l (Mt. 27:9); pl^ll (16:10).

4. IU:i (Lk. 6:48) ;

jLl^ (Syr. Tlies. 2504) ;
]l:::^ ear of corn.

^ 1. An unvoweled Olaph at the beginning of a word takes a short a or e

to aid in its pronunciation ; in the same circumstances, Yudh quiesces in t

2. "When three consonants would come together at the beginning of a
word, a helping vowel, generally short a, is given to the first.

3. Often in the middle of a word, a helping vowel is added to a letter.

This is regularly the case in the Ethpe'el of Pe-Yudh and Pe-Olaph

verbs.

4. A vowel is frequently added in order to preserve the doubling of the

preceding radical.
 PART SECOND-ETYMOLOGY.

^
§ 34. Inseparable Particles.

1. L^\£ (1:1) ; 2^o (1:1) ;

boiol^ (1:4) ; r^? (1:4).

2. li'lo (1:1) ;
1^^? (1:2) ;
r^jo (1:6) ;
]L^h\^ (2:2) ; ji^jP (5:4);

wcL-o (13:15).

3. ]c<no(l:3); 1>-.c(l:3)j |Ii^?(2:2); U-I^o (2:3) ;

r^f^®
(2:19).

i?cmarA; i.-]i^? (3:9) ;

jl-^^jl (2:2).

Remark 2.—]\^o (Mt. 9:30) ; ^1^? (John 21:18).

4 ^ilXo (1:5) ;
|J^? (24:7) ; o^i^^lZLiil^o (24:11).

5. >ccWi(24:7); ^^-.l:i (25:3)

; (r-^ (Mt.3:16) ; 1^ (Jn. 19:18).

The Inseparable Particles are the prepositions *-s and J^ , the con-
junction o , and the relative 9 . They are always prefixed.

1. Before voweled consonants, they take a half-vowel.

2. When before Olaph, they draw the vowel of the Olaph to themselves,
the Olaph quiescing. They are prefixed directly to words beginning with
^ •

3. Before unvoweled consonants, they receive y .

Remark 1. — Before words which take a prosthetic Olaph, they take the
vowel of the Olaph, the Olaph being either retained or dropped.
Remark 2. —When a vowel has been thrown back upon the first radical,

the particle generally takes a vowel.

4. When more than one inseparable particle occur, every second one
takes a vowel.
5. In a few compound words the Nun of the preposition ,--i»o is assim-
ilated.
 : :

§ 35.] ELE3IENTS OF SYRIAC. S3

§ 35. The Personal Pronoun.

1. The following are the forms of the Personal Pronoun where

used independently

He OCT They (m.) ^aJoi

She -»oi They (f.)

^^
Thou (m.) f^\ Ye (m.) ^ohJ^\

Thou (f.) -^1 Ye (f.) ^*^l

I PI We nl^

2. The following are the forms of the Personal Pronoun, where

used as an enclitic subject

|j| Vjuo or U^*-?^ lam Jdlling.

2l3] V^ or ^.^^4-0 Thou (m.) art Jdlling,

^700 ^70
^iS\ IL^j or s^i^i^^ Thou art Idlling,
7x0
(f.)

70
N
^1^ ^ \^J * or >^1 * ju We are hilling.
7 O ^^
^J-i. ,^Iik^* We (f.) are Jdlling.

^U] ^-i^ii-JuD or^f^^--^^'^ Ye (m.) are Jdlling.

p p ^ p p
r^L2] ^-1^ or ^i^:i4^ Ye (f.) are Jdlling.

Note. —The contracted forms from the participles of "IJ verbs are,

]^^^^--^I reveal. v^T * ^ s^ We reveal.

, ^ P h. . ^ P
^^--^ Thou (m.) revealest. ^f^-'-^ Ye (m.) reveal,

>* ^ * ^> >^ Thou (f.) revealest.

RcmarJc 1. — These pronouns are used with adjectives also, e. g.—

^ciw.i-i.a-4^ ye are heautiful ; ^-»^? tJiou art pure.

RemarJc 2. — coicci and ^cn^<Ji

>*cn^<Ji often become
1
«-•««" and ^^'^ • See Mt.

11:14 ; Judith 1:5 ; but see also Col. 3:5

 84 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. m 3G, 37,

§ 36. Pronominal Suffixes.

Tabular View.

1. Possessive. 2. Objective.

After a After a After a

Ck)nsonant. Vowel. Consonant. After a Vowel.

'Sm ^01 V.401 ^3u- or ^CIC

. , p
3f 01— CI—

p
2m
V
s *
2f

Ic

'3m

3f
ft.

2m
2f
7 7
let.....

1. The possessive suffixes are used with nouns ; see \ 77. The object-

ive suffixes are used with verbs ; see \ 51.

2. Instead of a suffixed pronoun for the 3d plural after verbs, the

enclitic pronouns r^^l and ^—»J] are used ; see 2. 6 ; 2. 12 ; Lk. 24:11.
3. The inseparable preposition uc and "^ are prefixed to the form of

possessive pronominal suffixes which are used after consonants (/. e. the
first column in the table). Before the first person singular they take the
form-.^,-^; e.^.,2.12; 16.9; 16.15; 19.9; 17.11; 23.2.

f 37. The Demonstrative Pronoun

1.
p

^91
p p
pci this (m.) ;
» p
]?5i this
(see Tlies. Syr., p. 1023).

(f.) ;
» p
,^^ffi these (m. or f .).
J

2. coi that (m.) ; ^oi that (f.) ;

fJoi those (m.) ;
^ci those (f.).

7 7 P P

3. ^j.^ cJoi this is my body (23:18) ; ^^^h^i (John 2:11).

U 38, 39.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 35

1. 5^ is found instead i)f I?*'' •

2. The forms >f0^cfi ^aJci are found occasionally instead of ^fiJ«n

, ;

and f^ci instead of v^

* ^ g^ •

7 [> 7 P
3. This is is s^-J<^ (contracted from cci J-Jci j see § 23. 4. (1)), ^cijici

(hodoy) from ^^ ]?oi •

? 38. The Helative and Possessive Pronouns.

1. The Relative Pronoun is ? wAo, whichj that. It has the same form
in all genders, numbers, and cases. It is an inseparable particle, and is

pointed according to § 34.

2. ? has been shortened from an original '>*? which is yet found in the

possessive '^? compounded of

, ^? which and ^ to. It is used with the

pronominal suffixes to express the independent possessive pronoun ; e. g.

^*^? mine; ^t-^ thine; ci^^? his ; fOaC::^ ours.

? 39. The Interrogative Pronouns.

1. ^ u'lio f li , ^ ,
jio ,
^2^ what ?

2. W (m.), \A (f.),
^ * ^ 4 (m. or f. plural) who ? which ? what ?

7
Remark 1. — r~« is the Indefinite Interrogative for persons. It is not

used as an adjective. See § 103. 1.

Remark 2. — V^a is used for things. It is not used as an adjective.

P r 7 7
—
IT.

'^
Remark 3. 1-1-] , lr-1 and ^^ * «] are generally used as Interrogative
P 7 7
Adjectives, e. g.^ lH^i^-*l which man ? But see I 103. 2. (1).
*> 7 *> 7 7

Remark 4. — Who is f is eJ^ (from 001^)^^-01^. What is ? is

7 t-

cJ^ from coi^ .

 —
86 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§2 40,41,

§ 40. The Strong Verb.

1. ]U (1:1) ; r^l (1:3) ; -^'r^ (1:4) ; r^ (1:7).

2. ^U (1:4) ; -^^ (2:7) ; ^i^ (2:12) ; ^^ (3:3).

3. (1) 9^ (4:7) ;
^^9?}^ (1:13) ; oi^^^U (28:3).

(2) waL (1:14); ^^ (4:2); ^^ (4:2).

(3) VL (26:3) ^^ ;
(Lk. 22:17) ;
jJ (Gal. 4:14).

(4) ]h= (1:1); 1h» (1:4); 1}- (1:3); ^ (2:22); wJ (3:11); >ci

(4:3); W (3:16) ; '^'r- (7:4).

1. All words are derived from roots most of wliicli have three letters
or radicals. The third person singular masculine of the Perfect of the

simple form (called P*'al) is always given as the root, though in some
weak verbs one of the radicals has disappeared from this form.

2. Verbs are called strong when the root contains no consonant which
will cause a change in the vowels usually employed in a given inflection.

3. A verb is called weak when it contains a radical which modifies the

vowels usually employed in a given inflection. Such verbs are,

(1) Those whose last radical is a guttural or Rish ; and those any
one of whose radicals is an Olaph.
(2) Those whose first radical is Nun.
(3) Those whose second and third radicals are alike.

(4) Those any one of whose radicals was a Yudh or "Waw.

^ § 41. Verb Stems.

1. (1) ^U (1:4); r^ (1:7); r^ (14:14).

(2) >a<^ (3:10); -^alio (3:17); ^ (11:4); ^l^ (11:9).

(3) jalo (Ps. 119:120) ; ^co^l (Nahum 2:10).

2. >qS^ (3:10) ; ^l^ C3:12) ; ^-*^ (24:2) ; r^ (4:12).

3. >-*i»^ (7:3) ; r^4 (5:3) ; li^l (13:12).

 § 41.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 37

4. v-aijii (7:6); VlsIU (24:5); ^Isij (12:5); ^LJ (6:15);

cc^4 (25:10) ;
r^oZZ] [Thes. Syr., p. 120).

5. usklJL (Rev. 1:15) ;

r^L*.] (Rom. 10:3).

Eem. i.— r^i (Acts 14:20) "^^^^ (Mt. 1:23). ;

7 7 m 7 7
Rem. 2. —>-^\ to breathe, ^^j'^] id. ; ^^r-® to approach^ v-Sj-o^l id,

1. The simple verb-stem, called P*'al, has, for consonants, the three
radical letters. In all strong verbs we have a half-vowel after the first

radical and a short vowel after the second. This short vowel is, (1) in
active verbs, usually a ; (2) in stative verbs, usually e ; (3) in two verbs, u.

2. The intensive verb-stem, called Pa'el, is formed by doubling the

second radical, the vowel a being used with the first radical, and, except
before gutturals and Rish, e, derived from a, after the second.
7
3. The causative verb-stem, called 'Aph'el, is formed by prefixing ] to
the radical letters ;
the first radical being without a vowel, and the second
having e, derived from a.

4. From each of these active stems a Reflexive or Passive is formed by

prefixing A ; to wit,—from P^'al, the Ethp'^el, with a half-vowel after
the first radical and e after the second ; from Pa'el, the Ethpa'al, with a
after the first and second radicals ; from 'Aph'el, the Ettaph'al, by
changing the prefixed Olaph into Taw, and using a before the first and
after the second radical.

5. Another form of the causative, called Shaph'el, is formed by

prefixing sha instead of ^a. Like other quadriliterals, the Shaph'el is

inflected like the Pa'el (see § 63.). Its reflexive is Eshtaph'al.

Eem. 1. — According to some, there are sporadic cases of another stem,

called Taph'el (see Merx-Hoffmann, Gram. Syr., § 56. 1. A. end). Most
of these are really denominative quadriliteral verbs (see § 63.). For sim-
ilar forms in Hebrew see Olshausen's Lehrhuch, p. 56.

Rem. 2. — The signification of the stems is, in general, the same as that
of the corresponding stems in Hebrew. It may be noted, however, that
the Ethp^'el of some intransitive verbs, and the Ethpa'al of some verbs
whose Pa'el has a causative signification, have come to have the same
sense as the P^'al.
38 ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC. m 42, 43.

I 42. General View of the Yerb-Stems.

Original
Form. First Form. Name. Force. Characteristic.

y V y .
Simple Root Mean
1. P-^ul. None.
ing.

w^'LaZ] Passive or Reflex- ^i

2. Etbp''el.
ive of Simple Stem.

Second Radical
doubled, and
3. Pa'el. Intensive Active.
always pre-
ceded by a.

V. V y. y
Passive or Reflex- Z\ prefixed, and
4. Ethpa'al. * Second Rad-
ive Intensive.
ical doubled.

5. wrTi^i Aph'el. Causative Active.

y
^L^zl] ^LzJli] Passive or Reflex-
G. Ettaph'al.
ive Causative.

Remarlcs.

1. The original penultimate ^ is changed to a half-vowel in the P^'al

and Ethp''el.
2. The original ultimate ^ is changed to '^ in the Pa'el, Aph'el and Etli-

p^'el.

§ 43. The P''al Perfect.

TABLE A.
y
1. He wrote \^h^ = the simple verb-stem (? 41. 1).

2. She wrote L^h^ = <..si^ with ^^ the usual fem. sign.

3. TJiou{m.) didst write ^^ =* *

vjc^.s with ^ a fragment of the pro-
.
^
noun ^1 tJiou (m.).

4. Thou [f.) didst write ^i^^ = wC^ with ^^^ a fragment of the pro-
* *
,
^
noun ^^] tJiou (f.).
 ;

I 43.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 39

5. / ^vrote 2uc^ = w^^-a with ^^ (compare ^H)-

6. They (m.) wrote o^L^ = ^^Ls with Q— (not spoken) from ear-
lier Una.
7
7. They (f.) icro^c ^*s^ = wsAj with ^^ (not spoken) from ear-
lier tna.

8. ye (m.) wrote ^h^h^ = ^^Z)o with ^c^:^- a fragment of the pro-

> noun \cZL]l

*. ^ *.
9. Ye (f.) i^ro^e ^iLd^ = ^-c2^ with^-^ a fragment of the pro*
noun <^^l

10. We wrote ^2^3 = usiwa with ^- a fragment of the pro-

noun ^^l-»»

TABLE B.

Masculine Feminine Masculine Peminine

Singular. Singular. Plural. Plural.

y 7 7 ..

Third Person, Zw £2^ Q. £^

7 5* . ^ .

Second Person, iL sli

IK 7
Pirst Person, 2^*r ^-

Remarks.

1. Z^f (6:9); ^r^(6:9); ii^f(6:9); ^r^ (6:10).

2. ^^ (5:17) ; -ri] (Lk. 24:24) ; -ir^ (6:9) ; r^'"^^ (Gen. 31:6).

3. I-LaJ (5:17) {= liiaJ = i^.^) ; z3i^| (6:8) (= Z^f = i^[).

4. ^U (1:4) ;
o^^ (6:2) ^1,^ (6:9) ^c\i^ (26:13)
;
;
; ^^ (32:12).

5. ^if (32:10) ;
[-]r^M (Jos. Styl. 2:7) ; ri[ (for oji]) (J. S. 4:10)

w.l^Zl (for ^liz]) (Legends of St. Mary 26:20) ;

^o*o|^ (Acts 28:2)

r^ll we should go (Lk. 9:13).

 : ;
;

40 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. U 43.

1. The pronominal fragments used in the inflection of the Perfect are

always suffixed to the stem. To distinguish them from the pronominal
suffixes (? 36.) they may be called svfformatives.

2. We have distinct forms for both genders and both numbers in the
second and third persons.
3. The vowel of the second radical is dropped in the 3d fem. and in the
1st com. sing., while the a of the first radical is obscured to e.

4. The sufformatives for person, gender and number, with the exception
of the 3d fem. sing, and the 1st com. sing., are affixed directly and without
causing any change in vocalization to the 3d m. sing., which may therefore,
for convenience, be called the Jtrst foi'm of the Perfect. This rule is true
of all verbs, weak as well as strong, except the Lomadh Olaph verbs (? 60.).

5. The third feminine plural sometimes ends in ^^ ; the third mascu-

line plural sometimes ends in \0 , and the first plural in t^J (in Lk. 9:13
7 7 7 7
^^^1 from ,
^1 , is written, instead of ^^n^ l , to avoid the three Nuns
cf. IJin^). Sometimes, on the contrary, the third plural feminine, as
- T

well as masculine, was written just like the third masculine singular.

According to HoflPmann (Merx, § 50. N. B., and § 59. 1. (5)) a Yudh was
sometimes added to the third feminine singular, e. g. ^2^^^ . This is

only a " signum graphicum fem. indicans," just as in the third feminine
Imperfect (see § 45.).

N^ote 1. — The following summary of the endings of the Perfect in

Syriac and Hebrew may be useful

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

p 3f. 2 m. 2f. Ic. 3 m. 3f. 3 m. 2f. Ic.

CO

7
Syr. — 2L_
^M vor^J
7

Heb. ^((1) on

JVo^e;^.— r^ (Mt.8:2); -^r^ (Mt. 20:20) ;

i^? (Mt. 25:25) ;
^^^^
(1 Cor. 11:17)

^ci^5
; -r^ (32:13) ;
o^^^ (32:22) ; ^ (Acts 27:2)

(John 16:27).

Verbs which have e in the first form (see ? 43. Rem. 4.) retain it in all
the forms derived from it ; but in the 3d fem. and 1st eing. they are the
same as verbs which have a in the first form.
2 44.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 41

2 44. The Remaining Perfects.

Ethp^'el. Pa'el. Ethpa'al. Apli'cl. Ettaplial.

» 7 7 7 7 7. .

3 m. s'ln^.
^^}
V 7 7 7 7 ^ 7. .

3 f. sing. h^L^A
7 7 7 . 7. .

3 m. pi. QJDi^i^il Cl^hJ] QL^h^ZZ]

1 sing. tlhl^Z] h2i^ iJkh^Z] h^hJ\ hlih^ZZ]

•* ' '
'
' .

^2^Z|(12:5); :^iixaJ^] (6:19) ;

^.i^ali^^l (Rev. 13:12) ; 1.1:^^(32:18);
^"^
^
^ N Z j (Rev. 11:18); oaJ:?!? (29:18) ; ' ^ ^ -(7:3); .clj^l

(Gal. 4:12); r^ (4:12) ; ^H^ (Acts 23:30) ;

Oj.Ii (Acts 4:15)
; ^r^'

(Acts 15:24); c^il^l (25:10) ; ^l-^A (Heb.9:20); ^oZj-lizj

(Col. 4:10) ; I^U] (12:17) ; w-lLzf (6:1) ; 'CL:] (Lk. 20:23).

It will be noticed that all of these Perfects form all of their inflections
on the analogy of the Perfect P^'al ; i. e. the sufformativcs for gender,
number and person are in all cases, except the 3d fem. and 1st person
singular, affixed directly to the 3d singular masculine, without causing
any change in it. In the 3d singular feminine (and the 1st sing., which
is formed like it) the only change in the last four stems is that the vowel
of the second radical is changed to a half-vowel ; in the Ethp*'el the

second radical loses its vowel and the first receives a.

RemarJc 1. — The Ethp*'el 3d feminine singular and 1st common

singular can be distinguished from those of the Ethpa'al only when
the second or third radical is an aspirate and Kushoy and Rukhokh
[k 10.) are marked. It will be noted that in Ethp^'el the second radical

has Rukhokh, and the third, Kushoy ; whereas in Ethpa'al the opposite
is true.

Remark 2. — Notice the transposition of the Taw in the Ethp^'el

and Ethpa'al of verbs whose first radical is a sibilant, and the per-

mutations of the Taw in those whose first radical is Zain or Sodhe

(cf. l\ 21. 1; 22. 4).
 .

j42 - ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC. [i 45.

§ 45. The P*'al Imperfect.

TABLE A.

1. He will write s^ciuaJ = >-^c2w -with J a pronom. prefix used to

denote the 3d person.

2. She will write s^sci^Z = y-scLia with ^ the usual fern, sign pre-
fixed, and '<*
suffixed to
distinguish it from the
2d masc. sing. Cf. 1 43.

Rem. 5.

3. T7iou{m.) wilt write ^-^oh^Z = w^cAjs ^ith -^ a fragment of ^^1 ihou,

prefixed.

4. Thou (f.) wilt write v^^^/- = ^oLs with -i prefixed, .^--— suffixed,

and c— shortened and

obscured to the half-

Yowel.

5. / shall write woo^ = w£oio with 1 a fragment of PI / pre-

fixed.

6. They (m.) will write ^orj^-aJ = wcciwo with J prefixed for the 3d per-
son, ^s— suffixed for the

m. plural, and the vowel

changed to a half- vowel

7. They (f.) toill write. .^^•=^ = wcci^ as in the 3d m. pi., except that
the ending is ^^ instead
of fl
8. Ye (m.) will write., t^^^ = wCoAj as in the 3d m. pi., except that
we have ^ prefixed in-
stead of J

9. Ye (f.) will write... .^^^ = yjzcLs as in the 3d f. pi., except that

we have ^ instead of J
prefixed.

10. We shall write %-co^.£j = s.^cL^ with J a fragment of «^'' - we

prefixed.
 — ;

45.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 43

TABLE B.

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Sing'ular. Singular. Plural. Plural.

Third Person, <^cL^ J ^ ^olLzi A ^ siLa 1

Second Person, ^oLs Z ^ Sih^ 2. ^s£^ Z

First Person, s^oLs ]

wcoka J

Remarks.

1. The original stem is ^-^c^^ , the Q— of which is changed to a half-

vowel {i. e. volatilized) before sufformatives which begin with a vowel
i. e. T^:—. , \— ,
^-
2. The pronominal fragments employed in the inflection of the Imper-

fect are,

Freezes, i, J i, J
^ , ^ , ^ , 1 ; ,
f , ^ ,

Affixes, — , ^, _,^, — ;
^o,
^, ^o, ^,_
3. The * of the preformative comes from an original ^ .

4. The preformatives and sufformatives of the Imperfect are the same

for all stems, and for weak verbs as well as strong, except that tlie vowel

of the preformative is sometimes other than - .

5. Except the silent suffix ^ which

, is sometimes used with the 3d f em.

sing., the five forms, oL.=J

J
».4^o^-sZ ^
^.^oLsZ ^
usciwa] and wCoAaJ

differ merely in the consonant of the preformative ; the other five forms

always suffer the same changes in the root, i. e. LsZ ^

^o^LsZ ^

6. The original forms of the Imperfect run, — naktulu, taktulu,

naktuluna, naktulana. "De imperfect! formis notandum est
vocales primitivas "M. ct "^ in o et ^ esse elatas, quorum loco serior aetas
iterum u et H pronunciavit, ita ut antiqui scribae et Nestoriani formas
exhibeant ^a-^^ et ^N^ n1 recentiores vero Ja'kobitae et Maronitae
\ ^

^3.Vj et ^c^^-^nJ ."-Merx-Hoffmann, Gr. Syr., § 50. D.

 ;;

44 ELEaiENTS OF SYRIAC. [?4G.

46. P«'al Imperfects in A and E.

TABULAR VIEW.

3 m. sg. 3 m. pi.

Imperfect with u. uOoiLaJ ^ZLaJ

Imperfect with i, wSZLJ ((

Imperfect with a, ((

1. f£^ (2:17); rfr^ (Mt.7:12); r::^^ (Lk. 22:36); roi^p (Mt. 14:15)

^^^ (for VkJ) (Mt. 5:29); rf^^ (Mt. 24:29); ^^ (from ^J^)

(Mt. 13:2) ;
v^iJ (Mt. 20:21) ; r-^ (from t-^ = niS) lie will err;

>a-JflJ (from >ai = D^tT) (Mt. 19:13); r^ (from r^) (John 12:32).

2. >cLii (Lk. 21:22); ,

nSnN 4 l (Lk. 21:24); oaLaS (Mt. 25:9) ;
.^^s^

(Lk. 3:14) ;
vii.i (Lk. 7:6) ;
^ol^i^i (Rom. 15:30) ;
.=4:^^ (2:18)

^'^^ (Mt. 18:17) ;

^oll-a^ (Mt. 13:15) ; -^^^ (2:10).

3. wco'LiJ (Mk. 10:48) ;

^hJl (Mt. 20:31) ;
v^o^aJ (Mk. 8:22) ; ^'t^
(Mt. 14:36) ; ?Q^ (1 Cor. 4:25) rf^^ (J°- 4:23) ^^ (30:5). ; ;

V T

1. t^^ to maize and ^1 to huy are the only strong verbs which have
the Imperfect in * ; but some weak verbs, mostly intransitives, form
their Imperfect P''al in this manner ; e. g. one E E, one E Yudh, one Pe
Yudh, and a few Pe Nun verbs.
2. Perfects in e, which are intransitive, have as a rule their Imperfect
in a ; as have also most intransitives in a, and most verbs whose second
or third radical is a guttural.
3. A few verbs having the Perfect in e have the Imperfect in ^i.

Note. —There were three Perfect stems, ^^^ ,

^^I^ ^ and wso^^-o (see

I 41. 1.) ; and three Imperfect stems, ^^^aJ ,

^h-:^ and
,
w^cZ^-sJ ; the a

and u in each case being original, while the e has come from t
 : ^

§47.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. ^5

47. The Remaining Imperfects.

Ethp-'el. Pa'el. Ethpa'al. Aph'el. Ettaph'al.

V .7 7. 7
3 m. sing. s^L£L2 wS^-aJ ^iLsl
• • * . • «

7 7. ».
3 f. sing. ^L^Zl
». 7.
3 m. pi. ^L£i2 ^io^ ^qIzLsZLJ

y P V P 7 Q 7 <>
. 7*
1 sing.

waxjp (29:1); ^oiZ(6:ll); w^2L^(6:15); ^a^a.s2^ (1:10); ^orsj^ZZ

(5:13); ^ol-^rJ (2:9); ^o^^i^ (Mt. 25:29).

7?em. i.-^cLlliJ (1:10) ; v^i^-^^ (5:13) ;

^f r^^ ^^ Pet. 2:3).
It will be noticed that the preformatives and sufformatives of the
derived stems are the same as those of the simple, or P^'al, stem (cf. ^45).

What is said in § 45. Rem. 5, of the internal changes of the P*'al, is true
also of the derived stems, i. e. the 3d fern, sing., the 2d masc. and the 1st
com. sing, and plur. are the same, preformatives (and sufforniative in the
case of the 3d fem. sing.) excepted, as the 3d masc. sing, or Jlist form of
the Imperfect ; and all other forms are the same, preformatives and suf-.
formatives excepted, as the 3d masc. plural.
Rem. 1. — The 3d masc. plur., and the forms like it, of the Ethp^'el and
Ethpa'al, can only be distinguished in writing when the second or third
radical is an aspirate. In the Ethp*'el the second radical takes Rukhokh
and the third Kushoy ; whereas, in the Ethp*'el the second takes Kushoy
and the third Rukhokh ; when neither the second nor the third radical is

an aspirate the usus loquendi and the connection can alone determine
whether the form be intensive or not.

Rem. 2. — In the Ettaph'al stem, whenever the preformative is a Taw,

the other Taws are written as one, to avoid the occurrence of three Taws.

Rem. <?.— Notice the transposition and permutation before sibilants,

according to ?? 21. 1; 22. 4.

Rem. 4.— The following table gives, (1) the preformatives of the differ-

ent stems, (2) the vowel of the first radical, (3) the vowel of the second
radical
 . .

46 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [U8,

P^'al. Etlip^'el. Pa'el. Ethpa'al. Aph'el. Ettaph'al.

7 7
U
-.V

1. 2 J Li

7
2. s s S 2 2 s

'2
3.
1 Z z
'^(or^cl)

Rem. 5. —The various elements used as preformatives and sufformatives

appear in the following table, the asterisks representing radicals:

He will. ¥r * * " They (m.) will.. ^^ * * *

She will. (^) * * * ^ They{t) will..

Tliou (m.) wilt, ^fr ^ 4t

^ Ye {m.)u'ill <=»'
VT" * * *

TJiou (f.) wilt., r:^ * ^t * -^ Ye (f.) will. ^ * * 4&

I shall * * * I We shall. .

S 48. The Imperatives.

Imperfect.
Imperative Imperative Imperative Imperative
m. sg-.
:i 2 f sg. m. pi. . }i a f . pi.

^oLsJ ^A^C^O
P^'al.
(f)^»^

* 7
Pa'el. The endings fo r gender and num-
her are the same for all the
stems.
Aph'el. ^M
Ethp'^el. ^"i^^ ^I^Z]

Ethpa'al. s^LJ>L2 y^lLdZ] or

V, 7
Ettaph'al. ^L£ZL2
• • ' ^
U 49, 60.] ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC. 47

1. 5ias (31:13) ; o^:-^ (3:3) ; cltcl-ia, (30:13) ; r^ (2 Tim. 4:5).

2. ci:^ (33:3) ; o^il^l (33:2) ; ^^r^^^l (Col. 3:18).

3. 05C151I (31:17) ;
ai^i^^] (Col. 3:20).

The stem of the Imperative is the same as that of the Imperfect

without the preformative ; except in the Ethp^'el and in one form of the
Ethpa'al, where the original short a of the first radical is retained and
the vowel of the second radical is dropped, its absence being often
denoted by the linea occultans (see 3 above).
N^ote 1. — The Olaph of the Aph'el and of the passive stems, which is

absorbed in the Imperfect, is retained in the Imperative.

Note 2. — The Imperative has no preformatives ; the gender and number
are denoted by sufformatives, which are, ^ for the fcm. sing. ;
o or r® for

the masc. plur. ^ or ^ or ^^ for the f em. plural.

;

Note 3. — None of the sufformatives except ^,o and r^ are pronounced.

I 49. The Infinitives.

P^'al. Ethp^'el. Pa'cl. E.hpa'al. Aph'el. Ettaph'al.

b. V >. ? y
^^hlh:^

u^l:;^^(2:6); ^r^^ (2:2); r^^^ (3:13); cj^uL^o (2:4); q^h^ (27:4);

Q!.,%i^(l Cor. 11:32).

y y »
= ^^ -r ^
>r.

1. The Infinitive of the P^'al is ^-^^^-ai^ •

2. The Infinitives of the derived stems are all found by prefixing >= to

the form used in the Imperfect, except that the vowel of the second rad-
ical is always " and that the abstract ending o is always suffixed. This
o becomes -^o before pronominal suffixes. See ^ 85. Kem. 2.

§ 50. The Participles.

P^'al. Ethp^'el. Pa'el. Ethpaal. Aph'el. Ettaph'al.

y y y y ^

y y y y
 :

48 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC, U 51.

1. w^r^(l:6); -^'(3:7); ^ (3:4) ?(16:9); v^V^ (Mt. 21:9);

U^t^ (Mk. 11:10).

2. U^l^ (1:2); ^^^nJii (2:3); V^ (3:17); r^H^ (16:9); ti^

(Lk. 24:51); /r^ (Lk. 1:42); '^"'jp^ (1:13); jls^^j^ (7:8); ^ai^:^

(Mk. 9:20); ^aii(14:4); >al^ (14:4).

1. The P*'al Active Participle is of the same form as the Hebrew *?pp
from an original katil. The Passive is of the form katil, just as in

Biblical Aramaic, the d becoming a half-vowel.

2. The Active Participles of the derived species are formed by prefix-

ing >c to the first form of the Imperfect, the Nun having been elided.
The Passive forms of Pa'el and Aph'el differ from the Active in the
absolute masc. sing., "where they have a instead of e (cf. the Arabic,
where the Passive Participles are distinguished from the Active in like

manner).
3. It will be noticed, in the above examples, that Participles are
inflected like nouns.

§ 51. The Verb with Suffixes.

A. The following table gives a comparison between the Perfect P^'al

with and without suffixes

Form without Form with Suf- Form with "Tier." Form with "/lim."
Suffixes. fixes.

7 7^ P 7

3 m. singular,

P 7
3 f. singular, ^l£ lJl^ (S\h^hJ>

P , 7 ^

2 m. singular, L£Ls L£:Ljd

7 7 7
2 f. singular. >-»zL=ii!

0,7 7
1 c. singular, Ljzb2 IL^L^
 ;

§51.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 49

Form without Form with Suf- Form with "fter." Form with '*him."
Suffixes. fixes.

».. 7
3 m. plural, Q^LS

P *»_ 7
3 m. plural,

P 7
3 f. plural,
• 4

* 7 P m^ 7

3 f. plural,
iJi^o

P >. , 7

2 m. plural. Jc^Ai
"^ , 7 P ^ 7
2 f. plural,
ir^Lr:^^

P 7 P 7

1 c. plural. -^^ lAs

B. The Perfect with Suffixes.

1. [V4u3 and =2^ for M-o and ol^] ^oh^^ (Overbeck 137: 9 (Nol.))
oilT^ (Nol., Gr., 1 186.) ;
ovkii^ (4:11) ;
^^^^^ (25:12) ; ^^ (John
17:25); >* ln\v (Pg. 16:7) ;
^oial-al (25:19) ; ^oio^l (25:10) ;
^ai?^

(Ps.23:6); ^^liiz] (Lk. 24:22).

i?em. ?.— v>gv i 3^ n ^ P

> .
| ^/ie?/ c?zc? no. find Mm (Anal. Syr. 87:15 (Duv.)).

^^^c't-»» ^Ae?/ surrounded me (Overbeck 137:9 (Nol.)).

Pi. 7
tJo-^^^l they entrusted to thee (Julianus 90:25 (Nol.)).

P ^ 7 .

oiX^^ they made it (Nol., Gr., I 186.).

Rem. 2. — \^,5^ they oppressed you (Judges 10:12).

^'^ «* ^ ? they troubled you (Acts 15:24).
 ;

50 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 61.

2. [^\£ or ^-^^-0 for ^3^] JlaLji. (Lk. 10:40) ; ^^^^ (Ps. 69:2)

CT^ S"' ^] (22:7) ; >.*l-«^r-^i^ ^^ioit /irt.s^ Z/orwe 7)ie (Jer. 2:27 ; sec also Jer.
7
15:10) ;
^^l-^-^i^^J thou hast deceived me (?) (1 Sam. 19:17 ; see also Song

of Songs 4:9).

Remark.—^^-:^^ (Ps. 51:5) ;

^«A-J—^-^ (Is. 51. 5 ; other reading for

^l^L^ , Nol., Gr., § 186.), but Jkii^ (Lk. 10:40).

3. [i^^^4^ for i-^^:^^ ,

^ii^^LD for ^£^li^^ , 2 masc. sing, and plur. and 2d

fern. plur. unchanged] ^I^o^^ (Ps.22:l) ; -f^r^ (10:6) ;

^i^r- (John

17: 25) ;
^^^^ (John 17:4) t^r^ (6:7) ^oZ^J (25:18) oiLl:^ ;
; ;

ye (f.) 7iave Jcilled her,

"When the object of a verb is a pronoun other than the 3d plural it is

suffixed directly to the verbal form, occasioning certain changes of ter-

mination and stem. For them the independent pronouns \=J| and r^l

are used, e. g. ^] wc^il (2:6) ; ^1 olLa-^ (Lk. 24:11).

7 1^ 7
1. The forms wSius and s^^^ occur in the 3d masc. singular and plural.

Rem. 1. — The older and longer forms Ja^i^ and J-*^i^ occasionally

are found.

Rem. S. — The ending of the masculine plural is sometimes omitted

before suffixes.

7 ^ 7 7 7
2. The old form ^^^ (for an older i^^^^s) appears in the 3d fem. sing,

and ^^i^ for v*^^^ in the 3d fem. sing.

3. The other forms, except the first person singular, remain unchanged.
The first person singular takes the same form before suffixes as the 2d
masc. sing., and is to be distinguished from it with the pronominal suffix
7
for the 3d sing. masc. only ; e. g. I have hilled him = oii^^^^
*
; thou hast
" 7
killed him = ^ai^h!^:L^ .

.
§51.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. dl

4'ypro forms ending in a vowel the suffixes are appended directly and
without any change except in the case of the 3'm. sg. suffix (see 6. below).

5. To forms ending in a consonant the suffixes are appended by means

of a union vowel or half-vowel, without any variation in the suffix except

in the 3d sing. masc. (see 6. below). Before t^ , ^^ the union vowel is

always the half-vowel, except in the form ^

^'^iN^ ^ ^^
> nl\^j y^Q ]iave

killed you; before ^^ tliee (f.) the union vowel is always - ; before ff"
Aer,

f thee (m.), ^ me, and r^ us, it is always " except in the 3d sing. masc.
and f em. before ^ and \^ where we have ^ .

6. The 3 m. sg. suffix has the form o*— with the 3 sg. m. and f. and with
the 1 sg. ; with the 3 pi. m. it has the form ^<n ; and elsewhere it has the
form >^3i-*— , except with the 2 f. sg. where it is ^«i«

C. Table giving the principal forms of the Imperfect with suffixes :

FORM WITHOUT SUFFIXES.

u^O^
^a.r:^.::J

FORM WITH SUFFIXES.-SINGULAR.

1st. 2d masc. 2d fern. 3d masc. 3d fem.

^hjz^
p
^i^ or oi^i»-aJ
(

Pi.. ».

t^ Ph. *

FORM WITH SUFFIXES,—PLURAL.

1st. 2d masc. 2d fem.

y IS h. b. yr. * *> ,TS

Ph. * ^ p h. «
 . — — ;

52 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 51,

D. The Imperfect with Suffixes.

>^;^ (8:10) ;
^U^ (23:14) ; .oi^ (23:12) ; -a-^\J (Ps. 16:1)

wOTi^l.£i;.-iJ (23:3); oi-iJ^]I: (6:17) ; v^qin* jjN'^'i (4:11); >-3i-^iL^£j

(22:5); w^n^iii^ (31:14) ;

^o^]z (25:17).

1. The only changes in the stem are in the forms v^ciuaJ ^

^^oh^Z ^

^^=^1 where , the © becomes a half -vowel.

2. With ^si^aJ (from ^^oi^aJ) and like forms, the suffixes and their

union vowels are,

7 P

3. With rCLs:^ ,
^^^ ,
^Qjc^Z ,
^h^A and ^--^^^ , the suf-

fixes and union vowels arc,

•
,
f'^— or

4. The 2d masc. sing, has sometimes a second form before suffixes, to

wit :
'« 1 t ^ ^^ ,
^' ^h^z .

E. The Imperative with Suffixes.

The following are the forms of the Imperative with Suffixes

2d masc. sin?. 2d fem. singr. 2d masc. plur. 2d fem. plur.

1 Sg. suff ^=^c^^ <.*!:! c£ua

3 sg. m. ^C2b2 >^oiaA£c^o Ni*oi3.r:Za2 ;c^ws

3sg.f. soi^ 2CA.S cnasZsjs ouco^^

7 K
Ipl. :o2o ,ii;Z=.a ;clyj

L.^=rs (Ps. 22:11); c^a-a-».aa (3:3); ^^i-Jo^cj (Ps. 2:11) ;

^oi=-*^

(Ps. 22:23) ; -»^c^c] (id.) ;

^oJ] j^? (Ps. 28:9).

1. The 2d masc. sing, inserts ^ before all suffixes.

? 52.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 53.

2. The w4 of the 2d fern. sing, and the o of the 2d masc. plur. become;
full vowels before suffixes.

3. The >-» of the 2d fern. plur. is dropped.

4. The long forms of the Imperative plural ^asoio and r:^®^^—=)

(t. e.

are joined to the suffixes in the same way as the short form of the femin-
ine plural.

F. The Infinitives and Participles with Suffixes.

1. The Infinitive P^'al takes the suffixes of nouns without any change
except the dropping of the second vowel before all save the suffix of the
1st sing. See § 81.

2. Occasionally the Infinitive P*'al is joined to the 3d masc. and 3d

fern. sing, suffixes by a Yudh after the analogy of the Imperfect ; e. g,

y^qi n ^ Sn ^ Sn to take Mm^ qi • r\'=^\o to free Tier. See Noldeke, I 191.

3. The Infinitives of all the derived stems change the ending Q— to -^Q—
and take the usual nominal suffixes. See § 85.

4. Participles take the nominal suffixes.

I 52. Guttural Verbs.

9r-(4:7); ("^ (32:1) ;

cu»ril (24:2) ;
w..^i^^] (5:1) ; ^%>i (1:13) ; '^vli

(Ps.l9:8); r^ (Ps.29:9) ; '^ [= ^'0\1) to want ; '^hl iov h^hl

he shall hreah; oCJ (Luke 6:12) ;

=>cJii^ (Mk. 12:17).

1. Verbs whose first radical is a guttural, or Rish, are regular.

2. Verbs whose second radical is a guttural, or Rish, sometimes in East
Syriac take a where we would expect e, e. g. ^^^ (West Syriac ^^) to

3. When the third radical is a guttural (for verbs tertiae Olaph^ see
II 57, 60), or Rish, it changes an immediately preceding e into a.
Note 1. — In the Pa'el and Aph'el, this change of e into a causes the
Participles Active and Passive to coincide.
Note 2. — In accordance with this rule, many intransitives, like r^>fl^
,

which would naturallj^ have e, take a in the P*'al Perfect.

4. In a few cases, when the third radical is a guttural, or Rish, a— of
the Imperfect and Imperative is changed into a.

5. Verbs whose third radical is oi always receive a before it.

 ;;

54 ELEIVIENTS OF SYRIAC. [U 53, 54,

2 53. Pe Nun Verbs.

1. t^ (Mt. 19:7) ; ^ (23:18) ;

^Q^ (Acts 10:13) ; ^^ (Mk. 9:21) ; <^
(Mt. 21:21); c^ (Mk. 16:11).

2. i^ (= r4-J-J) (Lk. 11:21) ;

-dqIj (Mt. 2:6) ; r^l (Acts 16:18)
'^ (Mt. 5:29) ; r?^^ (Mt. 24:29) ;
^^^^ (Mt. 1:20) ; ^1 (Mt. 17:1)
'^'"^
wfii:^ (Lk. 14:5) ; (Mt. 5:31) ;
^-*-J| (Heb. 4:8) ; ^^ (Jer. 6:8).

Pe Nun verbs are regular in the Ethp'^el, Pa'el and Ethpa'al stems. In
P*'al they are regular in the Perfect and in the Participles. But
1. In the P''al Imperative the Nun is generally dropped.
2. In the P*'al Imperfect and Infinitive and in the Aph'el and Ettaph'al
stems throughout, the Nun is generally assimilated. See § 18. In Pe
Nun verbs which are also 'E 'E or 'E Waw, the Nun is firm. See § 62. 2.

§54, 'E'E Verbs.

TABULAR VIEW.

P'al. Aph'el. Ethtaph'al. Palpel.

V. * 7 7^
Perfect,

7.7' *. 7
Imperfect,

* ;' 7.7' ,
. ^.
Imperative, ^i
». p. 7 ^ P.7' b. P^ 7
Part. Act,

7,y. * /IS, 7
Part. Act.,

7. 7
Part. Pass.,

Remarh. — The first three forms of the P*'al Perfect are,

The 3d masculine singular and plural of the Imperfect are.

 ;;;

g 54.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. '85

1. ^ (Acts 1:3) ; ^? (Acts 20:33) ; ^ (Lk. 24:5) ;

^oZ^ (Gal. 4:14)

^^=1 (Mt. 6:6) ;

«^=1 (Mt. 7:13).

2. "^dS (John 10:9) ; ^^ (Mt. 16:21) ; w^vl (Rom. 7:7) ; ^2^^ (Rom.

14:11) ; vjo^Li (John 19:24) [-ssi2* from wsol^Z , ucii froift ^nxiai]

rj^f (Lk. 1:35) ; ^] (Mt. 9:31) ; ^ (Mt. 23:12) [^ from t^].

3. il'j [for ^^^] (Acts 16:29) ; -^U (1 Pet. 2:23) ; .^:^ (1 Cor. 12:26)

l^^ (Gal. 5:17); ^^ (1 Cor. 10:6) ; but ^i:^ (Mt. 10:12) ^I^Heb. ;

11:16); yU (John 19:42); v-i-^ (1 Cor. 4:4); -a^ (Rom. 11:10).

4. . n ^n
"
.
(Rev. 9:1) ;
|li^ (1 Tlies. 2:7) ; ^A (Mt. 23:12) ; "i-lz]

(2 Tim. 2:5); ^-s^^a^ (Mt. 12:20) ; ^l^^^l (Mt. 13:17) ;

r^r^i^io

(Acts 17:16) ; >^Vu] (Phil. 1:20).

In verbs -whose 2d and 3d radicals are identical the Ethp^'el is regular.

1. In the P*'al Perfect and Imperative the second and third radicals are
contracted into one, the vowel of the second radical being thrown back
upon the first. When a syllable follows, the second and third radicals are
written as one, but pronounced as two, e. g. reggath, nodd^thun.
The P^'al Perfect is the form given in the dictionary.

2. In the P*'al Imperfect and Infinitive, and in the Aph'el and Et-
ph'al stems throughout, the vowel of the second radical is thrown back
upon the first, and the first radical is doubled and hardened.
3. a. The Part. Act. of P^'al in the first form, i. e. the 3d m. sg., is like

the same form in L-Waw verbs, — the second radical is changed into Olaph,
which is pronounced like Yudh (-^1' = royeth). See § 2. c. and § 59. 4.

h. But when additions for state, gender or number are made to the

first form of the Participle, the Olaph is generally dropped, and the
primitive second radical is doubled.
c. The Participle Passive of P^'al is regular.
4. In the intensive stem, though we have sometimes the regular forms,

we usually have the Palpel and Ethpalpal. The stem of Palpel is formed
by doubling the contracted P*'a], or simple stem. Palpel and Ethpalpal
are inflected like Pa'el and Ethpa'al.
 ;

56 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 55.

§56. Pe Olaph Verbs.

1. i^l (27:6); ^^] (32:9); r^pc] (32:14); ^Q^l (Acts 10:13) ; ^M

(23:17); -^M (Lk. 17:23); N (Mt.2:20); al.] (23:6); rA"! (32:10);

r^] [Mi. 3:3) ; li-^l (Acts 2:16) ; ^1^ (32:8). Sec § 64. 4.

2. ^iU (4:13); ^U (5:10); ^"P (5:12); t^U (26:9); ^U

(32:11) ;
"^1^ (4:13) ; r^l^ (23:10) ; ^ (Phil. 2:19) ;
"^"1 (Mk.

14:14).

3. r-^U^ (28:1) ; o^^U] (James 4:9) ; ^^^1 (Mk. 5:26) ;

-aAT (Acts

20:20); ^a^ (Acts 4:18); r-^^l (Mt. 25:10); ,^1:^ (Rev. 18:1.5)

-^i) thou hast hound thyself (Jos. Styl. 2:13) ; r^^^l (Mk. 25:16);

ri]o(l:6).

4. r^4 (Mt. 22:7) ; r^c] (Mt. 21:33) ;

jloZ^ (Thes. Syr. 126) ;
rlcLilc

(Acts 22:16); r^

1. In Pe Olapli verbs, the Olaph receives a helping vowel in the P^'al

and Ethp''el stems. In the Ethp''el this vowel is thrown back upon the
preceding Taw. See 3 below.
Kate 1. —In the P*'al Perfect this helping vowel is *

Note 2. —In the P''al Imperative, with in the ^ second syllable, the
Olapli has * ; in the Imperative with '^
the Olaph has ^ ; in the Impera-
tive with * the Olaph is dropped. § 23. 1. (1).

Note 3. —In the P^'al Participle Passive the Olaph takes ''

2. In the P''al Imperfect and Infinitive of verbs which have Q— in the

second syllable of the Imperf. the vowel of the pref ormative is * ; in verbs
which have ^ in the second syllable of the Imperf., the preformative has

generallj^ "=
. In either case the Olaph quiesces in the preceding vowel.
Note. — In the P''al Imperfect 1st sing, one Olaph falls out. § 23. 2. (1).

3. In Ethp^'el, Ethpa'al, and in the Imperfect, Infinitive and Participles

of the Pa'el, the vowel of the Olaph is thrown back upon the preceding
consonant, and the Olaph quiesces.
Note 1. —In the 1st sing. Pa'el one Olaph is dropped and the form
becomes ^ja^ (for ^a^]).
 ;
;

g 56.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 67

Note 2.— hi waX the Olaph of the Pa'el stem often falls away after
preformatives.
Note S.—lxs. the Ethp*'el of i-»] to seize^ and of some other verbs, and in

the Ethpa'al of t^l to trade, the Olaph is dropped and the Taw generally

doubled. See ? 22. 1. (2).

Note 4. —In "West Syriae, when Olaph with a vowel is preceded by an

inseparable particle, the particle takes the vowei and the Olaph quiesces.
See ? 34. 2.

4. In Aph'el, Shaph'el and their passives, Pe Olaph verbs pass over

into the formation of verbs Pe Yudh. See § 58. 3. For ^M compare
U 58. 3. Note. (2), and 64. 4.

Remark. — ^^^^ to remember is treated in West Syriae as if it were a Pe

Olaph verb ; e. g. ^?ai^o (1 Thes. 1:3) ;

o?^o (1 Pet. 5:8).

§ 56. E Olaph Verbs.

1. 1^41 (Lk. 1:40) ; ^1^ (Heb. 3:10) ; ^1^ (Thes. Syr. 438).

2. ^.U (31:6) ; ^^ll (Heb. 10:6) ; r^U (1 John 5:15) ;

,c^w^.U (John

16:24); 2^)i? (John 21:18) ; ^UJ (James 1:6) ;

^Iji (Heb. 12:13)

"^U (3 John 15); ^ (Acts 12:8); a:^]Liji (Lk. 14:18); ^^]i-ki (Jos.

Styl. 3:15) ; -^W (Acts 7:19) ; --^\^A (22:8).

3. ^ciLUj (Mt. 18:19) ; .«^i^J (Acts 7:6) ; ^—-J^I-i-L: (Lk. 6:33)

>^oiaAl.Uj (Mt.7:9).

4. <|l(Mt.5:42); PU (Mt.20:20) ;
^U (Mt.20:22); <|1 (Mt.22:4);

<|I:^(Mt.2:4);^']L^] (Acts*25:26); ^ci^^(Rm.6:19); uiil^^UPs.5:3).

1. In £ Olaph verbs, when Olaph ends a syllable it quiesces in the

vowel preceding? it.

2. When Olaph is preceded by a consonant, it throws back its vowel

and quiesces in it.

3. When neither Olaph nor the consonant preceding it had a vowel, the
helping vowel -^
was given to the consonant preceding Olaph, and the
latter quiesced.
58 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [?57,

Note. —This helping vowel was first given to the Olaph and then thrown
back, as in 2 above.
4. The Participle Active P''al and the Intensive stem throughout are
regular.

Note. — For ^^H to he good^ the Intensive in use is > ^* I from ^^ •

Compare I 59. 5.

^57. Lomadh Olaph Guttural Verbs.

11^ (Rev. 22:11) ; V^ (Acts 20:1) ; A^ she has consoled; ^jls thou hast

consoled; ^U-^I Jiave consoled ; ]U—^^—^ (Is. 2:12) ; 1'-^ to teach;

lls^l to he adorned; \^4 (Job 18:3); c\lL (Acts 16:40); ^

(2 Cor. 7:6) ; o]1Llo (Tit. 1:9) ; cjliz] (Acts 15:31).

In a few verbs whose third radical is Olaph, the Olaph is treated

throughout as a guttural, and the second vowel of the Pa'el is a instead
of e. When the consonant preceding Olaph is unvoweled, it draws the
vowel of the Olaph to itself, the Olaph quiescing. Most verbs originally
of this class have come to be treated as Lomadh Olaph verbs. See § 60.

I 58. PeYudh Verbs.

TABULAR VIEW.

P'al. Ethp^'el. Aph'el. Eshtaph'al.

7 7
Perfect, A- ^f[ ^ci

7 7
Imperfect,
a: rf^
7 7
Imperative,
^l r^4 fie]

i^ P 7
Infinitive,

7 7 7
Part. Act., ^i^ 1 nnV>

7 V
Part. Pass.,
 — ,;

^58.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 59

Remark 1. — -^H means to inherit ; t-^ to he horn; r^-« to hum; "^r* to

Remarh 2. —The first three forms of the Perfect P*'al are, ^'r* , -^-^r*

y y h. .

2Zi-» . The 3d sing, and 3d plur. masc. of the Imperf. are, -^'P ,
^cZ^p .

1. J^ (15:9); r^A (Mt. 2:1); ^v^ (Acts 28:10); ^ j^V r^

* .
(Lk.
»0 7 *x * y
21:14) ; 13© (25:15) ;
r^o (32:21) ; ^H ^o inherit; r^ to hum; '^r- ^o
7 7 7 7
know ; rO-» ^o 6e heavy ; w^o^ /o ^i2;e; "'^J know ; ^^^ si<; ^^oi <72i;e;

os^ (24:10) ; r^-^l (23:14).

2. yl|i (Rev. 12:2) ;

I'>\^ (1 Cor. 15:50) ; ^^If (Lk. 1:31) ; ^^P (Mt.

19:29); ^^^ (Rev. 3:21); -^'zu (Mt. 13:2) ; '^^r^ (Mt. 13:11) ;
V
^^'1
(Mt. 9:30) ; (Mk. 10:17) ; '^l (Phil. 3:8).

3. asZs](lCor.6:8); Q^^H (Mt. 18:31) ; r^o] (Mt.l:l); r^^ (Mt. 3:12)

a:=l*I (Lk. 23:39) ; al.^] (James 5:1) ; '^jol (Rev. 1:1) ;
'^?c2La!| (Acts

12:11).

4. r^(Mt.l5:4); j^^ (John 4:44); J^^^l (Rom.3:7); 9^ (2Cor.9:8);

^^ (Rev. 8:7) ;
^'^^1 (Is. 44:26).

Remark—^] (3:16).

1. Yerbs whose first radical was originally Waw, change this Waw into
Yudh, whenever it would begin a syllable. The only exceptions are P©
* 7
it is necessary, and r^® to appoint.

Rem. 1. —Pe Waw verbs take * in the P'^al Perfect.

Rem. 2. — The Yudh, whenever it would stand with a half-vowel

7

(1) Quiesces in Hebhoso at the beginning of a word, except in ^^ow- to

give. See I 64. 7.

60 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 58.

(2) Is dropped in the Imperative P''al of ''^r* to know^ cd^ to sit, and

to give.

(3) In the middle of a word, quiesces in Hebhoso, which is then thrown

back upon the preceding consonant (§ 33. 3).

2. After the preformatives of the P^'al, the Waw, changed to Yudh,

unites with the vowel of the preformative to form, in the East Syriac, e,

which in the "West Syriac is further changed to i. This I is written mostly

with an Olaph following, so that Pe Waw verbs come to have in the Im-
perfect, Imperative and Infinitive P''al the same forms as Pe Olaph verbs
which have a in the Imperfect (§ 55. 2). All Pe "Waw verbs except v-^^

to sit (see Notes below) and >-S3i-» to give (see ? 64.) have their Imperfect

and Imperative in a.

Rem. 1. — ^^i-* to know and ws£b- to sit lose their first radical after the

preformatives of the P*'al, and by way of compensation double the first

radical, hence becoming like Pe Nun Verbs.

Rem. 2. —In the

y
first person singular of the Imperfect one Olaph is

dropped, e. g. -^'1 I shall inherit.

3. The Aph'el, Shaph'el and their reflexives, have "Waw as the first rad-
ical even in verbs whose first radical was originally Yudh. The Aph^el,
etc., of Pe Olaph verbs coincides with these in form (see § 55. 3).

Rem. — *-fi^^ to such has in the Aph'el ^-o^l , though ^-aJo| is also found

(see Thes. Sijr., p. 1608). "^1 to howl (from "^ , not found in P^'al) is

the only other exception to the rule. ^M is from \A to come (see 1 64. 4).

4. The Pa'el and Ethpa'al are regular.

Rem. 1. —Pe Yudh verbs often take prosthetic Olaph in those forms

where the Yudh quiesces in Hebhoso.

Rem. 2. — Some Pe Olaph verbs pass over in certain forms into the Pe

Yudh class, e. g. "

'^^ * to learn, ^^^ to teach, >aii-« for >a£| to be Hack,
* 7m
ft^ for «t'^ to ^6 long.
 ;

59.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 61

?59. £)Waw Verbs.

TABULAR VIEW.

Ethp^'el or
P«'al. Aph'el. Pa'el.
Ettaph'al.

Perfect, yoL^lz]

Imperfect, ^CCLOJ >a^ >QlaJ

m 7
Imperative, >ci= >cJ!Diz] >a^]

S> P * p 7

Infinitive,

a: •

Part. Act., >n«?v

7 y
Part. Pass.,

Remark. — The first three forms of the Pe'al Perfect are >=^ ,
^^^^^^
,

^^^>aj • The 3d masc. sing, and plur. of the Imperf. are >c2-aJ ^
^a:aca-cJ .

1. >^(32:7); ^^ (Mt.9:25); ^^ (Acts 24:20); a:^(29:8); y^

(19:12) ; dil^ (Mt. 3:9} ;
^^^^ (24:11) ; ^^ (Phil. 2:26).

2. ^ccio (Mt. 2:13) ; ^^ (25:4) ;

^i^ (17:16) ;
^cZalfiJ (25:13).

3. >a^ (32:8) ; >=^-^ (25:14) ; '^\ (John 12:1) ; r^V-^^ (30:1) ;

^^-^-^^

(Mt. 12:11); ^^^^] (23:2); cj-^ZZ] (24:16); ^^ .^ iN^^Jbo (20:10).

4. >cll (31:13); ,-.la^ (27:3); '^Yl (18:4).

5. a^ (23:8); wial^ (23:5); o.:^ (Acts 15:32); >all^w^ (Col. 2:13)

ai4 (Uev. 3:4).

6. 1-' to exult; "^o^j ^o si'?t; ^aX. to join ; 'o-** ^o he white; |ooi ^o Z>e;

7 P P
>us-». ^o teach; l®-^ ^o repent; l^^ ^o desire.

Remark—^^-^^ (Mt. 22:25) ; ^^^^ (Rom. 7:10) ;

©i^-Lie (Mt. 2:20).
 p p

62 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 59.

1. "Whenever in the regular verb the combinations wd, wo (from wd) or

*ica (from awa) would arise, they are contracted into 6 (from d). This
takes place in the P''al Perfect (k'wam = kom), in the P'^al Infinitive
(mekwam = m'k6m),in the Aph'cl and Ethp^'el and Ettaph'al Infin-
itives(makwomu = m'komu and methtakwomu = mett'komu),
and in the Aph'el Pass. Part, (makwak = m'kom). See §29.5. (3).
2. Whenever ijcu^ 'wu, or w' (from wu) would occur, they are changed
into A This change takes place in the Tmperat. P*'al (k'wum = kum),
and in the Imperfect P''al (nekwum = n'kum, nekw^mun = n*ku-
mun).
3. Whenever we (from wi)^ 'we (from awa) or *wi (from awi) would occur,
the w is changed to y and contraciion into i takes place. Throughout the
Aph'el Perf., Imperf., Imperat. and Part. Act. we becomes t ( 'akim =
'akwem); in the P'^al Part. Pass, 'i^-i becomes t (k'wim = kim); in

the Ethp''el 'we becomes Taw is doubled and hardened (see

t, and the
§ 19.3). (Ethk'wem becomes Ett'kim, a half-vowel being inserted
before the first radical.)

4. In the Part. Act. owe [dwe) becomes oye, the y in the first form, t. e.

masc. sing., being written with Olaph (see ? 2. (1) c), but elsewhere with

Yudh, e. g. >c|-o ^
JV a h ^ ^^
> V i n . Where the third radical is a guttural

we find oya, as in ^ll (? 26. 1. (1)). In Joshua the Stylite, p. 3, 1. 20, we

» »
find H^ written, instead of ^U*

5. In the Pa'el and Ethpa'al atcwe and awwa generally become ayye,
ayya. Merx-Hoffmann, I QQ. vi., mentions nineteen verbs which some-

times or always have Waw in the Pa'el or Ethpa'al. For >

^* I see

I 56. 4 Note.

6. Some verbs, mostly denominatives, are regularly conjugated. All

verbs whose third letter is Olaph have the Waw firm.
Rem. 1. — The intransitive in * from awi
p
is found in the P^'al Perfect

of ^-fcio to die. Elsewhere it is like >a^ •

Rem. 2. — The only E-Yudh verb which differs in any respect from E-
Waw verbs is >fi^ , which has >«'-*^ in the P''al Imperative and >^ * ^'>
in

the P''al Imperfect.

Rem. S. — The preformatives of the P^'al and Aph'el sometimes take a

short vowel, e. g. ^a-J (Rom. 11:21). See Noldeke, I 177. C.

§60.] HLKMENTS OF SYEIAO. iS3

§^60. Lomadh Olaph Verbs.

TABULAE VIEW.

Pe'al. Ethp«el. Pa el. Aph'el.

Perfect, ^' -k^sC^ZJ ^fclC^f

Imperfect, U^ji 1^9 £wJ iio^ i^V

Imperative 2m. sg.. ^9 -^^'4 u^; uiif

P7
2f. sg.. >^h ^9^1 s.^9 «.!«>[

V
2m.pl., aL59Z[ ^'if

• * P7
2f. pi.. ^^9Z[ .-^'f

Infinitive, I^r^

Part. Active. ^1 il09^ V^^r^

r 7 7 7
Part. Passive,
I.

Remark. —The following forms are to be noted: P«'al Perfect

3rd sg. fern. ^9, 2nd sg. masc. Li.i^9, 1st sg. 2^9, 3rd masc. pi. 0^9,
3rd fem. pi. s.lio9, 3rd sg. fem. Ethp^^el and in all other stems ends in

l1^, 1st sg. in bSlic, 3rd. fem. pi. in ^S^Oich, all other forms being like

those of the P«*al. In the Imperfect, the sufformatives of all the stems

are the same, e. g. 2nd sg. fem. ^^9i, 3rd masc. pi. ^Q-ia jJ, 3rd fem. pi.

1. ]^ (1:1); Jooi (1:1); L*^ (Acts 22:15); l^ (6:5); cJoi (5:7);

^o^' (30:19); ^iLJoi (Mk. 5:34); ^hl^is (18:8); ^V ^^*- 2=2);

.jC^^, (Lk. 23:56).

2. -^(Lk.23:S); £jj^(14:7); cl.^.*. (Acts. 11:18); w-:^i(Lk. 23:56);

Z^j,... (Phil. 1:18); ^^ (2 Cor. 7:13); L.^ (Eev. 2:2); -0^4

(27:11); ^itf9f(ll:5);w-.:^I(12:13);cL>:^I(Mt.8:33);wJ?z| (Mt. 8:3);
04 ELEMENTS OF STEIAC. [§ 60.

dla?^ (Lk. 17:14); jlicjf (22:12); o^Icif (11:11); ^^^4 ^^'^^^

^LaL (18:17); wi-^^[ (30:15); o^>-*4 (30:18).

3. jooiJ (1:3); ii^ji (11:11); U^f (6:14); ^ccoii (2:3); ^I^^ (16:7);

I
^\ 1 (19:9); jocii (18:3); ^isZZ (6:15); |iaJ M?e will build. (16:5).

4. ^^ (11:10); «^^ (2:13); ^>^ (32:S); alszj (20:6); |i?Z[

(lit. 8:3); -cZZ[ (Rev. 2:5); l^jf (Mt. 17:27); a^vf (John 21:6).

|is£^ (18:18); ^^^^ (20:19); jLI:^ (Mk. 14:17);

]£l (17:3);
5.

^ *n^v (29:3); ,^-jaL« (20:19); ^^£^ (20:19); \^^ (Lk. 23:2);

^^^jC;^ (Rom. 16:18); ^I:i^ (19:10); als'^ (19:13); ^1:^-^

(Mt. 15:26); ol^l^i^ (Gal. 3:23); ]\^ (13:1).

Lomadh Olaph verbs (not guttural, see § 57) are those in which an
Olaph quiescent, or vowel letter, has taken the place in the 3rd sing.
masc. Perf. P**al of the original 3rd radical "Waw, Yudh or Olaph.

1. Awa, ay a or cCa^ becomes o in the 3rd sing. masc. and fern. Perf.
P«*al; awi, ayi or a'i, becomes t in the 1st pers. sing.; awUj ayu or d'u,
becomes aio in the 3rd masc. plur. ; awy, ayy or d'y, becomes ay in the
3rd fem. plur.; and aw or a' becomes ay in the 1st plur. and in the
2nd pers. throughout, ay remaining unchanged.
2. The P^'al Perf. of Intransitive verbs and the Perfect of all the
derived stems of all verbs have w in the 3rd sing. masc. and before
all endings for gender and number and person except the 3rd fem. sing.,
which is regular (i.e. ^-^ like l^l2).
Remark 1 .
—In the 3rd masc. plur. a* is the diphthong iu, see§ 8. 1 . (3).

Remark 2. — The 3rd fem. plur. of the derived stems is distinguished

from the 3rd masc. sing, by Rebbuy § 13.
Remark 3. — The Taw of the 1st pers. sing, is aspirated, e. g. La^^
h^dhithj that of the 2nd pers. is unaspirated, e. y. l1si2 nassU.
3. In all Imperfects, the 3rd sing. masc. and the forms like it (see

§ 45. Rem. 5), end in | from ay, the 2nd fem. sing, ends in ^ from
ayin, the masc. plur. 2nd and 3rd pers. ends in .o, the preceding radical
with its vowel being dropped; the fem. plur. 2nd and 3rd pers. is

regular, the 3rd radical, however, being in every case Yudh. e. g.

 .

§61.] ELEMENTS OP SYKIAO. 65

4. In the first form of the Imperative, the original a remains un-

changed in the Ethp^'el; in the P^'al, ay is changed to^ ; and in all

the other species the last radical is dropped and the vowel heightened
to id). The 2nd fern. sing, of all the stems ends in^, see § 8. 2. (2).

The 2nd masc. plur. ends in o , the Yudh of the root having been

dropped. The 2nd fern. plur. ends in ,-.*.*.

Remark 1. — The P«'al Imperat. 2nd masc. sing, of ]z] to come is

]Z. see § 64. 2. The same form from j-iw. to sprout, |J^ to swear j and

w^^l to drinkJ ends in w.*..

Remark 2. — In the 2nd masc. plur., the long forms .o|ic7, .oai^i are

sometimes used in the 2nd fem. plur. a short form in 1

; is sometimes found.

Remark 3.— The form ^z| is used in Lk. 9:38, 22:32, instead
of the more usual Ethp*'el Imperative. According to Bar Hebraeus
^|z| was used for v*aJZ| from \^ to strike (see Duval p. 194). In
some editions of the New Testament in Hev. 2:5, 15, 3:3, 19 jo^zj

is used instead of ^oZZ|.

5. All participles end in ] except the Pa' el and ApKel passive

which end in >*

§61. Lomadh Olaph Verbs with Suffixes

Peal
Pa el
Form Form Form with Form with with "him".
without with
"Aer" "Aim"
suffixes. suffixes.

Perfect,

S.masc.sing.
K ^ -^^ ^_°^^
- 7

3. fem. sing. ^^ ^ "^ o,£i:^ .,^:^;

S.mascoplur.,
^ oiiL^ (oi\)»-oil. >-qo|L^ s^oin.fc^.^

V^
3. fem. plur. -^ -^ »^; ..

Imperfect,

S.masc.sing. ii^ -^ ou^ .^(mi>

-
..V \
-^

8. masc. plur.
v^ v^ »Ji^ i^s^)^^ (-^)»u^
 —
ELEMENTS OF SYBIAO. [§ CI.

Peal
Pa'el
Form Form Form with Form with
without with with "/jer".
"her". ''him''.
suffixes. suffixes.

Imperative,
V
Bing. masc.
-K -K "-^ .010.^
a
sing. fern. -^ -Jk -K -»oia-U^

plur. masc.
^ 'K -K ^01

pm
oU^ ^?>i\^

plur. fern. .vN,

^*' ^'(i ^^ *_
0-^.

"• ^\
7

1. oizL (26:19); -3^Ll£> (15:8); ^Lj^^^f (12:15); ^

vouwi^itf
, (25:11);

ci^i* (30:12); .ail. (12:14); s^axoVr^. (12:9); ^oj^jfo (12:3);

^3c|jal (20:11).

2. ^oio^]^ (26:7); woia-.ioii (27:15); ^ai»al3 (2 Cor. 3:1); >>1.^^3

(Rom. 7:24); ^^oy^ (26:11); ai^o-^ (14:2); ^i>^3 (32:14);

^.CTuJ-}iia (Rev. 1:7); olJc]^ (Rom. 15:21).

3. ^^3 (Mt. 6:13); ^^ (John. 12:27); .*gic|]L..(Heb. 3:1).

4. w.Zal^^ (Mt. 8:2); oi-^-Jiae (Lk. 23:8).

1. The forms ending in a consonant suffer no change before suffixes.

The suffixes are appended by means of the same union vowels as are
employed with the same forms in the regular verb, see §51. Of forms
ending in a vowel, it may be remarked :

(1). The 3rd sing. masc. P«'al drops Olaph and appends the
suffixes directly.

(2). The 3rd sing. masc. of the derived stems changes final s« to ^
(t to *y) and appends the suffixes as in the regular verb, Yudh being
treated as a radical.

(3). The 3rd masc. plur. appends the suffixes directly to the forms

(4). The 3rd fem. plur. takes the form -a^L^, Yudh being treated as
S 62.1 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. 67

a consonant and the suffixes appended with their usual union vowels,
see § 36.

2. The forms of the Imperfect which end in ]* change this ending

into y**to which the suffixes are appended directly. The forms of the

Imperfect which end in a consonant are regular, see § 51. B.

3. The forms of the Imperative, that end in a vowel append the
suffixes without any change, except that the Olaph of the masc. sing.
Pa'el is dropped. The 2nd fem. plur. adds the suffixes by means
of the customary union vowels, without any change in the perfect form,
,a!:1^ becomes ^iL and Q^^^s^ becomes oji« or oa!:L^; the same as the

3rd masc. plur. of the Perfect.

Note. 3. —In the 2nd fem. sing. Imperat., the Yudh is sometimes
omitted in writing e. g. Judith 10:16 ^oiolo-** instead of ^oiQ-.]a-»».

4. Infinitives and Participles are inflected like nouns, see § 81

^hjk^ and l]^^.

§ 62. Doubly Weak Verbs.

1. aif [R. \Ai\ (2 Cor. 13:5); ^^S^ [R. jij] (Rev. 9:19); oliJ

(Rev. 11:5); ^A^ l^- Plj (John 16:20); ^[ (Mt. 11:17);

^fflj^ [R. ].iSn (Mk. 6:13); jiji [for jip] (John 4:47); ^r|Z?

(Mt. 8:13); wizj^ (Mt. 25:11); oZ[ (Mt. 27:33); UU (Mt. 10:13);

^2u-f (M. 14:11); jof^ (Mt.^:25).

2. w..4^f(Heb.4:7);^,-aLo(30:l);v-lia2(Mt.25:5);wa^f (Acts 13:16);

jJJ, It will he abominable. (R. *Ti3).

3.]lor^ (Mt. 12:45); ]oai^ (Mt. 19:21); ^oJ (Acts 1:3); \lo^
(Heb. 9:16); ^^ (1 Tim. 4:2); ]^Z (Tit. 3:13); ]aa (Rom. 1:11);

cui^ (Mt. 15:32); ^oS (1 Thes. 5:7); oIm. (Lk. 20:35); jolL^

(Mt. 5:25).

4. ]]1 (Heb. 2:10); c|i (Mt. 19:13); I^jJ (Gal. 4:10); iJiJ (Rom. 16:6);

11^ (Rev. 22:11).

5. ^ofi [R. -,5s], thou sighest] i^c]z[ [R. nix] (Is. 26:9), Ihave desired]
 .

68 ELEMENTS OF STRIAO. [§§ 63. 64.

|o|Li^ [R. nix] (Mt. 5:25); ^|l2^ [R. ax-'] (Lk. 16:21) (^j-»iiJso

id. Philox.).

1 Verbs Pe Nun and Lomadh Olaph, or Pe Olaph and Lomadh Olaph,

partake everj^where of the peculiarities of both.
2. In verbs Pe Nun and E Waw, or Pe Nun and £e, the Nun every-

where remains as in the strong verb.

3. Verbs E Waw and Lomadh Olaph retain the "Waw as consonant.

4. In verbs E Olaph and Lomadh Olaph, the E Olaph remains, but as

usual its vowel is shifted to the preceding consonant and the Olaph
quiesces according to the rule given in § 56.
5. Some further peculiarities of verbs one of whose radicals is Olaph
may be seen above under 5.

§ 63. Quadriliterals.

l.^Q^ (Rev. 1:1); ^jl (Acts 15:18); o^^Z (Acts 14:20)

jLalf (1 Cor. 1:25); |iiL* (Mt. 6:26); <n^\\iL (Acts 13:33)

,i^z4 (Mt. 27:57); ^nmv^ (2 Cor. 8:9); c?oL*,[ (Acts 12:11)

ji^i^^i^ (Mk. 9:20) "wallowing",

2. ,-Ji-?^ (Mk. 1:32, [Philox.]) ^ossesse^Z of demons.

v-£oi-,.ia:ao [R. w£ioi9] (Acts 20:16), hastening.

'^ja-A, [R. '^1^] (Rev. 1:1), to make known.

fLJi [R. jJLie] (Heb. 12:2), he endured,

^^^Loio [from KaTyjyopex] (John 5:45), accusing.

1. Quadriliteral verbs have the same inflection as the Pa' el and

Ethpa'al, the doubled middle radical being superseded by the 2nd and
3rd radicals of the quadriliteral.
2. Quadriliterals are mostly denominatives, intensives, or causatives.

§ 64. Anomalous and Defective Verbs.

1 .
^il to go has the Lomadh quiescent in the forms where the second

radical is devoid of a vowel. The Imperative is '^j. The Imperfect is

y
regular i, e. ^^JJ.
§ 64.] ELEMENTS OF SYjaiAO. ^9

2. ^^-4,1 ^0 dnwA; follows the conjugation of the P**al. The Imperative,

however, is ^^*^i , see § 60. 4., Rem. 1. Imperf. |L*J, Part. Act. jLi^,

Infin. li\-*^. On the prosthetic Olaph, see § 20. 1, E,em. 1.

3. s,iin4.| to find, like ^i^^l, follows the conjugation of the P^'al,

the Olaph being prosthetic, see § 20, Eem. 1, e. ff. - ^^^^ (Mt. 8:28),

Imperat. ^La>, Part. Pass. > ».*n4. (2 Pet. 1:8). The Part. Act., how-

ever, is wt>n aV (ML 26:8) and the Infin. n>»i4^. Some of these forms
seem to be Aph'el with the a changed to e according to § 20, E-em. 1

and § 29. 2.

4. |Z| to come has ]Z, ^Z, oZ, ,-!-.] -«i (see Mt. 28:6) in the Imperat.

Pe'al. Imperf. |z|j, Part. Act. ]!]. Aphel ^|.-f see §§ 55. 4, 58. 3,
Note, 62. 1.

5. |c(ji to be when enclitic looses its oi e.g. \oci\~^^ (Mt. 2:22), see
§ 19. 2(1). In the Imperfect the Waw often falls away, e.g. .oovi
(Gen. 9:15 [comp. ''ri'^]).

6. l^jtfo live forms its Perf. and Imperat. and Part. Act. P* .1 like

Lomadh Olaph verbs e. g. hl^ (Lk 2:36); ol^ (Eev. 20:4); .oLilu*
(Rom. 6:13); oL* ([Imperat.] Acts. 2:40); \ll (Mt. 4:4). The Infinitive
and Imperfect P«'al and the Aph'el and Ettaph'al are formed as if

from an JjS root, e. g. |LLj (Xestorian. |JLj from iJLi^ as >c-»iJ from
>iLa^J or y.aJ from
?J^, see § 54. 2), Uz (Mt. 9:18); ^olS (Eom.
10:1); (^aliJ is found in 1 Tim. 2:4, ^al|j is found in 1 Thess. 2:16);

Uk^ (Mk. 10:26) is the usual form of the Infin. though C^ia and j-liio

are found. Examples of the Aph'el are: v*lj (30:4); ^.Iv (.John 5:21);

cll^ (30:4); j-IT] (Lk. 23:37); Uj (Mt. 16:25); ll|Z (I Cor. 7:16).
7. In the Perfect of w.03i^ io give the ai receives linea occultans,

§ 11:1, whenever the w.= is without a vowel, e. g. .^rs\L (28:7); oioil

(Mk 15:36); but ^Lsil (Mk. 6:28); Ijil^sC (28:2). In the Imperat. the
Yudh is dropped, see § 23. 1(2), e. g. ^^ (Mt. 5:42); ^a\ (John 4:7);
ar:n (Mt. 10:8); ^^ (Mt. 25:8). The Participles are w^kl (Mt. 13:23)

and wcuoi.^ (Mt. 13:11). The Imperfect and Infinitive are formed from
'^iJ, which is used norwhere else e.g. '\£J (Mt. 5:31); ''^zillso (Mt. 7:11).

The Ethpiel is wrjjjLz] (32:23).

8. V nSm to ascend, in forms where oo ends one syllable and Lomadh

 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. [§ 65.

begins another, has the Lomadh assimilated to the Semkath, § 18. 4

.aLj [for V n^ml] (Mt. 13:2); uia?f [for wnli^f] (Mt. 17:1. In the
Imperative P*'al the Lomadh is dropped, see § 23. 2(3), e.g. <^cja [for

. >.<r^ 1 (Rev. 4:1), oxi (John 7:8).

9. }3o it behooves, ]]^ it is well, wi?] it is right are used only in the
Pai-t. Act. P*'al in the sense of a present intransitive, e. g, po (25:15);
iP (Mt. 3:15): wC?] (Lk. 24:46). Compare § 122.

10. The 3rd fern. Perf. and Imperf. P«'al of jj^ is used impersonally;
compare § 122, e. ^. ^1n *\ L^-^s (14:7) it grieved Jonah, jj^Z ^o-a^
t/e shall grieve (John 16:20). The participles are used in a like sense,
the active as a present or future, the passive as a present or with ,-s

as a past, e.g. ^o^!^ \1'^ (John. 16:22); \lpL (28:12); oiJ^ jlj-s ^s
(Mk. 3:5).

11. As in ]'f£,
so in Aio to grieve or be weary, the 3rd fem. is every-

where used impersonally in the P*'al, e. g. ^a^^^JJ^ (Heb. 3:7);

^olv. ^U ii (Heb. 12:3); ^lu p^i^ U (Phil. 3:1). Compare § 122.

§ 65. ^1 and £u^

1. ^L[ «I am" ^i-f "We are"

^L.f "Thou art" ^di-Lf "You are"

Lf "Thou (f.) art" --^L^Lf "You (f.) are"

^qcLf "He is" ^c5i-.L»f "They are"

,L-f
(TUii "She is" --oLLf "They (f.) are".

2. M (Mt. 3:9); ^aLL»[ (2 Pet. 1:3); ^gicLf (Mt. 6:30); jooi ^mo\Ji

(Mt. 3:4); 2^^ (Mt. 13:13); \o<n 2^ (Lk. 2:7); ^M (Acts 22:3);
^osLL-l (Mt. 4:18); ^oioL-l jl (Spic. Syr. 9:9).

2u»| (Heb. TlJ';:) is really a noun meaning "existence"; but in usage it

has passed over into the class of verbs. It takes pronominal suffixes

like a plural noun; but like a verb may be used also with separate
pronouns or with nouns. It sometimes stands uninflected with enclitic
]coi. With ll "not", it may be written separately, as in John 12:8;

but generally it coalesces with )] and forms £»^. See § 128.

 —
§ 66.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 7I

§ 66, The Inflection and Classification of Nouns.

A. INFLECTION.

1. (1) jjoiaJ (1:3) from jouJ to shine,

\s2a^ (1:2) from >^.4^ to be dark.

(2) jZocTLCJ fatherhood, from ).c| father,

2. (1)|Z^(2:15); £^^ (1:1).

(2)1^^: (1:12); IZozf (2:3).

^93Lll^ (2:3).

3. (1) wiif (1:2); Jil (2:18).

^^(1:6); >al.^(3:l).

(2) jL*^ (1:10); |2o4 (2:3).

4. olI^J (6:2); 01-.0-? (1:2).

^QgL^ (5:11); ^nl^l^S (5:15).

The inflection of nouns includes:

1. The formation of the noun-stems (1) from the root or (2) from
other nouns.
2. The addition of affixes for (1) gender and '2) number.
3. The changes of stem and terminations in the formation of the
states (1) conctruct and (2) emphatic.
4. The addition of pronominal suffixes.

B. CLASSIFICATION.

1. (1) w^Llito? evening; \ nwS herb; v.^Cf.0 holiness,

(2) l-poi? gold; ^-^'r^ leprous; %o voice,

(3) wSj-o war; 1.14^^.^ Messiah; jVi ^S youth,

(4) >G,^ world; >c|.^ standing; |.i^9Z doorkeeper,

(5) Ua4-o murderer; ] ^ > v| slough; I^-oahs abbreviation,

2. (1) i-s^ JircZ; |i-sa» 6o/f.

(2) |»NV) sailor; |-.^J quarrelsome; Iji] labour.

72 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§66.

(3) n 4\ tongue; y^^ roof; jj-oi. root.

(4) >aao] black; jilo^ question; UTool marriage,

(5) ,-i^l /os^; >;>nV) humble; > ni«>^ /ar.

(6) ^cja-^ a^ res/; )JoZ| furnace; ]^r\n^ sceptre.

(7) <^a^^ e?arAr; jzja-s? 6ee.

(8) l-^i^r^ mantelet; ],ll£u^ idle; \£-^ altar.

3. (1) l-iij^ east; ]Zoy^ correction; iJLo^slo weight.

(2) i > Sn\ Z scholar; \h hW)A>l service; l-i^ofioi combat.

|

(3) lay*Jo| dm'we law; Ijoj-a-i /ro^; j-c^oJ sAoo^

^ P P ^ p hk p
4. (1) Pj-oa^ commandment; ]Ja^Ljs little book.

(2) |-»9QJ /?ery; woiijs jwatV; ^so^um robbery.

(3) ]iai^ /b%; j^oJoJ little fish.

Nouns are differentiated by internal or external means. The in-

ternal means are 1. vowels, 2. doubling of radicals.

1. Those formed by vowels may be divided into those which had

originally.

(1) one short vowel a, i, or u.

(2) two short vowels.

(3) one short and one long vowel.

(4) one long and one short vowel.

(5) two long vowels.

2. Those formed by doubling are such as double the second [(1) — (7)]

or third radical (S). These may be subdivided according to their

vowels.

3. Nouns formed by external changes may be formed by prefor-

matives, the most usual of which are Mim and Tau or

4. By sufformatives, the most usual of which are Nun, Yudh

and Waw.
 . —

e g.j 1 ELEMENTS OF STEIAC 73

§ 67. Nouns with one originally short vowel.

1. (1) ^^j i\-^h evening; ^"^ Ung; -fix^man; >q1.^ image butVo-i.

field; j^t morning; "^hJ. door,

(2) >^iaS herb; wsma silver; %iyh i]L^) foot

(3) wxo^ holiness; ^o^ knee; jo-Ia. (]t~-2-^) ^»'^^^-

2. (1) ^5f earth; wsX" s/^ep; ll-f-I (It. t^\) end; \]^ (for j^otf) many,

(2) u-»^ iwow^/i; ,^ child; iLlX s^eep; ]Ls^ core; ]L.^ knoivledge.

(3) ^^^ sow?; |Zac4 (E,. v-a^) <?roi); jLiJ (H. v-^) ^'rm^^.

(4) w£5l.s grief; ^.^^ (H. ^2*2) evi^.

(5) wso^ ew^; >cal ^ay; ^^oh spirit; ioJ ^re.

^^^ eye; ^? judgment; h,^^ house,

(6) ^f (R. ^|) /(2ce/ w^ (-^^) «*^^-

(7) yo^ people; \:^] mother; V^ dew?; ]l=:l strength,

(8) ^^ resi; jo}-! appearence; ]L^^joy; j-Iiaa covering; j-llaos? likeness,

3. |Ln^ gweew; |£r:^ i?Zawf/ 1^^^ ^a^A" I^J«? ^«*^-

|£ai^GJ A:is8; |2U.q..a^ measure.

*
1 The vowel occurs in the absolute and construct singular of most

words of this class which had originally , except in those whose third
radical is a guttural or E-ish. These nouns correspond to the Segholates
in Hebrew and like them are divided into three classes :
— the a class,

the i class and the u class.

2. When the root contains one or more weak radicals, certain

changes occur:
(1) When the first radical is an Olaph it takes a helping vowel,
except in ]Zp^ when it is dropped. When
the third radical is an
Olaph it throws back its vowel upon the preceding radical and quiesces.
(2) When the first radical is a Yudh, it quiesces in *, or is dropped.
Waw occurs as the first radical only in ]^o consultation.

(3) Nouns from Pe Nun roots are usually regular. A few, however,
drop the Nun.
K
 —

f4 ELEMENTS OP SYBIAO. [| (JS.

(4) Nouns from E Olaph roots throw back the vowel and quiesce.

The Olaph may even be changed to Yudh as in in. > i>

(5) Nouns from E "Waw and E Yudh roots have the following
changes wu and uw become u iw, iy, yi and wi become t aw remains
:
; ;

unchanged (except in \'2.h6J. cow), but wa becomes o in >ca.^ and wsau

(and in Nestorian in .601 understanding, .a^ color, which, however, in

Jacobite are .001 and .o^) ; ay remains unchanged, (except perhaps in

jLla^A egg), but ya becomes J in iU.s house, (^^ eye), or as in

^^ eye.

(6) Nun, when the middle radical, is so i^etimes assimilated.

(7) In £1 doubled roots, the 2nd and 3rd radicals are contracted into
one and the vowel of the second radical is throwTi back upon the first.

(8) I iS^. rest is the only word from a Lomadli Olaph root which
preserves the absolute or construct state ; the emphatic state is regular.
|o}-i» appearance, \zu»^joy and ]n\4. rest are the only masculine nouns
of this class that have Waw as the third radical.

The third radical has disappeared in jjZ breast and in jjjJ fruit.
3. Feminine nouns are formed by
affixing the feminine ending to the
primary forms, the vowel either remaining with the second or being
thrown back upon the first radical.

§ 68. Nouns with two short formative vowels.

1. Ipoi? (ant) gold; ^4^ (=i>r().

X^Xsi (q;3) wing,

2. ^? CiI^T) old; ^1 time.

Vll^ (^a) camd.

3. wSfi^ (2^ a) leprous.

Z^ (ttS-nn) new; "KIm. (bs^) low; j^^ (-1)^5) sterile*

4. l^Loij (n?3'±) breath; jL^J^ (n^S^) low; \L£i-^ (nnnr) waste.

liJ^as CjSS) hungry; | /,n i> (JT^nn) companion.

l^icoU (n^ns) roar; JAn'is (n:y) gropes,

5. U^ (^ 'p)=kaw^la, voice.
[§ 69. ELEMENTS OF SYBIAO. 76

uaff=sa'abh, elder.

|£^£ia=sa'abh®tha, old woman,

|iLo^=(j^aik) need.

)^=(Kia::) unclean.

1^9 clean; ^lo hard.

]Lm^j clean; j^.^^*^ hard.

|£C^n=baawatha (awa contracted) request.

]Zqjo smell,

]l]l (for iif^) c?ir^.

|^l>\s produce.

Almost all traces of these nouns have disappeared, having for the
most part come to coincide with the last class. We can still distinguish
them (1) in some words which have an aspirate as third radical, and
(2) in those which, not being E or Lomadh guttural, have in the ab-
solute and construct singular under the second radical.

3. Adjectives with but one vowel remaining in the absolute may

also be safely put in this class.

4. Feminines of this class are often of the same form as those of tlie
first class.

5. Examples of nouns of this class from roots with one or more weak
radical may be seen under number 5 above. It will be noted, (1) that
awa or a'a becomes 6; (2) that remains with forms of 'this class when
third radical is guttural Olaph (compare § 57); (3) that iy final becomes

I , but when not final ^ ; (4) that nouns from E doubled roots
are regular.

§ 69. Nouns with one short and one long formative vowel.

1. wr;£o (nrs) writing; ^-Cj-c (s'^p) war; ^^^ ("J^?) work.

2. i^ (-i'ii2n) ass; ^z] (d-is^) man; \^] (rbx) god.

3. >alL4. (D"ib"0 peace; h^Z (dib'^) three.

4. V^i^ (^"^^i^) killtd; j-^^iej said; "V^^j sad, ascetic,

r^-^ horn; }^y. shorn; yc^:s stt; >aa«fi placed.

 .

f^ ELKMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§§ 70, 71.

^.) >lm hated; i-»j?|

(i^ps<) prisoner; |.TaV« (•,'i«;) ri^Af /iawd.

I ti > 4 V> (n'^>:3?2) Messiah; |-»-aJ (fi<'^2) prophet; ll>\n cro?t'w.

|ll>«^r7 (ns'^SD) sAip; lif-V" (I'^in) siome; Ij^.^ ("^<2) teas^.

5. Ijala (nxfSir) hated; j^i^sJ^^ (nrwr) Aeard I e. report.

|^aJ^(S!i35) s^o/ew i. e. tlieft; j^LlbJoJ^ (S^^^^iz) virgin,

i^nn\ (d^nb) clothing; jz^ois^ (n'^^nj^) sepulchre.

9. |. v ,> S^s (^>) youfA; IL^oi^ (ll^.}^) /««<''w; j^-v-. ;>i^.

The short vowel, except when preceded by Olaph, is dropped and

the consonant is pronounced with a half-vowel, which may originally
have been a, i, or u. Nouns of the form kutail are diminutives ; those
of the form katil are usually passive participles Peal; a few of the
form katid (b*-??) have the meaning of a passive participle.

§ 70. Nouns with one long and one short formative vowel.

1. >ai^ (=^"1") world; )cLl (nrin) signet.

2. V^ C^'^p) hilling; ]zL.^ bird; -Jcl (irr) breaking.

>cto standing; tJ-ljS (=||jis) hater; jLT (n^h) revealing.

Zj? (ZZ9) tnmhling.

3. \:^h^ {*^y^) doorkeeper; jiwlik^ ip\'^'?) ivoggon,

\l^\ (n:T) harlot; j^^jj-o {TT^'p) beam; JJols dnb) preast.

1 There are but two nouns with a certainly after the second radical.
2. Nouns of the form katil are used as the active participles of verbs,
and to denote the agent; and, in a few sporadic cases, in other senses.

§ 71. Nouns with two long vowels.

1. katiil \iz4il murderer; Ka!^ oppressor; jJo^j eater; UcJ-» jackal;

\hzh^ table.

2. katil U^*^ weaver's beam; |La-9] gush of rain; ]l.s^'\ club; ] > tvf

slough; ]J\n'ivi°i abbreviation.

 §§ 72. 73.] ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. 77

1. From every active participle, Nomina Agentis can be formed

after the form katul (Compare in Arabic ^^la^ spt/). Certain other
nouns also take this form.

2. There are a few nouns of the form katil.

T^ § 72. Nouns with the second radical doubled.

1. j-s^ bird; U-d.^ halm; j^ais bolt; |2;!::kjai3 ladder.

9?[ threshing-floor; |j-atf shield; jj-sa-o hedgehog.

V 2. (1) a— a kattal jl^^vi {rh-q) sailor; |.ral. (32^) aie/"-

\^'f^ magician; VtSo praying; \^^u» pernicious; P-.? (V^!i) judge;

(2) i — a kittal |?£u^ m?/ |^| roo/".

(3) u — a kuttal |3|q-4/ question; jjlco] artist; |I=a» perception; >asc|

Hack; >.xiQ-» yellow.

(4) a — i kattil u^.»£L sitting; ,-»^| ^os^

«^s9 so/r; ,^ifl many.

(5) a — u kattul ZaJ-4/ reclining restfully.

|j5aii^ sia^; PoZj stove.

y(6) 1 — u kittul 1>q-s? wasp.

)^a^^ darkness.

After the norm of 2 (3), a womew actionis can be formed from the
intensive species of any verb. Of the form (4) are many verbal adjectives,
especially such as serve for participles of intransitive verbs.

§ 73. Nouns with one or more radicals reduplicated.

1. NOUNS WITH THE THHID EADICAL REDUPLICATED.

These are few in number. They are such as

isf^ idol altar; i^r^ millet; li-^'oi] splendor; jZcZj^ crumb.

\lh>^Q.£ appearence; |9C9}ifc bandrol; ]4c.4'r^ mantelet.

]U'^t» idle; ^^j^a^ ferocious.

78 EJLEMENTS OF SYRIAO. [§ 74.

2. NOUNS WITH TWO RADICALS REDUPLICATED.

Yf^f^threshinff instrument; {^^d bug; lt-»i-» 't^^iH^ped,

Us\s storm; l'©^'^ locust; l-^H^ (=gargarto) throat.

wssaa (=kabkab) sfar; ^^^^909 (=rabr«bhin) wawy.

>a\Sn!sA. perfect; ]]n\n»» ivy; |i-i»c|-i»j-9 sparA:.

A, § 74, Nouns formed by Prefixes.

1. \^s^] (--3) /xufe; |£«-i*^l manuscript; \h^nm» smoke; pc^-cu frog,

2. (1) a —a V^ual^ao ^^'iaV (=",2;^^) tabernacle; "^^-cj^ tvomb,

^^^^ (— ^^•tV'') acceptance; j^^^iiaj^ (tins'^'a) cJiariot.

^,^ (from ^1-.) knowledge; ]^.^oiaic (from wcot-) ^i/if.

I
- ^ '"'^ (=nn'-r^) drink; IzVaiao (from VaJ) balance.

|r>\^^(=| L^\W^) entrance; \£^ (from JJJU^ abs. ^1>^) sAieW.

]^^^ (=>oc-aio) standing place.

(2) a — i jLJlai* 6roow; |l«SV> (='j';r?) »pr%.

]z^^ (xn-j"^,::!?) net.

(3) a —u l2ClikS.sl:so food; ]£^nn»V) acgt^oiwfawce.

(4) a —a Uiiw:^ (=^"1?^) weight; 1iia:J (nib^) «aw; jj^olao birth.

(5) a — u iLLbic (=5"2'2) spring; ]lrA\'> (=nQ^) bellows.

|3n AnV> (Vi'CJD^) stumbling block.

(6) i— a )L2uk:ao i(7e&.

(7) 1 — a |ln4Vi pawn; li^i^ dtvelling,

(8) u— a V^p^slo gpmd^e (= Jjix).

(9) a— u iJc}Io /boJ; I^s-IL city.

3. (1) a— a ^LzcZ seUler (R. wsL fo f?we7Z).

(2) a— i ]|«V\Z (^^?^P!) scholar; li-r^^ ^^^i^*

§ 75.] ELEMENTS OP SYRIAO. 7J

(3) a — u )^alL*Z exchange; \''>oh^Z flattery.

(4) a — a |ai 1 i»Z

supplication; j^-ijas,^ clothing.

(5) a — ]&4%nitZ shame; ]£wa£?oZ addition,

i

(6) a — u Ifiiocje^Z skeleton; |-<:a^?Z reconciliation.

(7) i — ii I praise;
Iy-»«a£L4,Z jzjoiaejz tfowe^er.

(8) i — a l^o-i^Z camj?.

The participles of all the derived species and the infinitives of all
the species are formed by prefixing >o. Nouns with the prefix Z are
mostly abstracts and are formed generally from the intensive species
or from the Aph'el.

§ 75. Nouns formed by means of affixes.

The most common of these affixes are . , .© , —T, yjso <aJ, J, J >lji',

lJ and Zo .

1. (1) jjjcxli* enlightener; ]^tm^^ tempter,

(2) ^^f (from jijf) earthy; ^ll^ (from ^^il) talkative.

^-^*^ (from I
>\^A>) heavenly.

(3) |J-^Q-^ P^st; pj-oos command; jliln building,

)llik? thought,

2. |JoJ-s Wff/e sow; ^q-c£^ ?i<f^e hook; ]£^aa^ small ship; ]L^ok2J^
village (Compare "jsi^iJi^l) : jJo-ijaJ temptation; i.3n i\^ revelation.

3. IJ-»^.^ ear/y morning; ]A * '^r\ ,^ file,

4. jiiJoj ^i^^/e /^.^f/i; jiaoLL Zi^^/e to^; l^jsaiis little girL

5. |I5aJ /?ery; |
-^"^^ royal; 1^^-^:^^ naked; |-.5ooi^ Jew.

jloi^f motherly; j^auLo^ nominal,

6. ^-I^i^i ^waiZ (Ex. 16:12); wli.^ error (Lev. 5:18); ^J^aJ secret

(Eph. 5:12) § 86. 6.

 . n ;

80 ELEMENTS OF STKIAC. [§ 76.

7. pia-fflj hindivg; ^aasoi overturn; y^zJ^ robbery.

^£b^9xs9 bee; )iL<Jal£0 swallow; l^^^'^i beginning,

8. lZnn\v (n«!br) kingdom; j^o-a^ goodness; |Zcai.s| fatJierJiood

} Z:lm£} purity (Bib. Aram. SDp; )^o^ wica^ (=sar*wutlia) ; ?ZaLs

rrgues^ (Bib. Aram. silJs); jzaic? (n'l^'n) likeness.

1 Nouns with the affix .o may be formed from all participles of the
derived species and from notnina agentis, 1(1). Added to many nouns

it forms adjectives, 1(2). It forms, also, many abstract nouns and names

of things, 1(3).
2. Nouns with the ending -o, ^, joo or wxaJ are generally diminutives
see 2., 3. and 4.
3. Nouns with the ending ^i* generally form relative adjectives.

4. Nouns with the ending Zo are abstract and can be formed from
any noun. ^^

^ § 76. Gender, Number and State.

Sing. Plur.

masc. fem. masc. fem.

Abs. » 4tn XJi^d -.

Cons. > h i^ "Lm-m^ .>4»n ^4l1£

Emph. I
4tn ?A 4in I
4 •;
I
^ " "
*"

1. a. ^lal (1:4); .^JIo (Mt. 21:5); w^j) (Mt. 19:3); ^iLiJ(l Cor.9:21.)

b. >^ (Heb. 7:1); \.^ (Rom. 11:34); -^ (Mt. 10:3).

c. l^aiaJ (1:3); liScSiZ (1:2); I^tAT (1:1).

2. a. ^io? (15:3); i\L (11:4); U^^ (1:2); Llio part; r^Sv

(Mt. 12:25); ,*iasicot7m7?^;Qi^(Ined. Syr. 18:1); a^^-ft-.^ ( John 1 :
1 ).

5. £»ik^ (1*6); £u»^9 usury; Zos] victory.

^1^9 (2:18); oi^^^ (5:12); ^Za.^^ (13:4); ^lL:^ (12:14);

oiiw (26:2).
 .

§ 76 1 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 81

^ rA.:.v"vJ (Mt. 20:22); jii^^? (Mk. 16:12); ]£^'nl (1:10);

\IJ^ (2:9).

3. a. ,e-^:^V (5-^); -r^.^ (^t- 26:2); ^?? (Mt. 5:11).

b, ^] (1:3); wiJoJ (2:18); ^iiL[ (5:10).

c. iV|i(l:13);|i:^M3:15).

4. a. ^£1 (Heb. 6:1S); (ciil^ (Eph. 6:18); ^Zo^ (Tit. 3:S); ,-il£

(Mt. 12:45).

6. ais (Lk. 23:23); ^ZaU (John. 21:17); (7iZ<iaw (Mt. 15:8);

(1 Thess. 3:7).
,f^
e. jiSzf (2:3); jzS'J (2:3); ]2U1-Za5 (7:2).

5. ^ivi (13:8); ^"kJz (5:7); ^"^Z (1:9); ^2\:^ (Mk. 6:27).

The Syriac noun has two genders, — masculine and feminine; two
numbers, — singular and plural; and three states, — the absolute, the

construct and the e mphatic or de finite.

Remark 1. — The emphatic or definite state is everywhere denoted
by the ending ]

Remark 2. — For the changes of nouns in construction with pro-

nominal suffixes, see the declension § 79 sq.
The absolute and co nstruct singular ma sculine have no particular in-
1.

dication; the emphatic is formed by appending to the root. For the |

changes thus occasioned in the root, see the declensions § 79 sq.

2. The sign of the feminine gender is an appended Taw. This

feminine ending has a twofold treatment.
(1) It is dropped in the fem. sing, and the vowel heightened to |,

except in a few nouns like iUio part and L^.M^h beginning.

(2) In the construct it is retained; as also, before pronominal
suffixes and the sign of the emphatic state.

3. The ending of the absolute plural masculine is ^; of the construct

>*; of the emphatic f (from p).

4. The ending of the absolute plural feminine is . ; of the construct

Z; of the emphatic ]Z .

5. Eemains of a dual appear in the words for two and two hundred.
In construction they take the same form as the plural.
8S ELEMENTS OP STEIAa [§77

77. Nouns with Suffixes.

Masc. sing. Masc. plur. Fem. sing. Fem. plur.

p
Abs. \ ';^.
X X X

V
Const. ^:•.•n
X

Emph. ii^ 0^ X X
iK;vn

Sing. 1. c. •
f ^ A '"' ^^
X

p ." "..
2. m. ;Aia
V
2. f.
X W X

V .• "..
3. m. —
X X « z

3. f.
X X

V 7 .^ "..
Plur. 1. c.
v^--^
». '
2. m. ^a^.*^
* 7 * **..
*
2. f. \* ^*

fek b. V *-. "..

'
3. m.
\ X

3. f.
^^ ^aCAi^ ^f^I^

1. ouaL^(l:13); ou^i^ (2:16); ^\i^^(2:18); .^^(6:11); > nSsn

(3:16); -li^ (12:15); ^oat:^^ (12:16); ^aial (24:1); ^-^(5:5).

2. vzi^ (12:14); (^^^^ (1:13); <nL.o? (25:12); ^^^ (13:2);

^iali^^ (13:5).

3. ^gi^jfli^ (2:17); ^nV.{>S (5:15); /.ri (6:12); wcui^s (6:14);

^l^\-^\l (23:7); aw^ao (13:3).

§77.] ELEMENTS OF SYBIAC. 33

4. ^ccJ2u.^9of (14:5); v»2uiVcf (Heb. 3:10); ciiJ^of (Acts 13:10);

.as^^'!>| (Jam. 5:4).

5. ^o^-iZ (28:17); oil^il^ (28:14); .^^5 (13:4); «.-:;^i. (13:9);

aiSzslz (14:14).

6. ouLc^ai (13:15); >^ia2 (Acts 2:30); wiWras (Acts 7:49); >^LflI (Acts

2:27); .^^ (Lk. 7:7).

For a tabular view of the pronominal suffixes with nouns, see § 36.
The form of the noun before suffixes is in general the same as the form
of the noun before the emphatic ending f . It is to be noted, however, that

1. The masculine plural has the suffixes appended directly to the

diphtong J, causing J instead of a?/i with the 1st sing, suffix; v.oio'

instead of ayhu with the 3rd masc. sing. ; and aiS instead of ayah with
the 3rd fern. sing.

2. The feminine singular inserts a helping vowel before the grave

suffixes ^01, ^01, .qls, —as and before the of the 1st sing.

3. The dual takes the plural form before suffixes, (see 5 above and
§ 76.5).

4. Some prepositions take the plural form before suffixes.

5. Nouns which end in l^ in the emphatic sing, retain this a before

the suffixes of the 2nd and 3rd sing, and of the 1st plur. |-*j»9as throne,

|-*i-«blc camp, and |>*£ua^ drink have forms like .^sahajs with the 1st sing,
suffix; other nouns have .^^ like .ti\^ my boy. (Nestorian ^-*^l}
Before the grave suffixes , i. e. those of the 2nd and 3rd plural , the
Jacobites have with \labQ^ &c the form .cci-ucjas (the Nestorians

-oowjS9aa); with other nouns, both dialects have .oou..

6. Short adjectives and participles, like I-Ixha*, can either retain or

drop the Yudh before suffixes, e. g. >^oin>ft7^ or -.•oiaia.4. hw saints', but
substantives have always the shorter form, e. g. **oia!Litf his bowels.

7. Collectives, which have no plural, take the suffixes of the sing,

nouns and are marked with E-ebbuy; but jj^JJ, abs. ^l-*Jh takes the
plural form, and U.5aj3 cities has either the sing, or the plur. form

e. g. sf^ho^ or >fmt^''9ajD.
84 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC [§§ 78. 79.

§ 78. Declension of Nouns.

For purposes of inflection masculine nouns may "be divided into

three classes or declensions; feminine nouns, into four, as follows:

I. Masculine Nouns.

Those which have but one vowel in the absolute singular and
1.

that movable. This includes most nouns which had originally one or
two short vowels.
2. Those which have one or more vowels all immovable.
3. Those which have at least two vowels, — the vowel of the ultimate
being movable and that of the penult immovable.

n. Feminine Nouns.
1. Those in which the vowel before the ending is movable.
2. Those in which the vowel of the penult is immovable, but which
have a vowel inserted before the emphatic singular ending and before
the construct singular with suffixes.
3. Those in which all the vowels of the first form, i. e., of the
absolute singular, are immovable and which donotinsertahelpingvowel.
4. Those whose first form ends in o or J^ or which insert a Yudh
in the plural.

§ 79. First Declension of Masculines.

A.

malk zedk kudsh karakh

(kwg). {righteousness). {holiness). iciiy).

Abs. sing.
^ ^h ^c^-o
7

Cons. sing.

Emph. sing.
^
|XJ
w£?i
P m
^c^
\l^,ol kV
V

* 7
Const, sing. CLi?l 0UA.9CUS

with m "hi^\
Abs. plur. ^n 7 *
^JLk.jo^ ^rr=
V 7
Const, plur. r;;\s^

Emph. plur. i.h<:-^ U>n ix,^ Uii

..7 *> V 7
Const, plur. v*giQ-D?]

with "U9".
 .

§79.j ELEMENTS OF SYHIAC. 85

It will be seen that this declension includes nouns which had

originally one or two short vowels.
Bemark 1. — Forms Pe Olaph like hire and ^.a^ come
j-^j ship,

under this class. — The vowel being merely a helping vowel 33(1).
first §
Bemark 2. — Forms Pe Yudh like ^^jJ month are also in the class,

the* being a helping vowel § 33(1).

Bemark 3. —Forms like wr:ai5 and ^^s which had originally two short
vowels, have come in inflection to coincide with Segholates in almost
all respects. It will be noted that they preserve the half-vowel before
the aspirate e. g. dah*bha not dah-ba. — Comp. {nssTlS.

B.

yawm 'ayn taby kanay kashiy

{day). {eye). (gazelle). {cane). {hard).

Abs. sing. >cal

^ U^
Cons. sing.

.07
^
Emph. sing. vi^^

Abs. plur. ^
X .. y I 7
^^ ^ ^llo
7 V
Cons. plur.
7 7
.^ 7

Emph. plur. \hL \1^ \^ jllo

1 f) Waw and E Yudh segholates of the a class contract aw into u

(Nestorian 6) and ay into i (Nestorian e) in the absolute and construct
singular.

2. Lomadh Olaph segholates with the exception of s^^jk^ are found

in the singular only in the emphatic state. In the plural the form
^- becomes x^^^j but instead of \^r\l we find |-£a4 as if from
''-^l

nouns which have two short vowels. The same is true of most nouns
of this kind; we find, however, p?^ rents and |-»-j.:i colds.
86 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAa [§80.

3. Lomadh Olapli nouns which have originally two short vowels,

have in the plural the same forms as nouns which had one short vowel,
'^'*"
e. g. \ cane^ in table above.

4. But adjectives from Lomadh Olaph roots differ from the nouns

in having forms like ^' ^ ^, instead of ^ ^ " in the plural absolute

(compare D'^^a?) and like ^n k n in the plural construct.

Remark 1. —Segholates of the i and u classes from E "Waw and

E Yudh verbs come under declension two e. g. ^5 and w^cj.

'Remark 2. — Segholates from E Olaph, E Nun, and EE verbs come

under the third declension, e. g. ^.t^h "head (B,. T2Jfi<*i); jj^o %oell\ ji^
oppression (R. £J^) ; >a:^ people (R. Dia5).

Remark 3. —Nouns like lis voice (from kawalo) and «-£iiff old (from

wCJJB) which had originally two short vowels come under the third
declension.

Remark 4. —TVith consonantal Olaph as the third Radical, we have

Uo^, |)ifl4 unclean. The vowel of the Olaph being thrown back and
the Olaph quiescing. See § 24(1).

§ 80. Second Declension of Masculines.

din
rabb kawal gannobh karabh malkay
(judg-
(many). (voice). (thief). (war). ment). (royal).

p p. y
Abs. sing. ^l vi -H ^?
5E p. 7
Cons. sing. w£? vS -H
Emph. sing. \^l u ^ , pp
il;
, P P- 7

Abs. plur. -^^ ^ •x' ^5^

=c P *

7 P.
P- 7

Cons. plur. ^^ ,V\'n'

V P V

Emph. plur. ih^ ^ ^ lii-j

§81.] ELEMENTS OP SYRIAO. 87

Remark 1. — >c:^ people and >cu sea are inflected like wS», except that

in the plural we have the forms —iLoLa^, jiaaicLr, —.^iiQlai*, jv/^v^v

Compare '^'yy^ from "'.n.

—
Remark 2. The * and u class segholates from fi Waw and f] Yudh
verbs come under this declension as also, EE and ; fi Nun segholates,
€. g. WM09 spirit, w.**-^ smell, \k\ (R. C]3X) face, j-ail (R. nnb) heart.
Remark 3. —Nouns from E Waw and fi Olaph roots which had
originally two short a vowels belong to this declension, e. g, Vo voice

from kawala, ^.c^ good from tawabha, v-^uo o/cZ from sa'abha.
Remark 4. —Here are to be found all nouns which had originally
a short vowel in the penult, and a long one in the ultimate, e. g. wr:^^

ivar; ^^CLtjaput; \^\^shorn; |Vi>\:^ youth; |^a-«»5 beloved.

Remark 5. —Here are to be classed all nouns which have a naturally

long vowel or a closed syllable in the penult and a naturally long
vowel in the ultimate, e. g. IJa-^ murderer; ]a iV| swamp; w^l:!^

sailor; .^s") victorious; ^^4\ tongue; |3|q-4^ question; wa^j-o near; ?a!ix»

c^i/(i; .oLo^ sour; fo-j^^ darkness; Uj:2^^ weight; pi^nnSn fountain; lt-»r^»

roof-story, building; ^inTTTVpoor; j^o-Mi^ c%; lt-»r^-^ ^«^i'/ I'oi^Z flattery;

\Azo^ settler; jjog-a^ /»'<>^/ P-^o^ i?esf (and all nouns ending in. >j:o etc.)

§ 81, Third Declension of Masculines.

sahidh 'emmar madbah shathay mashtay mahzay

(witness) (Zrtm6). (attar). (drinking). (banquet). (vision).

* V V 7 y
Abs. sing. .^f \U
Cons. Sing. M iS^
y 7 , * 7

.0 , P 7
Emph. Sing. K^\ ll^^ ilL^

Abs. plur. ^rc;uo ^^4 V*** 1^

• p
^£^ ^^
y~ 7 y 7:7 7 ^
Cons. plur. ^^\ ^1^ ..

, P 7 7 ,07 •' y , P7.. 7

Emph. plur. |^99U9 Ui^f
 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. 82,

Here belong nouns of the forms "^^4^^, Vius, V,;^^, ^^^4-Oj V^a.,c,

V^Lifi, V^lie, V^nic, V^aic, \4lfiid0 etc.

Remark. — Some Syriac grammarians give an absolute singular form

«..i^c99 for iJLso?5 i-Iss?5 persecution. This would place it in this

declension, and also nouns like it such as j-i^a^v^ rapine; ^Iocl^j

oppression; | > nn'=^S embrace,

§ 82. First Declension of Feminines.

habhrath
'eghlath miishhath yadh'ath talyath mahwath
{com-
{coif). {measure). (science). (girl). (blow).
panion).

Abs. sing.
u 1 ii4>nV
.0 V
C:^
,p 7

Cons. sing. -^ ^.^Ilc

-r iJXJ ^Lm!^

Emph. sing. ll^ ]Iq^

Abs. sing.
P V p .. fc p 7
^" p.. V

Cons. plur.

Emph. plur.
P V
^
(i^:^
.Op.'
P m i.

t-
^^
.p V ,p
p..

p..
7

\'^r

These are nouns which had originally in the masculine one or two
short vowels.

Remark 1.— In Pe Yudh nouns like jljJ, the Yudh quiesces in'

when it would otherwise have a half-vowel.

Remark 2. —In £ Waw nouns the diphthong passes over into o in

the emphatic singular and in the singular with suffixes, e. g. ]ZioZ cow,

]LLa^ collection.
Remark 3. —In segholate feminines from Lomadh Olaph roots the

Yudh quiesces in its homogeneous vowel in the emphatic singular and

before suffixes. Generally, this causes the preceding consonant to lose
its vowel, e. g. ]L^1^. For exceptions, see § 85.
§83.] ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. 89

Remark 4. —Like j l S^ are \ls^ pure and ( » 4 n hard, and, in general,

participles and adjectives of the form j.^, |-a?.

Remark 5. — Instead of lG-«4iiC, some give the abs. sing, as n.MV),

making it like o-c. Declension IV. |i.»4ia hath is in the singular like

In itSp, but in the plural it has ]Zc.»4iff.

Remark 6. —Feminine nouns in jlj from masculines in . or .o are in-

flected like U.\j, except that the vowels of the penult remain firm. So
also, feminine nouns in U» from masculines of the form katul, e. g.

\h i1nn\Sn little queen; \L^''9sj:::i:L. perishable things.

Remark 7. —Nouns like \j:lL affliction from *awaka have in the con-
7 1 • l" '^

struct iuQik; emphatic (i^ni*.

§ 83. Second Declension of Feminines.

siihyath
'armalath zedhkath 'agilath haywath shaniyath
(oppro-
(widow). (alms). (carriage). (animal). (foolish).
brium).

Abs. sing. lii^'f Un U il: iiii

Cons. sing. ijlicif l1^]

^ 7 7 V

Emph. sing. ]^^vM ]Lo]l 1^ |Za.t..ii

Abs. sing.

Cons. sing.
.^vf
L^-i(
^
.^ P
(5 V

7
^'-"=1

^-^=1
P p

^?i
,p p p
Emph. sing. 'AS'vvf iLiJi 1^^ IZoiLk*

It should be noticed that the only change in these nouns is the in-
sertion of a helping vowel before the ending of the emphatic singular
and before the pronominal suffixes with the singular.
Remark 1 .
—Active Participles from Lomadh Olaph verbs, and nouns
like them, change the Yudh into the homogeneous vowel in the emphatic
singular and in the singular before suffixes.
90 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 84.

Remark 2. —Like )ajb^ is |o,-i. jo^, perhaps, also, jia-^ part.

Like V^s^? are \l^o] lamentation; ]!lao^ cap; i^-^ojo chant;

|-.52.i citi/; \1^2^ recital. For other nouns of this kind, see

§ 85. 3.

§ 84. Third Declension of Feminines.

bathulath zaddikath sahidath

(virgin). (righteous). (ivitness).

J2 "^
1
" '^
Abs. sing.

7 *v 7 P
Cons. sing. 1^0 Ls

, P7 P
Emph. sing. IL-Ic^^

P 17
Abs. plur.

P iV p •• p
Cons, plur. ilLoi^

-pp.. k , pp .. 9
Emph. sing. lLai?l

No changes take place in this declension, the endings for gender,

number and state being affixed directly to the noun stem.
§ 85] ELEMENTS OF SYBIAa 91

§ 85. Fourth Declension of Feminines.

salawath
sabhwath baryatli kariyith malakutli
(?)
(thing). (creature). (beam). (kingdom)'
(prayer).

Abs, sing. 02, ? Q,^JJ^k^

Cons, sing, ^Q^t ? ^Q„a^^

Emph. sing. 12= 1^^.

p.. . 9
Abs. plur. '^r^
\"i V^'l
p" * P -.V f> p" . p
Cons. plur.
^'^l
p p.. f ,P P" , 7
Empb. plur. 1^-^ U^l <^-il

All nouns of this declension end in o or I in the abs. sing, except

nouns like |jo5 which, however, in the plural are formed like ^j-d.

1. Like a;s, is olaD? likeness.

2. Like w..^ are 1^.^^^. c/iotce; ji^^^ /hi tot/ o/" a sheep; \La\a»
n;^yi5 embryo, jlukls stc?e,

3. Like aJi:^, are oi-i* leg and ©j^s sawdust.

4. Like wjJd are all nouns of two or more syllables ending in ^

such as v-ajosZ covering; w^^j interest; w?jio ^ai^

5. Like nnSsn are most nouns of two or more syllables ending in o'

such as oikS request, o^auo testimony/.

Remark 1. — jZalu?) healing has in the plural ]Zaa| see Lk. 13:32.
IZo^ie government has in the plural ]Zoj^.
OkJ' ppv
]Zoj.A,^mawAoocZ has for plural jZo-jJa^ ivonders Acts 5:12.

\ZoZ'^ inheritance; jZojouo testimony, and ]2a.,~i^ Aa//", have in the

02 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. [§ 86.

plural beside the regular forms ]Zal,^^>^, I-^^jsljc, the forms |Za^!^,

Rem. 2. — The Infinitives of the derived stems end in o in the ab-

solute and in Zo in the construct state, see § 49. 2.

§ 86. Anomalies of Gender or Number or State.

1. Some masculine nouns form plurals from a lengthened form in ~.

U^f ff-uU; U^l or 111

]j.£&£ flesh; )jy.£is or ])^jdls.

(Snrn^. incense; ]^\)mn or jvmn

\JL^genu8; iiSi^or ijttil^.

li^£^ wme; P|^>&it.

i»4V ointment; |l>i'is~.

^^9 odour; )Xm..9 or )^^9.

1^*5 teacher; ]l^'i teachers.

P^9C9' tnagnates.

ilax0 medicine; ] 1 Vir^.

i4^ ^ ^ prefect; ]iy;\L or |4^i\I.

2Vb<e.— So also the feminine |ll^| ofAer, pi.

^^i^?, adding a. ac-
cording to 4 below.

2. Some masculine substantives form their plural with the ending

(1) l?4 i>^ace; jZcVzf (^9zf)

,. p »' ,p p . ^ 7 « ^
!> <>«» power; \J.n\'; »» or j'"-

|9oiJ riyer; |Zc9!jiJ.

(2) Many in \^ form their plural in this manner, e, g,

^#9| hon; |Za-.9 .

§ 86.] ELEMENTS OP SYEIAO. 93

,p 7 .per..
\m4fM breast; \ZOf^

Oft. .I> 7"

]^cu* serpent; |Zoq-m.

V^iD^aa throne; fZiiojas.

,P A. P P (7.. 4.

pkJffa.^; horse; |Za.i0a:o

So also the substantive participles in ]1 e. g. ^Lj shepherd; ]-iJc?

%hysician; |-*jlo Zor<i.

A^o^e. — Many words of Greek origin, especially feminine, form their

plurals with the same ending, e. g. |Za.4L!^a= plural of TiXaTzTa.,

^fS^]j ardhiov plural=Uo^^f.

C. Some feminine nouns form their plural in jZo.

,p * p p.. m
]i\iroj people; |Zaifl|.

I^joj it'a//; |Zo£ao| generally |jjc|,

]L^] fever; ]Zob^],

p fc. p p h.

|9aJ ^re; |Zo*5aJ.

4. Some feminines, especially diminutives in ]Ljoo, form their plurals

m 1:^ e. g,
,p»=k. ,pp"»»
|i*«so? place; ji^ijo?.

p^ZoA tunic; (^.H^Zsjs.

P6.P •> O b. P
(ij»o95 w^fZe court; jiJ^oJ?.

5. Some feminine nouns which in the singular have |z (atha from

awatha) have \Zo in the plural e. ^.

liJiao (r3i3)^arf; jzolic; Zj-s thumb; A^^ sacrifice; £J-s fellow.

But some of these are treated as if the Z belonged to the stem,

e. g. |20a^ request; l^Li see 9 below.
g^ ELEMENTS OF STBIAC. [§ 86.

6. Feminine nouns in ^ , § 75. 6, are indeclinable, e. g.

«*jhLa^ error; ,a^^z4 secret; ^a-iijs quail; ^aJZ condition.

7. Many nouns of feminine gender have in the singular no feminine

ending, but take one in the plural.

1-1.9 o) loay; p^^j earth; jjojj hody; V^^ side;

ILxm field; M.aJ soul; \^h^ shoulder; \so-^ bed.

8. Some feminine nouns, having originally the sense of a nomen

unitatis, have the feminine form in the singular but the masculine in
the plural. Duval gives a list of sixty-four such nouns, in § 270.
Among those occurring most frequently are:

]hic] ell; licj. iL^ mantle; ^k

]b^i^ egg; |:L-s. jL^sJac word; U^.

]£J^^arJen; jjL. JAms grape; jnis,

]2^v^9 tear; \^9. ]z^ lot; \La,

]£w^ wheat; )^!m \h.£Lk. sabbath; jJ:!*^.

f£L3a^ drop; \so^» \h^!>^ hour; p^^^.

9. Some nouns have treated the Z of the fem. sing, as a radical and
have their plurals as if masculine, e. g.

jZfc booty; \1\s>. 1^1^ tribute; \1\'^,

\lLs request; jiwLJs. jZo-o sacrifice; jZaia.

i£uL^ cry; ]^. |£^^ care; |^^.

]Z]-i* vtei(;; ]1>1. l^-i^ cry; ]LLd.

10. Some nouns are masculine in form but feminine in gender, e. g,

W^ icell; li'a^ Icnee. (Sea full list in Nold. § 84.)

1 1 . Some nouns have two plurals, sometimes the same, sometimes

different in meaning. (See Duval § 272) e. g.

pLi^ eye, spring; pJil^ eyes; \L11L, springs.

lijf ear; \^\ ears; ]ij?T handles.

]^[ hand; 1^[ hands; ]A]^[ handles.

§ §7.]
ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. 05

]^oh wind, spirit; ^Moh winds; ]L^o9 spirits,

1^5 dioelling; ]-^? dwellings; jz^? convents.

\^h great; ^s? or j-ojo? great; jjii^b masters; |.lr:909 magnates*

12. Some nouns are of common gender, e. g.

I
^^v*^ ca<f/e; jj-*? divelling; l^i-u sioord; ]haiza moon;

I
i'v/'H ^. sun; |^!»aX9 firmament; ].jJ^>d^ heaven; |-i*o9 tt-mtZ.

13. Before the feminine ending, many nouns insert a Yudh.

(1) Words ending in ^ or ^, e. g ^.Juio murdering, f. lS^nV |
>
;

|Ja-aii»isD little king; j.^Ja'^Nv /if^^e queen.

(2) Probably nouns of the form katul e. g. |Ja4u.o murderer, \1^^^\

|^5ajaii transitory things.

(3) The adjective 9a:^] swia^/, anywhere except in the emphatic

singular which is jZ^aL].
..* c>?

14. A few nouns insert He before the plural ending, e. g. ]ov£| or

\^Z^] fathers, sing. |-c| ; JZot^*] handles, sing. ]fJ\^ hand; joi^ia^

fathers in law, sing, j^^a^; 1'oi.isa^ or IZouia-A* from j.La^ name; IolLdJ

or l^otlol mothers from |.lcj ;

|Zoiiic| anvils, sing, j^^soj.

15. Nouns which had a letter assimilated, or dropped, in the singular,

often preserve it in the plural, e. g. \li£^vine tfsa-v 5

\hA^cheese jilca.^;

jiwia^ hrick ) 1 n\ ; \h^ sister jZo-^j ; >a- sea \\r\\ « ; >o^ people] j-lalscik.

16. The original emphatic plural ending |-» is still preserved in a

few nouns, e. g. i*1n sows; pLlo ivater; 1 iV4. heaven; \1xm^ years; V-|.-!

hands ;\^\ hinds ;\:i^Zbreasts ;\l£>\ curtains; U^jjpnce; \ls^ thousands,

17. Some nouns have but one state.

(1) Feminine nouns in j^ are always in the absolute state, e. g.

^Q.-:ii5 quail; s*qJZ contract.

(2) Some which have Waw for the third radical are used in the
emphatic state only, e. g. ]a2^^ cessation; \^\ splendor.

§ 87. Peculiar Anomalies of Nouns.

1. i-c) father; \m] brother and ).la^ father in law, have the forms osj,
o-^l, olsfia* before suffixes, except before the 1st sing, suffix where they
95 ELEMENTS OF STRIAC. [§ 87.

have ^"j ^, -^" The plural are Pi, foucj or |Icrus|, and ]JjUa^,

«ee§ 86. 14.

2. 1^] (for fc^'i'i § 24. 3, Note 1) hand; in construction with wS or

V:!, ^, elsewhere j-«[. Plur. ]^l^h i^'[ or i^^ ^ figurative sense

]i=^^K see§ 86. 14.

3. jL^c] nation, see § 86. 3.

4. UH•^ pl-
Tr^H*J <''''^**> see § 86. 1, Note.

5. wa^ thousand; |.a!^, PI- r^^^^^5 Ua!^.

6. V^f, ]l^] anvil; PI. jicii^f § 86. 14.

7. Ucl iHof/ier; PI. |z^[ or jij^f § 86. 14.

8. ]z^f woman; PL V^.

9. ,-lsl /ace; (E-. C]ax) singular in use ]!]! (Heb. nxQ).

10. j-s son; 01^ Ais sow; .a^i-s j/our son; PI. ,^i1^, mJ^, ^^1^»

11. ]Zf^ daughter, cons, ^i-c; s»Af£i my daughter ; t-^i-s <A^ daughter;
p.. o.. p p..
PI. .^, LOS, \h^^.

12. |^-»-£ /iowse (Mt. 12. 25 >t^), cons. £^; cnh.^^ his house;

PI. 111'.

13. >c? 1^9 6Zooi; **io? wy blood; «^5 f/i^ 6/ood, PI. jlo?.

14. JJ] ^imZ, cons, g (Nestorian ^)', PI. ,^1, j^], ^].
15. zj^ neic ]iy-I, PI. ]z|LJ. Fern. sing. ]z^, PI. |ZZ^, § 17. 3.

16. ]lJi sister; ^2^ w?y sister, PI. jZalf; § S6. 3.

17. |-»y-i. fereas^, PI. ]Zcj-i» § 86. 2 but also )->|^ ^auib^^^ tAeeV breasts
Lk. 23. 48.
18. {L^, f. ]£u^^ young forms the plural j-l!^.^ r;^^^^ wl.i^J as
also in the meaning ^
^ servant^ ^ ; but w^hen it means ^^loy'\ „girr , it forms
the plural U^4j r^^-l f- iL'X^.

19. jl:^ or i r,\\ night (abs. ^-^ or jL^) PI. lin\';-\'.

20. ]l.io hundred. Nomen unitatis iilisc, _-2Uo 200, )Io}io (for
p ..- V
jZr^ic) hundreds.

21. jLca^ oaM (E. ^), PI. jL^ii^.

22. jJLi^ i(;afer abs. ^i^o cons. wliJ. "With suff. w^iso »My t<?afer, ^^1^
or ./>iV> <Ay i<;a<er &c.
 V

§88.J
BLEMENTS OF SYEIAO. 97

23. j-i^c or Ij^ lord, cons. ]pac, ^jlo wy lord; .001^ their lord,

PI. l-i-jio or |j.:ao, abs. r--r^j cons, ^.-p^, (]Zo-j^ is also used). Fem.
U^, z^, Upc.
24. jiflj Zip; jLsi, £^, ]ii^ § 86. 3.

25. ]ia-M cucumber, PI. l-l^-a Num. 11. 5, wl^, Also jZaljuD.

26. |£wp5 cify; abs. jj-o, cons. ^93-0 or Iv^j-o, PI. Mo-o, constr. >a*Vq-d.

PI. with sufF. «^-4-.V3-D or >^9 3-o. Other plurals jZi^-fis and aa-.*5G-D (this

last is an imitation of the Greek. So also ^J^ii^ gardens). \Jicua is a

collective, see § 90. 1.

27. w£9 ^reaf, f. |2LS5, PL ^^"jc? (for ^a^-jj^j). But in the sense

of "magnates'^ the piural is |.liVo9, f. I^uJjdVo?; in the sense of

*' teachers'', it is jJLsj, In certain constructions "^« is used, e ^.

|j'k:S w::^! (27:14), |L^ ^^? (Gal. 4:2).

28. ^^ A/ heaven; ^jJ^^, ^ •; a/, <^-»^ia.4.. According to some, when

ll^ajk/ has rebbuy, it means heavens, e. g. Mk. 1:10, Acts 7:56.
According to form, it is always plural.
29. |.2ja^ name; cons. >q-4., >^Vi4/ <^^ wame. PI. ^ .aiTv^ 1 § 8(5, 14
or IZolLoj^.

30. jiJLA. year; abs. |Ll^, cons. hJ^. PI. j.aiii', •»

*^ wiIa. (w1£s

>.V1 4> Gal. 2:14 sons of my years, i. e. my contemporaries).

^1. L^ foundation, whose plural is ]zt^}, is cons, of jL^-f. The

Olaph is prosthetic, see § 19. 1.
32. ]?Z breast, PI. ^?Z, |i?Z, ^mc^^Z (Rev. 1:13).

§88. The Numerals.

I. THE CABDINAIiS.

A.
masc. fem. masc. fem.

1 r-* i^ 6 i»^^ (i^f) t.2

,0 7
2 ^^^ ^'-•'•i 7 ^ »^ A^

3 jLi^z ^Z 8
* p

4 '^^^f 9 |.ii.i \^z

, p J' p *
5 10 r^
N
 —
M ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. [§SJ

B.
masc. fern. masc. fern.
r V' 7 * * 7 7
11 15
7 7 P
12 16
V V .0
13 17
7 7 P
14 H^'f 18 |tnSlVZ l^iaLi^Z

19 jmMz

c.

7
20 ^jji:^ 50 ^i4Vi> 80 ,«JicZ 200 ^^2\^ (^^l^)

30 ^£^z 60 r-^\^ 90 ^Li.z 300 ]|:^iJ^z

40 ,--lri9f 70 ^.\^l 100 ^ 1000 ^a^

10000 tr:5*.

i2ew2«r^ 1. — For the Masculine from fourteen to nineteen, forms

with a A inserted may be used, e. g.
7.7'' y y .<-7 7 . • 7 7 7 P «
jjiLiJa^?] or jjii^^^j) fourteen; ^JO^^^AJiaw* -fifteen; ^ssii^Zl.^ sixteen;

^^L'SnA. or i^^w^^^ seventeen; -f^LH^Z eighteen; j-m^^LL^Z or

Remark 2. — The emphatic form jZ-^xiL^Z "f/ie twelve'^ is used of the

twelve apostles. £. ^. 25:5; John. 20:24.

Remark 3. We sometimes find the construct in Z, e. g.

jLilJio z\n.Q, Decapolis (Mt. 4:25).

\lz^i iLch] four winds (Mt. 24:31).

'
ouJ:r.^V 2wi»^H? quadrupeds (Acts 10:12).

Remark 4
— "We find the emphatic forms ji^^^^l, 1^4^^^, |£J;»ii.A/,

]£^iil.Z and ]ijjaL, used to denote the day of the month, e. g.

\1'^ aL£ lijjLi (Lev. 16:29; Num. 29:7).

 —
c gg^-j ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. 99

—
Remark 5. The Absolute state of masculine numbers from one to
fifteen,when preceded by the preposition ^rj means „on the firsf,
„second''^ &c, e. g-

)l^s ]-^,ws ^n^n (Gen. 7:11).

\^j^ ^ (John. 20:1).

Remark 6. —For the numerals with suffixes, the following examples

will suffice to show the forms:

-cou.?^ both of them (5:7). ^aLiWz both of them (f.).

^'kJ^Z (1 John. 5:7).

^^Ll^M (Mk. 13:27).

^kJlS^ (Mt. 22:26).

It will be seen that they take a fem. plur. form before suffixes,

except ^Iz and ^IhZ which though dual take a masc. plur. form
before suffixes.

II. THE ORDINALS.

Except y^pjs, (f.) |z^.Aiso,..o first and P-.9Z, (f.) ]L^jJ^hJ. second, the

ordinals are formed from the radicals of the cardinals by appending .*.

and inserting ^ after the second radical, e. ff.

\1^^Z (Rev. 6:5);

VlL^9 (Rev. 6:7).

Remark 1.— Occasionally jlLi-ia^ the 20th; ]1jZq21 the lOOOOfA

and the ordinals of the other cardinals, except of ]jic 100 and wsX
1000, are found.

Remark 2. —By appending Ijf to the ordinals, adverbs denoting

order may be formed, e. g. l^]h,^!^A in the ?>rd place. Zo and Z are
also thus appended, e. g. 2^io,JD at first; L^'fM]_ at last; Za.*2^^^Z for

the third time.

—
Remark 3. From the radicals of the cardinals from 3 to 9 fractional
numbers may be formed by inserting o*" after the first radical, e. g,
]b^oZ one third; \Lsoy one fourth.
100 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ gg.

§ 89. Particles.

A. ADVERBS.

1. Vi^ (24:13); j-Ll (25:14); ^ (2S.14); ^ (3:9); lZ-^' (26:5);

tlL^ (Acts 11:26).

2. >i-^ ^ (Lk. 1:2); |Ii^ ^ (Mk. 9:8); i-Li-o-^s (Mk. 4.22);

iLn ^ (23:19).

3. iJCo^ (Acts 11:17); i^f^H^ (Mt. 14:33); LZ\lt4^ (Mt. 1:19).

4. ^Lf (23:5); jiLf (23:7); jiol. (23:11); ^5 (23:5); Uo! (23:19);

^^n (24:2); |3 (25:18); ^f (Mt. 11:9).

5. o and; o| or; »-s| a&o; J i/"; ? iliat; ^ unfit; ,-iio=/x£v; i-»^=7a/5.

1. Some masculine nouns in the absolute state and some feminines

in the construct state are used as adverbs.
2. A phrase formed by a preposition with its noun may be used as
an adverb.
3. Many adverbs are formed by appending lJ\ to adjectives.
4. There are many proper adverbs, simple and compound, especially
adverbs of place, time, affirmation, negation, hypothesis, comparison
and interrogation.
5. The conjunctions are mostly adverbs. The relative ? is employed
as a conjunction either alone or after a particle.

B. PREPOSITIONS.

1. ^.li until; l-j^ between; Vis* upon; ^iso from; y^:^ with.

2. t^iS\ in the sight of; "SS^ above; ^b^ ^ after; gSS*^ ^^ without.

3. .^Zali.(23:7); nSIus (Mt. 4:20); mhL:i^(Lk. 7:38); ^J-o (John. 1:15);

v^i. (Mt. 4:6); ou.Z2^Z (14:14).

Prepositions are simple (1) or compound (2). They are mostly the
construct of nouns. With suffixes some take the sing, others the plural
construct form.

Remark 1. —For the inseparable prepositions, see § 34.

Bemark 2. —For the prepositions with suffixes, see §§ 36. 3, 77. 4.
§ 90.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAQ,, ;
. ,
j
, IQl

Remark 3. — Special peculiarities belong to the following prepositions.

y ' p V fc p ^
1. ^] as, like, takes the form Zis] before suffixes, e. g. .oaZosI
(John. 8:55).
2. h^ between, with suffixes takes a plur. cons, masculine or femi-

nine, e. g. ^LJ> (Mt. 18; 15); ^oct^L^ (Mt. 20:26).

3. ?3-ifclk^ onit/, takes pronominal suffixes like a plural noun

v^oio?'a,.o\^ (Mt. 4:10). So also ?n mN, e. g. oi„*?q-^ (John. 8:9).

4. ^ ^^r,V before, with suffixes appended by means of a vowel be-

comes ^'^^i-sa.aliik § 31. 1, but before others remains unchanged, e. g.

aC^oi.::^ (Mt. 14:24); ^oll^oii (Mt. 21:2).

5.
•^i^^ with suffixes usually becomes vil^J^, e. g. .ooi.*Iiik^

(Lk. 5:25).
6. '^^uiio takes the fem. plur. form before suffixes, e. g. s»2\.^^^Cjo

(Mt. 5:11); ^oiiw:!^ (Phil. 2:19).

t^, the sign of the direct object (=Targ. n^, Heb. mx), is found only in
about a dozen places in the Old Testament in the Peshito version, e. g.
Gen. 1:1.

SYNTAX.
§ 90. The Noun Used Collectively.

1. ]-l^s> cattle (Gen. 2:20); ]^ a herd of cattle (Mt. 8:30).

|.il' flock (John. 10:12); \l^l reptiles (Gen. 1:24).

|.ls*5 horses (Rev. 9:7); jlvol villages (Mt. 14:15).

2. fL.J'fl *(Mt. 6:26) birds [i. e. the genus, bird], (Rev. lS:2=bird);

]L^-f^ (Jam. 3:7) birds; ]^J-*,q-^ the lily, a lily, liliTa-i^ the lilies

(Mt. 6:28).

3. ^^ the people (Mt. 4:16); jvivs (Mt. \2:\.^) peoples,

l^.i-0 wood; ]^^i-^ timber,

)£u^ wheat; \S^ wheat com.

102 KLfeMENTS OF SYKIAO. [§ 91,

1^:^ locusts (Ex. 10:12); j^ioi (Mt. 3:4; Rev. 9:7).

|Vm^ bread (Mt. 4:3); ^Y\i',>N^ VIlqI /oaves (Mt. 14:19).

4. a. ll:.??— IjAS (Mt. 8:30); ]]^— wsIIj i^ (Mt. 4:16).

6. .^9] 13? jlic^? iL-.^ oial (Mt. 6:26); lLi»ii ZZUMt. 13:4).

Collective nouns are those that are singular in form hut plural in sense.
1. Collective nouns which have no plural are usually marked by
Rebhuy, § 13.

2. Some nouns in the singular may denote either a collective or an

individual idea; and in the plural, a number of individuals.

3. Many nouns in the singular are collective, even when E-ebbuy is

not employed ; the plural denoting either a number of individuals, or a

number of collectives.
4. Collective nouns have verbs and adjectives either in the singular
or plural. Compare § 121. 2.
Remark 1 —
Those nouns which are always collective have a different
word to denote the individual, e. g, |ak iiock (John 10:3), but ^m^£.'^
his sheep id. |-*Js5 horses; jJLtfaio horse (Rev. 6:2).

Remark 2. — |-4.j| in the emphatic state is used as a singular in the

phrase lljjj^ (also written iljjjs Mt. 15:20) man (Mt. 12:12); ^j|
means ^'some 07t£\ e. g. Mt. 28:35; {.j) ^^J] means ^^8ome^\ e, g,

\l"l\ .mLo (John. 4:30; Mt. 27:47).

§ 91, Gender of Nouns,

1. w^j] man; j-o sow; jjsls flesh,

2. (1) V^j mother; |.JZ] she-ass; ]b^aja mare.

]1nn>i.3 Priscilla; ^^L^^^camel; Ij^om ass.

(2) a, ]^ ship; |1^ rib.

jziosj bee; ]|-as herd; \^^z.^troup.

b. |l 40 4> lily; |n>n lentU.

c. |J?1 ear; ]J-.f hand; |.aa palm; \sh.s> shoulder,

1^1^ icing,

(3) H^T ship; \\^ talent.

 —

c 91 1 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. ^03

U^olo burden; ji-sa-i. handful; \L^^tvh€el,

jjSj^ bed; U^i millstone; }l tim ^wi/e.

1.14^09 lance; )JL^a2 fume.

(1) |?aJ ^rc; |^U s^owe.

V^i3-«» desert; ULaJ2 south; ^11^ c/owi.

UnSs tempest; |.!aaAa pleiades; JAaJ sot*/!.

jsn a1 breath; \^oh spirit.

|.ASn^ smm; ] S> r? firmameni.

(5) fa-J (Jon. :^:3); >aJNr>.*o (Mt. 2:6); ^al^If 0/^;?^

1. The names of male beings and most nouns without a distinct

feminine ending are masculine.
2. Under feminine nouns are included:
(1) All denoting feminine beings.
Remark — ] ^V^ camel and |
jlo^ ass, when they denote males, are
masculine.
(2) a. Many words which do not denote feminine beings but which
have feminine endings.
b. Especially names of vegetables.
c.Members of the body.
(3)Names of vessels, weights, measures, articles of furniture, uten-
siles, instruments and clothing.

(4) Names of the elements, of natural phenomena and objects of

spirit, matter and place.
(5) Names of countries, cities and towns and the names of the letters
of the alphabet.

iK^.o
3. (1) i^al (Gen.
(Mt. 6:34).
1:5); ^ good; ^j^ bad (Kt. 27:23)]]Lzi4theffood;

(2) jLLi bona; ,-^<n these; jLllr. ,^^<n ^1^ (2 Cor. 5:10);
omnia haecce mala.
4. ]Znn^|\s a enmity (Luk. 23:12) is feminine; j^'-'^Vv'^ enemy
(Mt. 13:28) is masculine.
3. The neuter is expressed in SjTiac only in the Interrogative pro-
noun, i, e, |.:so, ^,^=tvhat? ^=who?
104 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. PR g2.

(1) In the singular either a masculine or feminine form may take

its place.

(2) In the plural, the feminine is always used for it.

4. The gender of compound nouns is indicated by the second noun.

—
Remark This rule is sometimes violated as in Acts 16:26 ]Jw|LX
is masculine plural from Up] f. wall.

5. Plural nouns whatever their ending follow the gender of the

singular, e. g. ]Z\\»\ and ]Zo9ciJ are masculine because their singular

is masculine. )Lo and | >1l ^ from the singulars j^^*^ and ]LlZ are
feminine.
6. Nouns used figuratively are often given the gender of the things
which they represent, e. g. \h^^>^ word, when used for the Logos,

(John. 1:1), is masculine, elsewhere, feminine. \lJk. Zo.^m (Rev. 13:1)

is masculine though each noun is feminine.

§ 92. Number.

1. (1) ^^301^ (Gen. 1:15); |is] (Gen. 1:14); ^JLs) (Gen. 1:2);

\^1m> (Gen. 1:14); ]L^.

(2) Vi^ flock; \U^ many; \^r^ the rest.

(3) i-ao? I^cj^ (Mt. 24:7) in every place; jL? jL? (Mt. 20:9)

a penny each; * -*" - '^ '*^ (Mk. 2:17) various deseases; hz] hz]^

(Spic. Syr. 13:17) in different places; ^l\ w^J] (Acts 10:23)

some; >c^ >c^ (Spic. Syr. 2:27) whatsoever, anything.

(4) ^c?| ^?Z two Adams; ^oJ t-»^?^ two Nuns; j-i^ w^^ five gers.

2. (1) \1^ water; ] /vi ^ heaven; p) face.

(2) ]?o^ (Rom. 8:2) liberty; \ll (John. 1:4) life; l.£L.f (Rom.

1:31) compassion,

3. ,-li^^^ |L^^ (Mt. 26:61) but ]l^Z ^^i^ (Mt. 28:20).

4. \.2]
1^"- wiJo?]^ I swear by the Lord (Michaelis Chrest. 30).

5. (1) ]I]l^ foundations (Lk. 6:48) [sing. ]L4^]; ^r^o enemies

(Rom. 5:10).
 a 93^1 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 105

(2) a. ]?aLo i^^^ iomls (Mt. 27:52); wimlo 2^a (Lk. 12:18).

h.
^^"^^ wlla Ids counsellors (Acts 25:12).

c. |J(Jus wli:? chief priests (Mt. 27:1).

6. |la^9 womb; \LaMJ compassion.

1. The plural idea is denoted in one of four ways.

(1) By means of the plural affixes, § 76. 3,
4.

(2) By means of words which have a collective signification, see § 90.

(3) By the repetition of a word without a connective.

(4) In the case of proper names, most of the letters of the alphabet,
and the particle j-*^, by the numerals,
2. In a few words the plural termination is employed for the de-

signation of ideas which are singular; especially is this the case

(1) To denote portions of space.

(2) To denote abstract ideas,
3. Some nouns have a plural of paucity, i. e. a plural to denote
that from two to ten of a thing are meant.
4. The plural of majesty occurs only in the Hebrew word for Lord,

€. g. «-.Js?] (Did. 82:15).

5. Compound ideas form their plural either by pluralizing the second

or the first or both. "When the word is a true compound, the second
part only is pluralized.
6. The plural form of certain nouns often conveys a shade of meaning
different from the singular.
7. The feminine plural of a noun is sometimes used in a different
sense from the masculine plural, see § 86. 11.

§ 93. Determination.

X
1. (1) ct.
.
^1::^
_ VLo in all evils (Prov. 5:14); but |l\i«gv:^ \n\
to all believers (Aphr. 202:1).

h. ^-iJj..Daa ^'^^ ,-di^(3i f/iese two commandments (Mt. 22:40).

c. ^^V£Xij[ jloa how many baskets? (Mt. 16:10); ^4^Q-^ U-l^

by what authority? (Mt. 2 1 :23) ; ..^m^Z |i# ]iohat torment? {^^ic,
O
 106 ELEMENTS OP STEIAC. re
93

Syr. 40:20). But Ui ^ with one voice (Acts 19:34); lias

lijifa-i. how much expense(Jos, Styl. 15:18); jJ^cJ jjLf which com-

mandment? (Mt. 22:36).

(2) w^£wD Z9o^ ^Ac Scripture-text; waJ^ ol^ f/ie TJieanthropos,

(3) jX.? i^-*? <o cver^ one a penny.

(4) ^a.^ fAe quail; wl^o^ ^Ae frror; - -^^^? f/ie se<?re^

2. (1) Uaio efeafA; jl^j /ton; |?sZ hull; ]^^ heat; jica-D situation.

(2) iama |3 (Is. 55:1) without money ; l^l y (Rom. 1:31) unmerciful;

«4-* S?(Jolin. 8:1) t«7/iOMi sin; wana |3? (Ex. 21:11); |LixooZ |l

wi^Aoui o^ewce (Didasc. 14:19); U^^r^ 13? ivithout a guide

(Sp. Syr. 43:4).

Nouns were originally made definite by putting them in the em-

phatic state; but in almost all cases the emphatic and absolute states
have come to loose all distinction as to definiteness, so that:

1. Nouns in the absolute state are often definite.

(1) o. After V^ all.

b. With numerals.
c. With l^ics how much? how many? and |J-.| which? what?

(2) In some compound words, which are definite, the absolute state
always occurs in the second noun.
(3) A noun repeated in a distributive sense is generally in the ab-
solute state, see § 92. 1, (3).

(4) In nouns where the emphatic state is not found, the absolute
serves for both, see § 86. 6.

2. Nouns in the emphatic state are often indefinite.

(1) All nouns which have lost the absolute state may be indefinite

in the emphatic which has taken its place.

(2) In negative expressions the noun though indefinite is often in

the emphatic state.
Remark —In most of the above cases the other state, if found, would
be equally proper.
8 93 J
ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. 107

n.

1. (1) ]^fZ ooi ^>Cv) the mute man spake (Mt. 9:33).

jjj^ OCT Aiotf she placed the second (Addai the Ap. 14:10);

Q^]9 Im2] ^? .QJol but the men toho ate (Mt. 14:21). (See also

John. 18:16, 4:49.)

(2) c}.^? coi l-asoa joio and behold the star that they saw (Mt. 2:9).

saIjoIu |ooi hJ\} ©01 j-^lJ the brother who was with me (Joshua the

Sty. 29:15). {See also John. 5:9.)

(3) l£J:ii:ao ooio and the word (John. 1:1); ^aiOf.»^\Z .aaoio and the

disciples (Mt. 14:19); '^i-* Ijis ooi p© afid the cithara knew not

(Sp. Syr. 4:17).

(4) £jf jjD^ i?(n %»oi ^]o and this thou art- wishing (J. S. 7:22).

^^-^(n ^^tn (Ad. Ap. 10:20); tllj ,--^ai ,_-ioi these men
(Sp. Syr. 9:4).

2. 0^^ *^-l ***^^^ ^****^^ (^^' ^-22) ; ^^^ ^ suddenly (Lk. 2: 1 3).

To avoid the ambiguity arising from the emphatic state's losing its

power of determination, nouns were often made definite by the personal

or demonstrative pronoun.
(1) The demonstrative might precede its noun.
(2) The demonstrative might follow its noun.
(3) The personal pronoun preceded its noun.
(4) ©01 might be put before the demonstrative pronoun in order to
make it emphatic.

2. The absolute state is yet used in cases which are necessarily

indefinite, especially in adverbial phrases.

3. (1) ffJ^ \1\1 the true vision (Sp. Syr. 22:6).

^^aJ >oS\ to a strange people (Ex. 21:8); jn'ti? ]LJk2 soft

raiment (Mt. 11:8); ]i^^^^ l-^o^ many miracles (John. 11:47),'

^- •«y ^] ^^^©9 other spirits (Lk. 11:26).

 —
2Q3 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 93.

Rem. 1. — ]LLi"^ ^-^ ^IhZ two ivomen of rank (J. S. 70:10).

yl^l^ —•wiio true witnesses (Aphr. 461:3).

Bern. 2. — ,^'f-l l~^c?' "^^-^ seven other spirits (Mt. 12:45). (See

Mt. 28:12, Gen. 41:18, Acts 9:43, 17:4.) JoL] |J j^cnf not a

little gold (J. S. 37:5).

Rem. 3. ]l^l^] ^.^c4 the second error (Ki. 21 :M):^LJ^a:i^ w^a-^

the destructive error (Ad. Ap. 22:5).

n;i ^ V^io stolen waters are

(2) a. L2] -^li'^ (Gen. 3:11); ^^i'Sit |

sweet (Ptoy. 9:17). (See also, Gen. 1:2, 1:6, Mt. 12:34); |J^-<Jai

oo(3i ^VI^^ v?^^^"^?

^^^ diseases of our souls were many (J. S.

21:4) (-See aZso, 21:8,17.) oooi . tn^L^ ji^joi </ie ?jm6s w;ere

Jtfl>«(J. S. 22:18).

h. I
^*n ^oU'i-q:^ i-i^ cctji ^oioiw^l /or their deeds ivere evil

(John 3:19); ^oijf jJ;^? .ola| Ye, who are evil (Mt. 7:11).

(See also, Mt. 12:34, Lk. 1:42, 11:13, 16:11); U^^i* oooi J3e

1/e ready (Lk. 12:40); jioi'oU^ ^| ]Il^? </ie believers are few

^f ji^^?
(Ad. Ap. 9:17); ^^'a< <^e^ «^e frwe (Sp. Syr. 18:7).

4. ^^ (Gen. 1:18); ^h^ hi] (J- S. 65:20); jlf (J. S. 67:13);

V.^Z (-b^n); jfl d7}/3.

3. (1) Attributive adjectives usually follow the determination of

their nouns.
Rem. 1. — The noun is sometimes in the absolute and the adjective
in the emphatic state.
Rem. 2. —The noun sometimes the emphatic and the
is in adjective
in the absolute state.
Rem. 3. — Nouns found the absolute only may have
in state adjectives
in the emphatic state.

(2) a. A predicate noun, adjective, or participle, is commonly put

in the absolute state.
b. But the predicate is sometimes put in the emphatic, especially if
§ 93.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. 109

it is a substantive or if it is an adjective or participle taken as a

substantive.
4. Pronouns are always determinate. Infinitives, the names of
months, and most foreign words are indeterminate in form, even when
determinate in sense. ].£x^ when used in connection with a numeral
for a day of the week is unchangeabls, e. g. jn^^ ^^ Sunday (Mt. 28:1);

\ALzi tLi;?[ >cals Wednesday (J. S. 62:2).

§ 94. Apposition.

1. IULd ^\\\Z (Mt. 10:4); Ic.-^'^ \lo% the west-wind (Ex 10:19);

Z'^ jjoiJ (J. S. 84:7); Uj-^ r?c| jiw^iJo? tails^ burnivy firebrands

(Is. 7:4); ,_a^cJ ||VaV^^ |ja.o f^^^a^ chickpeas were 500 numia a

hah (J. S. 34:20).

2. I
ttAVi ^'a^^d ||.Lo a hundred measures of oil (Lk. 16:6).

lie] ^^.fsj \^^five loads of silver coin (J. S. 10:21).

3. w^ ^Xi4 very. good (Kirsch Chrest. p. 130:12); wj^-^-c wa-».^ very lad

(S. S. 23:14, Mt. 4:24); ^L ^L one by one (John. 8:9, J. S. 77:2);

u^l a^ic? jJi^^i-s >^gi^,^^y\L^? j^'I-s in the land of his enemies, in the

land of Moab.

4. |-liiC|-o o^^^ 'f*"^ c-coi he was the first to save him (J. S. 3:1).

]f.*-fa ^01 jcoi hb^} Haman remained, as an escaped one (Aphr. 52:15);

]j *='4> }J>^— r i-k^H> ^a.^ oai he first showed good will (J. S. 23:17);

Viisc,^ cj-Di^Jc]? .gJoio (=lit.) and they who first had the gospel preached

[to them]. (Heb. 4:6)

5. ]ll£'^ >^ many things (Sp. Syr. 6:6); .^^ j^M much earth(MkA:b)',

\ .\o l^'ali a little consolation (J. S. 32:10); j^oioa V^i the little

light (J. S. 31:15).

Rem. 1.— iLi'i? ]lz4 the mount of Olives (Mt. 21:1); jL^TJ 9c4 id (Mt.

26:30); 9?| ^l^]^ (J. S. 65:20).

 —
110 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. [§ 94.

Bern. 2. V^^al ^.aoAUcuo ]b^Z three measures of barley (Rev. 6:6);

U^^9 lAl a Jcab of beans (J. S. 34:20).

1. The first noun denotes a person or thing, the second defines it.

2. The second denotes the principal idea, the first defining its
measure, weight &c.
3. The second noun is a repetition ofthe first for emphasis, distribution,
or multiplication (see § 92. 1. (3); or the first word in a clause is re-
peated in order to add a new idea to it.

4. "We meet occasionally with constructions similar to the Greek

predicative, or modal accusative.
5. ,A^Lc many; "% <i\n little and ^H*^ other j often stand before their
noun; as also do other adjectives occasionally, see § 99. 1, Bern. 1.

Rem. 1. —Names of places and times are frequently connected by

5, or may be in simple construction, see § 96. A. B. The construction
with 5 is really a kind of apposition.
Bern. 2. —The thing contained may be connected with the thing
containing by means of 5.

Ph. .-^ P
6. (1) \h^oh ad^ |5oi all this consolation (J S 42. 14).

01:^ 01^1^ all his army (J. S. 88. 9).

\1A] aC^Llsi in aU the land (Lk. 4:25).

(2) Un^ ^3y^ he cast the silver (Mt. 27:5). (So Mt. 14:10, 26:51).

|^ja.^£L9 jJoi v»n..Jz ,-a when he told this word (Aphr. 520:18).

(3) ]ZnVi>«i\ ouij-aLJ he should destroy the friendship (Ined. Syr. 8:16).

y-»Oj.^ .LJcu. 01^^ Jonathan delivered David (J. S. 2:18). {See also

12:9, 21:6).

(4) lia-^^io:! oi^i^ giJoSi\4l? that he would deliver the city (J. S. 56:1).

6. (1) The second noun may be in apposition with the pronominal

suffix of the first. So especially after Va meaning „all the''.
(2) The noun may be in apposition with the pronominal suffix of
the verb.
(3) The noun in apposition with the pronominal suffix of a verb is

generally preceded by ^
g 951 ELEMENTS OP SYRIAO. JXl

(4) Occasionally, we find a pronoun and a noun each preceded by

by J^ and both in apposition with the pronominal suffix of the verb.

§ 95. The Nominative Absolute.

1. ffiS "^ A,^^ "%. . V.a ^..^^^a..^ _Lq pL^^^^s ^^S^| |-^ j JL 1^ n Wnr when

a man has been turned from the little error, there is received ly him etc.

(Sp. Syr. 22:3). (lit. For a man ivhen etc.)] 1-Ils aANy]? |.s|.s

ji^^o^? I
^ -^^^ Zooi ^01 The stone which the builders rejected, it has

become the head of the corner (Mt. 21:42). (See also Mt. 4:10);

•
£)iao| j.^ ,ju» ws] (lit.=) For we, also, we have been preached

the gospel (Heb. 4:2).

2. (1) «yili^ (-.Afca^l \2^}^ t-^^ ^^ hoped that he had found the time (J. S.

18:12); oi^ *^^t-» ^ V^-^ rebellion, they Tcnow it not ( Aphr . 1 7 lult.) ;

]
'^V'^ >^ciQlil^ aCi^ii^^ 01.^55 his own blood, the dogs licked it up

(Aphr. 183:16).

(2) \^r>o v-iJfAs uaI^o and me, the Lord commanded me (Deut. 4:14).

(3) 01^ ^:^| l-iL ^Q-l-i^ to Jesus ichat shall I do to him? (Math. 27:22).

]L-»* wiLJ ovl^ oij-ciik jJ-k^Ll^cLali Constantine he made a general

(J. S. 45:8). (See also 91:5).

3. ^-^''? '^ ®£? VaA< cnJ.^] his weapon, it is weaker than ours

(Aphr. 137:21); csi >coij.i:| ,~^? .as] Our father Abraham is he

(John. 8:39). (See also Heb. 3:4, Aphr. 7:2, 14:10, Mt. 26:48).

ogi>f^f£) ^J-£iIac? ooi he that blesses, blessed is he (Did. 4:14);

ai:iA^ OOI OCT — 9 Va all that &c. that is its name (Gen. 2:19).

4. (1) oiJ-cJa-o \>«CLoZ| OT^nTVitCT ^^>-^Lio i-»-^^^!>-4-£CT For on account cf

AbeVs faith, his gift was accepted (Aphr. 18:4). (See also 63:17,

449:15).
112 ELEMENTS OF STEIAO. [ft
95.

l^aJ^^ ^oia.:::;*:^
V^«^ V-^ci w^jj J if they shall speak evil

against a man falsely (Did. 14:14).

(2) ^i-£?Z| P-soi ^OAJu Z^ooi "It-^ic? >Cf\i\n according to alUvhichl

was preaching to you, so have I conducted myself (Ad. Ap. 41:3).

(3) i^ SjN ou^ Vi-^ offi oat \^ ]h}^ aC^ ^ j^|? i-CjjI the sheep,

which from the whole flock was lost, for it does the shepherd care

(Aphr. 142:10).

Mem. ^010^^ ^n-»2u3 jJlsci v-scZ '^oju. 'V:^ concerning Jesus it is further

so written (Aphr. 112:9).

i>-
^^(, %^^^ "f-^f-° 'r*? ^- * ^"^ ^ow are the ram's horns broken

(Aphr. 83:20); ail^^ \^]l:^ Zm jl? ^o and the wound of

him who is not ashamed is healed (Aphr. 1 3G:3). (So Aphr. 449:15).

6. v '=iN}SnN L3] )-o. 1 5 01 ^01 LJJo and thou tvishest to learn this very

thing (J. S. 7:22); olIj. ,-ki:iL |J iLsl >c^ ^? |J(n hut this one,

nothing despicable has been done by him (Lk. 23:41); A.J|

7
^ V
L2]
7

thou — ivho art thou? (John. 1:19); ]?oi ^n^\ |i| jicf ^? jjj but

I, I say this to you (Ded. 1:23); ^ou*.ii-a asj-aio ^| do thou

bless him (Did. 2:13); oi.^ ^J-i-iL-aie ^-1»» we ivill persuade him

(Mt. 2S:14).

A noun or pronoun, called the Nominative Absolute, is often put

for emphasis at the beginning of a sentence, its grammatical position
and case being assumed generally by a pronoun agreeing with it in

gender and number. Sometimes the noun, or pronoun, to be emphasized,

is itself repeated.
1. The logical subject of the sentence may be put first.

2. The logical object may be put first: (I) the noun without, the

pronoun with Lomadh; (2) the noun with Lomadh, the pronoun suf-

fixed to the verb ; (3) both with Lomadh.

3. The logical subject is often resumed by ooi or ooi, especially when
the latter is equivalent to the copula.
4. The nominative absolute is often the logical object of a preposition,
 :

§ 96.]
ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 113

(1) expressed, or (2) understood. The object is emphasized when the

demonstrative pronoun is used after the preposition instead of the
pronominal suffix, see (3).

Remark — The preposition may be used before the noun placed first

in the sentence as well as before the pronoun, which assumes the usual
grammatical position of the noun.
5. The nominative absolute is often the logical genitive after a noun,
its grammatical place being assumed by a pronominal suffix.

The same rules that are true of the noun are

6. true also of the
pronoun when in the nominative absolute.

§ 96. The Genitive.

The Genitive relative may be expressed

I. By the construct state.

II. By means of the relative pronoun ?.

III. By means of the pronominal suffix and the relative pronoun 9,

ly. By means of the preposition y^.

I. Construction or Annexion.

1. a. jliLj.!^ Beelzebub (Mt. 13:28); ^m2-^ son of man (John. 2:25);

it^al^ open!?/ (Bar Heb. Sch. Mor. 1:23); ItTs;^ >cja^ SMspiciow

(I Tim. 6:4); j-^? >cL JL^l sodomites (Dit. 1:21).

b. UaJJicucn ^o^hA ortlwdoxy ; ^I^Va.z ji avXkBiTOvpyog Athan.

(Fest. Lett. 25:7); -^Z wluLI sjiraQovyTsg (Ps. 9 1 : 1 5 Hex. [Nol.J).

2. a. fzzl:^ L^ palace (Bar Heb. Sch. Mor. 1:14); j?-^ Jsl^a

bitter fruits; IZall^ ii.*^ capital city (J. S. 12.2); \U[ ja-J

mowit of Olives (Mt. 26:30); \%\^ "S£^ counsellor (Rom. 11:34).

b. )J-1:^9 >^
|
i m «> wanting of mind (Ga\. 3:1); ]lsis ,~^1 \^^ a slave
bought for silver (Ex. 12:44); ]Llq^? zi.*^ sick of love (Song of
Songs 2:5).
 «Ial£ nrfpywr liwy (%L 8yr, 19:S>.

U«rr« ^i-V« -^ frmm ttr flHT «f JIvarifar fGoL SkM);

il^cbJ J^iics df fortK (Mk. 1:32); flllaMl ^M9
(Lk. 4:25); IISrJ V^ « /nr dkft (Tifa 21S>;

Is: OnN^ft ^r^wfka CHL 27.-9); |ll^ .^^ii^bicAr

(Mt. 27:24); |^f ^ds mac—^^arjhfci QBl
28:19); .^aliS^ (J. a 2:IS)l
4. (1) >ii^ V^ *WV < S*" <6«- 14:1S); ^crwv;^ ikoar

MMS (6«B. 1S:20): a4^ ^^ ^ «^ f ! iy»ii (Uti

1:19); ^1*3 fiyMl(J.&2:17); •iaBaJAii«MHia.8L4d|K

(2) V^i: A^; femr 9fG^ (Ads 9:31): |L^ ^^L^ /%r «r
fore fl/jMflcv (J. S. 90:5); si^.^M»« Aar ^ Ana (S)p^ S^. 2:1$):
\Liz l^l tte Jbw 1/ iihvr a li^^ S:10); «Lii.i lll^

124:3 [N$ld.]); oC^ 1^9 ^^A# «» « km% ^ ^^bmi^

(Judges 11:1).

Edessa Z. D. IL a. XXXII» ]^ 488.9); ftJlL^ .III Mi^

iNi5mi% (Jul. 112:13 [N)dd.D; Ist^ A^ GiiMMi^

(J. S. 1:1).

JBan. 3.— i&^lo ^ym >^\f t» tit wmA ^fBmkfm mni^f^tmmm

(J. 8. 40:10).

The genitive relation, oaJl«d eoMtao^Oft or «HMad«B« It d«MiM1^

a noun in the oonstniot state {m
% 76)> flowed Vt <^ "^^lu^ ^^
emphatic state. Tbe foUowing Tarietiet a*y ba MladL
 .

§ 97a.] ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. U5

1 Where two, or more, words form together but one idea, as (a) in
compound words, and (b) in translations of a single Greek word.
2. "Where the first word has a main idea which the second limits
as to quality, origin, possession, designation &c. The first may be (a)
a noun, or (b) an adjective:
Rem. — A preposition may come between the adjective and the noun.
3. Where the second noun has the main idea, which the first limits

as to time, place, quantity, manner &c. Many compound prepositions

are used in this construction.
4. Where two words have distinct ideas of equal value, we have
(a) the subjective genitive, (6) the objective genitive.

Rem. 1. —A particle, or enclitic verb, occasionally comes between

the two nouns in construction.
Rem. 2. —A participle may be in construction with an adverb, or
with a governed noun preceded by clu.

Rem. 3. —A noun in the construct may have two nouns after it.

Generally, however, in such cases the relative j is employed.

§97 A.

II. The Genitive with ?.

,•0 •>-'> V
1. jZcL^yj? l-ZnJ ipsvloTTpoipyjToci (Mt. 24:24).

2. jli^A,? ]1q2:^ the kingdom of heaven (Mt. 13:11); |-I^? \^h]Z

in the land of the Chaldeans (Julianos 6:1); |^i"|? jjo-g the mount

of Olives (Mt. 21:1); U">ol-> \Lo\ the Holy spirit (Mt. 28;19);

|?oow? >all* 2UJ2 (Mt. 2:1); il^a? |?|^ the Passover (John. 13:1).

3. ill*,? ,^ll:^ |La 6000 years (Aphr. 36:20); V^i^ \^ a hah of

leans (J. S. 34:20).

4. ]ffuX? |iw4«a.L.A,2 the glory of God (John. 11:4); ]^lL^ ]Lho\j^ in the

way of sinners (Mt. 5:10); P-Lls? j^aaJ expenditures for the building

(J. S. 81:18); ^oou*,-^? UaJU-^uo \4^ on account of the leanness of

their bodies (J. S. 37:1); ji^l? \Lsq] the way to the tree (Gen. 3:24).
116 ELEMENTS OP SYBIAO. [§ 97a.

Bern. 1. — v*oiQ-iM4»? jvSn 4>? \l^\s> at the time of the end of his life

(J. S. 91:15), jJZaiJ?© |las?o j^hflj? i-jj^cf afflictions of

locusts and famine and pestilence (J. S. 40:16). See, also,

J. S. 92:11; Did. 1:5. I^M?© Vl^? l^-^^oZ (Gen. 2:4).

See, also. Gen. 30:37; Mt. 26:28. |il? ^l^ thy book of

life (Ps. 69:28); v."a^j?o ^k^? jLl^i..* mi/ sin and that of my

fathers (Legends of St. Mary [Ms.] p. 9: 1) ; qi l i N 4?o ^^.i^? jLo

the words of our Lord and of his Messiah (J. S. 46:7);

|j.^?o oul.aJ? j.-^ sufferings of his soul and of the body

(Overbeck 175:26).

Bern. 2. —jZalL? jlir) Val^ any flesh of an animal (Sp. Syr. 7:26);

]Zal::ao39 5 ^j^Sn iw Vs ^iso from all the power of Borne (Did.

75:6); ^ccl |J? ^i *N.| born tvithout marriage (Overbeck

[Nold. § 206]).

Bern. 3. — .aVi'NA? ja-Joef Solomon's porch (John. 10:23); >a!L^ 2>-»^

|5oou»? Bethlehem Judah (Mt. 2:1); jj^oi*? ^^ALa^^ the deceit-

fulness of riches (Mt. 13:22),

Bern. 4. — jZaic? >c^ |£^^ a7iy cause whatsoever of death (Ad. Ap.

12:13); plikW ooi |.i*£i4 U^vX jJLai^o-*? because the divine

teaching is the seal of the mind (Sp. Eph. Syr. Overbeck p. 22:6).

By means of the relative ?, all the varieties of the genitive mentioned

under I. may be expressed, ? being in apposition with the noun pre-

ceding it, and in construction with that which follows.
Bern. 1. —The construction with ? is usual where there are two or
more genitives. Where two or more genitives are dependent on one
noun, the first may be in construction, the second with ?, though usually

both, or all, have ?.

Bern. 2. — The first noun is occasionally found in the absolute state,

or even the construct.
 —
§ 97b.] ELEMENTS OF SYBIAO. 117

Bern. 3. —This the construction used with

is foreign and indeclinable
nouns, see § 86. 6.

Rem. 4. — Sometimes a word comes between the first noun and the
relative, see B. Eem. 2.

III. The Genitive relation denoted by the pronominal suffix and ?.

I^j]? oiiii^ in the heart of the earth (Mt. 12:10).

. p V V p
I
««> a V ? w(jio,..a:u the works of Messiah [lit. The ivorks of him who is

Messiah] (Mt. 11:2).

I
mk 4^9 (jijjd^ tJie reproach of Christ (Heb. 1 1:26).

C,:^^ oi£^-*? the fear of the Lord (Did. 1:8).

Rem. 1. — ja^lia^? <jiJ?| his right ear; >al».L^? ciZaa.li.itf his eternal king-

dom (Did. 1:5).

Rem. 2.— |kX? j-u^ oi^J:^.*.? for the fear of God (Sp. Syr. 2:26);

jlciu*? j-»-^ jooi |.s| for he was the father of the orphans (Over-

beck 207:19); ]ouX? £wjf oi^ ^f if thou be the son of God

(Mt. 27:40); Ul:ol? v.:doZ |oan ]f^*^o and he waSj moreover,

a companion of the sorrowing (Ov. 207:2); ]<n^? jooi oi^ \l<n

this ivas the son of God (Mt. 27:55).

Rem. 3.— ]?oi% cyiiwl.a4^ because of this (J. S. 11:19). (But Sp. Syr.

2:11 |?OT? V^).

Rem. 4. \:Lh} oiSn*^, in all the earth (Lk. 4:25); giSt it oC^ his whole

army (J. S. 10:12); |Zo1Vi«ot oil^s? of our whole faith

(Aphr. 6:16).

"When the second noun is determinate, the first often takes a pro-
nominal suffix, agreeing in gender and number with the second noun.
The second noun is really in apposition with the pronominal suffix of
the first.
118 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. [§ gg,

Bern. 1.
—"WTien the clause with ? is an adjective clause, limiting
the noun and not the pronominal suffix, it is treated as a nominal sen-
tence, of which 5 is the subject and the noun, substantive or adjective,
is the predicate. If this predicate is an adjective, it is in the absolute

state and agrees with its antecedent in gender and njimber, see § 79. 2.

Rem. 2. — One, or two words, especially particles, pronouns, enclitic

copulasmay come between the pronominal suffix and the relative, see
A, Rem. 4.
Rem. 3. — A preposition may take construction. this

Rem. 4. —Va takes the pronominal

all, agreeing in suffix gender
and number with the following noun. The noun, however, is put in
direct apposition with the suffix, j being omitted.

§98.

IV. Genitive with Prepositions.

1. ^ooi )jbo(7i9 |n\v^ rlio she was among the women belonging to the

king of the Huns (J. S. 19:6); »;iS"^^ j^^as a stool for thy feet

(Acts 2:35); oi^ ^^>VitTff composed hy him (J. S. 51:18); ^^o^

by David (Ps. 3 heading).

Rem. — .ZaiL^aul::^ l?aLi^ finisher of our faith (Heb. 12:2); U-o-^

. m.V^Q^-i ,p ^f>^^%V the conquest of Constantinople (Kirsch, Chrest.

136:1).

2. .ccn^'lA ^
i^ i
> Sn i» .^-a2^ he seized five of their chiefs (J. S. 82:22);

|.3-^^ ^^ one of the generals (J. S. 59:13); ^ooli^ ^?Z two of

you (Mt. 18:19).

1. The genitive of possession and of the author may be expressed

by the preposition ^.^
Rem. —Verbal and some other nouns govern another noun in the

accusative, the construction being equivalent to our genitive relation.

2. The partitive genitive is expressed by means of the preposition ^Jbo.

 —

99.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 119

§ 99. The Adjective.

1. |.S5oV |j-.tnJ great lights (Gen. 1:16); ]^ho'i |,fn\'(Lp great

praises (J. S. 1:5); j.^? Ij-oiJ ^rea^ light (Gen. 1:16); ij^aj

).c? great shame (J. S. 1:6); ]b^h j-Lo? ^rea^ tf;mcZ (Jon. 1:4);

]L^'iob ]^oZ] great signs (Mt. 24:24); JL-i^ ^ct aw erring

spirit (Is. 19:14); ]iJl^ |-i»o9 erring spirits (1 Tim. 4:1).

Rem. 1. — jjfiwljo p|-»*j another parable (Mt. 13:24); 1-^^T s»Lie m«??y

fA%s (Sp. Syr. 6:6); \i^} wl^l;^! a little time (Rev. 12:12);

jjar) |-i»(Gen. 5:7) ; liao]L^ l^wa^po the first foundation (Sp. Syr.

49:29); uaL^jJo ^? jiiui:^ now the excellent Sergius; ^s-Tj^

|£uLl^a-^ holt/ Mary (Aphr. 180:2); v^soksJ ^5 ij^allse now

the honored Jacob.

Rem. 2. \^{} ^^j-a^ \h^Z ^^ > ^ qi ^^ese </iree righteous men (Aphr.

454:3); ,1 |.:ical r7f/?/ one (Gen. 1:5); ^^>1*\i4^ |Z?cZ ^^..L^

seven fat kine (Gen. 41:18).

Rem. 3. 1m>^ mla:^ j-iuLs a^ great company with him (Mt. 26:47); ij*^^

|j(ji |j~*^-4. i«*-^,

CCT for this is a good thing (Sp. Syr. 1:20);

\M.^f.A 01...O9 his Holy spirit (Didi. 1:6); ]f^Ls> ^^s^thy energ-
eticwill(J. S. 2:1).

Rem. 4. — |-|.ajbLco |-».i? oiic? Ais jjwre anrf precious blood (Did. 1:7);

jiw^^Lla.© 1^-fs ]^j:i».A.Z sad and melancholy tales (J. S. 5:9).

2. i
>=^A>? f/wf i^ zyas ^ooi (Gen. 1:3); |.a**i.Lo jsu^? c^^zh the

spirit of God was brooding (Gen. 1:2); Ion "^c^-^ ]^z^o and

the serpent was cunning (Gen. 3:1); j i

'^ 4? 5c^i»o anything that

was good (J. S. 2:17); ^v-*^? that they are true (J. S. 5:12);

t^iSVi4/ o| ^po? ,^>S.| f^ose ^Aa^ rea(2 or hear (J. S. 5:12).

 — —
120 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. [§ 99.

Rem. 1.— jJJ ^d^ I believe {John. 9:^S)',]^l\^^Z I rely {J. S.i:2).

Bern. 2. .nn>liS ,_-».2^£yio your eyes shall he opened (Gen. 3:5);

|.A. V Zf oiQ-.*!^ .coi93iaJ "^i^si^ absorbed is their light in the

splendor of the sun (Aph. 434:21).

Bern. 3. — ]ooi |,Ivro? who had been blind (John. 9:13); —1^ }.*i|-s we are

upright (Geu. 42:11); ),.a^^Z |.Jai £u»li-»i.^ truly this is the

apostle (Addai Apost. 34:8).

1. The adjective, or participle, when used in an attributive sense,

follows the noun which it modifies and agrees with it in gender, num-
ber and state.

Bern. 1. —The adjectives ].2'f.**]

other, ^k^jw much, \.jj^£) little, few,
often precede their nouns; as, also, do other adjectives occasionally,
especially words of praise or blame.
Bern. 2. — Occasionally, the noun and adjective do not agree as
to state.
Bern. 3. — One, or more words, may occur between the noun and its
adjective. The pronominal suffix occurs regularly between the noun
and adjective.
Bern. 4. —More than one adjective may limit the same noun.
2. When the adjective or participle is predicative, it agrees with its

antecedent in gender and number, but is generally in the absolute

state. It usually follow the subject noun. But:
Bern. 1 .
— The predicate precedes the plural pronoun which becomes
enclitic.

Bern. 2. — Sometimes when emphatic the predicate precedes the sub-

ject noun.

Bern. 3. —When the definiteness of the predicate is to be emphasized,

it is put in the emphatic state. The predicate is emphatic also in
nouns which have no absolute state. § 86. 17 (2).

§ 100. Comparative and Superlative.

1. ]Zs-k-M CT1.IL2 ,-io >a.«^ subtler than any beast (Gen. 3:1).

w^^^iXi.? »

;
%l
4 ^ '^l^ more than thyself thou hast loved me fJ. S. 2: 1 4).

V ^l * l^
^'i V^ia^zvi ^ i-Ll more than 120000 men (Jon. 4:11).
 —

I 100.]
ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. 121

9 ^-^'f ^^ — ^-iJ? J^4^ ^ore are these than those (J. S. 80:4).

^au»OfAl^9 ^:^ wa4 ]^-f^^ n 4^4> thei/ worshipped the

creatures more tha7i their Creator (Rom. 1:25).

Bern, 1. waX^ ^•c9 too great for me (J. S. 3:8).

\ai^ ^ jccn |1^ too young for sins (Aphr. 221:12).

Bern. 2.— o^^oia^? ^ ,Jli too old to beget (Sp. Syr. 11:8).

<.nn4V? ,-iso |.£9 too great to forgive (Gen. 4:13).

]lvi\? ^ ^.^ ^Lala^ -!^ Willis ii is wMcA better for me to

die than to live (Jon. 4:3).

Rem. 3. ]1x^m ^ ohs.** they are ivhiter than milk (Lam. 4:7).

i-^Z ,-i^ Q-»J5 they at-e purer than snow (Lam. 4:7).

Bern. 4.
— ^^^ ®l M^?? l^o-*^ ^-»*aJ jooiJ .,-#^o Jc^^ It will he

more tolerable for Tyre et Sidon in the day of judgment than

for you (Mt. 11:22).

l^iLsJ It is better to die of hunger than by much food to obscure

the soul (Anal. syr. 7:2). ,.^j^^il. 13 c I^^^ll ^^^^ It is

better to die &c. rather than to perish (J. S. 65:12).

Rem. 5. — |.l.*.i:;ao ,-iso ^^l^^ vtcnal aViaSp his servants are mnummerable

(St. Ephrem on Dan. 7:10). {See Duval § 366 g.)

2. (1) V-kitf j-co (.:S9 |J,.x)a^ aJoi i^is is fAe greatest and the first com-

mandment (Mi. 22:38); j-c? — ^t-*^- least—greatest (Mt. 5:19);

I
iiiN.4.? ^cci9al»i |.Ji|j| lam least of the apostles (1 Cor. 15:9);

]'f£i^? |9£u».ic most excellent of men (J. S. 1:1).

(2) pjaJiaaJ-^ w.ci p,-os.s |J-.| ivlich commandment is greatest in

the law? (Kt, 22:36); iJcsL.? |Jali.las ij-^s least among the

kings of Judah (Mt. 2:6).

Q
 )

122 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. j^§ IQl.

(3) ^cL»ic '^ ^ 1^9 the greatest of all plagues (Eph. 1:204c);

I
* T» 1 ^ ^su::^ ^^ . A^ns („s>4.y ^^? ^Jf TAoi« ar^ fne most

uricJced and the worst of men (Act. Martyr. 223).

(4) a. HSv? ^i nNV) Hw^ of kings (Rev. 17:14); ^^i, nS ,-aik servant of

servants (Gen. 9:25); |-<r?a-o ^-4/o^ ^io/y of holies (Ex. 26:33).

5. Iz^jliio ]lo?l.M perfect liberty (Anal. syr. 49:21).

(5) p;|l:tf >.A^9 archangel (1 Thess. 4:16); ^Zo,^ *.^-9 wy chief jot/,

(Song of Songs 4:14); ]ai^\i ]L^i exceeding great (Jon. 3:3);

I31A. j-jo^ mighty mountains (Ps. 36:6).

The comparative of adjectives is expressed by the simple adjective

1.

with ,-:ao. The comparative idea may be strengthened by the use of

such adjectives as i-»2u», .a^ and s.£^.

Bern. 1. —^J^ may sometimes be translated by Hoo^\

Rem. 2. — ,^ in the sense of "too" or Hhan" is frequently used before
an infinitive with the relative § 120. 1 (6).

Rem. 3. —— io is sometimes used in a comparative sense after verbs.

Rem. 4. — c] and o are sometimes used instead of ^iso.

Rem. 5. —The construct state of an adjective is occasionally found

before —Vg.
2. The superlative degree may be expressed:
(1 By a determinate noun i.e. noun in the emphatic or construct state.
a.

(2) By means of the preposition *^.

(3) By means of Vs ,-Sso.
(4) a. By means of a noun in the singular in the genitive relation

with the same noun in the plural ; or {h) by means of a noun limited
by an adjective from the same root.
(5) By means of s.m^S chief; and perhaps, in a few cases, by means
of \S\^ God.

§ 101. The Personal Pronoun.

A. AS SUBJECT OB COPULA.

1. (1) .A^l? ^-1..^ PI (3i?q4J am I my hrother''s keeper? (Gen. 4:9).

VjI ^1 I am guiltless (Job. 33:9).

§101.] BLBJdBNTS OF SYRIAO. 123

^J| jk:^ thou art God (Addai 3 ult.).

,-JU «^lifli. thy people are we (Aphr. 448:9).

Eew.—jiilU I ask (Eph. 3:13)

nnif he is a debtor (Gal. 5:3).

>. i. V'

(2) .q-mZ .o£J| ws] ye shall live also (John. 14:19).

^h w^O|J OCT he shall bruise thy head ((xen. 3:15).

f^^A] offio and he himself was taken (Jos. St. 10:12).

?ai5 ^.i? OCT wow Kawid himself (Jos. Sty. 19:4). (S'ee also

Rom. 14:9 ;Ephes.4:20; Acts 19:15 ;Lk.3:14;Spic. Syr. 1:7).

(3) jiinli au^ii^o OCT ,-i;k9c|J .a-»4A.a wnaJ Sihon went out to meet us,

he and all his people (Deut. 2:32); .^Jsa:^ Jjoct^o £J| Vs2o
thai thou shouldest fall thou and Judah with thee (2 King
14:10). (See also Deut. 5:14, 12:7; Gen. 6:18, 13:1).

2. (1) T^^i^l ^? rJL*» but ice say (Jos. Sty. 42:19).

(J I
,cLajs p(o ^o^Jf ,4^ ^AJjo and ye are in me and I am
in you (John. 14:20).

^1 .oilio ^1 thou art one of them (Matt. 27:73).

Rem. 1. — 2^-»^^ OCT ua!^|Z J If to learn thou art willing (Spic. Syr. 1:15).

^Nii\i>. \^ OCT ^^CT V^ii^ because of these things Solomon

sinned (^ eh. 15:26).

]2^^iJbo OCT IjCT Jo and if this word (Spic. Syr. 2:5).

^^^^o o-oCT he has spoken (Aphr. 5:1).

,^l>\iinN^ OCT )^a.:iaJ jj] but the law we are establishing

(Rom. 3.31).

Note.—iJO-'^'^ l?CT ^CT this to do (Jos. Sty. 3:32).

^.i ^ i p |3 poi ooi ]z| fso when this one came to Antioch (Jos.

Sty. 13;1). (See also Jos. Sty. 12:11, 7:22).

 ——

124 ELB31ENTS OF SYRIAO. [§ 101b.

Bern. 2. f^^ ^oi s*<n that is Zoar (Gen. 14:8).

.o^^:^ s*oi*»oi l^-^siL^ fi^^Q-os in the city of giants i, e. Hebron

(Gen. 23:2).

>oo?| olotn nfiitS Esau i. e. Edom (Gen. 36:19 Comp. 36:43).

;

Note. — tO^r^ ©oi? '^S'^orJ tr® Nedubaal, that is Gideon rose up early

(Jud. 7:1).

2. (2) ^oll OCT ^1 I am Jesus (Acts 22:8).

1^--'^^ coi £g| J Art thou the Christ (Luke 22:67).

A. The personal pronoun may be used separately (compare § 95:1).

1. (1) As the subject of a nominal sentence.

Rem. —The pronoun often coalesces with the preceding participle
or adjective, see § 35. 2.
(2) In verbal sentences to emphasize the subject. It may then often

be translated by ^self\
(3) If a second subject follows the verb the subject contained in the
verbal form is emphasized by the corresponding personal pronoun.
2. It is used as a kind of copula, see § 130. 1 (2).

Agreeing in person, number and gender with the subject.

(1)
Rem. 1. (comp. § 95. 4) Here belongs the use of ooi without agree-
ment of gender or number for the putting of special emphasis upon
the word which precedes it.

Note. — Sometimes the pronoun precedes the word. It is then equi-

valent to the article.
Rem. 2.— ^CT Jai denotes Hhat is", Hd est".

Note. — OC15 also is sometimes used for "that is".

(2) Agreeing in number and gender only with the subject.

B. AS SUFFIX.

1. (1) aJnVSil? that they should deliver it (Jos. St. 56:1).

^01-*^ created he him (Gen. 1:27).

oi9,-4- he sent it (Ad. 1:3).

>#CTo|}-i. they saw him (Ad. 2:10).

sU^^I ]^o^ the serpent beguiled me (Gen. 3:13).

 —

§ lOlbJ ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. 12S

v^on i ttVZ thou shall bruise him (Gen. 3:15).

Rem. 1. Aj] Ij^ created lie them (Gen. 1:27).

^f ^^ he blessed them (Gen. 1:28); ^ooui:^ ^J) Vaio 13

I will not accept them (Mai. 1:13).

Bern. 2. i^wn <^oi-.,-4, /te casf fAe silver (Matt. 27:5).

u»G^5 oii?]!] ouLai Ae cm< oyf <Ae ear of Blus (Jos. St. 12:9).

|1:\4\ . Qj| 1 o 01 ,-as A<j had commanded the disciples (Acts 1 :2).

jiJLii-fc.^ ^l^^ovlk
^r*^l
^^^ -^ ^«^^e tmffew <Aese narratives

(Jos. St. 20:17).

Eem. 3.
f-^ j-so >^^o ^.Jj >pL Ult n=^v? which I am commanding thee

and thy son and thy son^s son (Deut. 6:2).

Bern. 4. — .^i^^ oi^ jcoio and he was before me (John. 1:15).

cxhh^ .0(31^ ali."|| they went after her (John. 11:31).

.as] Zolk ^ |.J1 walliflo and I go to my father (Ad. 4:15;

Acts 5:39; Acts 12:19, 10:26, 12:15; Eom. 1:22).

(2) ouiXslZ thou mayest eat of it (Gen. 3:17).

^s^ 0.1^ icho showed thee (Gen. 3:11).

2. (1) a. mla^^^ in his image (Gen, 1:27).

oi^9}.ii* ^h\ h^ao and between thy seed and her seed (Gen. 3:15).

.^-11 thy life (Gen. 3:17).

b. ^iJj^Of^ for a memorial of me (Lk. 22:19).

oiiulJ.? fear before him (Ex. 20:20).

Mk.
Rem. 1.
— ^laJcus? | Vii\ our necessary bread (Mt. 6:11; 16:14);

jZalli? ^ksLI'-jo] _^ from thy lohorish ways (Ezech. 16:27).

Rem. 2.
]^r^ oijoJls in his holy mount (Ps. 87:1).

Ijja^) c\\.:z her first born son (Mt. 1:25, so also Mt. 3:17).

I^NaV ^oh]^ our prevailing freedom (Overbeck 21:20).

 :

126 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ IQlb.

3. (1) |Joi l^fls at^ with this history (Jos. Sty. 8:7).

^t.1^ v^1«^ 0,^ under their government (J oa. Sty. 8; 15).

.Qjoi ]£i^Q-ijs ^? ^ours Now in those days (Mat. 3:1).

(2) a. JAi^li) Olio and in the same hour (Acts 3:7; Mt. 26:74).

l^ySVin 01^ through the same word (Overbeck 21:20); ova

I^Zji in the same place (Luk. 2:8); ji^^ol^ ou^ the same word

(Matt. 26:44); ucak-s ols V^ he met Blue (Jos. Sty. 12:6).

b. li-a^ oul^ |J|

^P |3? I know not the man (Mat. 26:74).

).j) 't*^^? T^^^l^ .ooi^V^uAlo w^2] jJ) 9?o man shall kill those

whom I send'i jZoAi^ViS oi^ ^o the feast.

(J

Bern. —^i:^ ^ oloIo from the ship (Acts 27:3).

|li aVi >g:I oiIoI w7i<A C^ris^ (Rom. 6:8).

i?oi V^ 01 iSs on account of this (Acts 9:21).

).sjj Vik 01 iSs over the stone (Aphr. 6 ult.)

B. The pronominal suffixes are substituted for the independent pro-

noun in all oblique cases ; except in the case of the third plural after
verbs, where the enclitics .oJ] and ^.kJ) are used.

1. "With verbs.
The pronominal suffix is generally the direct object.
(1)
Rem.1. —
The 3rd person plural after verbs is either the independent
personal pronoun or the pronominal suffix after Lomadh.
—
Rem. 2. The pronominal suffix is often used after a verb to deter-
mine its object.
—
Rem. 3. When a second object follows, the independent personal
pronoun may be used to strengthen the suffix.

Rem. 4. —Preceded by ^, it forms the socalled ethical dative, which

can rarely be translated into English. See § 124:5.
(2) Sometimes it is the indirect object.
2. "With nouns.

(1) The pronominal suffix may be treated as a genitive (see §§ 96:98)

a. subjective whenitis equivalentto an adjective orpossessive pronoun.
b. objective.
R X02,l ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. 127

—In the genitive relation the pronoun usually attached

Bern. 1. is

to the noun, but sometimes to the

last first.

Bern. 2
— "With adj
. the pronominal
ectives, attached to the noun.
suffix is

3. With prepositions.
(1) The pronominal suffix is used with the preposition where the
noun following it is definite.

(2) When s and I^ are used with a suffix they are repeated before
the noun. In this construction
a. the suffix with s sometimes denotes ^Hhe same''\ though generally
it has the force of the definite article merely, see also § 107. 9.
b. the suffix with 1^ often has the sense of the definite article.

Bern. — The preposition —iao with the pronominal suffix sometimes

occurs before the same preposition followed by its noun.
Vii and ^ali are used in the same way.

§ 102. The Demonstrative Pronoun.

1. |Joi jis^ at this time (Jos. Sty. 2:3).

,_j^oi ]ZoZ|3 these signs (Jos. Sty. 3:17).

|£[liki« jjoi? ''=%>4^^ on account of this word (Spic. Syr. 20).

y^^ ^^l!!^9i V:^ on account of these deeds (Spic. Syr. 6:2).

iii] jjci this time (5:4).

2. \jsOf^ Wr^ oJ<^ ''b-A.ooi Hosea^ that is ''the Lord is Saviour''^ (Bar Heb.

Sch. M. 1:7).

^i-^ Qjcn this is my body (Matt. 26:26). See § 36:3.

3. .o, nSl jOdM^^s .cci.^ r*^^? ^r^ °'"? ^^^* ^^^* alone which wan

commanded them should they do (Spic. Syr. 3:15).

,-i2^? I
\n\s? lL»5 c^ the judgement of the world to come (Jos. Sty. 6:4).

]l\l ji? ^01 <yiL^l^t^ wo-^**? OCT |X£>1^ \^r^ t^ntil the time decreed in

His unerring knowledge (Jos. Sty. 6:8). (So Jon. 4:49; Matt. 14:21

and Jos. Sty. 49:64, 5:16, 29:6).

Bem.—,^^^ ^-ll^ao these our words (Aphr. 299:2).

J 28 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. [§ [02.

\ti\l p? v»oi 01 £^,-*^ in his knowledge that lohich is unerring (Jos.

Sty. 6:8, 1:27).

4. -f^? I? 01 Zs^!^ in comparison with this of thine (Jos. Sty. 2:19).

^^ IJct this of thine (Sim. Stylites 331, Nold.).

5. l?(n? oiii^a^ at the end of it (Addai 16:1).

|5oi5 oiiJ^iJuijc on account of this (Jos. Sty. 11:19).

l5cn ^] SjL for the sake of this (Jos. Sty. 8:18).

6. jJoi Wf^^ ovs in the same month (Jos. Sty. 58:6).

Uoo^ C01 coio and the same day (John. 5:9).

\h^'f£ ^01^01 the same city (Bar Heb. Sch. M. 1:13).

|Joi coi the same (Spic. Syr. 22:18).

7. '^i^2u4,|? COI? of him who has obeyed (Spic. Syr. 5:2).

.coui^L? ^01 those upon whom (Spic. Syr. 12:2).

«*^ Z,-as ^ai.£? ,^*Noi those in which thou hast commanded me (Jos.

Sty. 1:2); ^^ >q:^^? ooi /le M;/io shall betray me (Matt. 26:46);

|coi 9(^14^ ^i^.** ^:^ ^|9 COI )J) 6u^ Ae u;^o has been delivered from

sufferings (Overbeck 175:26).

Of the demonstrative pronoun it may be remarked.

1. As an adjective it may be placed either before or after its substantive.

2. Before the personal enclitic pronoun it generally coalesces into
Qjoi (coi \Jis\)=that iSj this is, see § 37. 3.

3. It is sometimes used like coi for distinction or emphasis, or as

an article.
Bern. —A demonstrative may limit a noun in construction with pro-
nominal suffix.

The demonstrative may be in construction with a personal pronoun.

4.

The demonstrative may be used as a genitive.

5.

6. "The same" is generally expressed by the demonstrative pronoun

preceded by the personal pronoun. See § 107:9.

7. The demonstrative is used before the relative in the sense of "that

which", "he who" &c. See § 104. 2, Rem. 1.

 — —

§ 103.J ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. 12&

§ 103. The Interrogative Pronoun.

1. (1) sJLtt] ^qJI^ ^o >*io| s*oi ^ icho is my mother and who are my
brethren? (Matt. 12:48). |.j5i ]sn\k> olls^? ivhat is this

salutation? (Luke 1:29). |ooi ^m.'^a^^ om aLJ w\o would

be he that ministered? (Spic. Syr. 3:24).

(2) ^l^] ^ Zj-s ichose daughter art thou? (Gen. 24:23).

(3) ^£u.ooi ^jio| (JLifi what were you saying? (Spic. 1:5).

(4) wl.^j# p^so in what have they sinned? (Jos. St. 40*3).

(5) ,-i^ '^-J^^ on account of whom (Jonah 1:7).

|l\n\^.Lo on account of what (Jon. 1:8).

Bern. 1. ]^hA ,-»4^ |io hoiv strait is the gate (Matt. 7:14).

^ ^ 1.10 what is that to us? (Matt. 27:4).

,AA^o ^.klk 1^ ivhat have I to do with thee? (John. 2:4).

Rem. 2. — .cL^J^Ioi^ jic|. .^V/^a ^"^ what is thy name? He saith to him

Legion (Lk. 8:30). (See also, Ex. 3:13; Jud. 13:17).

Rem. 3.
—^nS^ ^^ il^uo jiL what Satan hath filled thy heart? (Barh.

I. p. 184, 1. 24 [Duv.]). )^Sv .^^oi'^Qjf \£c who are those

kings? (Chrest. Knos. p. 80 vers 10 [Duv.]).

Rem. 4. — a!j.:ij»? _lo osi? of him whosoever had done it (Jos. Sty. 76:17).

1. ^ HchoT\
'^what isf^ are used substantively
alio (o5i ^lo) ''who is?'\
and may stand:
^, ill:, j^so "what?'\ olio

(1) As subject.

(2) As genetive.

(3) As object direct.

(4) As object indirect.

(5) After prepositions.

Rem. 1. — 1^ sometimes means '•'how'\ It is used also in certain
idiomatic phrases.
R
130 ELEMENTS OF STBIAO. [§ 103.

Rem. 2.
— ^io is equivalent to our ^^whaf^ in the phrase v^-Ioa^ ,jSso

^what is thy name?'\

Rem. 3. — |JLi»o is in a few instances used as an adjective, and
occasionally for persons.
Rem. 4. — ? ^ or ? ^ may denote ^^whoever^^, ? ^lo whatsoever. See
§ 107. 7 (4).

2. (1) <n.lk aijic ^^X>ir5 with whom was he grieved? (Heb. 3:17);

.j>a» i-i^ai-»| for what is our hope? (i Thess. 2:19); .cqilVn |j-»|

|Jiifi,-D ^xa.aJ tchich of them should go out first? (Jos. Sty. 26:1,

see also 3:7).

(2) ,-4uikai. li.U hy what authority? (Matt. 21:23).

^•*oJ .0^1 |,-.|? of what spirit ye are (Luke 9:55, see also Rev.

3:5); |1q1 hJ^ |.L| ^ from what people art thou? (Jon 1:8).

(3) ,^t A n ,>\i M ^? t^r\*| those things which are too hard for

(i. e. above) my strength (Jos. Sty. 3:13).

woi? If^P^ ^01.^ we surrendered to that which was (Acts 27:15).

Rem. — v*Za.^ JisI^ li-.| ''^^ ^'!:;^, praying against (him) who is turned

unto me (Mai. 3:5).

(4) .ooctZ? .al^ wo?"| .^-^-1 't-*]?

what manner of persons ought ye

to he? (2 Heb. 3:11).

2. \L], ]14, ^X.f, ""lohor^ ''which?'', '^whatf' may be used:—

(1) Independently or substantively.
(2) As an adjective.
Rem. —The personal pronoun sometimes comes between the adjective
and the noun.
(3) In connection with ? to denote "Ae who'\ In this sense it is

sometimes preceded by the demonstrative. Compare 1, Rem. 4.

Rem. — "^e tvho'\ ''that which*' &c. are occasionally denoted by the
interrogative alone. In such cases, the whole interrogative sentence is
a substantive clause. § 135.

(4) |1-»| ^1 means "qualis", "what manner of?'^

e 104.1 ELEMENTS OF STBIAO. (101

§ 104. The Relative Pronoun.

1. (1) wioaX 2^? they of the home of Mlus (Jos. St. 14:12).

|2>.ik,-*? ]jLs£^? |lS«| the tree which is called that of knowledge.

^^'^'^ ^Lx? the things of Caesar to Caesar (Mt. 22:21).

(2) _Lm .jJx? tve are the Lord's (Rom. 14:8).

USflio? .QJoi those who are the left's (Spic. Syr. 12:6; 1 Cor. 3:23;

John. 1:52).

(3) ]ZL2) ]oai2 .ooiJLLa P-.]? ichose loife shall she he of them (Mk.

12:23; Gen. 32:17; Mt. 22:20).

(4) ,-»H^? ^^*\«|? ^01 .ojn.^? it is their part that {namely) of those

ivho read (Jos. St. 5:12).

|jJ^?o j.j^'n\? such as clothes and utensils (Jos. St. 35:4).

2. yL^ l-«^^ r— ? ivhich (masc. sg.) went up in a night (Jon. 4:10).

_^^i^ |3? who (masc. pi.) Jcnoiv not.

Rem. — ous joci >a.*iff? ivherein ivas put (Matt. 28:6).

(5VS £w*lJ P? on ivhich (sg.) thou hast not labored (Jon. 4:10).

J-»|^ ^<nal!.L ^?? against whom the Lord has raged (Mai. 1:4).

oi.!ii .o^l --^^^^ ?^/jom ^e seeA: (Mai. 3:1).

2. (1) See § 102. 7.

(2) l^'K? V^' ]»<" c^? w:/w tras f^e chief of the island (Acts 28:7).

I^v^vm^ ^1 A Q -1
o,.!;^ t^.-^^? w?^o Aave watZe themselves faithful

(Matt. 19:12).

i2em. — wS^5 Ae m>Ao s^Y^ef7i (Ps. II, 4).

oUaL? ^/iose w?/io were with him (Matt. 27:54).

>^Jiic? he who offers (Mai. 2:12).

nit\q? fAose mj/io sewecZ (Mai. 3:18).

132 ELEMENTS OF STRIAO. [§ 104.

3. .ooiiLaJ? OC01 ^-»^5^ t^cy took charge of their expenses (Jos.

St. 38:12).

1^4^09 K^^^^ S>^sai V do not then take thought for the morrow

(Matt. 6:34).

^em. — --N- 7 lUooi ^ja^t^ thou didst take care of me (Jos. St. 3:10).

01^9 ws^ \
^"^
i-^ cm for the morrow will take thought for

it»elfOS.Bii. 6:34).

4. ^r^^ o®^ ^j^A? ]iZl-c ox^ m the same place where they were

abiding (Lk. 2:8).

|cgi liai^ ^^-^? 1 1 A ^A^^.^:^ ,-lo Va.4, he set out from Melitine

where he had been wintering (Jos. Sty. 64:20).

5. jif "^i^oi |?oi v^i? stich a sign also (Jos. Sty. 41:7).

_^9i v^l? I^^c] such oppressions (Jos. Sty. 4:17).

Bern. — iJ?oia:i^? «^| 6y icai/ of ivitness (Jos. Sty. 1:3).

6. >*cn ]f-»| i-^^^t ^.JwLc on account of ant/thing whatsoever

(Jos. Sty. 16).

]i>a-o C01? |i-.| '^o a72g old grave no matter what (Jes. Sty. 39:10).

7. ouD j-co Ij-oo s*a»*? u-Ao showed and called and made him to approach.

(L'omelia di Giac. di Sarug. 504.)

Tlie Syriac relative pronoun ? was originally a demonstrative being

equivalent to the Hebrew nt, sit which are also used sometimes as rela-

tive pronouns, e. g. Ps. 74:2; Ex. 15:13.

1. ? is still used as a demonstrative.
(1) In phrases which correspond to the Greek article with the genitive.
(2) In phrases which correspond to the Greek predicate or possessive
genitive.

(3) In the genitive construction mentioned in § 97 A, especially note-

worthy is such a use before the interrogative.
(4) Sometimes it introduces an appositional or epexegetical phrase.
"Sote. — ooi? also may be used in this sense, see § 101 A, Rem. 2. Note,
 .

§ 105.] ELEMENTS OF SYBIAO. I33

2. It is used as a relative pronoun for all numbers, genders, cases.

See § 38. 1.

Rem. —The oblique cases are expressed, as in English, by means of

prepositions, which follow with a pronominal suffix agreeing with the
antecedent of the relative.
(1) That ivhich is usually expressed by the demonstrative followed
by the relative, see § 102. 7.
(2) For emphasis sake the relative is foUowedby the personal pronoun.
—
Rem. The relative alone sometimes stands for "'^e who^\
3. looi and L^] in the sense of "fo have^^ and ws^ "^o take charge of%

^'•to have care of'\ '•Ho take thought for'\ take after them a noun pre-
ceded by ?.

Rem. —V-? may also be used after ^^..

4. After nouns of place, the relative is usually followed by the
adverb ,_i^Z.
5. «^]? followed by the relative pronoun means "swcj^".

Rem. — ? ^\ followed by ^ means ^^ly way of

6. ? preceded by the interrogative and followed by the demonstrative
pronoun means ^Hohatsoever^\ '-^no matter whaf\
7. More than one verb may be used after one relative.

8. It is used as a relative conjunction, especially in the senses "fAaf

and ''because'', see §§ 135, 136, 137.

§ 105. The Reflexive Pronoun.

1. zJ^iZ] have I conducted myself (Ad. 41:4).

o99£uAJia!:ik to confirm thyself (Spic. Syr. 43:11).

Ji^-jjs ^-i.!^Pk£Oso laying their blame on time (Spic. Syr. 44:7).

.cs^o^waJ to associate themselves (Ad. 31:6).

2. .ooticL^ .oovikllii ^fS,^ reminding themselves of their sins (Aphr.

223:19).

A\i\i oii:^ ^01 she harmed herself (Ephr. III. 2c.)

cffi >a2^.A,| he delivered himself (Jos. Sty. 71:1).

ffi^-5 ouLLo on his part (Jos. Sty. 62:6).

 — —
134 ELEMENTS OF STEIAO. [§ 106.

3. ) *'*''
]^ save thyself (M-ait. 27:40, see also 27:5).

<aoio&>| U oiicaJ-o |nSii fate itself does not exist (Spic. Syr. 9:9).

oiiJ >a^ O t< disagrees with itself (Overbeck's Eph. 45:6).

odIi.S Zos^ ^ of himself (John. 7:18).

s.as2u. ^-*^?-^ |3| if thou thyself know not (Song of Songs 1:8).

olsl;^ ]-fja LsLit^ and Sarah laughed toithin herself (Gren. 18:12).

otlo, ^oic he distinguished himself (S^ic, Syr. 4:1 [Duv.]. See also

Lk. 2:17; 11:17).

The reflexive pronoun is expressed:

1. Generally by the reflexive species of the verb.
2. By the personal and possessive pronoun.
3. By such words as {.aJ ^souT\ |.i>cQio person^ % ]L^
^^
^^ existence^',

|il^9 ^mind"j }.a^ ^heart'\ and similar words.

§ 106. The Possessive Pronoun.

1 . I Zan\v ^ 01 <p:L 5 9 Vj^i* because thine is the kingdom (Matt. 6:13).

^-iL.? ,-L. for our part (Spic. Syr. 2:9.

.on^? ^itf )n\Vi (n-s .onSSnJo and to set up over it a king of

tJieir oicn (Jos. Sty. 17:23).

Bern. 1. — ,^9 jio^ my time (John. 7:8).

31-:^? ^^©i-s >c,.ji |ZQ-a^ >aico awcZ /ie placed a box in front

of his palace (Jos. Sty. 24:1).

Bern, 2. —«^^? >|1 >S^ tw thine oivn eyes (Lk. 6:42).

ok^? ai£w4»a£i^i^ fo Ais oifjw glory (Kom. 3:7).

Rem. 3. ]^'fSi ^oi ol!:^.*? Jm*.^ I^*^ for the good is the man^s oivn

(Spic. Syr. 6:11).

| A) « |V 9 oiX-.? i'^nfOi^al ^^e czYy's oft'w tisAq;? (Jos. Sty. 29:4).

§ 107.]
ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. I35

]5<ji ]iJ-A,? oilL? ^5 wi] sm**?|«o iw f^e mow^A ^6 of this same

2^ear (Jos. 28:1).

Bern. 4. —^^ .coaiJ ^Aey shall he mine (Mai. 3:17).

The independent or absolute

1. possessive is rendered by V^j
followed by the suffix of the person.
Bern. 1. —
V^? is composed of ? (primarily v»?) and ^, and hence
v.^ul?=what is to me, what I have. Hence ''^j*-.? can be used instead of
the possessive adjective pronoun.
Rem. 2. —The independent possessive may be added emphasis for

to a substantive or a possessive pronoun.

Bern. 3. —^V^? sometimes used emphasize the substantive which
is to

is usually subjoined with %

Bern. 4. —The preposition Lomadh with the pronominal suffix is

also used to denote possession.

§ 107. The Indefinite Pronoun.

1. ^jkJ] gC:^ ^? j.^1 then one said to him (Matt. 12:47).

—i^Z ,fcs| |J ..juj it wounded no one there (Jos. Sty. 25:17).

2. ,-1 ri every one (Mk. 14:19; Matt. 26:22).

wjlJ] every man (Cor. 3:8, 7:2).

wA.JsJI 'Vs every soul (Rom. 13:1).

^ Vs every one (Anal. Syr. 49:6 [Dur.]).

^ Vs fjt every one (Eph. 5:33).

W.A.J] Va every one (Lk. 14:33).

.ooiJLiscjoi ^ |.jb* f^jLSi in every one of their limhs (Jos. Sty. 21:24).

J2em.— iJiZ^ every morning (Am. 4:4); |^q-a^ each day (Jer. 37:21).

3. ^ ^^ ^ one from another (Matt. 25:32).

^^^ ji one on another (John. 13:22).

,.1? f^ i^^^* ^^^ another^ s feet (John. 13:14).

138 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 107.

|5^^ one another (Luke. 23:12, 4:36).

]ilM^ c-a^ they kissed each other (Bern. Ch. 47:12).

4. |ij-i» t-** Q-aaJ some went out (Jos. Sty. GO: 12).

I^aitf ^X if some of the branches (Rom. 11:17).

.coi ^ some of them (Bern. Ch. 144:7; Rom. 3:3; Mk. 2:5).

^jj^l? h^] some say (John. 9:9).

^|_ ^] 8(me (Phil. 1:15).

5. (I) ^ iir-»»]o . . . co<n ,^im*°^£w^ .coiJ^ ^^V^l] some of them were

persuaded . . . and otJiers not (Acts 28:24).

(2) ) f"^" ^? Pr^l r^^? ^^'|V|? ^1 some said: it is John; but

others, it is Ellas (Matt. 16:14).

(3) 1^3 p - «^ r
"^
^9 w.*J| waJI l^aiflM ^Jao ^Jl w^Jf some out of

envy^ but others in good will (Phil. 1:15); oooi ,^>n tV^ .coiJi^c

ooai ^ .^S"| .oaUitfo some mocked but others said (Acts 17:32).

6. (1) >a^iJ JjUI^s i-i^aJ |J<4^ the one he hates and the other he loves

(Matt. 6:24).

(2) jli* ^j-»*]o '^91 o<n ^'fM]onesowethandanotherreapeth(Joh.iiA:dl).

(3) Ijt^i^ _^aio liLas-jJba^ ^^i\gi some trust in chariots and others

in horses (Ps. 20:7).

7. (1) ^\i^? Vs whosoever heareth (Matt. 13:19; Spic. Syr. 4:2).

(2) 01^ ^1? |J-.| "'^i.-a everyone who has (1 John. 3:3).

^3) ,_i^(3visc? p-.| everyone who believdh (Mk. 16:16).

(4) JJ?) 01^ M? r^ whosoever has ears (Mk. 7:16; Mai. 1:14).

8. (1) V!\Vil? |\i\nn in whatsoever he shall speak (Acts 3:22).

(2) |J|_ i^sc]? >c^ whatsoever I say (Matt. 10:27).

(3) |ooi ^]5 >cjlfl \.a aiXic ol^ whatsoever was in the midst of it

(Jos. Sty. 29.3).

 —

§108.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 137

JRem. — >*oi? ]|-»| I^Q-'Ct '^J^^ on account of anything whatsoever (Jos.

Sty. 80:16).

{.o^L:^ It-^iC OCT? P-) Vs any old grave whatsoever (Jos. Sty. 39:10).
9. ocoi ,--fc£i-o^.iso M4£? .QJol ,-s .cJci wtf^ tt-ere bringing the same

sacrifices (Heb. 10:1).

U^ob W.OI ,j ^01 ,-^ Lu] pS since we have the same spirit (Festal

Letter of A than. 7:17).

The indefinite pronouns are expressed:

1. One, a certain one, by ,..»#, or >-aj|.

2. Every ^ every one, by ,-»•, or ''^s^.s followed by |^, w^j) or some

similar word.
Rem. — The plural, or the repetition of the noun, or sometimes even
the singular, denotes distribution, see § 92. \c.

3. One another, each other ^ by l?^; but when a preposition, or the

relative 5, comes before another, by ^ followed by ^ with the

appropriate preposition, or 5.

4. Some, by jj-j.^ ,-»• or ^-io partitive.

5. Some— others, by r^^l or ? ^I followed by ji-j-»»J ;

or by repetition

of the word v-aJ| ; or by a combination of the words for some mentioned

under 4.

6. The one — the other, by ]Ji-»» — ,-•., |.Jh*~MH* ^^^ ,^^oio — ,,-w»^oi.

7. 8. Whoever, tvhosoever, by ? '^s, ? iL) Va, ? ji-»l, ? t^; tchatever,

whatsoever, by ? |ViN^ , 5 >cj^, ? >cj^ Vs,

_Re»n. — cci? or ^01? may generalize any indefinite pronoun.

9. The same is expressed by two demonstrative pronouns of like

gender and number, separated by ^s as. See also § 102. 6.

§ 108. Uses of V^.

1. (1) \i? ]lfi^ Lord of all (Spic. Syr. 27:24).

^cic^l-c Vs *^ll2 he gave all over into his hands (Aphr. 123:2).

(2) j.:^ ^ j-^xa worshipped of all (Ephr. III. 532c).

138 ELEMENTS OF STEIAC. [§ 109.

(3) 01^ ^-^^? '^ all who were seeking him (Aplir. 198:10).

(4) \ll4y aC:^ h^]^ in all the country/ of the Arabs (Spic. Syr. 16 ult.).

]LLl,.i»o ai^s the whole city (Jos. Sty. 37:2).

jL^all .oGi^ always (Matt. 28:20).

2. See §107:7.8.

3. ,,;4^a-i^ Vi aU power (Matt. 28:18).

^lls '^ all quarters (Jos. Sty. 30:12).

4. ^i:^] Vs always when (Kirsch. Chrest. 171:15; 1 Cor. 11:25).

oC^ V^ quUe all (Kirsch. Chrest. p. 129:18; Acts 22:20).

1. Vs may be used as a substantive

(1) In the absolute state.

(2) Occasionally in the emphatic state.

(3) Before the relative pronoun.
(4) In apposition with a noun in the sense of '•^all the^\ Hhe whole^\

2. It may be used as an indefinite pronoun.

3. As an adjective it is used in the sense of "every or "a^Z".
4. As an adverb in the sense of ^alivays'\ quite' \ ^^jusf\ ^^

§ 109. Uses of >c^.

1. (1) >o,.itf '^'aJ? to make known anything (Jos. Sty. 24:2).

>cp35 >c,Jao ai^ (001 2,.^^ there was nothing in it that was standing
(Jos. Sty. 30:2).

iLi^ >c,J^ |3 nothing have I sinned (Acts 25:10).

Pi^) >c,.i^ in anything else (Jos. Sty. 50:4).

(2) Jc^be >c^? 01.!^ h^\ \1q^l:u he had clothes of different kind (Jos.

Sty. 56:7)

>oy.ic >c^ OCT that anything whatsoever (Spic. Syr. 2 ult.)

(3) >-iOic£w»]? >c^ ivhatsoever is (Spic. Syr. 22:10).

§ llO^J
KLBMENTS OF SYRIAO. 18ft

Ij] jio] .oliu? >c^ whatsoever I say to you (Mk. 13:37).

(4) ? >cJiD ooi? of whatsoever (Spic. Syr. 10 ult.).

-o2»jf —^^iOa^) >c^ |Jcn whatsoever ye are commanded (Spic.

Syr. 1:7)

£wJ] V?!? >c^ 001 whatsoever thou sowest (1 Cor. 15:39).

2. (1) I
-- -'^ \x^^b >o^ n*inA,| Po aw(Z they found not any evil accusation

(Acts 25:18).

|J^] l^i. >c^ any other work (Add. Aph. 32:15).

>c^ ]£o| any enmity (Matt. 5:23).

(2) >c^5 1^^ V> without medicin of any kind (Add. 7:10).

The pronominal and adjective indefinite for things is >0|^. It is used

1. As a pronoun:
(1) In the sense of ^^anything''\

(2) When repeated, in the sense of ^^anything whatsoever'^

(3) Before ?, in the sense of ^whatsoever^\

(4) It may be emphasized by the demonstrative.

2. As an adjective:
(1) Absolutely before or after its noun in the sense of "aw^".

(2) Preceded by 5, forming an adjective clause, see § 136.

§ 110. Numerals.

A. CAEDINALS.

1. (1) ,-ll4. Ip^ a hundred years (Jul. 220:23).

]S^ ^^ l^vf four modii of wheat (Jos. Sty. 33:18).

>cQ-. j-»»o ^'r^ twentyone days (Aphr. 56:21).

Bern. — ^iLaX ^^«-,MnS twenty thousand (Jos. Sty. 75:12).

]|.'io' l^A three hundred (Jos. Sty. 34:21).

IjIaL^jjo ^T'iV \^h\9 .^r^Snl fifty and four thousand and

four hundred.
140 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. [§ HQ.

(2) ^Z jZczf three signs (Jos. Sty. 32:12).

ifwS'^M \L^t^ fourteen generations (M.ait. 1:17).

Rem. — l^o ^^Is^^f ,,^Sa^ forty-one pears (A-phr. 46G:17).

(3) ^i\^9|o ]\:^ l-=oi?? If4^-^ « hundred and forty pounds of gold

(Jos. Sty. 26:11, see also 34:21).

y^i^uo ]|.Lo "^^^Vjo ^aX fMO ^^th\^^o W^io one hundred and

fifty one thousand and four hundred and fifty (Num. 2:16).

(4) ,--kaX ]\nL seven thousand (Num. 3:20).

(IL*^? ^i^V ]L^ six thousand years (Aphr. 36:20).

|i! ,^"^wS two hundred thousand Christians (Jul. 83:8).

l*^-^^* .ai;?

(5) ;^ -^^ rr^^ ^^ ^^.»iWS |oi behold twenty years have I been in

thy house (Gen. 31:41).

Il^* jcoi IJitf i^ he was one hundred years old (Aphr. 235:20).

^Xaav^ «jf Ijvs'^^l there are four hundred pounds (Gen. 23:15).

1. Cardinals are generally in apposition with the substantive.

(1) The numeral is generally first in order and in the absolute state;
the substantive following is in the absolute or emphatic state.

—
Rem. v-aX and ]l.i^ follow their limiting numeral.
(2) The numeral follows in the absolute state, the noun precedes in
the emphatic state.
Rem. — Sometimes, even when the noun precedes, it is in the
absolute state.

(3) When two or more numerals are used the highest stands first,

the lowest last.

(4) With numbers from 2 to 9 ^aX and o-c j are treated like anyother
substantive.

(5) A short word may come in between a numeral and its substantive,
as also between the parts of a number.

B. OKDINALS.
a P y
f
iSi^fc. lica-. the seventh day (Heb. 4:4).

]L.LiXz jll^I the third beast (Rev. 6:5).

§111] ELEMENTS OF SYfilAO. 141

»^Z? ^a-« the second day (Gen. 1:8).

Il^^i^if hlj^ to the year 400 (Aphr. 475:2).

jjaLo |)\ifvz hl^ the year 810 (Jos. Sty. 27:11).

^iai >calr2 on the fifth day (Jos. Sty. 27:1).

1.(1) 1^^^- j.:^.a^ seven by seven (Gen. 7:2).

(2) .ooiJ^ 'T*''^

^>"^N betiveen each two of them (Jos. Sty. 85:10).

2.(1) ^Il^l ^s n^'N 1^^ until seven times (Matt. 18:21, also Luke 1 7:4).
(2) 1^:0^0 ,^i\n4\ seventy-seven times (Gen. 4:24).

As to order and agreement they are like any other adjectives, see § 99.
By putting the noun in the genetive relation (either by construction
or by 5) with a following cardinal, the ordinal may be superseded.
1.The distributive sense is denoted:
(1) By the repetition of the numeral.
(2) By the preposition ^ before L.*^.

2. For multiplication the cardinal number

(1) Can be followed by plc] time]

(2) Or may be used alone.

§ 111. The Verb.

1. ]ooi (Gen. 1:2); Zoai (Gen. 1:1); ocoi (Gen. 2:25); |oaiJ (Gen. 1:2);

f£^ (Gen. 2:18); "^aajz (Gen. 2:17); LNVjaJ (Gen. 3:10); hJ^s]^

(Gen. 3:12); ^jl^]^ (Gen. 3:16).

2. ^oLjI ^ji^ (Mai. 1:8); iJJ |^^ (Mai. 1:10); -i^ (Mai. 1:8);

M? ^ v-^-:^^ (Mai. 1:14); ^-L» ^^ail (Mai. 3:15);

^ ^^'^S*

oilk we are learning Him (Overbeck 22:5).

3. >g::1^ (Mat. 26:1); j-Lf (Matt. 26:1); ^t-» (^^t. 26:2); ]sm (Mat.

26:2); ^\i (Mat. 26:2); I^W;^ (Mat. 26:3).

142 ELEMENTS OF S\KIAC. [§ 112.

1. Genders, numbers and persons are distinguished in the Perfect

and Imperfect by means of preformatives and sufformatives.
2. In the participles, the first and second person require the personal

pronoun, but the third needs none.

3. In general, it may be said, that the Perfect denotes a completed
action, and the Imperfect an incomplete or dependent action; while
the Participles denote states or continuous or frequentative actions.
As to order of time, the Perfect and Participles may be past, present,

or future; as is determined from the context, or the nature of the verb.

The Imperfect is perhaps always absolutely or relatively future.

§ 112. The Perfect.

1. (1) \lsihe created (Gen. 1:1).

Zooi it was (Gen. 1:2).

(2) ]£y.r:ii"£o l*\nn I have received the letters (Jos. Sty. 1:1).

>^f^ .eoiZn 4 > ^, 2w£j:^9 ^%>4^^ because thetr iniquity has come

up before me (Jon. 1:2).

(3) ^01^ ols I'jaL] ]iSbS they had built small houses for themselves

(Jos. Sty. 69:20).

VsL^? which he had made (Gen. 2:8, so Gen. 2:1, 2:22, 3:10;

Matt. 27:35).

2. (1) ]olX OCT f^} ^,-» ^? ^1^ for we know that there is one God

(Aphr. 497:17).

jlL-fc. AnVw the sTcy is red (Matt. 16:2).

^ ^^]jzZ] JIVS why art thou angry (Gen. 4:6).

]ZrVi\ ).:^|.L ^ LA'fS it grieves me unto death (Jon. 4:9).

(2) ^fli |3? who hath not walked (Ps. 1:1).

^aI?) tIjLc the Lord looks down (Ps. 14:2).

3. (1) a. oiL*^]o mLSfSi joi behold I shall bless him and multiply him

(Gen. 17:20).
8 112,] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. I43

V.S01.-9 ^1 he said that he would give (Bar Heb. 80:1 [Uhl.]).

b. oi.Ji-so? vA^ikZIo i-c]© ^oioiuibJikO^^s i-i^Lc to-morrow he shall

disappear and shall not be and the memory/ of him shall perish

and be effaced (Jul. 9:6).

1^5 jjoiaJ ©1^ shall see a great light (Is. 9:2).

(2) a. ]VifiNS;3 (ocij Vc9 I'^^Nt.a.A, ^i^ over the great change which

shall have been in the world (Jos. Sty. 92:4).

b. ooi ]A^ \^ when he shall have come (John. 4:25).

\^a\^ \-aA,5 \:iic when he shall have received the money (Jos.

Sty. 61:15).

jJalsa.,^ >c^ |?ffi ivLLcZuA,) Jo and if this shall have been

reported before the governor (Mt. 28:14).

^^ tt n 4.| J if we shall have been able (Spic. Syr. 13:2).

|3 o| s*!7i..-i^j*aA] c| ivhether thou shalt have found him or not

(Aphr. 144:22).

Bern. 1. — Vf^^ 'x'*'"^^?^

°°^? V^ioi jj] |-c^ I will therefore that

men pray (1 Tim. 2:8).

- ""^ £w.»coi5 w.jLa.ji»Z] constrain thyself to be humble (Anal.

Syr. p. 8. 1. 6 [Duv.]).

Rem. 2. a. —— !:I \^V^ -^©oi |i let it not be wearisome to us (Gal. 6:9).

—^xl^ .©£^©01 be watchful (Mark. 13:37).

b. — h^om JHi-^ ^^^ I would thou wast cold (Rev. 3:15; Aphr.

221:22).

.oLal^l ^? *-3©LA.f that ye did reign (1 Cor. 4:8).

The Perfect denotes a completed action.

1 . It is used for past time

(1) As the true historical tense, in the narration of events viewed
as completed.

(2) Of events viewed as completed in the past.

 .

144 ELEMENTS OF SYBIAC. [R 1^3^

(3) "WTien the action expressed by the Perfect precedes another action
already completed, then it corresponds to our Pluperfect.
2. It is used for present time
(1) In verbs which denote a mental or physical state or quality.
(2) In imitation of the Hebrew, in the statement of general truths.
3. It is used for future time.
(1) When the event is looked upon as certain.
a. In promises.
b. In prophecies.
Note. —This usage is mostly biblical.
(2) It may denote our future perfect, see a.

b. In this sense the Perfect is usually preceded by the hypothetical

particle such as J, o) and ? ]i^.

Rem. 1. — The perfect of jooi is used with the pai-ticiple in clauses

denoting a purpose or result which is looked upon as certain of fulfihnent.

Rem. 2. — The perfect of ]ooi is used with an adjective or participle
to express a wish or exhortation.

a. Absolutely.
6. After ^.o^ or wso^^j

Bern, 3. — For the auxiliary uses of jooi, see § 127.

§ 113. The Imperfect.

1. (1) ]^-iIfl^ oilc? wsovl wTill^^ Uj^o and before he was crucified

he gave his blood to drink (Aph. 222:5).

IjcaicJ >a-jfl^ Pji^ before the law was established (Aph. 25:5),

see also 2 King 6:32; Jer. 1:5; John 1:48.

Rem. — >*ouiJal^|-^i |J^ before ye asked (or shall have asked) him

(Matt. 6:S), is probably meant for a literal translation of the

Greek Aorist.

(2) jovX (jt:^ VlilLoa? >c^ before God spake with him (Aph. 2:35 ult.).
. » r • » p
J^r^^ ^r^^? ^r° ^^f°^^ ^^ ^^^ conceived in the womb (Lk. 2:21).

(3) | v\s ]o!jiJ? >C|-o ^ before the loorld was (John. 17:5).
 —
§ 113.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. I45

>i^i^J? >cj-o ^^ lefore he had taken a body to himself (St.

Eph. Ov. 19S:1 [Nold.]).

2. I jli»^ 13 jJikicojo \k^^o neither sword nor spear is seen (Jud. 5:8).

l^ilicZ sckHJ v^oic-slil^s his angels he accuses of folly (Job. 4:18).

\^ ^-iiJ!:^oi
^ |iu4JiVs whosoever drinks of this tcater {3 o\m A'A'i).

^aJj Z9aJ Ijja-*]? U^ho^ thrones of honor he causes them to

inherit (1 Sam. 2:8).

%^^^t^ they are quenched (Is. 43:17).

3. Visa-^ w^a4 jooiJ |J there will not again he a flood ((ren. 9:11).

^ 9,.jk.( (.^ N^ a N iwnjific? j^ after that I shall have gone to heaven

I will send thee (Ad. 5:22).

jjoi^s ],-i4j ,jLi«o and we shall rejoice in this (Ad. 30:10).

^ >aiar:Z .-a.^ t< will be very pleasant to thee (Spic. Syr. 43:13).

<^ wcoiwaf I shall tvrite to thee (Aphr. 6:8).

Note. — pTtil jl^jj J if we shall speak we shall want (Aphr. 496:8).

The Imperfect denotes an action as incomplete, either because

future or because dependent on another action or state.
It is used:
1. For past events after certain temporal participles such as
Ujisk, 9 >o,_D and ? >0|-o ,-io in relation to which the action denoted by
the verb was viewed as incomplete, or incipient.
This corresponds to the use of the Imperfect withd'n^ and ts in

Hebrew (see Harper's Syntax Use of the Tenses in

§ 20. 16; Driver's
Hebrew § 27. 1^6*; Ges. Heb. Gram. § 127. 4a) and to the Jussive in
Arabic after ^
or £j (see Wright Ar. Gr. Vol. II § 12) and to the
Subjunctive in Ethiopic after ^HJJ^ kedma (see Dill. Aeth. Gram.
§§ 90, 120. In solchen Siitzen liegt der Sinn: — es sei etwas zu kommen
oder zu werden bestimmt, nur sei es noch nicht verwirklicht, vid. p. 140).
Note. —
Some claim a Perfect in other cases, e. g. Philips p. 163,
Uhlemann § 61. 2c. Compare § 206. Philips mentions Hab. 2:1
(>ca-D| =Heb. ?Ti^>2J5 a regular cohortative ; see Driver § 49B and § 54).
* *
'
"?>

Judges 5:8 ]\mL2 P cannot he seen.

T
146 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO [§114.

2. The use of the Imperfect for the present indicative -s doubtful,

except as an occasional imitation of the Hebrew.
Duval gives as examples Jud. 5:8 and Job. 4:18; "[Thiemann gives
John. 4:13; Philips 1 Sam. 2:8 (=Subjunct (?) comp. TJhl. 181 Rem. 2)
and Is. 43:17 (which last Uhlemann and Cowper make Perfect or
Preterite).

3. The Imperfect is sometimes used for the future Indicative.

Note. — This use of the Imperfect is especially common. in conditional
and hypothetical sentences. See § 138.

§ 114. The Imperfect (continued).

1. (1) ^aJ? liaJ ^] jS let no man forbid them (Ad. 12:3).

s*Z^ ]?oi |I»Z let this my daughter live (Ad. 14:5).

iJoiQj ioaO let there be light (Gen. 1:3).

(2) o^^9 iiisc,-D jV? sfj\ .o9iZ )] be not as former generations which

have passed away (Ad. 22 ult.).

^os^jz iJ take no thought (Matt. 6:31).

Bern* — oiZ£l3) >«oixm| wsiaj his brother shall take his wife (Matt. 22:24).

. ^Kk^^^ ^Vv^C^ I
]£w»4£>? Vs every saa-ifice should be salted withsalt
(Mk. 9:49).

<^Uo '^Z]? >c^ cci >4^ ^22 thou Shalt give to me whatsoever

I shall ask of thee (Sindban 1:17).

2. (1) '^oajz thou mayest eat (Gen. 2:16).

^|j ^) i^ but one may say (Spic. Syr. 6:21).

^1 ^ TnV adoLl now one may wonder (Spic. Syr. 47:6).

(2) jicp ^ who can say? (Rev. 20:9).

]^fS> \J)ZLi \lli2 ^ \Lt] \^ on which of possessions can

a man rely (Spic. Syr. 45*6).
 — ,

§ 114.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. I47

Most of the variations for mood are expressed by the Imperfect.

1. The Imperfect is used for the Imperative.
(1) Always for the third person, except in the cases mentioned under

§ 112. 3 (2), Rem. 2.

(2) Always for the negative, except in the cases mentioned in

§ 112. 3 (2), Bern. 2.

Rem. —The Imperative expressed in English by ^^shair, ^^shoulcV
"as fo", ^^has to^^ &c. may be classed here.
2. The Imperfect is used for the Potential
(1) To express permission.

(2) To express possibility.

3. (1) v*Laik? I^Ali. ^ v^Zol^ v-DQ.£L4,| I wish to leave tvith thee

some of the people who are with me (Gren. 33:15).

\ ts .ht n -r^A^-^ might the evil cease (Ps. 7:9).

l i'^jVin ^.i^a^ ]bj^z ]?j^ "^TJjj j«4.oi now we would go

a journey of three days into the ivilderness (Ex. 3:18).

(2) ^'f^ v^A^fij-o I^J!:;:*:^

tt-^^ ^Svil let thy servant speak a

word before thee, my Lord (Gen. 44:18).

eia.Ji:i poi il^? ouA.aJ ^^z^cnJ. restore the soul of this youth

to his body (1 King. 17:21).

(3) 1^5 l^ioL!^ v^,.£iik]o andIwillmaketheeagreatpeople(Gen.l2:2).

Oj.q:^ ^.iopo £^^i:^? l£wL.^v^( ^1

\\m\ ^^lm\ I ivill go down

and see if they have done according to the cry ichich has come
up before me (Gen. 18:21).

)j| wa!^5 .^ jo^l I will show thee, that I shall teach

(Sindban 1:16).

(4) .OCT tnl^ waiaaj let us break their bonds (Ps. 2:3).

f^j i-M fs| VaaJ let us look at each other (2 King. 14:8).

^Zo-aA^uc |j..4i|o .ojj let me be glad and rejoice in thy grace

(Ps. 31:7).

Rem. 1 (1) .LlLo --? ^oLi^f Oh that we had died (Num. 14:2).
 —
148 ELEMENTS OF SYRTAC. [§ 114.

J '^J ^ ]^l2 V^^jo^I ^? usot-A,] Oh that Ishmael might live

before thee (Gen. 17: IS).

(2)
—^iwcoi ^-Lql-zLa. ^iuAiao? ,^L ^? ^ 07i fAaf 1/e had

altogether held your peace (Job. 13:5).

|loJ l^t^? I^iol^ ou^ ^^^ ^9 ,^ Wot(/d[ that all of the

Lord^ 8 people were prophets (^um. 11:27).

(3) ^-i^^^ v4lQL aX that wy people had heard me (Ps. 81:14).

(4) — ^^ ^^^^ ,-:»o wioLA ^5 ^ifi Oh that one would hear me

(Job. 31:35).

iJa-i? >^| fa^ s*^ wsou. ^? ,-Lc Oh that I had wings like a dove
(Ps. 55:7).

(5) — Ijlfl-^
^ lis? ^2j olio Oh that a clean thing could come o%d

of an unclean (Job. 14:4).

.iJ::^)^ W-^? ^^"^^ olitf Oh that I might have my request

(Job. 6:8).

(6) — -^'1^ |Joi jiaill^ gi\?\A>| ^? ^ Would that one had

delivered this people into my hands (Jud. 9:29).

\:^h\::) \i^'i ^Jj-r^i* ^? <^ Would that they had made me judge

in the land (2 Sam. 15:4).

(7) — fib-i05i lj-»t-^ ^a.^ Oh thai thou wast cold (Rev. 3:15).

^j«03^ ij| ^1^ ^? ^oiik Oh that thou wast hearkening to my

commandments (Is. 48:18).

Rem. 2. — .£^~«^? ^? ^cn ^-«-St would that we had died (Ex. 16:3).

>^T*SV4> Ijf 1^^ ^f that thou wouldst hear me (Gen. 23:13).

3. The Imperfect is used for the Optative

(1) To express a wish.
(2) To express a prayer.

(3) To express determination, or intention.

(4) To express "a self excitement toward a certain line of conduct."

—
Rem. The Optative is often denoted by such particles and phrases
 — — ;

§ 114.] ELEMENTS OF STJUAC. I49

as ^oi^Af , cX, ^£00 ^lao, ^a-ik, ^AJ oll^c (p'; '^12), ,-lso and ,.siik ^lao.

As the examples show, the Perfect, Imperfect or Participle may be

used, according as the kind of action varies.
Bern. 2. —The auxiliary verb j^. may be used to express a wish,
see § 129:3.

4. (1) .^mjq]? \j] \^r I ivould persuade thee (Aphr. 345:1).

Ij| V itn^v |J wX55]Z5 J if thou canst justify thyself (Aphr.

270:5; John. 3:3. 4. 5, 15:4).

(2) li-^l? T^A 1 am come 'to destroy (Matt. 5:17).

I
m>a V^>> ^c*|-«fcJ? |-a^o5 ,-ic oooi r^Z]9 who are coming from

afar to see the Messiah (Add. 2:6).

Bern. l.—^gSo that they might know (Ez. 20:26).

s^^D^o that they may sacrifice (Ex. 8:8).

^aiSioL^ r^ .ci^ksLJ? ^.^1:^0 on this account, that they may

he restrained from their sins (Jos. Sty. 6:2. See also Gen. 27:7
Aphr. 217:2, 20:18).

Bern. 2. h^^] >*1 * no n 4. permit me to send (Jos. Sty. 76:5).

t>. C If 7
ZoiaJ v^j^ y-as) hring out thy son that he may die (Jud. 6:30).

i^M ttn^l w^J) |3 no man could pass (Matt. 8:28).

Bern. 3. — o],n^\ J-^^ he began to preach (Matt. 4:17, 11:7).

wnaa? w»f^ he began to drive out (Mk. 14:15).

s .tiS^V^l;^ v.^a^^ ^J} |] no man can serve (Matt. 6:24).

I].^? V miaV |3 he cannot see (John. 3:3).

Bern. 4.
— "^Zii? J-m^aV |3 it is not able to give (John. 15:4).

wSoL^ |3? ,-^ V.*a4Lo? who is too weak to avoid stealing

(Spic. Syr. 5:7).

4. The Subjunctive.

The Imperfect is the form generally used to express the Subjunctive

or dependent mood. It is used especially:
150 ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC.
f§ 1J5,

(1) When the first verb may be translated by one of our modal
auxiliaries.

(2) "When the second verb expresses the purpose or result of the
action of the see § 137:4.
Rem. 1 .
—"Waw andfirst,

occasionally ? V^^lao may be used to introduce

the Subjunctive.
—
Rem. 2. The conjunction before the Subjunctive may be omitted.
Comp. Ges. Heb. Gr. § 142c.
—
Rem, 3. After many verbs the Subjunctive or Infinitive may be
used indifferently.
Rem. 4. —The Subjunctive may be used after adjectives.

§ 115. The Imperative.

p.p..* .p *
1.
>t^ |i)_ liio|? ^^ f£:L do whatever I say to thee (Sind. 3:11).

]js[ii %^ take war (Jos. Sty. 16:15).

s*-f£ J^ i^^l tell me my son (Spic. Syr. 1:11).

2. WA.J.S |o3iJ let it be dividing (Gren, 1:7).

.^oiZos? .ooIj let them show their greatness (Spic. Syr. 48:13).

;|Zn'^\v^S '^Jac£^.4J let US be obedient to the dominion (Spic. Syr. 48:1 4).

)Li^ . , . i^cU let us say and show (Spic. Syr. 10*21).

3. ]^H2 |J let him not harden (Addai 22:3).

.oaLA-Z )] be ye not led captive (Addai 22:4).

•^o^uoi |3 thou shaU not kill (Matt. 5:21).

,^ ^]Z )] swear not at all (Matt. 5:34).

\sf^ >^f ^f2 \i let us not sleep as others (1 Thess. 5:6).

4. >cu^.i» ^01 farewell (Acts 23:30).

iLc-ki* ^o3i be faithful (Rev. 2:10).

Vj iVy. oooi le ye ready (Matt. 5:48).

5. v.Za^ L2] ^.fcl H^oat enter with me (Addai 32:19).

 —
§ 116.] ELEMENTS OE STKIAC. 151

,-^ p|.i^ jLoai |J let it not be lurdensome to us (Gal. 6:9).

t^tVi n .c^-ooi he ye abiding (Addai 41:16).

fOhS] r^H^ .o£^o(ji |] be ye not looJcing (Addai 42:15).

6. ^^^ tA > n ,^1 >nql >oaj get up and let us go and let ws pass the night

(Jos. Sty 29:11). ^J| j-^l be still (Mk. 4:39).

1. The form of the verb called Imperative, see § 48, is used only
for the second person, and then in positive commands only.
2. For commands or admonitions in the first and third persons, the
Imperfect is used, see § 114. 1.

The Imperfect may be used also for commands in the second person,
see § 114. 1.
3. All negative commands are in the Imperfect, (except those coming
under 5 below).
4. The Imperative of |qoi may be used with participles or adjectives,
instead of the Imperative from the root of the participle or adjective,

§ 112. 3 (2), Rem. 2.

5. A form of the Imperative is expressed by means of the Perfect

of jocn and the participle of a verb, see § 127. 4 (1).
6. The context sometimes compels us to translate a Syriac participle
by our "lef\ See § 116. 5. See Agrell's Supp. Syn. p. 25.

§ 116. The Participle Active.

Tlie Active Participle is used to denote :

1. A state, or an action viewed as continuing.

2. A series of actions or states (corresponding to the Hebrew
frequentative Imperfect).
3. A state conditioning another verb.

1. (1) a. ^lin^^ are ice to look? (Matt. 11:3).

jViNs ^^i\ii worlds exist (Ad. Sp. 14:11).

.aiuio^ Jj) ji^jo ^^]? >cj^ anything that I have said ana

am saying before you (Ad. Sp. 26:3).

^f >c-»«9 U? ^^v\i whatsoever thou dost not love (Sind. 1:18).

152 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ [fy^

b. oiJ,.xas jjl Viijiic l^m N-e) now also I receive his commandment

(Over. 172:5).

L:^ Ij^ Ujc^ |?cn this has come unto the present (Over. 215:14).

.02^ PI jicl iJ/n now I say to you (Acts 5:38).

jk ^ — p
(2) a. ^*«sa-4»| >c|..o thy brother shall rise (John. 11:23).

<^ PI 9|.^^ £ai^C9 pco p) wnSlig J am about to

ascend and after I have ascended I shall send to thee (Ad. Ap. 4: 1 5).
"^ -q^- I
iNS" L2] I CO! thou shalt be Icing instead of him

(Sind. 3:12).

b. ]z] .c2g) r^>^? po ichen ye shall see the sign (Matt. 24:15).

uf^>4V |3 >s^L^ thou shalt never zvash (John. 13:8).

|J[ 9^i^ |J| |oi behold I shall fend (Mai. 3:1).

^^3^' \h,^ ^i^^TiS? ptf^ until six days be passing away

(Sind. 2:20).

|t\^\ 51^ PI jiw^ic \ mViS to-morrow I shall bring the youth

(Sindban 2:9).

1^^? pca-k jooi ,^ UJitil the time of ivar should come (Jos.

.Sty. 64:11).

(3) a. 131^ lc(n V qSsn was teaching him (Sind. 2:4).

i^aSaf i-i-^ cooi for they icere eating (Sind. 27:4).

cc(ji ^^4w.c^io OLS? >..(n]i^jso|.^ at the place where they were

to be killed (Mart. 1:91, 3:99.1).

I^fi^oiJ >c^ Vs |coi l^o and began and continued to

see (Greek Impeifect) everything clearly (Mk. 8:25).

b. ,^^>\« V ^ al;k:a:iwA| were heard when they prayed {K^h.. '\b\:\%).

hhL.Ai»D ]P-^ P^V^ for a lovg time it ivas firmly believed

(Over. '22 5: 15).

^tl'^pac; ^^,S(3i those who were selling (John. 2:14).

§ 116.] ELEMENTS OP SYRIAC. J53

fj-a^ t^ ^ k] ,^
i n=ii y^o and as they were gomg out, they found

a man (Matt. 27:32).

2. (1) a. aiXt^ ^ Vs] Ijjis j-mT t-9J for the lion eateth flesh naturally

(Spic. Syr. 7:14).

(ju!:^ Vsf^ I'l-s |^ou*i ],-*]o and whichever heareth fruits, he

piirgefh it (John. 15:2. See also Mai. 3:17).

b. L2] 8^? ^2^1 whenever thou prayest (Matt. 6:6).

L2} 1)^? \^ when thou prayest (Matt. 6:5).

(2) oi5ilo ^ v^gi o. 1 ^\

r » V 7
|.a.a:joj 01^;. l-l^i-. I know him that he ivill

commandhis sons after him (Aphr. 25:14. Compare Gen. 18:19).

(3) Im] ocoi ^-jj^siCas the brethren used to go about (Jos. Sty. H7:20).

l^aJ looi ji^nVi he used to kindle fire (Sind. 2G9:9).

|ooi uaiikX!? |.ii.a-a^o and a mist used to go up (Gen. 2:6. Comp.

Matt. 27:30).

1. The participle denoting a state or continuous action.

(1) a. When the time is not defined by the context the participle
generally denotes the present.
b. The present may be emphasized by a particle.
(2) a. For the sake of vividness or certainty the simple participle
may be used for the future.

b. The future may be emphasized by particles and phrases denoting

futurity ; with some of which, it can scarcely be distinguished from our
future perfect.

(3) a. When the participle refers to past time it is usually accompanied

by the verb |ooi "to be".

b. Without |o5i the past time is sometimes determined by the context.

2. The participle denoting a series of actions or states.

(1) In present time.

o. Especially in proverbial clauses.
b. After particles.
(2) In future time.
(3) In past time. Here the participle is accompanied by the verb |c(n.

U
 —
154 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 116.

3. (1) ^"nvv^ coi ,^ while he teas speaking (Gen. 29:9).

^j] COI I o 01 ^1-. ,~s t-^i '^^ (si.^jd\o and brought him to Ahgar,

'
Addai himself hioiving (Add. 6:3).

]^,yifS ^oialc?Q-c ,«-» |coi |Z1? ^^ik-so and all who came bowed

before him unwillingly (L'omilia di Giacomo di Saruq. 150).

]ai^\i ^?A^ r* o-asJo and they icent out praising God

(Jos. Sty. 26:14).

(2) a. wSfibI? v*all^ \\m he saw Levi {who was) sitting (Mark 2:14).

wSil^? ,-i.Zi^5 }.1-.| tr/iosoet-er is <a^en(M-^o is) sfeaZiw^(Prov. 6:30).

6 >ct^ ]^c aw(Z Ae saw the angel of the Lord standing

(Num. 22:31).

c. ^-"l " ^- .osi^ou. |j| I have made you accursed (Mai. 2:9).

4. w^J ikh] I will Id him go (Sind. 8:13).

01.^ ^-*i-? s-»i-^ they have begun to judge him (Aphr. 220:14).

.cou«9Z ^^-^' n pn'^A> fc^ both groto together (Matt. 13:30).

l-ijsjas -^°'' wX2-auL Zef ^7ie Pemaws ^o (Jos. Sty. 77:6).

5. AUi iLc "^ ichy loould he die? (1 Sam. 20:32); ^ij^ajLo

must we look (Lk. 7:20).

3. A participle may denote a state.

(1) Conditioning another verb. The participle is usually preceded by

,.L or 1^ and forms an adverbial clause of time, see § 137:2.
(2) Limiting a noun or pronoun, when:
a. It may be preceded by ? and form an adjective clause.
b. Or the participle may be used as an accusative of state or con-
dition. (Compare in Arabic L^U^ jo p i^r* ^ passed by Zaid,

(as he was) sitting down (see Wright Arabic Gram. Vol. II, p. 122, sq.).

c. Or it may be an objective complement.

4. The Participle is frequently used as the objective complement of
another verb.
5. The Participle may be used to denote the various moods. Compare
§ 114. 3, Rem. 1 and § 115. 6.
 IITJ ELEMENTS OF SYBIAC. 163
I 117,]

§ 117. The Passive Participle.

1. >aiJO P l^alol |.j|.a^? u£u£u£? ].l^^] as it is ivritten: the law was

not given for the righteous (1 Tim. 1:9).

p^ ^ ttiS? 1 01 behold the sea is disturbed (Overheck 384:16).

|,Qiil«« I
A°i 1 the soul is strangled (id. 385:8).

2. l-o^-? ^01 --icoi ^lioiwiiio j-i-v. jj for the covenant was not sealed

(Aphr. 28:8).
O V Q Q p V P ^
pLsd Zoai In.tAnp ],-.| t^j^icA ^ad! been ivritten thus (Ad. 3:16).

3. (1) 01.1^ j.^-ci^ jz-f.*^] hymns were made by him (Jos. Sty. 52:1).

oi-ik
I
tnS? >cjio whatsoever shall have been done by him

(2 Cor. 5:10).

(2) i.-^ t^ ^f"® books were read by thee (Spic. Syr. 13:8).

^^ '^i-^JjaA? liL»| as we have heard (Spic. Syr. 16:22).

4. pi ,-»^| I possess (Ad. 4:7).

^t'NinZ? tr^o frwsf (Ps. II. 12).

^o2wJ] ^bT^Z ye trust (Ad. 23 ult.).

)Jl^ ^> a * 1 -^ having gathered ivater (Lk. 14:2).

22em. — oi^ j^^.** surrounding it (Lk. 21:20).

^ 01.1k ^iNoHA' bearing them (Mk. 6:55).

}.iLa^ jcoi '^"po Ae troubled the water (John. 5:4).

5. r^? ^r^ ^''^^ l-^i j-».s? Irewemfter all that he has done{\ Sam. 15:2).

^£wJ| ^|...0L^ ye are mindful (Spic. Syr. 18:17).

6. ^ Srn\^ ? >c,.ifi 2UJi^ nothing to be blamed (1 Tim. 4:4).

^^-J!l to be blamed (Ad. 26:18).

nlVi tqi ViS to be believed (Overbeck 54:9).

Bern. —,^Lsi^io to be opened (Ad. 14:18).

 156 KLBMKNTS OF SYRIAC. [§ US.

7. ],is > A>nS clothed in Byssus (Ez. 9:2).

8. 1^1 - ^^ tvounded in the hand (Barh. 170:19 [Uhl.]).

fl.The passive participle represents the result of an action as continuing.

2. With ]oai this participle forms a kind of pluperfect. See § 127.1 (2).

3.(1) The logical subject preceded by ^ is often put after the passive
participle.

(2) A logical object may be used as the grammatical subject.

4. Some particles of the form \ >Sq are used in an active sense as
well as a passive.
Bern. — ^The passive participle so used governs an accusative.
5. Peculiar is the use of the passive participle of verbs like j^s? and
?oi^ '^to remember^ \
6. Sometimes the passive participle is used like a gerundive.
Rem. — Eeflexive participles are used in this sense.
7. Passive participles of verbs which take two accusatives, take the
second accusative after them.
8. Passive participles may take after them an accusative of specification.

§ 118, Participles as Nouns.

1. pa.M9 friend,
-p p ...
f&>Vi*n pillar.

]L^fS bird,

\ll^j shepherd.

2. '^-"^ Vsl eating of my bread (Ps. 41:9).

.^Vi^ y*^»-«»5 fearers of thy name (Ps. 61:5).

l-.i^? ^OTa.a-»^ blessed be the Lord (Ps. 37:22).

.Qj? I^ifts J^] they are flesh eaters (Spic. 7:15).

Ci^? auL^ blessed of the Lord (Gen. 24:31, 26:29).

3. ]1qA^^ J^aL deniers of beneficence {unthanhful) (2 Tim. 3:2).

^JsJ ysL ^rioj^ lyring with males (I Tim. 1:10).

§ 119 .]
ELEMENTS OF STEIAC, I57

4. ]Lj^ U»o9 a wandering spirit (Is. 19:14).

] LS"!^nSr 3iZa^^? b?/ whose accepted prayer (Aphr. 454:19).

^I^ \^1m erHvg heathen (Addai 42 ult.).

1. Some participles have become real substantives.

2. Participles are used in construction before nouns.
3. Some participles receive a preposition between them and the noun,
though the participle itself remains in construction.
4. The participle is sometimes used as an attribute.

§ 119. The Infinitive Absolute.

1. (1) a. ^alcZ hJ!^ thou shalt surely die (Gen. 3:2).

^3u99Mo a-.5?£^ ice are chastened (I Cor. 11:32).

^^t T\'=^^viao a.J:iks£^ ]si.'!^] '^5>^ concerning God they are

doubtivg (Spic. Syr. 2:25).

h» qJULm^oCsc >al* ,-La-(n only believe (Spic. Syr. 2:13).

««»»j.aLo s«»»i.s flew swiftly (Dan. 9:21).

.
(2) Q^j.i!i^ |001 P ^Il^jL^ COl 0^1 i^ i-i^ |js!!i^

i^iN) 4/ for teachers are asJced questions they do not ask them.

2. ^^r*® rr^l-^° r^l^ ^V^ wr"\"°No Paul was at times

imprisoned and at times stoned (Aphr. 300:20).

Bern, 1. (1)— |Lt\i V^-^S to kill at all (Spic. Syr. 17:20).

I^J-4/ ]?ci l^j] s*lij ^-•-sLj-fc,? \:i^ when the sons of men sleep

this sltep (Aphr. 170:12).

(2)— 0^^? p^c^ the fast that they fasted (Aphr. 49:12).

ouD 0^5 l^nSnm the folly tvith which they have sinned

(Sim. Sty. 295:24 [Nold.]).

1. Tlie infinitive is used absolutely in order to intensify the meaning

of the verb.
15« ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. [§ 120.

(1) a. Before the verb.

h. Sometimes after tlie verb.

(2) In contrasted statements.

2. "Without the finite verb the infinitive is occasionally found.
Rem. 1. (I) — Instead of the Infinitive Absolute an abstract noun
from the same or a cognate root is sometimes used, especially when the
idea of the root is to be further modified or when two infinitives would
stand together.
(2) This abstract noun can precede and be connected with the verb by ?.

§ 120. The Infinitive Construct.

1. (1) |3o obai^l 4\n\ J if to glory is necessary (2 Corr. 11:30).

a^Ls£.^lk V^jeAuj] w£oZ oLlk ^.aI^ it helongeth not to Israel

again to he assembled (Aphr. 359:7).

(2) )ln\i\ ^^ he began to build (Jos. Sty. 24:11).

OAioli^^^ftlk ^.iaa.*:^ |3 he cannot he healed (Aphr. 136:4).

(3) ^jJ^ saying (Jon. 3:1).

>-nSn\ ^jL,-.£^ we are ready to stand (2 Cor. 5:10).

(4) nS4.|Vi\ nnms cut off by sinning (Jos. Sty. 20:15).

, nS\i\ by making (Gen. 2:3).

(5) at?A4Vi\ |v\t< >^| as a dream are to he dissolved,

yf\)\
^V^n\ saI;;;^ ]oenJ J though I shall have to die with thee

(Matt. 26:35).

jicj^^al*. ^-».ll ]?oi Pf hut this cannot he said (Jos. Sty. 5:20).

easier is it to do good than to keep oneself from evil (Spic. Syr. 6:10).

s nnftViN? ,_lo ^ZnNnw .^(s\]^b my sin is too great to forgive

((ren. 4:13. Compare Jon. 4:3).

2. (1) IILd nVnnVi^ to raise up children (Matt. 3:9).

 . —
§ 121.] ELEMENTS OP SYRIAO. I59

>^A.°i{^ ^>4.nv:^ to kill my soul (Ps, 40:14).

i^SViN j-»L:u V^t~^? that he was ready to deliver battle (Jos. Sty. 18:10).

l^^iJ gi^^r.^ to curse the earth (Gen. 8:21).

(2) ^-^qi| nSVi\ to make them (lit. for the making of them) (Aplir. 319:5).

1 The infinitive construct always takes ^before it. It may be used :

(1) As the subject of a verb.

(2) As the object of a verb.

(3) To denote the purpose or result or manner of an action. Compare

§ 137. 3, 4.

(4) As a gerundive.
(5) With lJ\ and jcoi, but sometimes without to denote "can^\
''must'\ "have to'' &c.
(6) After the comparative —Sjc, in which case the infinitive clause is

preceded by the relative ?. § 100, Rem. 2.

2. (1) Like any finite verb, the infinitive can govern an object.

(2) Like any noun, it can take a pronominal suffix in the genitive.

§ 121. The Subject of the Verb.

1. ]gv^ li^ God created (Gen. 1:1).

Zooi |^9|o ^nd the earth was (Gen. 1:2).

]ZLi] Zj^]© and the woman said (Gen. 3:2).

2. (1) 1^^ cyjt the people saiv (Ex. 32:1; John. 5:3).

-©31-^ oooi o5oiJ:;^sZ] .o(n.iAL5 j-2i«ooi9? lL-»» the troops of Romans

ivho ivere ivith them had dispersed themselves (Jos. Sty. 47:20)

. egn 4 1 n oi^s nV^n the whole assembly rose (Lk. 23:1).

)Lum9 ci-sj-A, c"jl^ the rest of the army saw (Jos. Sty. 54:18, see

also Mt. 27:49; Acts 26:13). ^2} Q:L^each cried (Jonah 1:5).

(2) jiJ-.^ oi-Ls LaIs the whole city assembled (Acts 13:44).

IZj.^ aiXs ^^MlsZZ J if the whole church be assembled (1 Cor. 14:23).

IgQ ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§121.

^pb0)o O091 ^^iSno ll-^-^ ]-^^ oihL^ 1.^4.^, ]c0i |Z| for the multi-

tude of the people were following after him and crying (Acts 21:36).

(4) fL fM aC^ ^jj^li^k Q^i-^ one after another began to say to him

(Matt. 26:22).

fL ^ aC^ ^^.^v] they say to him one hy one (Mk. 14:19).

(5) —looi ^^01 ,_lD ]r-» not oneofthesethingshappensiSjyic. Syr.

13 1 4:5).

should see the land (Deut. 1:35).

3. (1) \^ Qi-»1ZZ|? iio when the waters are troubled (John. 5:7).

]f4^ a£(ji-* |VVi4^ iAe heavens gave rain (Jos. 5:18).

(2) jooi 1^ ous i« him teas life (John. 1:4).

\l'^-fic l?'p^ |o3iJ |3o and there shall not be Utter absinthe (?)

(Ezek. 28:24).

4. (71-^ , V nS |Zf.<^'|c i^JL^otto ana psalms and hymms were made

by him (Jos. Sty. 52:1).

l£yiJ3^ ]^»iii*^^ (31^ ^£uio Greeli letters were written on it (Jos.

X w z

Sty. 66:10).

5. (1) fiacf ^^!>^ 0|-^ wH^^coio ^j-»i-J^ Patricius and Hypatius beseiged

Amid (Jos. Sty. 52:14).

>^a-L^|-o cooi o-o-o I^jmCo _-? wrs.i^as But Paul and Bfar-
nabas abode in Antioch (Acts 15:35).

(2) 1-^^] >c-j.ico ]£^.J^,^^ >G-jiao jLzf Mary Magdalene and the

other Mary came (Mk. 28:1).

V^j-co jzoiaco pLaao |Ji.c] Icol •^i^jo and tvhen were the earthquake

and the famine and the pestilence and the war (Jos. Sty. 1:4).

ocno jj] ,-:iCJ53 and we arise, I and he (Jos. Sty. 29:13. 17).

l^o.* .ci^A^ wsra^o ^£Ji thou and Joseph have concealed the day

(LegendsofSt.Mary25:3.SeealsoJ.S. 92:3; Lk. 2:48 ;S.S. 31:1).

§ 121.] ELEMENTS OP SYRIAO. »
Igj

Rem. 1. — >i»£^] JjlIs ^^ | »> aVo |j| I and Messiah are of one nature

(Assem. 1:347. 28 [Uhl.]).

fb,,b£) Vao £wJ| ^a:^ enter thou and all thy house (Gren. 7:1).

Rem, 2. — >a^fioo o(ji ^Aja^stlao he and Mary were going (Legends of

St. Mary 26:10).

wsiflQ-o ]hs^ oJiifci;* the old woman and Joseph went in (Legends

of St. Mary 27:10).

7. ^^V-^ they are asking (Mai. 2:7); ^{iS,^y:ao iLio^whydo

we lie? (Mai. 2:10); ^lS\ ^i^f ^o and if ye say (Mai. 2:14).

1. Regularly, the verb conforms in gender and number with the subject.
2. (1) Collectives, or other words when denoting more than one
individual, take a verb in the plural. Compare § 90. 4.
(2) But a collective noun conveying the idea of unity requires a
verb in the 3rd person singular. Compare § 90. 4.

(3) Hence arises the peculiar construction when in the same sentence
two verbs agreeing with one subject are put one in the plural and the
other in the singular.
(4) 1^ p^ ,fOne another^ ^
takes a verb in the plural.

(5) ^-ifi
f^ before a negative takes a verb in the plural.
3. Nouns plural in form but singular in signification
(1) (generally take a verb in the plural.
(2) Sometimes they take a verb in the singular.
4. The passive participle followed by a ^ denoting the agent some-
times is uninflected.

5. (1) When a verb has for its subject two or more distinct nouns,

it is generally in the plural number.

(2) It may be put in the singular number.

6. "When the subjects are of different persons the first is preferred

to the second or third and the second to the third.

Bern. i. —With two subjects, one of the first or second, the other of

the third person, the verb is sometimes put in the first or second person
singular as if there were but one subject.
_Kem. 2. —When the subjects are of diff'erent gender, the verb prefers
the masculine.
X
162 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. [§ 122.

7. When the subject of a participle is a personal pronoun, it is

usually not expressed, except when it is in the first or second person.

§ 122. Impersonal Verbs.

1. ^^iV= ^^^ *^ happened (Lk. 10:13).

^^ wr:|-^o and that it may he loell with us (Deut. 6:24).

2. ou^ £^nLo .In i\ h^fSi it was painful to Jonah and it was grievous

to him (Jon. 4:1).

.ckiifc ^]J- 13c and it should not le weary to them (Lk. 18:1).

©01 hf£) -^ LJ]lc I teas grieved with that generation (Heb. 3:10,

see also Gal. 1:9; 2 Tliess. 3:13; Ephr. 3:13).

3. . «^^^v:v o-o-il they announced to Jacob (Gen. 48:2).

jZj-ri y^lk .Q-c^^ let them write for me letters (Neb. 2:7).

4. (1) **!:^ |Jiio jJ to me it is not irksome (Phil. 3:1).

IZaia^ |vcr^ ^.A^sli^ ov^ ^oi V-jj my soul is sorrowful even

unto death (Matt. 26:38).

\^^ iJ it is not possible (Jos. Sty. 46:6).

^Av^^ *V 1-fcL.g i-A-T it has not escaped thy knowledge (Jos.

Sty. 15:16).

(2) ^oiCjJk*)^ jJ^ic it is in his power (Spic. Syr. 5:13).

lo3iJ? j}» \i^a\ so it is necessary that it should he (Matt. 26:54).

'B.em. — iSsiaia^ ^^ s.4>fiq itj,s better for me to die (Jon. 4:3).

5. hl\LA t-^ ^1-i^si for certainly it has been manifested (Jos.

Sty. 2:2).

^^ jmcJz? z"*^ it has been commanded me by thee (Jos. Sty. 3:21).

—2^ '^jiioA? ^\ as we have heard (Spic. Syr. 16:22).

"Rem. — ]-«^ax? .oJJ OA,? tramplers have trampled them (Nah. 2:3).
§123.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. 163

|^a^5 ^-A.©^ |3 the treader shall not tread out (Is. 16:10).

|£uilo Za.iaJ Jo if a man die (Num. 6:9).

pi^Q.s j-os-^l a command has been issued (Jos. Sty. 49:8).

The following forms of the verb are used impersonally. Compare

§ 64. 9—11.
1.The third masculine singular.
2. The third feminine singular.
3. The third plural.

4. The participles.

(1) The feminine singular.

(2) The masculine singular.

Rem. — may be used
Adjectives, also, impersonal in this sense.

5.Frequently used an
the passive impersonal
is in verb.
Bern.—Instead the impersonal construction we meet
of occasionally
with a from the same
subject root.

Note— Generally a this is the Hebrew

literal translation of ; oftener,

however, the Hebrew participle is dropped in the Peshito and the

subject is unexpressed or expressed by {.J) as in Deut. 22:8.

^ § 123. The Object of the Verb.

1. (1) ll^ w^mj he took a child (Luke. 9:47).

]z-f,tAjt, ]^L2] ]y»t he saw a beautiful woman (Sind. 4:9).

(2) nSnj y ]9i-4,i l^wiosu* ^ ]£^t"*i knowledge frgm the true wisdom

they have not received (Spic. Syr. 2:22).

(3) wjJJJ i-iTji? who would blame a man (Spic. Syr. 6:1).

^3)] y nn4. |3o and suffered not a man (Lk. 8:51).

(4) ^-A^? tOJoi j-^r-s T^ ii^^Lli^o and three of these Persians he pierced

(Jos. Sty. 68:4).

2. (1) ]1fZ ]f^? that he might see the end (Matt. 26:58).

|£uc;i*^wa 2^iij5 / have received letters (Jos. Sty. 1:1, see also

3:15, 4:11, et al.).

164 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. [§ 123.

(2) w^] ]\^ y ]n^ Gody no man hath seen (John. 1:18).

L^cn iLci>o aZa.n>1m m^ deficiency thou wast suj^plying (Jos. Sty.

3:9. See also 3:12, and Matt. 27:42).

(3) ).jl1a!:^ g-ciasI they persuaded the multitudes (Matt. 27:20).

jzozj) 1^331 ly^i ,js when I satv the signs (Jos. Sty. 3:17. See

also Jos. Sty. 3:14, 18:5, and Matt. 26:72, 27:30).

(4) ^'^1 t^>N^ ^n A r\ Jesus, ye are seeking (Matt. 28:5).

L:i£)^ J^o and me hast thou begged (Jos. Sty. 3:12. See also

Mt. 26:48, 27:32).

Rem. — ^Oj-caJ? ^? "^o-^l^hutthatthey should destroy Jesus (K&tt 27:20).

(5) )°r(in N^eju.jMA'O and he threw down the silver (Mt. 27:5).

JiQ^L^s jJoi *#oi.aJZ jJ when he told this word (Aphr. 520:18).

P V ^ o o
(6) oZj^l >pjL.^ |Joi in thy zeal thou hast said this (Jos. Sty. 5:5).

i
nSn >*£icJ5j»Iiifc otlk^9 (nic^his own hloodthedogs licJced (A-phr. 183:16).

^aJ| L^aut J
VS 4.0 |JLi* life and peace have I given (Mai. 2:5).

Hem. — ot^ ^r^r* 8 ^^ ^^^^y ^^^^ wof stubbornness (Aphr. 177 end).

(7) jnfiT^S >^tnn^ni^ f/iey took the silver (Matt. 27:6).

li^iitS ^fficjAfflo and fAey c7osp<i the mine (Jos. Sty. 68:13. See

also Jos. Sty. 21:18, 5:17; Matt. 26:51, 57:69, 27:59).

Eem.—]1S^ ai^ L^cm ]}1 I beheld Satan (Lk. 10:10).

]|SaS otlik h]Jl ,-£© a7id as he was dragging aivay the corpse

(Jos. Sty. 68:9, see also Jos. Sty. 4:11; Syr. Spic. 6:13).

(8) oi-.^.i»J oLicii i|\4\ he would take with him the dead body (Jos.

Sty. 68:7).

ss2g,£^ J!^o and me thou didst command (Deut. 4:14).

1. When the object is indefinite, it may be with or without !bk and

may be before or after the verb, that is the following constructions
all meaniiig ,,he built a house^' may occur.
§ 124.] ELEMENTS OF SYEIAO. 155

(1) jL^ jln.

(2) lis |L,i^.

(3) |a.^xl^ lis.

(4) lis iL.^::^..

2. When the ohject is definite and direct the following cases arise
meaning ,,he built the house^\

(1) ]L.j^ lis.

(2) lis IL.JD.

(3) fb.M^ lis.

(4) lis l^-^sli..

Bern. —The object with iu may be put before the particles which
connect the sentence with that which precedes.

(o) ]L*j^ ^ovxls*

(6) ^ouiJLs |£ui^.

Rem. —The participle does not take the pronominal suffix directly
but governs it by means of 1^. See (7) Kemark.

(7) ]AA,nS ^au»J.s.

Bern. —The participle takes the pronominal suffix just as in the

construction (6). See (6) Remark.

(8) y»oi-iis ]L^:^.

•^
§ 124. The Verb with an Indirect Object.

1. flilik cjLoj ^? .Qjji but they said to Mm (Matt. 27:4).

ci^ .j^l ^9 ,_Li» but ive said to him (Spic. Syr. 1:5).

01^ jooi - ^- -^ that was due to him (Jos. Sty. 3:1).

2. I^wls:;^ ^b^L^] oai .oali. to you is the word sent (Acts 13:26).
 .

166 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. [§ 125.

3. 01^ t^] liliD ^'^ 4 i\o And to Jesus what shall I do (Matt. 27:22).

4. 1;^"^ v^qiOyn\ ou^ cjic) his servants said to the Lord (Jos. Sty. 4:10).

2. ou^ L^ he went down for himself; *^ \i] wa 'Nw I am going (Ad. 4:15).

The Indirect object is preceded by ^. The following constructions

occur.

1 01^ '^^ he said to him,

2. f^f oL^ to him he said.

3. olI^ jicj liVS to the Lord he said.

4. |{^i\ oul^ j^l he said to him i. e. the Lord.

5. The so-called ethical dative is of frequent occurrence in Syriac;

but it can scarcely ever be translated into English. See § 101 B, 1 (1),

Bern, 3.

> § 125. The Verb with Two or More Objects.

Four cases occur. The verb may govern

1. Two direct objects.
2. Two indirect objects.

3. Two objects, one direct, the other indirect.

4. Three objects, one direct, two indirect.

1. (1) |zf ^mc^]J. they asked of him a sign (Aphr. 460:20).

|Eo oiicikSZ I asked him words (questions) (Aphr. 395:2).

lii'jo jjffoLaJ ^aa.aX I taught you laws and judgements (DQxii.A^-.h).

|j-»?? \Mho] qiSnw he has taught him the way ofjudgment (Is. 40:14.

See also Lk. 11:5, 15:22; Ex. 27:2; Lk. 23:11; John. 14:26).

XlL oulitfo and filled it loith vinegar (Matt. 27:48).

JMioJo IWsi .aJ| '^cj.aJ he will reward them indignation and

wrath (Eom. 2:8).

(2) aa-Lialla wsis-^^ they clothed him with a role (Matt. 27:28).

^)9a-. ^Qjl JMa^l he caused them to pass over Jordan (Aphr. 357:8).
§ 125.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAO. 1^7

Rem. — V^lj^n^l^^lLii* j^Mz^c) I caused the children of Israel to inherit

the land (Aphr. 20:4).

]Za-(5i].^ ^ n^\ it,]o and ihey took from me their glittering role

(Apost. Apoc. 274:16).

(3) |^?n.^^sv yh] ^Qj| ^a.M he shoived them the mystery of baptism

(Aphr. 226:11).

\b^ ^?4.£iifl |j.a3 the hungry he fills with good things (Lk. 1:53).

|-c| .Q-i* show us the father (John. 14:8).

2. l^v^a-aifiii* ^oaC^ joovJ? that it might he to them for food (Jos.

Sty. 69:4).

^-ik wcaw nnN «? . otji .cLaJ-iJ-^js.? ^.fJ^ because that for your

edification he hath given it to us (2 Cor. 10:8).

3.(1) ^^1 1 fffS U!^4 >o^'^l he delivered the lad to Sindhan (Sindb. 1 ult.).

J-*(ji5c|J \l^ ^S(5u.o and he gave wheat to the Edesenes (Jos.

Sty. 67:14).

wxgaj \ i =^ ^ v^CTn\^N4.]o and he delivered him to Pilate (Matt. 27:2).

(2) |jLm oiJbii. v-£(jv-o and he ga/ve him life (Jos. Sty. 3:2).

|-.2».jLitf aiJ^ i-r^li* he made for him a feast (Sindb. 2:23, see also

Acts 13. 14. 20. 21. 32 and Matt. 26:15).

(3) I Sr \ l!1^ tn.tii,4'^\ hf^ wTioZ cai he again sent his Messiah into

t the ivorld (Aphr. 5:1).

1|.ns\ '^oj-A.^ o^cj^s set apart Saul for the worJc (Acts 13:2).

^oilk 01.::^ jj| >nSi>Sn }j|o and I tvill deliver himtoyou (KsiiL 2^:1 b).

]^?nVS\n^ l^o-iJoVst!::^ t^rSnnV .coovJ j3 they should not be

receiving heretics to baptism (Overbeck 220:19).

(4) 1^1 i-al^ .o3vl^ it"^? '^^^^ ^^^ should deliver to them Bar abbas

(Matt. 27:20).
leg ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 126.

4. l^^'"*^ I
^1^ ^V^ ^oVl.Ii^ w*b^ G-4,cj^ set apart for me Saul and

Barnabas for tJie work (Acts 13:2).

1 5 01 ]lb^i Iz^i^SvS ^ >-ailci;^ j-IsSJ jJ we should not he

ashamed to take this ivoman to us for instruction (Overb. 102:15).

5. -'^'-^•^ ^\V^ thou didst hear my voice (Jon. 2:3); y.^axs o^u^kA'

1^- rule over the fish of the sea (Qen. 2:2S); {.iL^^i] |ovX |j-o

)-^^ God called the firmament heaven (Gen. 1:8).

1. (1) Verbs of asking, teaching, filling, rewarding &c., may take

two direct objects.

(2) Any causative (Apli el or Shapli'el) may take two direct objects.
Rem. — Either accusative may have li^.

(3) Sometimes the Intensive Species governs two direct objects,

2. Occasionally we meet with verbs having two indirect objects.

3. Many verbs take both a direct and an indirect object; the indirect
object always taking !b^, the direct object being either with or without
it. We have the following cases.

(1) 01.1;* ]iw*-s |J-£ he built a house for him,

(2) ]L.tJi ei^ U-£ a house for him he built,

(3) ou:;^ I Ai^\ )i^ a house he built for him,

(4) jfiui-a^ oils. |i.r> a house for him he built.

4. Sometimes we have a verb having one direct and two indirect

objects, all three preceded by 1^.
5. By means of a preposition before their object, some verbs have
their meaning supplemented, or modified.

§ 126. Passives &c., with the Object.

1. x^LiL^ £^^Z| thou hast been repaid thy evil (2 Sam. 16:8).

IjVs |I-? ol^^-^l they have been repaid a just judgment (Aphr. 49:3).

1^93^ |^s9 ,>Sv4 \M^ .oSVj^ ^r*°^ ^^^^ Simon Peter was filled

with the Eoly Ghost (Acts 4:8).

§ 126.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. X69

^01^ ^|.i^ZZ|? which thou hast been taught (Lk.»l:4).

Rem. — ]oai
p * " *
Ib^ liaJ he was full of cunning (Aphr. 61:11).

I
M^i A. h.1] wa-»»^ f/w7t arf clothed with glory (Aphr. 494:12).

\L'.Las t^*ranV wearing {covered with) turbans (Jos. Sty. 25:1).

2. (1) ^sio^LujI they kneiv him (Mk. 6:54).

>^OTai»?oi-^|o and they knew him (Lk. 24:31).

«*-^^;xj* ,-isD |.ji»

^'t^^.A I thought about one of my companions

(Sindb. 9:5).

I
it* A.V? oi^lsQ^ pj j.£52Cao I ma^e mention of the name of the

Messiah (Addai 20:19).

Rem, — taw o An\ they clothed themselves with sackcloth (Jon. 3:5). Com-

pare Jon. 3:8 \L:a .an^iJI they covered themselves with sackcloht.

(2) >j.^.fcjaaZ *a..Jw:i»Z| cover thyself ivith thy garment (Acts 12:8).

l^oiQJ I\^nrZ] thou coverest thyself with light (Ps. 104:2).

3. (1) ]^.A.2^ ,_io ^(n-^J.:;o |J? to whom some evils have not happened

(Jos. Sty. 81:4).

P V '^

s.»!n-.ooi piso ^1.^1.^ |3 ^^'e A;wo2dJ not what has happened to him

(Acts 7:40).

oiZcoi? Glials all which happened to her (Addai 12 ult.).

(2) •^^' 1^' ^^^^^ desire the desire has come to me (Lk. 22:15).

>ai;L4.9c|3 '\'||? <^J^' l?oi this desire has come to me that I may

go to Jerusalem (Overbeck 164:23).

4. (1) ]o a\ ]^]:^ ]'L^''f cb ] ^ o!:s ]

great cures he was ivorking{A.d.A-pos. 1:1 4).

|.i>a:^ 1^.^,-. |o3i V =1 ^V he taught the peopleknowledge (Eccles. 1 2:9).

.o5i.!saik >Q-i-c| |V* n he made a covenant with them (Jos. Sty. 90:5).

]bp2 bfi he vowed a vow (Sindb. 1:3).

170 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 127.

V.*^9 iilao ta-*-»|J let the waters sirarm icifh swarms (Gen- 1:20).

(2) ]^i ].CLttL^ w^l-A,] he experienced great agony (Sindb. 3:14).

p|.x)aa j-oszl he was commanded a command (Jos. Sty. 49:8. See

§ 122. 5 Rem.).

1.(1) Verbs which in the active govern two direct objects may govern
one in the passive, the other becoming the subject.
—
^gm, Passive participles of such verbs may also govern an object.
2.(1) The reflexives of many verba mentis, in the derived forms, govern
an object additional to that involved in the verbal form.
B^ni. —Verbs which in the P*'al involve a reflexive action come
under this same rule.

(2) Verbs which in the active govern two direct objects, may in the
reflexive govern one additional to that involved in the verbal form.
3. (1) Verbs signifying *'fo happen to'^ take a direct object.
(2) The impersonal verb i^.? (3rd fem. sing.), see § 122. 2, some-
times takes a direct object.
4. (I) Some verbs take a cognate accusative from the same or a
cognate root.
(2) Reflexives and Passives sometimes take a cognate accusative:
but only those of such verbs as in the active would take two direct
objects (see 1. 2 (2)), or such reflexives as would come under 2 (1).

§ 127. Uses of jofli.

1. (1) jo 01 > nSw was going up (Gen. 2:6).

Icgi yol-^ was cunning (Gen. 3:1).

]o3i li^ox coi he toas the priest (Gen. 14:18).

t^om .'^nVS? because I was with thee (John. 16:4).

\on I
Vi\Sr5 he teas in the ivnrld (John. 1:14).

(2) 01 4>n n\ jooi ^o»ol^] his clothing was (Matt. 3:4).

l^iiS ^? Zcoi Zom now there was a question (Jon. 3:25).

jibao? .colW ]ooi fi^jb^ theg had not a place (Lk, 2:7).
§ 127.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 171

\l\ iioj lisoi ^5 jooi P hui I am not thus saying (Jos. Sty. 42:23).

^ooi w^ou. he had given (Matt. 26:48).

2. (1) oioZ Zooi I^Mo and the earth was waste (Gen. 1:2).

\:^h\^ w^^ ]ooi ,~»)-Do Cain was a tiller of the ground {fa Qu, 4:2).

jotn jJL* owe in him teas life (John. 1:4).

(2) joji aig^]^ |,\i\s ^Ae world ivas made with him (John. 1:10).

wi'otn ).tis^>n'^ ^>\oi these things were done in Bethany (John.

8:28. Comp. Matt. 27:54).

1. (1) When ]oai stands after a predicate participle, adjective, noun,

or even a clause, it takes the enclitic form jooi and has the meaning "itW.
(2) It is often so used to strengthen the past sense of £^| or of the
finite verb. Sometimes, also, it emphasizes the negative particle |3.

2. (1) When ]ooi stands before the predicate the ai is pronounced

and is written without linea occultans. This is true also when a word
occurs between the predicate and jooi.

(2) When jooi is used in the sense of ^was made^\ "came into beeing",

^^Jiappened^^ &c., the oi is always pronounced.

3. (1) a. I
ttA^ViN CO 01 ^oio]}..«» they saw the Messiah (Addai. 2:10).

p^oiff cnJxs . coij; |.^|js Zooi Zn\iN£u4^(o and all Syria was

delivered into their hands (Spic. Syr. 18:8).

jooi £u*| |.^ ir^\ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ certain man (Matt. 21:28).

b. ^Mr\t\ jooi f.^1 wa5c9oi j-i-,. coi for Herod had seized John

(Matt. 14:3).

a\hL^ wi'coi wi'Zjj tcho had come after (Matt. 27:55).

ouli^k ^'ooi wOti^^I \2af^9 ).a!!::J;>o _^9 who had been given to

him by the Persian King (Jos. Sty. 70:10).

Q 7 7 ff-'O

(2) ci^ jooi '^s-aJ? joiji wc?] it was right that he should let it well

forth (Aphr. 314:4).

172 ELEMENTS OF STEIAC. [§ 127.

ZoCT «.S(n^ZZ9 jooi y© it was necessary that she should have been

given (Aphr. 234:2).

]o<n jnSI oiVnl O01? j,^) ^j jooi |^^ Abgar wished that he

himself might pass over (Addai 3:6).

1£lJl£0 jZnn^jSsnN Zooi |^2 ]9(n |^L ).:ia^? lest this cause

should call forth hitter enmity (Ad. 3:9).

\^)^a^ )\iii\ OO01 .r iin^l )]9 ^Aa^ ^Ae^ cott^i not eat bread

(Mk. 3:20).

(3) a. ^^tili ^^> 4l") oooi ^^i\ii n? who were standing in crowds

(Ad. 2:12).

|o3i 1-^ )-3r-°3-» the dearness was increasing (Jos. Sty. 35:2).

fg-n,. _IaX li.111^ ^] CC01 ^0019 which consisted of about

ten thousand men (Jos. Sty. 74:15).

|?<jwm ^a-*^ Vlk 0001 ^tSn they were seeking, against Jesus,

witnesses (Matt. 26:59).

h. 0001 in'=t1?
t-^? withersoever they tvere going (Jos. Sty. 34:10).

1-oa-A.co iQ4iia|.£ 0001 ^i^V?o they tvere in the habit of sleeping

on the porches and streets (Jos. Sty. 36:19).

]2^9| ,_io jooi s.nSw ^s^^i^o and a mist used to go up from the

earth (Gen. 2:6).

(4) l-o2^? ^01 Zo9i ]VA iiV) ^.^ |] for the testament had not been com'

pleted (Aphr. 28:8).

ccci t^i 4 iin I A'i\ no ]-^.ai?9 )^u| when the scribes and elders

were assembled (Matt. 26:57).

01^ loai h^L^lc It had been sent to him, (Jos. Sty. 17:16).

3. (1) The Perfect 031 is used

] to render more emphatic the past sense
of the Perfect. It may express
 —
§ 127.] ELE3rIENTS OP SYEIAa 178

a. The past.
h.The pluperfect.
(2) The perfect of ]ooi is used after the imperfect to emphasize a
past subjunctive.
(3) The perfect of jocn is used after an active participle to express,
a. A state, or continuous action in the past.
h. A state, or action as having occurred frequently in the past.
Rem. — For the subjunctive of {a) and (6), see 4 (2).

(4) The perfect of |oci is used after a passive participle to denote

the result of a past completed action. This is true of the participles
of the reflexive forms, when they are used as the passive.

4. (1) jJcn )\iNsr? .0 n 4 °i J .nn\ |.^^.m Zotn |j!ioi SO he it reckoned by

you in this world (Addai 44 ult.).

-^ |j).iso Zooi iJ let it not he wearisome to us (Gral. 6:9).

b- 7 f . O *. ^7

aaUg-aiViN T—»?«^ ^h^otn remember your guides (Heb. 13:7).

,*jZn tiSn ,_ic ) %n i N ii ^^otn be ivhole from thy plague (KdXi, 3:4).

(2) ovs ^^t^ni^A^ OO015 that they might he 'put in it (Jos. Sty. 23:14).

ox.^!. ^^iSn h< oooi? oooi ^*-St they were willing to keep carrying

• it (Aphr. 264:6).

tilnnj ViiQio |ooi5 |ooi 01,^4:^ it luas his custom to receive strangers

(Aphr. 391:8).

5. a. |Xfc-s P-^Va |.3oi l?j^lik 01.^ ^^'i^S .oosiJ? 0^.4-0] o flwi they

determined that they would be keeping this festival every year (Jos.

Sty. 26:17).

^oiZ-^^ ^j.^ ^ooiJ P (they) shall not he entering into their

cloisters (Overbeck 212:5).

^^}J ^c(nJ jj? )J^?oju» Vl i-»«r j-os for he commanded concerning

the Jews that they should not keep circumcision (Aphr. 95:14).

b, UA-J.S ?caiJ let it he separating (Gen. 1:6).

l-sj-D .ociii^ >cI-o joaiJ |J|o andj if not, war should he continuing

between them (Jos. Sty. 77:12).

174 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. [§ 127.

1^4 IcsiJ ll-«^ >a^ ^.ajI? that a ma7i be erring with the many

(Spic. Syr. 22:13).

£em. — l^i-I^ 31^ ]-^wC^;|l ^^^^ .coi^ r>^ ]o3i.Jo and it should be

kept by them until the 14''» of the same month (Aphr. 217:7).

6. I^al osici ij-o ]ooi oiJaio? j^woi'lo "^"''^'^ every one will be reading

the ivritinys of his book in that day (Ad. 23:10).

7. (1) Zo3i mls^^ft ^ooi oiZ^ ,-3 when she saw him she received him

(Addai 11:8).

|o3i oil^ he left him (Jos. Sty. 76:11).

(2) .cffL^ ,«*iaiii:o ccoi rr»J-^o they all were reclining and enjoying

themselves (Jos. Sty. 26:18).

s«^\Vo L^oai ws^l I was sitting and teaching (Matt. 26:55).

y^]o ]o3i V^^o and he was praying and saying (Matt. 26:39).

^i-r^xiLco ^cai ^^T'vw^? tve icere expecting and hoping (Jos.

Sty. 41:15).

Bern. — ^^-^''^^ .oooiJ &J]^.i.Vi.^ 13© that ihey should not be altogether

injurious nor altogether injured (Spic. Syr. 21.4).

8. ^oat .ZcJjJ^ao ^JHinn our chastisement ivas abundant (Jos.

Sty. 4:14).

oifluiZUtf J.o<n iu-lxJjjJ jooi |io and his coming was not in vain

(Aphr. 150:15).

Iz^-ik!^ h^] 4>^ ccoi they were evil to the end (Aphr. 293:5).

f k. b- * « <*

9. j-laJax? ^3i.!ik jcaiJ |3o and they should have no need (Rev. 22:5).

^oL^ jcoi '^^ja] tJiey had a prisoner (Matt. 27:16).

IZj-c CTiiio (-1.1* Zc3i he had by her a daughter (Jos. Sty. 19:7).

4. (1) The perfect of josji is used before adjectives and participles to

express a wish, a command, or an admonition § 112. 3. (2), Kem. 2.

(2) When the frequentative expressed by means of ]ooi with the

§ 128.] ELEMENTS OP SYEIAO. 175

participle (see 3. (3) 6.) is put in the subjunctive, jooi precedes instead
of following the participle.
5. "When a frequentative action or a state is looked upon as future,
or contingent, it is expressed by means of the imperfect of jooi and a

following participle.
6. The futurity of a state, or continuous action, may be emphasized

by placing the participle of ]ooi before the participle of another verb.

7. (1) The pronominal suffix is placed after the principal verb.

(2) Where two, or more, participles occur, jsoi is usually formed with
the first only.
Bern. — For special emphasis, especially in contrasted statements, it
may be repeated.
8. An adverb may be used with jooi.

9. jooi accompanied by ^ expresses our verb "fo have'\

§ 128. Uses of hJ\^,

1. (1) l-i»9o| ,-* wi^ VaJ? lJ\ there were some that fell on, the icayside

(Matt. 13:4).

.Qjj^ iv.1.^ l-iLJJ? ]l\iS^ in the trouble of men are they not (Ps. 73:5).

.caI^ hJ{ ^VVinS ).Lc2 how many loaves have ye? (Matt. 15:34).

^iAjjiukik there is not a man (Jos. Sty. 77:19).

^i^l? |J-j-i»1 ^? ^1 there are others who say (Spic. Syr. 9:7).

(2) Ja ^t\^ oi.iiCoia5LS v^cio^l? wJio was a Galilean by race (Jos.

Sty. 69:6).

^oioi^-.? |3 oi.:^Qio |nSi» o| or fortune itself does not exist (Spic.

Syr. 9:9).

>c?| s*3ic^.Ai^ fS when Adam did not exist (Spic. Syr. 4:15).

2. (1) .ooi.iaL joffi £ui^ who was not with them (Jos. Sty. 76:10).

],.i'^ i-k.^cooi ^ou»2u»1 for they were fishers (Acts. 22.3).

(2) I
iVr> jooi ^oio£u»|? toho had been blind (John. 9:24).

Rem. —VjuD ^aiJic^ ]oci 2>-]5 ^^>?\«13o and them who were with them he

killed (Jos. Sty. 76:15).

 —
176 ELBMENTS OP SYBIAO. [§ |28.

lijkJ ^^'^ r^*? ^'o^ ^) «w^ now there were there women (Matt.

27:55. See also the examples under (1) and (2)).

3. (1) >coi|^| ^ll £.-[ jif u-e have Abraham (Matt. 3:9).

]Z5L£:-.j^ |-i(ji9c|3 .coi^^l the Edessians have care (J OS. Sty. ^S :1b).

I
•-• •«
^ ov^ jo 31 2^^? because he had no sons (Matt. 22:25).

Rem. — .aa^ £u»i jiimSn ye have the poor (John. 12:8).

(2) aiki b^] lioaitf .ooi.^? that he had all possible vices {Sind. 3:21).

\LL >fi L^]o and thou hast power (Jos. Sty. 76:19).

^a^ lJ\ we have (Kirsch Chrest. p. 80 ult.).

4. l^«aLi^3 ^oicL-l ii-]i-*^.A/ J if the word he true (Deni. 13:14).

s«cio£^] l^)g^f^j >c,.la^ woa-CLAJ w.a.J|

^ if one should leave

something that really exists (Spic. Syr. 22:15).

5. y:ac|.:>^^ £w^ \]a\ |Ji^ but this cannot be said (Jos. Sty. 5:20).

^V^Vil> loci iukli^s nothing could be heard (Jos. Sty. 39:14).

j^V^&i;^ £ui^ It cannot be said (Aphr. 496:3).

1. hJ\ is employed impersonally in the sense of ''Mere is", ^^there

exists''; LjJI:! in the sense of ''there is not'\ ''there exists not'\ They are
used (Compare § 130. 1. (3)):

(1) Uninflectedly.

(2) With pronominal suffixes. § 65.

2. hJ\ or 2la^ followed by jcoi is used to express, or emphasize, the
past or pluperfect of "to be", ''to exist''.

Rem. — AYhen ]o3i is used with 2U|, either one or both may be either
inflected or uninflected. See all the examples under 2. (1), (2) and Rem.
3. (1) The verb "to have" is generally expressed by means of b,^]_

followed by the preposition iik and a pronominal suffix. But see also

§ 127. 9.

(2) l^} followed by wS or -^ol*. with a pronominal suffix may also

express our verb "to have",

4. lJ^ is occasionally followed by an adverb. Compare § 127:8.

5. L^] followed by ^ with an infinitive may be translated by "can".

8 129.1 ELEMENTS OP STEIAO. 177

§ 129. fJh^ and Other Auxiliaries.

1. t-»^^? I"^"^^? iJ-»? ^^^ judgment of the world which is to come

(Jos. Sty. 6:4).

-ioZ jjnqnN 01 Zola ^'s^^ZZ? |

,..« Z^ jiscji so shall her righteous-

ness he avenged on the unbeliever there (Addai 24:12).

|z|^2ik r-^ i"*^ -^^^'^s «^'^o was to come (Matt. 11:14).

2. (1) a. .oj-^oi? iJo mws^ they worship (John. 4:24).

I
in A |o!JiJ5 ^? jlo for the elder must he (I Tim. 3:2).

Av^v/^V w.4^ jocjiJ J though I should have to die (Matt. 26:35).

h, 01^9 lii^? v-^.*-** P ought not to cover his head (1 Cor. 11:7).

(2) a. aVin\i\ lovX w.«>,n4V^ GocZ caw raise up (Matt. 3:7).

j-iJ - ^^^1 W.AJ] iJ wo one could pass (Matt. 8:28, see also

Mt. 26:9).

h. I'^M? PI 1^^ P l?(^ t^^s I cannot do (Jos. Sty. 5:16).

c. oj.^pc^ |Ja^ ^.AJlil no man could quell (Spic. Syr. 44:16).

(3) .ajf V2i£a l^t \i he would not receive them (Jos. Sty. 17:13).

Rem. 1.— jcn^ji ^-.? oL^ thanks he to God (1 Cor. 15:57).

2. — coi Jcoij^^l ^-^? ti^l ottr oi«w father is Abraham (John. 8:39).

y^]^ j^ |j| (yi?a4^ for am I my brother's keeper? (Gen. 4:9).

(3) fluifc A ^V 1^? \.icL ]\m he saw people who

were numberless (Sim. Sty. 271).

I^.^v^^ Qj| l^v&likl? .... .en *t1 they showed that they were

disciples of Christ (Overbeck 177:3).

1. The futurity of an action or state is emphasized by the use of

,-,Lik futurus (—jjLsXkxv).
2. In regard to mood
178 KLSMEKTS OF SYRIAC. [§ |30.

(1) The Imperative is streDgthened by the use of }^o "it is tiecessart/" ^

>jsum "U is due'' and «^ )soi ''one has /o".

(2) The Potential is strengthened by the nse of > m-aV "is able'*,

]^ "is possible'' and |^~V *'is sufficient''.

(3) The Yoluntativ is strengthened by means of |jd, ^towiW, ^toicish''.

Rem. — The Optative (1), Indicative (2) and Subjunctive (3) moods
are all found in simple nominal sentences.

§ 130. Verbal and Nominal Sentences.

1. (1) ^ >;/-.S I am thy servant (Overbeck 3S3:2).

;
-°
V thai it teas good (Gen. 1:3).

wa^ ,1^ i^^l? oi-£<ji? the gold of that land is good (Gen. 2:12).

]lstzl l-CiiT love is light (Aphr. 257:22).

Bern, —1^^ J ^Hr^ /n^l W Atm fo<7^e tft the cloister if it be near

(Gverbeck 212:9).

(2) ^ M? e« ^^ if it be that thou hast (Spic. Syr. 2:3).

ei3w^ cci ^s» his sin is great (Aphr. 45:10).

(3) ^*aifi V^ M? lii Ni afl ttirf tt above me (Spic. Syr. 3:21).

1
7" m V ? <t^M f|-fcS-«5 a'wi ttou art a branch of the plague

(Aphr. S2:4).

12.^-?^ si-s £.-1> tft which is knowledge (Spic. Syr. 8:11).

Bern. — ^iis L-^ sJic tr^om Aare y<m t. e. tcAo w existing among you?
(Hal. 1:10).

2. mJ?. *--^J-s c,-a£Z> i-i.^ P for the sons of man are not commanded
(Spic. Syr. 5:2).

o^ ?c9i > ii'SA he sent to him (Addai 37:11).

V*^i-c jilk the saint answered (Apec. Acts. 25:4).

^OT^ii^ ^ ^^ he fUd from them (Jos. Sty. 70:9).

ft
131.] ELEMENTS OF STRIAO. 179

Simple sentences, and the parts of compound and complex sentences,

may be either nominal 1. or verbal 2.
1, A nominal sentence is one in which there is no verb, but in which
the predicate is a noun substantive or adjective or a pronoun. In
nominal sentences, the subject and predicate may be
(1) Simply placed in juxtaposition.
Bern. —The subject, as well as copula, is sometimes omitted.

(2) Connected by the pronoun used as a copula, see § 101. 2.

(3) Connected by L^], in which case the idea of existence is empha-
sized. See § 128. 1.

Bern. — Occasionally both coi and i^-»| are used.

§ 131. Simple Sentences.

1. fnSV) jcoi ]}-M the king saw (L'omelia di Giacomo 157).

|i^f ^? COI that there is the tree (Overbeck 348:20).

a^mJ V^l^uLo they took counsel (Matt. 27:1).

©01 j.:^? s-Aina4 it «s the price of hlood (Matt. 27:6).

2. (1) i.la^£^ oiI;ik wr;(?L.* |Jo he answered him not a ivord (Matt. 27:14).

jcoi ^M^*A jJ he could not (Add. 3:8).

;&^ooi |.o, j-i^ |3 for I did not wish (Jos. Sty. 34:17).

I 4 i ^i |3 ]Z£J| the woman did not perceive (Sindb. 16:8).

Bern. — \z] ^-^ h,£i,3.:a ^5 jJ the miracle is not sufficient for us (Jos.

Sty. 23:6).

w£oi9iLjaJ slT^, Va^cpi |3 let us not hasten then my sons (Jul. 28:23).

jJsj joffi Ir^ i-^ y f^*" ^ ^^"^^ ^^^^ ^^^ become a father (Spic.

Syr. 11:3).

(2) M^i^ V^joio oiJLij ^iso |o8i \1 it is not from his nature a man
doefh wrong (Spic. Syr. 12:21).

jJl^.*z| |.:4C5 ^Jao 0^5 ^^t\.*j those who ivere not born of the blood

(John. 1:13).
180 ELEMENTS OF SYBIAO. [R 131,

(3) a^i|^)^>al^ p.?] w*J) Valk 13 it has not pleased him to be seen hy

any one (Spic. Syr. 6:19).

VjJ I^^ |j1? ^\ |3 not as IwUl (Matt. 26:39).

I^jsis h^] |3 not carnivorous (Spic. Syr. 7:21).

(4) h^i:i>D 13 o Ij^ OCT ^1^ 13o a«fi the body is neither restrained

nor assisted (Spic. Syr. 11:2).

V-lLo |33 ).Lm |3o ]Za:^ |3) that neither death nor life nor angels

(Rom. 8:38).

Bern. —]^o^ ^ f^ |3o jjgua |3o j 4 \i ^ j^ 13o For neither sun nor

moon nor one of the stars (Spic. Syr. 3:17).

\j'fM.] Po ^aiea-» |3 neither Joseph nor another (Legends of

St. Mary 25:7).

lii^ai Po l^ico? |3o Twr height nor depth (Rom. 8:38. 24).

"^ji^-AJaeo v^ |j| >axL» |j| Us) I am not ehvious against thee

and I do (not) excuse myself (Jos. Sty. 3:15).

(5) ^aLl 13 not a little i=much) (Matt. 28:12).

|£s^ 13? without care (Matt. 28:14).

|Znl\n>ia^ )3 incorruptibility (Rom. 2:7).

(6) 'r»lZ |3 it is not good (Gen. 2:18).

^i'^ i'SA |3 >c,Jiar:o and in some things they are not powerful

(Spic. Syr. 9:23).

Simple sentences are declarative, negative, optative, and inter-

rogative. For optative sentences, see § 114. 3. For interrogative

sentences, see § 132.
1. The declarative sentence may be either nominal or verbal,
2. (1) The negative ]J precedes the verb to which it relates.
p
Rem. — A particle may intervene between |3 and the verb.
(2) Generally, when the negative is separated from the verb which
it modifies, it is reinforced by the copula 001 (which contracts into aiik)

or by jooi.
§ 132.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. Igl

(3) "When the negative relates to a phrase, or to a part of speech

other than a verb, it immediately precedes it.

(4) When the negative is repeated and has the sense of ^neither',
^^nor''\ it comes at the beginning of the sentence.
Bern. —The negative must be repeated before each noun; but it may
be omitted from before each verb after the first.

(5) 13? is used before substantives and adjectives in a privative sense.

("wn", "iw", "a", ''without &c.)
(6) P may be used, also, when the predicate is an adjective.

§ 132. The Interrogative Sentence.

1. >4-.a«i» QJlo ivho shoived thee? (Gen. 3:11).

v»Z,..::iik? jjoi alio tchat is this that thou hast done? (Gen. 3:13).

>^ wA.|-sZ| jj^ial^ ivh^ art thou displeased? (Gen. 4:6).

jZijpI oul^ ^cLjI ^Ib^ |.ilo ivhy trouble ye the icoman? (Koii. 26:10).

£J| )^^ ll»[ where ivilt thou? (Matt. 26:17).

I^'iwa .ab^iJ '\-».acn p.a-.1 how then should the scriptures be fulfilled?

(Matt. 26:54).

^ ^ 1:^^ what is that to us? (Matt. 27:4).

^\iS ^1 |jL] ^^o from ivhat people art thou? (Jon. 1:8).

sf^t] %*oi]|.^)o £J) jnVi.l ^.^ i-t^^ <3J^ tvhat is thy business, whence

art thou, what is thy country and of tvhat people? (Jon. 1:8).

2. hi] ^Ll |J thou hearest not? (Matt. 27:13).

V L^hJ\ ]fS.'^ hast thou brought dust to us? (Sind. 10:13).

]j£h^ ^ ^H* ^^^^^ ^^^ **^^^ ^^^^ books (Spic. Syr. 13:8).

£^fl2-ka4Z| Ijoi ^-^ from this art thou persuaded? (Spic. Syr. 12 ult.).

\JJlxL.J9 ij| i-os ait thou going to command that he shall be killed

(Sindb. 6:9).

|1 V ^ ]J^ jL^jaloLliO? noL.l\ r^^r* ^ ^^ V^'^ '^^^ know that baptism

works miracles? (L'omelia di Giacomo 729).

132 ELEMENTS OF SYKIAC. [§ 132.

\l]oaL'^ |.n\\^ c(ji Lj) ar^ <AoM fAe king of the Jews ? (Matt. 27:11).

£b^) ix:ik^l r^ 1 01 behold from the tree hast thou then eaten?

(Gen. 3:11).

3. (1) .o^l ,^iS\^4> )3 |jpnVl\ aC:uareyenotoheyingthelato?{(ydk\A:1\).

^vv^T^V I
<tViM .Qj(n.lik .oi^JJ ^^901^ U do yon, not remember the

five loaves? (Matt. 16:9).

(2) IZj niw ^ li-iZu \ms^ Zooi |3 es ?ioi the life more than the meat?

(Matt. 6:25).

|n\Sn .^L-l )J wsjo a&o ar< ^A(m not king? (Sindb. 3:9).

(3) li^i^s ^1 ]SI:^ W answerest thou not a word? (Mk. 14:60).

|If^ 001 iJ| L-»c(n y flrf #/joM wof fAa# Egyptian? (Acts. 21:38).

4. (1) >c,^ 01^ ^i».*| w^ ^iai^ /ms a »naw brought him something?

(John. 4:33).

''^^^ aula! ^ ]\i\ 7re7/ he then kill himself? (John. 8:22).

(2) ^i:t^ iJ] ilal:^ is it I Lord? (Matt. 26:22).

\eC:L'^ l^r^ >«^ i-^? ^^^^^ « **^«" rob God? (Matt. 3:8).

5. wSial^? ^Gii^l looi y oiAlk i\^\? was not Esau the brother of Jacob?

(Mai. 1:2).

^^r. li \L^] is it not evil? (Mai. 1:8).

^^'SnS \^] gZ |coi ]3 j-Liii.? have we not all one father? (Mai. 2:10).

icew. —y (SfiN? o| ^UJa.3?Z? {L*^ .o^ls ^| /iave ^ow poiver to purify me

or not? (L'omelia de Giacomo 211. See also Mt. 22:17).

6. (I) tluklio 001 £jf ^* if thou be the Messiah? (Matt. 26:63).

)] o] I ?!-•• >cik ^^ISnm? jsnto Vl ii.ia-i-D| .? i/ fAoK Aasf A:epf the

agreement ivhich we made with one anoflier or not? (Sindb. 13:18).

(2) |.n\Nn\ ^cci jiwiaJo }J-^a.*» pas? how great expenses and out-

lays kings have? (Jos. Sty. 15:16).

§ 133.] ELEMENTS OF STKIAC. 183

l.M^A^
r"^'*f^ ^^? ?67iere Christ should he horn? (Matt. 2:4).

item.
— ^c3U-».^9 QJio
^^ ^cX^o /e^ them reveal to us what their mind

is (Add. 21:4). jooiZ alio Za^ j'f.iJ ^e^ us see to whom she shall

belong (Legends of St. Mary 14:4).

7. (-.j.£a.J >^52-»4-i*i2 ^^a cui ^1 art thou then only a stranger?

(Luke 24:18).

jZalliLai ^ w^L.aJ s/ia/Z Ae f/ie?i find faith (Lk. 18:8).

1. Interrogative sentences are often denoted by interrogative pro-

nouns or adverbs.
2= Generally, the interrogative is denoted by the inflection or con-
nection without any particle.
3. The negative fi may be used in interrogative sentences, without
showing whether the answer expected is dubious, positive, or negative;
but always the answer "^es" is hoped for or at least desired.
4. The negative |.:^li is used to express doubt in the questioner as
to the answer.

(1) When the answer "^es", though half expected, is deemed scarcely
possible.

(2) When the answer ^^surdy, nof is hoped for.

5.The double negative |3 |.^c^ is used, when the answer ^^

surely, yes'
is hoped for, or expected.
Rem. — In a double question, |] U^1^5 is often used elliptically for
the alternative.
6. The indirect question is introduced by J or 9.

Rem. — The indirect question is sometimes introduced directly, without

any connecting particle.
7. The particle .^ is often used for the purpose of strengthening the
interrogative.

§ 133. Compound Sentences: Conjunctive.

1. |,A ^ o n l^o P3va wlij^ ^7\] he returned to the chief priests and

elders (Matt. 27:3).

|3i-^? oL^oy Zo,-4--Jo oiZajoiu^o giZ^v^inn ^4^ijo because of the

kindness and grace and longsuffering of God (Jos. Sty. 6:7).

184 ELEMENTS OF Si RIAC. [ft
J 33^

Rem. 1. — |^J-»^? i-Isosoi 1Ll»»? V^o] terrible earthquakes, overturnings

of cities (Jos. Sty. 4:21).

^01 1 '^li© and he went and returned (Matt. 27:3).

Rem. 2. — jJZaio?© jlasjo j^ijox? jJ^^o] afflictions of locusts, and of

famines, and of pestilence (Jos. Sty. 40:16).

|.iil.o??o lla^? ]L£} rods of the hazel and of the poplar

(Gen. 30:37).

t}.ii \iN o n t n*"^wLoJ^ >AL,^hZ9 \1jlL. iLoaw U© but the eye of my

understanding is unahle to examine and to see (Jos. Sty. 1:10).

o^oi vN o Viiclfc ,M^il>nAV jJ they were not able to enter and

to harm (Jos. Sty. 63:1).

^^aJ?c t^|J? hfM, he sent . , . to bring . . . aiid to ask . , ,

(Jos. Sty. 78:8).

^^ P • se 7 at

2. sfX^ au»fA,o ou.^ pluck it out and cast it from thee (Matt. 5:29).

n iin4]?Vay.oe]o '-n^o a£i.^|o o'^they plundered and destroyed

and took captive and burned all which they found (Jos. 63:12).

, j^ i nn ,> «=^
( .c0L^ oi|.^^o f^j..^ ^4^1.21-^ wfiJo-o.* fi.i^j3 vi*aiaJSM*^|

The clergy persuaded the Patriarch and he made him their bishop

(Jos. Sty. 78:7).

^3-i»o >c,-o he foresaw (Aphr. 12:3).

Rem. — Uk9|-c w^Lj ''^llJ? that he might go and stay in the land (Jos,

Sty. 57:15).

019 A-c ^ll >Gjo and he arose and went after him (Mk. 2:14).

Compound sentences, or phrases, may be conjunctive, alternative,

or adversative. In conjunctive sentences, or phrases:
1. One word may govern two, or more, connected by o.

Rem. 1. — The o may be omitted.

Rtm. ? 2. — The of the genitive and i^ before
the Infinitive cannot
be omitted from before a second, or third word in the same government
as the first.
§ 134.] ELEMENTS OP SYRIAC 185

2. Several verbs connected by o may govern a common object.

3. Of two verbs connected by o and in the same tense, one may be

in dependence upon the other, often as an adverb or complement.
Rem, —In such cases the o may be omitted.

§ 134. Alternative and Adversative Sentences.

1, jlm o| jjfloLaJ the law or the prophets (Matt. 5:17).

1^^ V^5 |n\viS ,viv\ o] or to say to the king: ^^Take

war." (J. S. 16:15).

Bern. 1. — j-nlTv? |LL ^x>" of lii'is Vl? \^^ o] |3f but either the

weeping over the dead or the lamentable cries of those in pain

(Jos. Sty. 39:15).

Rem. 2.— ^J| -^ o] or thinkest thou? (Matt. 26:53).

^\ntff] aX.'iiflilao |.iaa!I:i;*? o] or did I commit a sin (2 Cor. 11:7).

2» |jLifl-»£wO Jo l^^f.^ Jo either to the north or to the south

(Spic. Syr. 19:15).

]l^ut^ Js \Lz^] J either flute or cithara (1 Corr. 14:7).

3. I^J]?
>f*] i3| iJl 1^^ IJ]? v^l |i not as I icill but as thou

(Matt. 26:39).

iL^I? 13) 1^1? jj not to destroy but to fulfil (Matt. 5:17).

^^»fnS ootsx wTii^) ^"p^a^? (Jf cJ;uAial>c]^ ^ miaI P? that

they should not be able to do icrong but that alicays they should

be doing ivhat is good (Spic. Syr. 1:9).

wsolisf |j|o .Qj-aJ .Qjci they shall build but I will destroy

(Mai. 1:4).

1. Alternative sentences are usually connected by oj.

Rem. 1. — may stand at the head of each clause.

o)

Rem. 2. — In the Peshito New Testament, translates o) tJ "used in an

interrogative sentence which refers to a preceding categorical sentence".
AA
186 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. [§ 135.

2. Alternative sentences are sometimes introduced with J or Jo.

3. Adversative sentences are generally introduced with V) ; but

occasionally by AVaw.

§ 135. Complex Sentences.

These may be divided into substantive, adjective and adverbial sen-

tences. Substantive sentences are those in which the sentence takes
the place of a noun, as subject or object of a verb, or in apposition
to a noun.

1. jl'^n^ t^r^ ^o^oioJ? >^ ]\2 ^.L^ P for that thy slaves should die

of hunger does not become thee (Jos. Sty. 76:6).

il2^^ ^nlac^sN i^.^Nril;>, oil^ ^a^LiiO^ to whom it has been com-

manded to go down in the depth of the waters (Jos. Sty. 4:1).

>^}m ^ r^P? i-*-y^ «^ w.ifc.as it is better for thee that one of thy

members perish (Matt. 5:29).

for whosoever has not the ftar of God in him is subject to all fears

(Spic. Syr. 2:26).

2. '^ji?— |J^ this is that thou mayest know (Aphr. 213:15).

l^-JuDj p.^] |soi — 1^^^ the reason icas its being (it was) the time

of fruitage (Jos. Sty. 48:18).

v.r:IuaJ Iw-t™»J^ ^.aJi? ««si|^i.^| it is one thing for a man to write

sadly (Jos. Sty. 5:7).

3. (1) ^91-^ jssi wsX i^L£i CC01 ^f£^ those who should read the Scriptures,
he taugh* in them (Add. 40:13).

"^s-A-* wiUii^Zl? Ii^* ^ ichen he saw that Jesus had been condemned

(Matt. 27:3).
-^ O -r. kP ».•
(2) 3»J"«^^ oJ^ ^^^ ^'^^ *^^^ know what his desire is (Spic.
V^H®
Syr. 1:19).
g ^351 BLEMBNTS OF SYRIAO. 187

—^ l^^ V jiao *^^^4^ ^al»3? to sJww thee why it does not please

us (Spic. Syr. 2:5).

"^^Z yA£u.alic >*oi|^|? Usj also thou knowest not what my measure
is (Jos. Sty. 3:7).

(3) fai^ iJl ci^? j-k^ r^l for he saith: ''I am the son of God''

(Matt. 27:43).

jl? .o(tL^ |.isc] he said to them ^^Nay" (Jos. Sty. 4:11).

(4) wiiLi? oil!^ he pressed him to take (Overbeck 167:17).

vvX ^^ >c^iA^ to that which we have heard (Heb. 2:1).

jcoii '•'^'^ 2.0^ \\^ let us see to whom she shall belong (Legends

of St. Mary 14:4).

4. .cijZZ ,o£^J| wsj j,v\?? •--i-»oil -cL.ooi and he mindful lest ye

also he tmpted (Gal. 6:1).

"^ —iSoaJ? ,-aaaj these chastisements are

l-^o?r^ ^-4^01 ^^1
sufficient to rehuJce us (Jos. Sty. 5:16).

5. ^o? Zai^i-c? ^.iicVlc^ j...^© 1 901 PI &Mf this it is necessary to say

that like David etc.

^ h^h2^ ]5<n this that I have written thee (Aphr. 359:1).

w]^.L:| ILnSs ^-I^-j ^ ^^U^^ 2L3| 1^^ |?ci v.cni AJ]o and

thou art desiring to learn this, hy what causes it was provoked (Jos.
Sty. 7:22).

.ocjiiw^*">o] ^i^ Q-oZ? .covi*,.^ |(?lX ]\to and God saw their works

that they turned from their ways (Jon. 3:10).

1. Subject substantive sentences are such as are the subject of a verbal,

or nominal sentence. A dependent question may constitute such a sentence.
2. A predicate sentence is one which corresponds to the predicate
noun in nominal sentences.
3. An object sentence is one which is the object of a verb or pre-
position.

(1) It may be a direct object of the verb.

188 ELEMBNT8 OF SYBIAa [§ 136.

(2) It may be a dependent question.

(3) It may be a quotation.
(4) It may be an indirect object of a verb, or the object of apreposition.
4. Object clauses are sometimes found after adjectives and after the
participles of intransitive verbs.
5. Substantive clauses may be in apposition with a preceding word.

§ 136. Adjectival or Relative Sentences.

1. (1) |^^a-D5o V^o99 tsu^ ^1 ^?|-tt reports also from far and near
have terrified us (Jos. Sty. 4:20).

]] tSnS ^.^-A^Sj? r^^l ^'^^-s everi/ tree which was pleasant to the

sight (Gen. 2:9).

(2) |.£o? isoj^ c^Sjc)? ^IfcJo.^© and calamities that befell in many
places (Jos. Sty. 4:21).

^^.-a^? >c5|3 the man that he had formed (Gen. 2:8).

oLli^ "'^oslz? |^a-i.a in the day wherein thou eatest ofit (Gen. 2:17).

2. oai^ ^01? |£^a.»,.io ym>vS^3 the city of Ftolmoiics, that is AJcka

(J. S. 44:8).

^aiL^.^^ ^Lo ^oui^LLo \19 w.^1 a man who dtd not suffer some

harm from them (Jos. Sty. 81:4).

3. «n'i-^? v^vNo and him who had sent him (Jos. Sty. 91:11).
V P -P «^

^,^ ovo ]ooi >a.*J09 |£oo9 the place in which the Lord was placed

(Matt. 2S:6).

lioioJ? a\\l\\rSn fulfilling the law (Jos. Sty. 2:2).

1.^:^? (SnN ^ ®r^ ^ ^^^y "^f^orshipped not the imagewhich hehadmade.

Bem. — .^ ^^
t nNv ? f
« ^r, na^^a Vi* over thy philosophers who are coun-

setting thee (Sindb. 17:18).

^r^l? -•(JiV:*. because of that which he said (Jos. Sty. 42:5).

ft
i36 1 ELEMENTS OF SYRIAC. 189

4. ]r-»"0^^
^aiz^icj the price of him ivho is precious (Matt. 27:9).

li^i^j ;^-^ thy right eye (Matt. 5:29).

5. ji (ji.in^? i-*-^^ ^ Goth whose name was lllod (Jos. Sty. 68:3).

.o^'^l -^^7 whose hands are full (Addai 43:13).

6. 01^ ^j^?}.!^ fZaaJU? 1^.1:;*.^^? ocji |?pi P-c") the time of that

festival in ivhich heathen tales ivere suvg (Jos. Sty. 24: IG).

»^ |j| 9,^io ^ccnZo^? P'H*^ jVivis the other peoples to whom

I send thee (Acts 26:17).

Rem. 1. — «»^ -oZj^l? of whom ye spake to me (Gen. 43:27).

_..f].^ilSso5 ).jJLkLoZ I
Spg i n on the eighth day tvhen they were

circumcised (Spic. Syr. 19:17).

Rem. 2. — ]cgi ]2'\ ]oc\ jJLsi^? |.2^|]o whithersoever he turned he was

victorious.

r;-*-S^^ t^^ whithersoever they came (Aphr. 339:9).

]'fSUt ]i L2] w-r.l^yVoo AJ| Vu-4.? ,-s _:ao Jif zs notivanting there,

when thou takest and kindlest.

7» ]Za-c|-ar: oi.LqL?o and those who were with him in the ark

(Gen. 7:23).

i-ka^5 i^^-^?® ^^^ ^0 P^^!/ for that which is good (Spic. Syr. 5: 1 2).

^ mIS to him who descends (Overbeck 385:6).

8. jlw^a-a^Z ^Jio 01^3.3 ILaJo ]?ai \zh^^^l ]yul^ who might

see this miracle that could restrain his mouth from praise (Jos.
Sty. 66:18.)

paja^j-^ (OCT ,-i.aLo ,^ oi.:ijajk,? ^•-^-^< « (ro^/i 2^7/ose name

e«?as lllod and ivho had been made tribune (Jos. Sty. 68:3).

Rem. — l^i-i^? iJo > mnV ? |3o .c>a^) ^jij) |cai 2^^^© and there was no

one who warned nor who rebuked, nor who admonished (Jos.

Sty. 25:10).
190 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. FR {^Q^

9. ^f "^-^^4^1 whom it immerses (Overbeck 384:17).

not the foundation of the faith upon which to built (Spic. Syr. 2:23).

10. <^ j
. i uJ .oo«J? I-^Q^^ ^ai^tiJ^^9 i-k^ ooi (Jo for it is necessary
j

that three things {that of nature^ and that of fortune^ and that of

purity] that they should be maintained.

11. a. \*h:^^^hZZ] |^Via\ 1.i>0|.i^? ^<j\ ^^cclmJI'^s^ h4]o and thou Capernaum

which art exalted unto heaven (Matt. 11:23).

^aI^oi ^f^s^^o ^^fLAr ^Jtf Z£umJ? ^J) joiA. o| or thou art God who
hast come down from heaven and hast done these things (Addai 3 ult).

^£j| ^>iv.jL^; .oal^ you who believe (Spic. Syr. 2:19).

.A^ ^AJ| r^^? p) wsj I also whom you see (Addai Apost. 21:18).

b, vf^l "v^r* i
"••^^'^ .aisLkSZ£wJ9 r;^t? ^iN»|o and ye ivho

wish to be to the Messiah obedient know (xlddai the Ap. 30:7).

)j0a:ia3 Lj^Z .oooiJ? ^^-^r? l >N »| %oL2] ye who wish to he under

thelawify&X. 4:21).

Adjective sentences are introduced by the relative particle i and

may limit any noun.
1. Adjective sentences may be
(1) Nominal.
(2) Verbal.

2. It may limit the subject.

3. It maytimit the object.

Hew. 1. — It may limit a noun or pronoun, which is the object of a

preposition.

4. The relative ? when it follows a noun with a pronominal suffix

may refer to either.

5. When the relative is in the genitive relation with the noun

following it, the noun must take the pronominal suffix.
6. When the relative clause is to be governed by a preposition, the
§137.] ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. 191

relative appears at the head of the clause and the preposition with its

appropriate pronominal suffix follows, either immediately or with inter-

vening words.
Rem. 1. — The relative sometimes stands alone where we would expect
the preposition and pronominal suffix to follow ; especially is this the
case where it may be construed as an adverbial accusative of place
or time.
Rem. 2. — The preposition is sometimes placed before the antecedent
to which the relative belongs.

7. The relative may stand without an antecedent, provided that it

involves a demonstrative conception. It may then be regarded as a

substantive clause, see § 135.

8» When several relative phrases are joined by the copula, ? is often

found but once, even when the relative is used in different constructions.
Rem. — It may, however, be repeated.
9. The relative is sometimes omitted, especially in servile imitation
of the Hebrew.
10. "When the subordinate phrase has been separated from the Dolath
to which it belongs, the relative is sometimes repeated pleonastically.
11. "When the antecedent is a pronoun in the first or second person,
two constructions are possible in the relative phrase.
(1) The verb, or pronoun, of the relative phrase is in the person of
the antecedent.
(2) The verb of the relative phrase is in the third person, although
the antecedent is of the first or second.

137. Adverbial Clauses and Sentences.

1. liuk-J^^.^^? f^o and where sin abounded (Rem. 5:20).

j t\l ^oioiL*]? U^i — itf "^L^ V"> he stood over the place where

the young child was (Matt. 2:9).

2. (1) l^ji^a^ i-^l ^^^] when the locusts came (Jos. Sty. 1:3).

]ZoZ] iu^ooi 1^ ^ ivhen I saw the signs (Jos. Sty. 3:17).

}j1 >cfi? hisi ^ after that lam risen (Matt. 26:32).

 192 ELEMENTS OP SYBIAO. [§ 137,

M^o.V.Q >f^r^ |3
r^ before Philip called thee (Jud. 1:48).

.OA^ouc) ^^ *nl? ivhen your fathers tempted me (Heb. 3:9).

^]-^o5 |92J-^ >^| |-c|J- ^-^1 ji^a-. the days are coming tcJien

my wrath shall burn like a furnace (Mai. 4:1).

(2) ^cno,-j-o CO 01 ^i^a] ,-s while they were calumniating him (Matt.

27:12).

|j) "^JJ^ f^ as I was entering (Spic. Syr. 1:3).

^I-ji-l^ ^^*^*tnS-^ ,.3 ichile they are proving them (Jos. Sty. 5:13).

)fS3^ oij-iil^ giZ|I^^? I^r^ t*w<i/ sAe Aai fcorwe Aer /2rs< born

son (Matt. 1:25).

P^l ^^l) ^ until I go and pray (Matt. 26:36).

I
O
Ij^lsxai*
^ ^ O ' ^
1«^? l^nnSv ^r'Oi
Q b^ 7 ^9* P
^ ^^

s^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^e kingdom of

God has been preached (Lk. 16:16).

y^'^v\ >a!^Lk.9=)] hS!^^ since I ivent up to Jerusalem to wor-

ship (Acts 24:11).

(3) ]ooi i-ffl]iwitf |£^ \ ^> 4 ^ o j-iia^sjai:? v*£^| Va as often as with

fetters and chains he tvas bound (Mk. 5:4).

^h4\ ^^^^? ^iwiscj ^^^-3 as often as ye drink (1 Cor. 11:25).

3. |jD^ )j j^ unwillingly (L'omelia di Giacomo 150).

13 c? iitf ^1 as is necessary (Jos. Sty. 4:6).

Z^Lojj |:ao v^l as Isaif? (Inedita Syr. 18:1).

^coL-M? ^1 as they are (Jos. Sty. 4:12).

^5Ui.J = ^.i^aaJ5 v^j Aom; they might put him to death (Matt. 27:1).

^?Z? Us| «^c^? aua^Zh ^^so? |.ic,.ik wwfi7 f^rt^ from the loarmih of

thy lev thou dost not know (Jos. Sty. 3:7).

^o^jj ^-i^l? P-a-l as ye say (Spic. Syr. 1:6).

^cLjI r-i^r^? jiL] as ye know (Matt. 27:65).

 —
§ 137.]
ELEMENTS OF SYKI AC. 193

4. (1) ^i^U? ... .^ PI V^a^ I adjure that thou tell us (Matt. 26:63).
]'zol looiZ? oiZjicI ]?oi? jiii^o and I hneic that this thou hast

said in order that tJiere may he contrition (Jos. Sty. 5:7).

1^- U^So that the sea may rest (Jon. 1:11).

\1] |fj^ Zes^ J come (Mai. 4:6).

(2) .Zoelk ^ wOj.sZ |J Iu*|.a.*i^? flL»( in or^er that thou mayest not

depart from us without profit (Spic. Syr. 2:7).

h.1] vjaa^ao jocnZ £u.|i-.cnJ? ^ ^| or that thou mayest know clearly

(Jos. Sty. 8:6).

Rem, —,-ljf wco^^l w*li* ^^..klii^Jb* thou hast sent me [that] I should write

them (Jos. Sty. 5:3).

^oij;;oi4-»» /or fAe ivhole (purpose) of it, (to ivit) that men are per-

secuted in this world (is) on account of (this) that they may be

restrained from their sins (Jos. Sty. 6:2).

f^[ S.]l ji until I go to pray (Matt. 26:36).

]oi.X? o»J-»-s^ j-iiiiJ s-aJI? .ininii >^ h,^h^^ |?oi this that I have
written to thee, my beloved, (1 have written) in order that men may
do tJie will of God (Aphr. 75:6).

Adverbial sentences are such as modify the verb as to place, time,

manner, condition and so forth. The most common forms of adverbial
sentences are as follows.
1. Local.
2. Temporal. These are:
(1) Those answering to the question 'Hvhere^\

(2) Those answering to the question ^^how long'\

(3) Those answering to the question ''•how often!\

3. Modal or Comparative clauses are introduced with some com-
bination with >^| or gJL or ^s.
4. Final or consecutive. (Purpose or result).

These are (1) generally preceded by 5 (=ut), but sometimes by o,

BB
194 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. j^§ J37

(2) Sometimes after combinations of particles.

Bern. —Sometimes we meet with elliptical sentences from which ?

or some other word has been omitted.

Rem. 2. — The Infinitive with Lomadh sometimes takes the place of
the Imperfect with Dolath § 120. 1 (3).

5. (1) |Z£J|J ^^1^019 lecause he believed the woman (Sindb. 4:2).

jls^ Jic? L:^ii>.A.|5 because I betrayed the innocent blood (K&it. 27:4).

(2) • 1 i S 99 giZ nN t m ^*^ L.»om j-i^ ,.^0 and in that I considered the

weakness of my mind (Jos. Sty. 3:20).

fZ^"^^ Vi» |j[ V.*^z? V^lI^ because I trust upon thy prayers

(Jos. Sty. 4:2).

COT 1^? .^Vi* jy V^ because it is the prise of blooa (Matt. 27:6).

pl \^ woia-or-^ ^^ ^\ fSt since according to my strength 1

shall swim (Jos. Sty. 4:4).

j-fc.^ ]ooi ,.Lio for he teas accustomed (Spic. Syr. 1:3),

£u*1m i-fcl '-'^4*^ f^^ I have suffered much (Matt. 27:19).

^aitf I ©81 \!^ t-»-^? U^]o cind since through man icas death

(1 Cor. 15:21).

^14] ^jL^i-oicj Vik because ye are offering (Mai. 1:7).

^\4V9 ^oi-s PI . iSi^n? ]?<3i-c jcoi |3 not because they are fixed

but because they have power (Spic. Syr. 4:21).

^.jI V > 1 n ^^9^^ L^ilo^ |o(7i }]9 |9oi ^^ because men are

not equally governed (Spic. Syr. 12 ult.).

6. j:^fiwtt] )] ^ waJio ,^iNqi >^]? ,-so and although nothing like this

has been done by me to thee (Jos. Sty. 3:3).

o^nZ) iJ .ggi;i^, ^Sic >c,.iao ,.a although they have been profited

nothing by their sons (Jos. Sty. 3:10).

^ "^ 4n^3 y ,4 1 \s ^1 though all men should be offended at thee

(Matt. 26:33).
 — ^

§ 138.]
ELEMENTS OF BYRIAO. 195

7. >c|-D Uj^? cvsUiai:* ]yMO and he saw the angel of the Lord standing

(Num. 22:31).

<^ai.^ as he was walking (G-en. 3:8).

5. Causal adverbial clauses are introduced:

(1) By the relative ?.

(2) By ^ in that, ? V.^ because that, ^s since, j-^/br, ? ^Iruj as

that, ? ]?«i-^ iw this that, and ? ]?ai ,_io from this that, ? Vl* on account
of this.

G. Concessive adverbial claus^es are introduced by fS and ^|.

7. The adverbial accusative belongs here.

138. Conditional Sentences. ".

1. (1) ^»^ ii:^ . . L«Ji^ ]J| J if I have sinned, wherein have they sinned?

(Jos. Sty. 40:2).

w^jL/tiV |ic^ [^l^^lJ] j-i.LiI ^f Jo 5itf i/*t/;eW have I spoken

why smitest thou me (John. 18:23).

Zoa\ \hJ£] w.A-»^ ws| \±oJ\ Is]^ w»oi L'^aViJ.Z I^La^ J if this stone

^ad &ecn placed as foundation, hoiv ivas it head also of the corner"*

(Aphr. 11:13. See also Overbeck 62:6).

(2) .CLa^jJ .nn\ ws| as? 5 ^•li* .1 if they have persecuted me they will

also persecute you (John. 15:20).

_:ia-»ciJ |-»4.»-A.^ sci^ .iukitf Vdi^ai .] if then we have died with Christ

we believe (Rom. 6:8).

(3) >-^j»^ ^? J if he is fallen asleep, he will be saved (John. 11:12).

— fc.s59 |3 _iu p.^1 0.399 sLi;^ J if they persecuted him, hoiv shall

they not persecute us? (Overbeck 228:14. See also Overbeck 67:8).

(4) ]?aus ffi^c lo) ULd jjilfl^ ^'^ ]Ji\t^ o] ]Lob T^^l if then a spirit

or angel has spoken with him what is there in that? (Acts. 23:9).

alla.*7ila^ ooi h*.*] . . (iaJ? gi'| >

I nN asi^al ovX*.£i. wj*a^| J
196 ELEMENTS OF SYEIAC. [§138.

if his will has been able, to quench the violence of fire, it is to be

believed (Overbeck 54:7).

2. (1) ccoi
^ i^ i nv ]jzi jLnik . . . . ? ^^^ s-soZ .f if again it happen

etc., they had to endure great fatigue (Jos. Sty. 83:13).

1*^\mA^ ' • . ^oj^iJ ^ if they shall say . . . it has been seen (Over-

beck 54:27. Comp. also 48:27).

(2) ^'^Sm )Lum wlio ov^ ^oooiJ ^5 J if they would be members of

his army they should enter (Jos. Sty. 19:5).

^H .l *r.^ ]coiJ ath^b^l ^ if I must drink it let thy will be done

(Matt. 26:42).

01^ ^QJLicaJ ^ooiZa2ik ^a-aj ^^^^ ^| if he shall go forth to them they

should lie in ambush for him (Jos. Sty. 58:4).

(3) <^:;^&:k t^i>\\\iSn . . . .^ ^^ ^j ^ if then our Lord will grant,

we will speak with thee (Jos. Sty. 43:1 6).

^^z^l >^?r iiSn

J lis] ^ ).aLo w^JJ }] no man will harm thee

even if thou comest out alone (Jos. Sty. 89:21).

(4) y »nq <^*\s .nl ^Si^J .oJoi ^? Jo if then they be too strong for

us it is better (Jos. Sty. 65:12).

^ci I
J ns\ .ccn-i-£5-g ]z|J Jo and if he come blessed are those

servants (Lk. 12:3S).

3. (1) ]Z~-\-r ^nni^^S 01^ ^— i"^ 1«^*? U\ ^-naic |j[ joiA.? ^oj^ ^|

IolX? if by the spirit of God I cast out demons, the kingdom of God

is nigh unto you (Matt. 12:28).

\^Zb:i£) 13? ^ci Zf^ZZ] Ur^ZLJ^ ^'r-^^ M^^ ^-^? ^4^ \i

if because the soul has entered into the body, I am enclosed, that

which was not enclosed, has been enclosed (Overbeck 63:7).

(2) ouc f^ZL2 |3 >c^ l^icoLo V^oCT J if there should be any oath he

would not be found by it (Jos. Sty. 76:12).

g 138.] ELEMENTS OF SYRIA 0. 197

aa=(jiLJ . . . ],U^^| ^£31-. J if Areohindus allowed, they should

turn (Jos. Sty. 58:9).

^lo^oij . .
I
>>n . . ^AjpS -o(3iJ-«-£^ ]^ J if this will were able

to separate evil, ive would believe (Overbeck 50:8).

(3) .^ ].J| Ua |J n,{v £^i-» ^? J if then thou knowest who he is I

shall not hinder thee (Jos. Sty. 76:19).

if I bt/ Beelzebub cast out demons, by ichom do your sons? (M.ait. 12:27).

(4) ccn oij-c jJ-a-l Ur^ o»^ Ir^ r-»^? '^-o' J */* DavicZ then call him

Lord, how is he his son (Matt. 22:45).

ctn jaSv al:! V^y.:io ^5 J if he deceives he isno king (Jos. Sty. 61:19).

4. (1) So? 001 01 n\'n jcci Jioj jaiA. coi if it were right God himself

would have put it in his heart (Jos. Sty. 74:4).

>Q.D {Jm.^^^ Us| iuJ^i. lAJubiC h.^^ Jo aMfZ if there be no resurrection

Christ also is not risen (1 Cor. 15:13).

(2) V^f-fi «o^'P ^^* itn^V? ©oiJ) if they were able, they shoiJd fneet

. (him) in battle (Jos. Sty. 14:4).

—^ wr:ai ]l a^ r^^? ^*~*^^^? c(7iJ} if thou de sir est us to make peace

give us etc. (Jos. Sty. 58:17).

^?|^ \«^^r^ • • ^' r^^^-»] ^-•i J ^f ^^'^^^ ^« '^2ose t6-7iO are

^r'-^vi

not willing . . let them draw near to ws (Addai 21:2).

Hi n"} ^Iso \jkm Z0.M.I V-jja-.? coi qin\Sn J if he be the king of

Israel let him come down now from the cross (Matt. 27:42).

(3) <^ ]J| hf^iJic ]i^^2 h^'^f coi J if thou askest it as a loan I
will send it to thee (Jos. Sty. 18:15).

ll*Al^ >f/bJ\ )j L2] ^) L2] |V^^ Va-soi lie why then baptizest

thou, if thou art not the Messiah (John. 1:25).

(4) i-^-^ ]oo-^ |3 UnTi\V? OCT ^ . . . ^^m ^ U'-^o- ilLo

 —

I^g
ELEMENTS OP STEIAC. fk
13^^

tchat profit is tJiere from them if it he that admonition be not mingled?

(Jos. Sty. 5:14).

t/ f/je case hetiveen a wan and his wife he so, it is not expedient to

worry (Matt. 19:10).

5. yJioai ^<Sl^D»^L^\ .9^0^ ^9 w£f ^^ ^COi — >° ^Lo \i |9cn ^9 C^

.Zo^ if they did not teach us this, they would be quite useless to us

(Jos. Sty. 5:19).

wcoi
V •0-ppr.pp
^001 |Li;9S9 1^ >\4>Z
V •« ^*i* .-
c-2£w3Z|a^ if they were written great

histories tvould they form (Jos. Sty. S0:6).

.oL^on ^a:^|..* ^*^P w^I ^c^wcoi ^^^r-* ^^^ ^^ V V^ u^ere Knowing

f»e, ye would he knowing my father also (John. 14:7).

^^osi ]f^ ^^ .ofi^ooi ^^iVi>> oX if ye had loved me ye would

have rejoiced (John. 1 4:28).

Zsoi l-ik.,»^|lica-. Zcm |3 jjci aX if this had not happend to-day, it

had happened (Addai 15:7).

looi zfcc (J \Ji^^o:^ifhehadnotwished,hehadnotdied(,KdidiQ.\\^:\(S).

).^9s^ ]oCT 13 . . .QJol ali|..«? )] aX, if they had not Jcnoivn, there

had not been the desolation (Addai 27:21).

\^z^ .esiX ccoi ^^inn4> . . . cofli as, aX if they had wished,

the commotions had not permitted them (Addai (28:2).

]cm x-£?] coi .coL^ . . . 1^^-*^' .covo jcoi L.^] oX if there were in

them feeling, it would be right for them (Addai 24:1).

Adverbial sentences of condition are of two kinds, those which

express a possible and those which express an impossible condition.
Of sentences expressing' a possible condition, there are sixteen con-
structions according to the form of the verb, or copula, that is employed.
1 .When there is a Perfect in the protasis, there may bein the apodosis:
(1) A Perfect.

(2) An Imperfect.
 — —

^ 138.]
ELEMENTS OF SYfilAO. 199

(3) A Participle.

(4) A nominal sentence.

2. When there is an Imperfect in the protasis, there may be in the
apodosis:
(1) A Perfect.

(2) An Imperfect.

(3) A Participle.
(4) A nominal sentence.
3. When there is a Participle in the protasis, there may be m the
apodosis:
(1) A Perfect.
(2) An Imperfect.

(3) A Participle.
(4) A nominal sentence.
4. When there is a nominal sentence in the protasis, there may be
in the apodosis :

(1) A Perfect.

(2) An Imperfect,

(3) A Participle.

(4) A nominal sentence.

5. The impossible condition is expressed by aX or ]J aX. In the

protasis is found the Perfect, with or without |coi, or the Participle

with ]o5i, or a nominal sentence; in the apodosis, the Perfect, or the

Participle with logi.

 INDEX.

a-clas8 vowels, 29. 1, 5. Active stems, how made passive or reflexive,

2-2, nouns with, 68. 41.4.
a-a, nouns with, 69. Active signification of passive forms of in*

a-tt, nouns with, 70. 1. transitive verbs, 41. 5. Rem. 2.

a changed to e in nouns, 67. 1. Active participles, how formed, 50.

a changed to e in verbs, 41. 2. Active participle of simple stem, 50. 1, 70. 2.

S-e, nouns with, 68. 3. Active participles of guttural verbs, 52. 3.

S-i, nouns with, 69. 4. Rem. 1.

Sl-% nouns with, 69. 5. Active participltof fi fi verbs, 54. 3.

a-i, nouns with, 70. 2. Active participle of fi Wan verbs, 59. 4.

a-i, nouns with, 71. 2. Active participle of Olaph verbs, 56. 4.

fi

a-u, nouns with, 71. 1. Active participle of Lomadh Olaph verbs,

a becomes o, 29. 5. (1). 60.5.
a, when found, 29. 1. Active participle, syntax of, 116.
a obscured to e, 29. 2. Addition, 20.
a contracted with w into 6, 29. 5. (3). Addition of Olaph, Nem, Mim, Rish, Gomal,
a contracted with 'a into <5, 29. 5. (4). and He, 20. 2. of Tau, 20. 3.
a contracted with y into e, 29. 3. Addition for stem, 41. 3-5.
a contracted with y into i, 29, 4. (4). Additions for inflection of perfect, 43. 1.
a becomes u through o, 29. 7. (3). Additions for inflection of imperfect, 45. 2.
a volatilized, .30, 31, 42. 1, 69. Additions for noun formations, 74, 75.
Absolute state, masculine singular, 76. 1. Adjective, verbal, 72. 2. (4).
Absolute state, feminine singular, 76. 2. (1). Adjective, agreement of, 99. 1.

Absolute state, masculine plural, 76. 3. Adjective, definiteuess of, 93. II. 3.

Absolute state, feminine plural, 76. 4. Adjective, position of, 94. 5, 99. 1.

Absolute state dual, 76. 5. Adjective clauses, 97. B. Rem. 1.

Absolute state often definite, 93. 1. Adjective predicate, 93. II. 3. (2), 99. 2.
Absolute state generally indefinite, 93. 2. Adjectives with two short vowels, 68. 2.
Absolute infinitive, 49. Adjectives ending in 6n, 75. 1. (2).

Absolute infinitive used to intensify the mean- Adjectives ending in 6y, 75. 3.

ing of the verb, 119. 1. Adjective, syntax of, 99.

Absolute infinitive used alone, 119. 2. Adjective, comparison of, 100.
Abstract nouns, 75. 4. Adjective sentences, 136. (See under relative
Abstract ideas sometimes denoted by the sentences.)
plural, 92. 2. (2). Adverb, 88. II. Rem. 2, 89. A. 1^.
Accent, 14. Adverb with the substantive verb, 127. 8.
Accents, system of, 15. Adverb with 'Ith, 128. 4.
Accusative, position of, 123. 1, 2. Adverbial accusative. (See under Accusative.)
Accusative, different ways of denoting it, 123. Adverbial sentences, 137, 138.
1,2. Adversative sentences, 134. 3.
Accusative cognate, 126. 4. Affix. (See sufformative and suffix.)
Accusative of specification, 117. 8. Agency expressed. (See Nomina agentis, an^
Accusative of condition, 116. 3. (2) b. 121. 4.)
Accusative of the pronoun, 36. 1, 51. Agreement, 121.
Active stems, 41. 1, 2, 3. Alphabet, 1.-4.
 INDEX.

Alternative sentences, 134. 1, 2. 132. 5. Rem. Consonantal character of Wau and Yudh lost,
Annexion, 96. 25. 1, 2.

Annexion, to express the superlative degree, Construct state of nouns, 76. 1-5.
100. 2. (1). Construct state of numerals, 88. I Rem. 3.
Annexion, periphrasis for, 98. Construct state of participles, 96. 4 Rem. 2.
Anomalous nouns, 86, 87. Construct state of prepositions, 89. B.
Anomalous verbs, 64. Construct infinitive, 49.
Apli'el stem, 41. 3, 42, 44. Construct infinitive with suffixes, 51. F. 74. 2,
Apocopation. (See Rejection.) 85 Rem. 2.

Apocopation of the Tau of the feminine, Construct infinitive, syntax of, 120.
76. 2. (1). Construct infinitive always takes the preposi-
Apodosis, 137, 133. tion Z before it, 120. 1.
Apposition, 94. Construct infinitive as a gerundive, 120. 1. (4).
Apposition of a noun with a pronominal suf- Construct infiniiive to denote "can," "must,"
fix, 94. 6. "have to," etc., 120. 1. (4).

Apposition of substantive claoses, 135. 5. Construct infinitive after the comparative,

Aspirates, 2. 2. 120. 1. (6).
Aspiration, how denoted, 10. Contraction of Wau and Yudh to form a long
Aspiration of the Tau in the first person sin- vowel, 29. 3. (1), 4. (4), 5. (3) (4), 7 (1) (2).
gular of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. 2, Contract nouns, 67. (5) (7), 68. 5.
Rem. 3. Contraction of personal and demonstrative
Assimilation, 18, 53. 2. pronoun, 57. 3.
Asyndeton, 133. 1, Rem. 1. Contract verbs, 54, 56-61.

B€th, 1, 2. 2, 4. 3. (2), 5. 1, 10. Dative ethical, 124. 5.

Declension of nouns, 78. sq.
Cardinals, 83. 1, 110. A. Defective verbs, 64.
Causative verb-stem, 41. 3, 42, 44. Definiteness of nouns, how expressed, 93.
Changeable vowel sounds, 7. 3. Demonstrative pronoun, 37.
Changes of vowels in the inflection of the Demonstrative contracted with personal pro-
verb, 42, 45. 1, 3, 52. 3, 58. 2, 59, 60. noun, 37. 3.
Changes of vowels in the inflection of the Demonstrative pronoun, syntax of, 102.
noun, 28. 3. (1), 67. 1, 2. (5), 68. 5, 76. 2. (1), Demonstrative pronoun as an article, 102. 2.
79. 8. 1, 82. Rem. 2. Denominatives, 63. 2.
Characteristic of the stems, 42. Dentals, 5. 1.

Classification of nouns, 66. B. Dependent question, 135. 1, 3. (2).

Closed syllables, 17. 2. Desire, how expressed, 114. 3. (1).

Cognate accusative, 126. 4. Determination of nouns, 93.

Collective, 90. Determination of adjectives, 9-3. II.
Collective with suffixes, 77. 7. Diacritical points, 6. 6.

Collective nouns, agreement of, 90. 4, 121. 2. Diminutives, how formed, 69. 6, 75. 2.
Command, how expressed, 114. 1, 115. Diphthongs, 8.

Commutation. (See Permutation.) Diphthong in in, 60. 2. Rem. 1.

Comparative degree, how expressed, 100. 1. Direct object, 123, 125. 1, 3, 4.

Compound words drop letters, 23. 4. Direct objective sentence, 135. 3.

Compound nouns, gender of, 91. 4. Distribution, how denoted, 92. 3.

Compound sentences, 133. Dolath, 2. 2, 4. 3. (3), 4. 4, 5. 1, 10, 18. 3, 19. 5,
Conditional sentences expressing possibility 21. 1, 22. 4.
have sixteen constructions, 138. 1-4. Dolath as the inseparable relative, 34.

Conditional sentences expressinof an impos- Doubling of consonants, 10. 2. (4).

sible condition have six constructions, Doubly weak verbs, 62.
138.5. Dropping of Olaph et al. (See Rejection.)
Conjunctions, 89. 5. Dual, 76. 5, 77. 3.
Conjunctive sentences, 133.
Conjunctions with adverbial clauses, 137, 138. e, how written, 6. 1. Note, 4, 5. (l)-(8).

Consonants, 1.-5, 9-12. e, how pionounced, 6. 3. (2).

Consonants, euphony of, 18-27. e, quantity of, 7. 1.

Consonantal character of Olaph lost, 25. 1. e, origin of, 7. 2.

 INDEX.

e, value of in inflection, 7. 3. Future, sometimes denoted by the imperfect,

^'followed by u, 8. 1. (2). 113. 3.

e anomalous in certain forms, 28. 3. Rem. Future may be denoted by the perfect, 112. 3.
e before doubled radical, 28. 3. (3). Future often denoted by the active participle,
g, where found, 29. 2. 116. 1. (2), 2. (2).

e, how formed, 29. 3. Future, emphasized by 'Ethidh, 129. 1.

e heard, but not written, 31. 3. Rem. 1. Future perfect denoted by the perfect,
e as helping vowel, 33. 112. 3. (2).

fi, 3, 4. 1, 3. (6), 5. 1, 11. 4, 22. 5, 23. 4, 26. 3.

Gender of noun, 76, 78.
£ f. verbs, 54.
Gender, anomalies of, 86. 7, 8, 10, 12,
fi fi nouns, 79. B. Rem. 2, 80. Rems. 1. 2.
Gender, syntax of, 91.
fi Olaph verbs, 55.
Gender, neuter, how denoted, 91. 5,
fi Olaph nouns, 79. B. Rem. 2.
Gender of compound nouns, 91. 4.
fi Olaph verbs which are also Lomadh Olaph,
Gender of plural follows that of the singular,
62.4.
91.5.
fiWau verbs, 59. Gender of nouns used figuratively often that
£ Wau nouns, 79. B. 1, Rem. 1, 80. Rems. 2. 3,
of the thing which they represent, 91. 6.
82. Rem. 2.
Geader of verb, 43, 111. 1.
£ Wau verbs which are also Lomadh Olaphi
Gender of verb having two subjects of differ-
62.3.
ent genders is masculine, 121. 6. Rem. 2.
fi Yudh verbs, 59. Genitive relation expressed in four ways, 96.
fi Yudh nouns, 79. B. Rem. 1. 80. Rem. 2.
An-
Genitive expressed by annexion. (See
Elision. (See Rejection.)
nexion.)
Emphatic state, 76. 1-4.
Genitive expressed by the relative, 97. A.
Emphatic state, sjTitax of, 93.
(Used when there are two or more geni-
Enclitics, 23. 4, 35, 2.
tives, or with indeclinable nouns, or when
Endings for gender, number, and state of
words intervene.)
noun, 76.
Genitive expressed by means of the pronomi-
Endings to denote person, gender, and num-
and the relative, 97. B.
nal sulfix
ber of the verb, 43, 45.
Genitive expressed by means of prepositions,
Endings for forming noun-stems, 66. A, 1,
98.
B. 4, 75.
Genitive subjective and objective, 96. 4,
Eshtaph'al, 41. 5.
Gomal, 2. 2, 5. 1, 10, 20. 2.
Ethical dative, 124. 5.
Gutturals, 4. 5, 5. 1, 26, 52, 57, 68. 5. (2). 40. 3,
'Ethidli used to emphasize the future,
41.2.
129. 1.
Ethpa'al, 41. 4, 42, 44. Half-open syllables, 17. 4.
Ethpe'el, 41. 4, 42, 44. Half-vowel, 7. 1. (3), 9.

Ettaph'al, 41. 4, 42, 44. He, 1, 3, 4. 4, 4. 5, 5. 1, 11. 1, 18. 1 Rem. 19, 1,

Etymology, 34-89. 20. 2, 21. 3, 22. 5, 25. 4.

Euphony of consonants, 18-27. Heightened vowel-sounds, 7. 2. (4),

Euphony of vowels, 29. Heightening of vowels, 2J. 4. (3), 29. 5. (2).

Exhortation or excitement, 114. 3. (4), 112. 3. Helping vowels, 33, 34. 3, 4,

Rem. 2. Heth, 3, 4. 5, 5. 1, 19. 4.
//«t^o, as enclitic, 127. 1,
Feminine ending, 76. 2. II^wo before the predicate, 1-27, 2.

Feminine ending dropped, 76. 2. (1). H^wo used in the perfect to emphasize the
Feminine ending retained in the construct past tense, 127. 3. (1).

and emphatic states, and before suflixes, H>=wo used in the perfect after an imperfect to
76. 2. (2). emphasize a past subjunctive, 127. 3. (2).
Feminine nouns, 78. II. H'wo used in the perfect after an active parti-
Feminine nouns, declension of, 82-85. ciple to express a past state, 127. 3. (3).

Feminine nouns, anomalies of, 86. 6-10, 13. Hnoo used in the perfect before adjectives or
Feminine nouns, syntax of, 91. 2. participles to express a wish, command, or
Fractional numbers, how formed, 88. II. admonition, 127. 4. (1). 112. 3. (2) Rem. 2,
Rem. 3. H^wo used in the perfect before a participle to
Frequentative action denoted by the partici- express the frequentative subjunctive,
ple, 116. 2. 127. 4. (2).
204 INDEX.

n*iDO used in the perfect after an active parti- Imperfect denotes incomplete or dependent
ciple to express frequentative action in the action. 111. 3, 113.
past, 127. 3. (3) b. Imperfect used for past events after certain
E'wo used in the imperfect with a following temporal particles, 113. 1.
participle to express a future frequentative Imperfect, use of in present time doubtful,
action or state, 127. 5. 113. 2.
H^wo used in the active participle before an Imperfect sometimes used for the future in-
active participle to emphasize the future dicative, 113. 3.
of a state, 127. 6. Imperfect denotes future, especially in condi-
tional clauses, 138.
i, how written, 6. 1. Note, 4, 5, 29. 4. Imperfect denotes most of the variations for
i, how pronounced, 6. 3. (3). mood, 114.
i, quantity of, 7. 1. (2), 29. 4. Imperfect as imperative, 114. 1.
i, origin of, 7. 2. Imperfect as potential, 114. 2.
t, euphony of, 29. 4. Imperfect as optative, 114. 3.
1 found in the Nestorian, 7. 2 Note. Imperfect as subjunctive, 114. 4.
\, class segholates, 67. 1, 2 (5). Imperfect in conditional sentences, 138.
1 derived from e, how written, 6. 5. (1). Impersonal verb, 122.
I as first vowel in nouns, 09, 72. 2. (2) (6), 74. 8. Impersonal use of adjectives, 122. 4. Rem.
(6) (7), 3. (7) (8). Impersonal verbs with a direct object, 126.
I as second vowel in nouns, 69. 4, 71. 2, 72. 2. 3. (2).

(4), 74. 2. (2), 3 (2) (5). Impersonal use of ''1th, 128. 1.

Imperative, sufformatives of, 48. Note 2. Impersonal use of the passive, 122. 5.
Imperative, stem of, 48. Impersonal use of participles, 122. 4.
Imperative with .suffixes, 51. E. Indeclinable nouns, 86. 6.
Imperative of guttural verbs, 52. 4. Indeclinable nouns use the absolute state for
Imperative of Pe Nun verbs, 53. 1. the emphatic, 93. 1. (4).
Imperative of fi fi verbs, 54. 1. Indeclinable nouns use the construction with
Imperative Pe Olaph verbs, 55. 1. Note
of 2. the relative, 97. A. Rem. 3.
Imperative of Pe Yudh verbs, 58. Rem. 2. (2). Indefinite pronouns, adjectives, and nouns,
Imperative of £ Wau verbs, 59. 2. 107, 108. 2, 109.
Imperative of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. 4. Indirect object, 124, 125. 2, 3, 4.
Imperative of Lomadh Olaph verbs with suf- Indirect object a substantive sentence, 135.
fixes, 61. 3. 3. (4).
Imperative, syntax of, 115. Indirect question, 132. 6.

Imperative expressed sometimes by means of Infinitive construct. (See Construct Infinitive.)

h'wo and a participle, 115. 5, 127. 4. (1). Infinitive absolute. (See Absolute Infinitive.)
Imperative denoted by participle, 115. 6, 116. 5. Inflection of nouns, 6G. A. eq.
Imperative expressed by imperfect, 114. 1, Inflection of verbs, 43. sq.
115. 2. Inseparable particles, 34.
Imperative emphasized by means of auxiliary Insertion of Olaph, Nun, Mim, Rish, Gomal,
verbs, 120. 1. (5). 129. 2. (1). Hg, and Tau, 20. 2, 3.
Imperfect, formation of, 43. Insertion of vowels, 33. 3, 4.

Imperfects in A and E, 46. Intensive stem, 41. 2, 63. 2.

Imperfect of derived forme, 47, Intensive of fi fi verbs, 54. 4.
Imperfect \vith suffixes, 51. C. D. InteiTOgative particle, 89. A. 4, 132. 1, 7.
Imperfect of guttural verbs, 52. 4. Interrogative pronouns, 39, 132. 1, 103.
Imperfect of Pe Nun verbs, 53. 2. Interrogative adjective, 39, 103. 2.

Imperfect of fJ £ verbs, 54. 2. Interrogative contracted with personal pro-

Imperfect of Pg Olaph verbs, 55. 2, 3. noun, 39. Rem. 4.

Imperfect of fi Olaph verbs, 56. 3. Interrogative sentence, 132.

Imperfect of Pe Yudh verbs, 58. 2. Irregular nouns, 86, 87.
Imperfect of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. 2, 3, Irregular verbs, 64.
Imperfect of Lomadh Olaph verbs with suf- ^Ith, inflection of, 65.
fixes, 61. 2. 'Ith, syntax of, 128.
Imperfect, person, gender, and number of de- ''Ith used impersonally, 128. 1.
noted by pref ormalives and sufformatives, ''Ith followed by f^'wo emphasizes the past of

111. 1. " to be,'' 128. 2.

 INDEX. 205

''Ith followed by I expresses " to have," Mood sometimes denoted by the perfect, 112. 3,
128. 3. (1). Remarks.
Uth followed by h or Invoth expresses "to Mood emphasized by auxiliary verbs, 120. 1. (5),

have," 128. 3. (2). 123. 2. (1).

Uth followed by an adverb, 128. 4.
''Ith followed by the infinitive construct ex- Names of letters, 1.
presses "ca?i." Names of vowel signs, 6. 2.

Naturally long vowels. 7. 3. (2). 29. 3, 4, 5, 7.

Kaph, 2. 2, 4 1, 4. 3. (2), 5. 1, 10. Negative commands, 115. 3.

Kul, U!«es of, 108. Negative interrogative sentences, 132. 3.
Kushoy, 10. 1, 44. Rem. 1, 47. Rem. 1. Negative sentences, 131, 2.
Negative double, 132. 5.
Labials, 5. 1.
Neuter, 91. 5.
Lengthening:, 28. 3.
New vowels, 33.
Letters at beginning of syllable, 16. 2.
Nomina agentis, 70. 2, 71. 1, 72. 2. (1), 75. 1.
Letters at end of syllable, 16. 3.
Nominal A.
inflection, 66.
Letters, peculiar form:? of, 4. 1-4.
Nominative of the pronoun, 35.
Letters, distinction of, 4. 3, 4.
Nominative absolute, 95.
Letters, classificalion of, 5.
Noun, inflection of, 66. A.
Letters, doubling of, 10. 2.
Nouns, classification of, 66 B.
Linea occultans, 11, 19.
Nouns with one short vowel, 67, 79, 80, Rems.
Linguals, 5. 1.
1,2.
Linguo-dentals, 5. 1.
Nouns formed with two short vowels, 68, 79,
Lomadh, 41, 2, 3. (1), 5. 1, 18. 4, 19. 6, 23. 2. (3).
3, Rem. 79. B. 3, 4, 80. Rem. 3.
Lomadh as inseparable preposition, 34.
Nouns with one short and one long vowel, 69,
Lomadh with pronominal suffixes, 36. 3.
80, Rem. 4.
Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60.
Nouns with one long and one short vowel, 70,
Lomadh Olaph verbs with suffixes, 61.
81.
Lomadh Olaph verbs which are also t^ Olaph,
Nouns with two long vowels, 71, 80, Rem. 5.
62. 4.
Nouns with second radical doubled, 72, 80,
Lomadh Olaph segholates, 79 B. 2M.
Rem. 5, 81.
Lomadh Olaph nouns of two syllables ending
Nouns with third radical doubled, 73. X, 81.
in e' or oy, 81.
Nouns with two radicals doubled, 73. 2.
Lomadh Olaph feminine segholates, 82. Rems.
Nouns with prefonnative, 74.
3, 4, 5.
Nouns with tufformative, 75.
Lomadh Olaph feminine participles, 83. Rems.
Nouns, anomalies of, 86, 87.
Long and short vowel nouns, 70.
Nouns, gender of, 76, 86.
Long vowels, 7. 1. (2).
Nouns, number of, 7C, 92, 121. B.
Long e, 29. 3.
Nouns, declension of, 78-85.
Long i, 29. 4.
Long 0, 29. 5. Nouns indeclinable, 86. 6.
Nouns, state of, 76, 86. 17, 93.
Long V, 29. 7.
Nouns, dual of, 76. 5, 77. 3.
Long vowels in nouns, 67. 2. (5), 69, 70, 71, 72. 2,
Nouns as adverbs, 89. 1, 2.
74. 2. (4) (5) (7) (9), 74. 3. (1) (2) (3) (6), 75.
Noun-stems classified, 66 B.
Man, who ? 39. Nouns plural in form but singular in signifi-
Marhitono, 12. 2. cation take verb in singular, 121. B.
Masculine gender, 76. 1, 3, 78. Number of noun, 76.
Masculine gender preferred, 126. 6. Rem. 2. Number, anomalies in, 86. 1-5, 9, 11, 14, 92.
MecVmn, 109. 6,7.
Mehagyono, 12. 1. Number in verb, 43, HI. 1.

Middle A verbs, 41. 1. (1). Number of verb and adjective agreeing with
Middle E verbs, 41. 1. (2), 43. 5, Note 2, 59. 6. collective, 90. 4.
Rem. 1. Number of nouns denoted in four ways, 92. 1.

Middle U verbs, 41. 1. (3). Number, grammatical, sometimes different

Monosyllabic nouns, 67, 68, 69, 79, 80. from logical, 92. 2.
Mood, generally denoted by the imperfect, 114. Numerals, the, 88.
Mood sometimes denoted by the participle, Numeral cardinal in construction, 88. L
116. 5. Rem. 3.
206

Numeral cardinal in emphatic, 88. I. Eem. 4. Pa" el stem, how formed, 41. 2, 42. 2.
Numeral cardinal with suffixes, 88. 1. Rem. 6. Pa* el, inflection of, 44.
Numeral cardinal in dual, 9G. 5, Pa'el, of guttural verbs, 52. 3. Rem. 1.

Numeral ordinal. (See Ordinal.) Pa'el of Pe Nun verbs, 53.

Nun, 4. 1, 5. 1, 11. 1, IS, 10. G, 20. 2, 23. 1. (3), Pa'eloffifi verbs, 54. 4.
23. 2. (3). 3. (2), 53, 62. 1, 67. 2. (3) (6). Pa'el of Pe Yudh verbs, 55. 3.
Pa'el of t Olaph verbs, 56. 4.
Object of the verb, 123. Pa'el of Lomadh Olaph guttural verbi?, 57.
Object indirect, 124. Pa'el of Pe Yudh verbs, 58. 4.
Objects, two or more, 125. Pa'el of t Wau verbs, 59. 5.
Object with passive or reflexive, 126. Pa'el participle of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. 5.
Object, various positions and ways of uniting Palatals, 5. 1.

it when indefinite and direct, 123. 1. Participles with enclitic subject, 35. 2.
Object, when definite and direct, how written, Participles, how formed, 50. 1, 2, 69. 4, 70. 2,
123.2. 72. 2. (4), 74. 2.
Object after Impersonal verbs, 126. 3. Participles, how inflected, 50. 3, 81, 83, 84.
Object as cognate accusative, 126. 4. Participles with sxiflixes, 77. 6, 36. 1, 50. 3,
Objective pronoun, 36. 1, 51. 51. F.
Obscured vowels, 7. 2. (2). Participles of guttural verbs, 52. 3. Rem. 1.

Occultation, 11, 18. Participles of Pe Nun verbs, 53.

plaph, orthography of, 2, 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3, 4. 4, Participles of £ fi verbs, 54. 3.

4. 5, 5. 1, 5. 2, G. 5. 11. 2, 10. 1, 20. 1, 21. 2, Participles of Pe Olaph verbs, 55. 1. Rem. 3,

22. 1, 2, 3, 5, 23. 1, 2, 3, 24. 1, 25. 1, 55.3.

26.2. Participles of fi Olaph verbs, 56. 4.
Olaph as sign of causative stem, 41. 3. Participles of fi Wau verbs, 59. 4.
Olaph, for the second radical in participle of Participles of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. 5.

£ t verbs, 54. 3. a. Participle a^ predicate, 1)3. II. 3. (2).

Olaph falls away in some forms of Pe Olaph Participle in construction, 96, 4. Rem. 2.

verbs, 55. 1. Rem. 2. 55. 2. Rem. 55. 3. Participle, person of denoted by the personal
Rems. 1, 2, 3. pronoun. 111, 2.
Olaph as third radical in verbs, 57. Participle, active, use of, 116.
Olaph written for Yudh in the participle of fi Participle as objective complement, 116. 3, 4.
Wau verbs, 50. 4. Participle denoting mood, 116. 5.
Olaph as vowel letter in Lomadh Olaph verbs, Participle as accusative of condition, 116. 3. b.
60. Participle as noun, 118.
Olaph as first radical of segholates, 67. 2. (1). Participle as adjective, 118. 4.
Olaph as third radical of nouns with two Participle with direct object, 123. 2. Rems.
short vowels, 68. 5. (2). Participle in conditional sentences, 138.
Olaph in nouns with one short and one long Participle, passive, 117.
vowel retains the original vowel, 69. Participle, passive, used with hnvo to denote
Omission. (See Rejection.) the pluperfect, 117. 2.
Open syllable, 17. 1. Participle, passive, used in an active sense,
Optative, 112. 3, Rem. 2, 114. 3, 115, 6, 116. 5, 117. 4.
127. 4. (1), 129. 2. (3). Participle, passive, used like the gerundive,
Ordinal, 88. II. 117. 6.
Ordinal, formation of adverbs from, 88. II. Participle, passive, with accusative of specifi-
Eem. 2. cation, 117. 7.

Ordinal, formation of fractional numbers Particles, inseparable, 34.

from, 88. Rem. 3. Particles, 89.
Ordinal, sjTitax of, 110. B. between nouns in construction,
Particles 96. 2.

Ordinal used for distribution, 110. B. 1. Rem., 97. B. Rem. 2.

Ordinal used for multiplication, 110. B. 2. Passive stems, 41. 4, 41. 5.

Origin of vowels, 7. 2. Passive participle, {lee Participle, Passive.)

Origin of vowel signs, 6. 1. Passive with object, 126.
Original vowels in verb-stems, 42. Passive, followed by I denoting the agent,
Original vowels of noun-stems, 67-74. 121. 4.

Orthography, 1-33. Passive with cognate accusative, 126. 4. (2).

Otiose letters, 24. Passive used impersonally, 122. 5.

 INDEX. 207

Pe, 2. 2, 5. 1, 10. Personal pronoun used as a possessive, 36. 1,

Pe Nun verbs, 53. 77.

Pe Nun verbs which are also Lomadh Olaph, Personal pronoun as suffix of nouns, adjec-
62.1. tives and participles ending iu Yudh, 77.
Pe Nun verbs which are also fi Wau or 6% 5,6.
62.2. P'ihoho, 6.

P6 Nun noun forms which have the Nun Phrases. (See Sentences.)
dropped or assimilated, 67. 3. (3), 71. 1, 2. Place, sentences of, 137. 1.

Pe Olaph verbs, 55, Pluperfect, 112. 1. (3), 117. 2, 127. 3 (1) b.

Pe Olaph nouns, 79. A. Rem. 1. Plural, sign of, 13.

Pg Olaph verbs in causative stems, like Pe Plural. (See Number.)
Wau verbs, 65. 3, 58. 3. Plural of paucity, 92. 3.

Pe Olaph verbs sometimes like Pe Yudh verbs, Plural of majesty, 92. 4.

58. 4. Rem. 2. Plural of compound ideas, 92. 5.

Pe Olaph verbs which are also Lomadh Olaph, Possessive, 36. 1, 38. 2, 101. 2, 104, 3. Rem. 106.
62. 1. Potential mood, 114. 2, 120. 1. (5), 128. 5,
Pe Yudh verbs, 58. 129. 2. (2).
Pe Yudh nouns, 79. A. Rem. 2, 82 Rem. 1. Precative perfect, 112. 3. Rem. 2.
Pe Wau verbs, 58. Predicate, participle as, 93. II. 3. (2).

P«'al stem, 41. 1, 42. Predicate adjective, agreement of, 99. 2.

pe'al perfect, 43. Predicate adjective, deflniteness of, 93. II.
P«'al of guttural verbs, 52. 3. (2).
Pe'al of Pe Nun verbs, 53. Predicate in adjective clauses after the rela-
pe'al of £ fi verbs, 54. 1-3, tive, 97. B. Rem. 1.

P«'al of Pe Olaph verbs, 55. 1, 2. Predicative accusative, 94. 4.

Pe'al of Pe Wau and Pe Yudh verbs, 58. 1, 2. Prefix. (See Preformative.)
pe'al of t, Wau verbs, 59. 1-4. Preformative of stem, 41.
pe'al of fi Yudh verbs, 59. 5. Rem. 2. Prefoi-mative of imperfect, 45. 2, 3, 47. Rem.
pe'al of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. 1-4. 4,5.
Peculiarities of gutturals and of Wau and Preformatives in formation of nouns, 74.
Yudh, 26, 27. Prepositions, 89. B.
Perfect, inflection of, 43, 44. Prepositions with pronominal suffixes, 77. 4,
Perfect with suflaxes, 51. A, B. 36.3.
Perfect of Lomadh Olaph verbs, 60. Prepositions inseparable, 34.
Perfect, persons, genders, and numbers of de- Prepositions between nouns in construction,
noted by suflormatives, 43, 111. 1. 96. 2. Rem.
Perfect denotes completed action, 111. 3. Prepositions before a relative clause, 97. B.
Perfect may be used for past, present, or Rem. 3.

future time. 111, 3, ll'i. Prepositions denoting the genitive relation, 98.
Perfect in promise or prophecy, 112. 3. (1). Present, 112. 2, 113. 2, 116. 1. (1), 116. 2. (1).

Perfect to express wish or exhortation, 112. 3. Primitive adverbs, 89. A. 4.

Rem. 2. Prohibition, how denoted, 115. 3, 5.

Perfect with h«wo to denote purpose or result, Pronominal fragments, 35. 2, 36, 45. 2, 43, 5.
112. 3. Rem. 1. Rem. 1.

Perfect in conditional sentences, 138, Pronoun, personal, 35, 36. (See Personal Pro-
Permutation, 22, 44 Rem. 2, 47. Rem. 3. nouns.)
Person in verb, 43, Itl. 1. Pronoun, possessive. (See Possessive Pro-
Person in participles denoted by the personal noun.)
pronouns, 111, 2, 121. 7, Pronoun, demonstrative. (See Demonstrative
Person, first preferred to second or third, and Pronoun.)
the second to the third, 121. 6. Pronoun, relative, 34, -38. 1.
Personal pronoun, 35. Pronoun, interrogative, 39, 103. (See Inter-
Personal pronoun, sjTitax of, 101. rogative Pronoun.)
Personal pronoun used independently, 35. 1. Pronoun, indefinite, 39. Rem. 1, 107, 108. 2,
Personal pronoun, enclitic, 35. 2. 109.
Personal pronoun contracted with participle Pronoun, refiexive, 105.
or adjective, 35. 2. Pronominal suffix, 36, 77.
Personal pronoun used as suffix, 36. Pronunciation of letters, 2, 3.
208 INDEX.

Prophetic perfect, 112. 3. (1). Stems, verb, general view of, 42.
Prosthetic Olaph, 20. 1. Stems, original forms of, 42.
Protasis, 137, 138. Stems, first forms of, 42, 43. 4, 43. Rem. 2.
Pure vowels, 7, 2. (1). Stems, names of, 42.
Stems, force of, 42.
Quadriliterals, 63. Stems, characteristics of, 42.
Quiescence, 25. Strong verbs, 40. 2.
Subject of the verb, 121.
Rebbuy, 13, 77. 7.
Subject when a collective, 121. 2.
Reflexive stems, 41. 4, 5.
Subject when plural in form and singular in
Reflexive with o])ject, 126. 2.
signification, 121. 3.
Reflexive with cognate accusative, 126. 4. (2).
Subject when the predicate is a participle,
Rejection, 23, 53, 55, 8. Rem. 3, 58. 1. (2).
121. 7.
Rem. 2. (2), 60. 3, 4, 67. 2. 64. 1, 2.
Subject from cognate root, 122. 5. Rem.
Relative pronoun, 34, 38. 1.
Subject, substantive sentence used for, 135. 1.
Relative pronoun used to denote the genitive
Subject and predicate in nominal sentences,
relation, 97.
130.1.
Relative sentences, 136.
Subjects, two or more, 121. 5, 6.
Resh, 4. 3. (3), 4. 4,5. 1, 11. 5, 13. 2, 19. 6, 20,2,
Subjunctive, 112. 3. Rem. 1, 114. 4, 127. 3. (2),
21. 3, 23.2. (3), 26. 1.
127. 4. (2), 129. 2. (3). Rem.
Roots, 40.
Substantive clause in apposition, 135. 5.
Rukhokh, 10. 1, 44. Rem. 1, 47. Rem. 1, 68. 1.
Substantive sentences, 135.
Segholates, 67. Stibstantive sentences used as subject, 135. 1.
Sentences, verbal and nominal, 130. Substantive sentences used as object, 135. 3.
Sentences, simple, 131. Substantive sentences used as predicate, 135. 2.
Sentences, declarative, 131. 1. Substantive sentence used as dependent ques-
Sentences, negative, 131. 2. tion, 135. 3. (2).
Sentences, interrogative, 1.32. Substantive sentence used as a quotation, 135.
Sentences, compound conjunctive, 133. 3. (3).
Sentences, alternative and adversative, 134. Substantive sentence used as an indirect ob-
Sentences, complex, 135-138. ject, 135. 3. (4).
Sentences, substantive, 135. Substantive object clauses after adjectives or
Sentences, adjective or relative, 136. participles, 135. 4.
Sentences, adverbial, 137. Suffix, 36, 77, 51, 61.
Sentences, conditional, 138. Sufformative of perfect, 43. 1 , 4.
Shaph'el, 41. 5. Sufformative of imperative, 48. Rem. 2.
Shin, 3, 4. 3. (5), 5. 1, 20. 1. Rem. 1. Sufformative of imperfect, 45. 2, 3, 47. Rems.
Sh^wa, 7. 1. (3), 9, 31. 4,5.
Sharpened syllables, 17. 3. Sufformatives of perfect, peculiar forms of,
Shifting of vowels, 32. 43.5.
Short vowels, 7. 1. (1). Superlative, 100. 2.
Sibilants, 5. 1, 21. 1. Syllable, how formed, 16.
Sign, vowel. (See Vowel.)' Syllables, kinds of, 17.
Sign, consonant. (See Alphabet.)
Signs, orthographic, 10 sq. Table showing classification of letters, 5.
Sign of definite object, 89. C. Table showing personal pronouns, 35.
State of noun, 76. Table showing pronominal suffixes, 36.
State, anomalies of, 86. 17. Table giving general view of the verb-stems, 42.
State. (See Absolute, Emphatic and Con- Table giving the formation of the perfect
struct.) p«*al, 43.

Stative perfect, 41. 1. (2), 43. 5. Rem. 2. Table giving the first forms of the perfects of
Stems, verb, 41. the derived stems, 44.
Stem, simple verb, 41. 1. Table giving the p^'al imperfect, 45.

Stem, intensive, 41. 2. Table giving a summary of the pronominal

Stem, causative, 41. 3. fragments used in the perfect, 43. 5.
Stem, reflexive or passive, 41. 4. Rem. 1.

Stem, Shaph'el, 41. 5. Table giving the pronominal fragments used

Stem, Taph'el, 41. 5. Rem. 1. in forming the imperfect, 45. 2, 47. Rem. 5.
 INDEX. 209

Table showing the p« al imperfects in A and Verb, weak, 40. 3.

E,46. Verb stems, 41.
Table giving the first forms of the imperfects Verb stems, general view of, 42.
of the derived stems, 47. Verb, quadrilitcral, 63.
Table giving the preformative of stem and Verb, anomalous, 64.

the vowels of the stem, 47. Rem. 4. Verb, defective, 64.

Table showing. the formation of the impera- Verb, syntax of, 111 sq.

tive, 48. Verb, subject of, 121.

Table showing the infinitive, 49. Verb, impersonal, 12-2.

Table showing the participles, 50. Verb, direct object of, 123.
Tables giving the verb with suffixes, 51. Verb, indirect object of, 124.
Table giving the first forms of fi t^ verbs, 54. Verb with two or more objects, 125.
Table giving the first forms of Pe Yudh verbs, Verb, passive or reflexive, with object, 126.
58. Verb, substantive, 127.
Table giving the first forms of fi Wan verbs, Verbs in e, 43. Rem. 2.

59. Verb8int/,41. 1. (3).

Table giving the first forms of Lomadh Olaph Verbal adjective, 72. 2. (4).
verbs, 60. Voluntative. (See Optative.)
Table giving the Lomadh Olaph verbs with Vowel letters, 4. 5, 5. 2.

suffixes, 61. Vowel signs, 6.

Table giving 'Ith with suffixes, 65. Vowel sounds, 6. 3.
Table showing the classification of nouns, Vowels, names of, 6, 2.

66. B. Vowels, changes of, 7. 3, 29-33, 42, Rems. 45.

Table showing the changes of the noun for 1,3.
gender, number and state, 76. Vowels, defectively or fully written, 6. 5.

Table of nouns with suffixes, 77. Vowels, quantity of, 7. 1, 28.

Table showing the declension of the noun, Vowels, quality of, 7. 2, 3.
79-85. Vowel-half, 7. 1,16. 1,31.
Tables of anomalous nouns, 86. Vowel, position of, 6. 4.

Tables of numerals, 88. 1. Vowel-helping, 9. 2 Rem. 32.

Taph'el stem, 41. 5. Hem. 1. Vowels, euphony of, 29.

Tau, 2. 2, 4. 4, 5. 1, 10, 18. 3, 19. 5, 20. 3, 21. 1, Vowels, loss of, 30.
22. 4, 23. 2. (4), 23. 3. (3). 41. 4, 47. Rem. 2, Vowels, shifting of, 32.

60. 2. Rem. 3. Vowels, new, 33, 77. 2, 82. Rems. 1-3.

Tense, 111. 3.
Teth, 5. 1, 18. 3, 21. 1, 22. 4. Wau, 4. 3 (4), 4. 4, 4. 5, 5. 2, 6. 5. (6) (7) (8)
Time, how expressed, 111. 3. (9), 8, 11. 3, 16. 2, 10. 7, 23. 1, 2, 23. 1 (2), 2,

Transposition, 21, 44. Rem. 2, 47. Rem. 3. (2), 3 (1), 24. 2, 25. 2, 27. 2, 40. 2. (4). 58, 59.
60, 67. 2. (2) (5), 79. B.
u, how written, 6. 1, 6. 4, 6. 5. (6). Wau, before unvowelled consonants, 34.
u, how pronounced, 6. 3. (3). Weak verb, 40. 3.

V, quantity of, 7. 1. Weakness of Wau and Yudh, 27.

u, origin of, 7, 2. Wish, how expressed. (See Optative.)

u, value of, 7. 3.
u, inan open syllable always dropped, 28. 3. Yoth, 89. C.
u,euphony of, 29. 6, 7. Yudh, 4. 3. (5), 4. 5, 5. 1, 5. 2, 6. 5. (4), (5), (8),

Unchangeable vowels, 7. 3. 8, 11. 3, 16. 2. Rem. 2, 19. 7, 20. 1. Rem. 2,

Union of subject and predicate, 130. 1. 22. 1.-3, 22. 5, 23. 1. (2), 2. (2), 3. (1), 24. 3,
25. 3, 26. 2. (2), 27. 1, 3, 30. 2. (5), 58, 59. 6.
Verb, strong, 40. 2. Rems. 1, 2, 60, 67. 2. (2) (4) (5), 75. 5, 6, 7,

Verb, sorts of, 40. 1. 77. 5, 6, 79. A. Rem. 2, 79. B.

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